外文文献：
Trade liberalization and patterns of strategic adjustment in the US
textiles and clothing industry
Belay Seyoum
U.S.A.
International Business Review，Issue 16 ,2007
Belay Seyoum
Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA Received 2 December 2005; received in revised form 17 April 2006, 11 October 2006, 23November 2006; accepted13 December 2006.
The overall environment facing the US TC industry will be one of rapidly changing market conditions and technological innovation. With the phase out of quotas and growing number of trade agreements, the US TC industry is being exposed to intense competition in export and domestic markets. This is likely to lead domestic industries/labor to demand intervention by national governments to mitigate the adverse impact of trade liberalization (Standbury & Vertinksy, 2004).
In spite of the substantial job losses, the US TC industry remains technologically advanced partly due to increased productivity resulting from advances in technology and design capabilities. Textile production is capital intensive and modern technology is essential to meet the increasing for high-quality products. Over the last few years, US textiles and apparel firms have substantially increased their investment to maintain modern manufacturing facilities as well as improve production and marketing capabilities in order to maximize their inherent advantages to market proximity. In apparel, low skill production jobs have moved to low-cost locations offshore while the more skilled one shave been retained. To successfully adapt to the new environment, US TC industries need to capitalize on their sources of competitive advantage. They need to develop a more flexible operational arrangement, meet high standards in product innovation and generally develop a more change-seeking business culture (Kilduff, 2005).
An important survival tool for US TC firms is to expand their potential market by offering new product designs and product categories. Manufacturers must try to bring a steady stream of products to market that are in line with the taste, preferences of the consumer. They can also expand their market potential by offering new product categories. Two of the fastest growing apparel segments in the US, for example, have been the women’s plus and men’s big and tall segments (Driscoll, 2004). Plus-size apparel marketing was estimated at $47 billion in 2005 accounting for 20% of total apparel market. It is important to identify the firm’s target customers and assess whether the firm is successfully addressing their needs.
US TC firms should target a narrow segment of the market that provides the best opportunity for success. In textiles, the focus should be on a few specialized segments such as carpets, nonwovens and technical textiles. Similarly, apparel producers should increase their focus on core products, reduce vertical integration to shed overhead costs, and establish alliances with other firms to consolidate resources and increase market share.
Finally, in view of rising incomes and high growth rates in many developing countries such as China, Brazil, and India, there are potential export market opportunities for US textile and apparel products. US export interests may be served by seeking improved access to the retail distribution systems of developing countries. US textile firms should also be able to use Mexico to export to the European Union and other countries, taking advantage of the Mexico-EU trade agreement. Since the conclusion of NAFTA, a number of Asian and European firms have produced certain products in Mexico in order to export to the US market.
This paper suggests a demand pull model as a basis for developing a network structure in the clothing industry. In a demand pull model, consumer demand is the driver of sales unlike the supply push model whereby the manufacturer pushes goods to the retailer regardless of consumer demand.
Retail companies have become powerful due to their sufficient capital and marketing expertise to build loyalty among consumers. They are the lead firm in view of their central role in the organizational network. The lead clothing retailer integrates industrial capabilities such as sourcing of textiles, design, product branding and its relations with consumers enables it to keep abreast of fashion consumption trends.
The lead firm conveys its requirements to these changing trends (changes in style, material requirements) to its suppliers or subcontractors (Table 7). It also provides assistance with the purchasing of capital equipment and technology necessary to produce apparel in accordance with market demand. The fragmented webs of suppliers and subcontractors are bound together through information technology, online data sharing, joint product development, and collaborative forecasting, planning and replenishment activities. Retailers will hold less inventory as shipments become smaller and more frequent since point of sale data is directly transmitted to the manufacturer/supplier who will produce and ship garments as it is needed. This model shows the role of the retailer as an intermediary integrating the functions of design, textile sourcing, branding and as facilitator of apparel production through a web of suppliers/subcontractors. Such restructuring through technological improvements and information technology is one means of succeeding in an increasingly competitive environment. The horizontally structured, mass production methods no longer ensure future competitiveness.
The lion’s share of the benefits from quota elimination is expected to accrue to China. Its low labor cost, high productivity, range and flexibility of services as well as efficient supplier networks will make China the supplier of choice. About 87% of apparel executives that participated in a cotton sourcing summit in Miami in February 2004, agreed that China will soon account for 50–90% of all apparel sold in the US market (National Labor Committee, 2004). This means rationalization of production and a massive consolidation of vendors. Other winners are likely to include India and Pakistan in narrow segments of the TC industry. The elimination of quotas is also likely to lead to lower prices for consumers in view of the absence of quota costs which is often a significant part of the cost of TC sold in the US market. Well-known brands may still hold market value since they are not subject to retail price deflation. It is important for TC firms to evaluate their internal capabilities such as sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, transportation etc. in order to develop an action plan for the post-quota world.
Exporters from Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean are likely to lose market share to China since they largely compete on price (not quality) and lack the capability to produce high value added products. Even with the introduction of safeguards on a range of products that are of export interest to these countries, their US market share has declined since the phase out of quotas. With the complete removal of quotas in 2008, it is difficult for these countries to compete on price. Since the US government lifted quotas in 2002 on 29 categories, for example, China’s market share (in these categories) jumped from just 9% (2002) to 65% (2003) while prices paid by US retailers (for apparel from China) dropped by 48% (National Labor
Committee, 2004). In cotton dressing gowns (quotas removed) China’s share in 2003 jumped from 25% to 39% while that of Caribbean countries fell from 13% to a mere 3%. In the first 12 months after the phase out of quotas, China’s market share in apparel rose by 59% in value while that of many Central and South American countries showed a sharp decline.
What are the implications for TC firms in countries that are vulnerable to competition from China? First, they should capitalize on their proximity to the US market. Their ability to offer lower transport cost, lower lead times as well as duty free entry to the US market may attract the fashion-oriented segment of the US industry. This will depend on access to good local transport infrastructure to get goods to market as well as advanced telecommunications systems to link suppliers and customers. Local firms and governments need to collaborate in creating a climate which is conducive to business and to develop infrastructure to attract and retain TC industries that are so vital in generating exports and employment.
Secondly, low wages do not necessarily provide a comparative advantage with respect to China. Firms should develop new capabilities in areas in which China does not have a comparative advantage (yarn, and silk non-apparel). This requires, inter alia, investment in modern production methods and development of competitive sources of local raw materials. Even in product areas in which China is expanding its exports, developing country suppliers that enhance their skills, technology, supply chains and marketing capabilities (through joint ventures, licensing arrangements) faster than China can still maintain their shares to the US market.
Thirdly, an important strategic consideration that limits the competitive impact of China is the need on the part of multinationals to diversify their risk portfolios. US manufacturers and retailers are likely to adopt a diversified risk adjusted sourcing strategy that balances cost, speed to market as well as political and economic stability. They may not be prepared to rely on China for critical inputs beyond a certain threshold of risk. Furthermore, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean could be attractive options for US companies in some fashion sensitive segments of the industry where quick response or fast turnaround is important.
Finally, existing US rules of origin requirements to qualify for free access to the US market have had unintended consequences. One of the requirements is that they have to use US yarn and fabric. This has had the effect of making their exports less competitive. The US may have to modify its rules of origin to allow developing countries to import from Asia or other competitive sources without losing their preferential status.
美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易自由化和战略调整模式
贝蕾·塞尤姆
美国
国际商务评论，第16期，2007年
贝蕾·塞尤姆
诺娃东南大学，学院大道3301，劳德代尔堡，佛罗里达33314，美国2005年12月2日收到稿件，分别于2006年4月17日、2006年10月11日和2006年11月23日收到修改稿件；2006年12月13日正式录用。
美国纺织品和服装行业面临的是一个市场条件快速变化、科技不断创新的环境。随着配额的取消和越来越多贸易协议的出现，美国的纺织品和服装行业在出口和国内市场上面临着更为激烈的竞争。这可能会导致国内的企业/劳动者向本国政府施加压力要求进行需求的干预，通过这种做法来缓和贸易自由化带来的不利影响。（斯坦德贝瑞和维丁克思，2004）
尽管美国国内纺织行业的就业人数大量减少，美国纺织品和服装行业依然保持着技术性的进步，主要是依靠在技术上和设计上的能力取得的进步使得生产率大幅度的提高。纺织品产品是资本密集型的，这种高质量产品需要现代的技术来满足增长的需求。在过去的若干年中，美国的纺织品和服装企业为了达到市场邻近的内在优势的最大化增加了相当大的投资，来保持现代生产的能力和改善生产和营销的能力。在服装方面，低技术含量的生产工作已经被转移到低成本的国家，而高技术含量的生产工作仍然在本国进行。为了能顺利地适应新的环境，美国纺织品和服装行业需要将他们的竞争优势变成资本。他们需要建立起一套更灵活的操作系统来满足生产创新的高标准，另外还要建立起更容易变化—寻找的商业文化。（克里度夫，2005）
美国纺织品和服装企业的一个重要生存手段就是通过提供新产品的设计和产品目录来扩大他们潜在的市场。生产者必须试着将一个稳定的产品系列引入到与消费者的口味和偏好相一致的市场中去。他们同样能通过提供新的产品目录来扩大他们的潜在市场。比如，在美国增长最快的两个服装部门是女式的加大服装部门和男式的大而高的服装部门。（迪瑞斯科，2004）加大型服装销售在2005年估计达到470亿美元，占整个服装市场的20%。重要的一点是识别企业的目标顾客和评定企业是否能成功的满足他们的需求。
美国的纺织品和服装企业应该以一个狭小的提供最好的成功机会的市场部门作为目标。在纺织品方面，重点应该放在一些诸如地毯，非纺织而成的纺织品和技术类的纺织品上。同样，服装生产者应该将他们的注意力更多的集中在核心产品上，将垂直生产费用减少到企业的管理费用，和其他的企业建立联盟来巩固资源和增加市场的份额。
最后，鉴于诸如中国、巴西和印度这样的发展中国家收入的增加和高增长率，对于美国纺织品和服装产品有许多潜在的出口市场机会。通过寻找已经改善的发展中国家的零售系统令美国获得出口利
益。美国纺织品企业同样能够利用墨西哥和欧盟之间的贸易协定，通过墨西哥将产品出口到欧盟和其他的国家。由于北美自由贸易区协定的存在，为了能出口到美国市场，许多亚洲和欧洲企业已经在墨西哥生产某些产品。
本文建立了一个需求推动模型，将其作为发展服装纺织行业的网络框架的基础。在这个需求推动的模型中，消费者的需求是销售的推动力，这个模型不同于供给推动模型，在那个模型中生产者不考虑消费者的需求而将产品提供给零售商。
零售公司实力雄厚是由于他们有足够的资金和市场营销知识在客户间树立起信誉度。由于在整个组织框架中他们处于中心地位，所以他们是领导性的企业。这些领头的服装零售商具备整合诸如纺织品来源、设计、产品的品牌和客户之间的联系等产业之间的能力，使得他们能够始终跟随着时尚消费的趋势。
领导性的企业将它们的需求传递到这些不断变化的趋势中（造型、原材料需求上的变化），传递到它们的供应商或者转包合同商那里。（图7）它同样提供资金设备的销售和技术，这些都是使服装生产满足市场需求所必需的。通过信息技术、在线数据的共享、共同产品的发展，合作性的预测、计划和补货活动，各种供应商和转包合同商总是联系在一起。当运输变的越来越小型化、越来越频繁的时候，当销售的数据直接传送到生产和负责运输的服装生产商和供应商那里的时候，零售商将保留少量的库存。这个模型解释了零售商的作用，它是作为一个中间人，起到综合设计、纺织品来源、品牌的功能，而且通过一系列的供应商/转包合同商来作为服装生产的便利者。通过技术改进和信息技术进行的这些重新构建在竞争越来越激烈的环境中是一种不断前进的方式。水平的构建，大量的生产方法不再确保未来的竞争性。
配额取消所带来的市场份额的大幅度增长被认为是有利于中国的发展的。中国低廉的劳动力成本，高的生产效率和产量，灵活多变的服务和有效的供应网络将使得中国成为供应商的选择。在参加2004年2月于迈阿密举行的棉花来源会议的服装执行官中，大约有87%的人认为中国在不久以后将占有美国市场所有销售服装的50%—90%的份额（国家劳动委员会，2004年）。这意味着中国生产的
合理性和拥有大量稳定的买主。在纺织品和服装行业的狭窄部门中，其他受益的国家可能包括印度和巴基斯坦。配额的取消同样可能带给消费者低价，这是由于配额成本的消失，在美国市场上配额的成本是纺织品和服装销售成本中的一个重要组成部分。知名的品牌仍然保持着市场的价值因为它们不会受到零售价格缩水的影响。为了建立一个后配额时代的实施计划，估计纺织品和服装企业的内在能力诸如产品的来源，生产，后勤，运输等对于他们来说是很重要。
来自拉丁美洲、非洲和加勒比海的出口商可能会将失去的市场份额白白让给中国，因为他们主要是在价格上展开竞争（而不是在质量上），没有能力去生产高附加值的产品。即使一定的贸易保护对这些国家的部分产品出口有利，但是自从配额取消以来他们在美国市场的份额是下降的。随着2008年配额的完全取消，这些国家很难在价格上进行竞争。举个例子，美国政府在2002年解除了对29类商品的配额限制，中国在美国的市场份额从原来区区的9%（2002年）一下子跃升到65%（2003年），而美国零售商（从中国购买服装的）价格下降了48%（国家劳动委员会，2004年）。在棉制睡衣方面（配额的取消），中国占美国的市场份额在2003年从25%上升到39%，而加勒比海国家的棉制睡衣在美国的市场份额从13%下降到只有仅仅的3%。在配额取消的前12个月，中国服装在美国的市场份额价值上上升了59%，而许多中美和南美国家却是出现明显下降的趋势。
对于那些面临中国激烈竞争的国家来说，他们应该怎么办呢首先，他们应该充分利用与美国在地理条件上邻近的这种优势。这些国家能够提供比较低的运输成本，比较短的交货时间和享受出口美国市场关税豁免的优惠政策，这些都将吸引美国产业中那些以时尚为导向的部门。这将依赖于当地更好的的运输基础结构的获取，这些基础结构能将好的产品送到更好的市场上，同时依赖于更先进通信系统的获得，它们用来连接供应商和客户。当地企业和政府需要在创造性的环境下进行合作，这个环境是通过促进商务和发展基础结构来吸引和保持纺织品和服装行业的，因为纺织品和服装行业在创造出口和就业方面的作用很大。
其次，低工资并不意味着中国有相对的比较优势。企业应该在中国没有比较优势的那些领域（纱线、丝、非纺织类方面）挖掘出他们的新潜能。这需要在现代生产方法上进行其他项目的投资，需要在当地原材料来源的竞争性上进行发展。甚至在中国正在扩大出口的那些产品的领域上，发展中国家的供应商也可以比中国更快地提高他们生产的技能、技术水平、供应链和市场营销的能力（通过合资、许可证授权），来保持他们在美国市场上的份额。
第三，限制中国竞争作用的一个重要的战略考虑就是扩大对多个国家的需要来分散他们的风险比重。美国的生产者和零售商可能会采取一种分散风险的调整来源国的战略来平衡成本，加速市场、政治、经济上的稳定性。他们不会单单依赖中国提供主要的进口产品，因为这样会超出一定的风险界限。再者，墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比海国家在一些时尚的部门上对美国的公司有着吸引，这些部门对时尚的快速反应变化是非常重要的。
最后，现有的美国对原产地规则限制了对美国市场的自由获取，这种规则已经产生了不可预料的结果。其中一个要求是他们不得不使用美国的纱线和纤维。这已经对他们出口竞争压力的减少产生了
作用。美国可能不得不修改原产地规则来允许发展中国家从亚洲或者其他竞争性的来源国进口而不会失去他们的有利地位。
外文文献原文+译文 原文 The study on the design of neuter clothing H ous e W Abstract Social and economic development, social thought, opening up and the progress of science and technology, men and women style presented the diversified pattern of neuter the fuzzy gender differences in style, from the beginning of non-mainstream des ign till n ow has develop ed i nt o on e of the mains t ream fas hi on d es ign style. Fashion brands have launched in recent years, the neutral flavor of fashion, neuter clothing market share of more and more, neutral fashion, with its broad group of sex leads the urban street fashion. Neutralization of free and open way of life style, gave people a comfortable and enjoyable. K ey words: Neut e r; Cl ot hing; Gender roles; Design 1 Introduction The beginning of the 20th century the rise of the feminist movement, make the neutral clothing as a kind of style into the line of sight of people. In the 90 s, the neutral clothing has used by each big brand clothing as one of the fashionable e lement s, s uc h a s dust coa t w i th a ne ut ral style, s ui ts, t-shirt s and j e ans have bec om e people like everyday clothes. Neuter clothing style is a simple, pure; reject all multifarious mincing, personalized style. As a special kind of clothing style, neuter clothing fashion has been intensified in the social life, so it is necessary for us to study the clothing neutralization phenomenon, to study its causes and the development of sociology. This article mainly from the sociological association as well as the relationship between men and women clothing and gender status in the society, which is based on analyzing the change of the study the social basis of the neutral clothing appear; Again from the social system, economic development, cultural trend and fashion designers to the influence of the neutral clothing style, etc., it is concluded that the neuter clothing phenomenon is the development of social consciousness, the sexual role transformation, the new clothing design trends are affecting the results.
编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （译文） 院（系）：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院 专业：工商企业管理 学生姓名：方智立 学号：010********* 指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院 姓名：朱芸芸 职称：讲师 2016年 4 月 1 日
体育市场的营销策略分析 摘要 体育市场是一个特殊的行业市场，是体育有形产品和体育服务产品的交换市场。体育市场包括固定型市场，如体育场馆设施、体育用品市场等；流动型市场，如各种健身俱乐部提供的体育服务、体育旅游和体育广告经营等。体育商品要被消费者接受，能够占领更大的市场，就必须进行市场营销。体育市场营销成功与否，涉及多方面的因素。其中根据体育市场营销具体特点，制定和实施适宜的营销战略至关重要。体育市场营销战略，是对体育经营单位在一定时期或阶段内市场营销活动总体发展规划所作的决策。本文认为，营销战略可以进一步细分为市场定位战略、市场定时战略、市场进入战略、市场发展战略、市场竞争战略等；选择某一战略，必须符合企业自身的竞争地位、产品状况，把握入市时机，根据消费者的需求来确定。本文将体育市场营销战略细分为市场定位战略、市场定时战略、市场进入战略、市场发展战略、市场竞争战略，并探讨了体育市场营销如何进行战略选择。 关键词：体育市场；体育市场营销；营销战略
1.体育市场营销战略及其特点 1.1体育市场营销战略 战略是指对事物全局性、深远性的谋划。体育市场营销战略是指体育商品经营单位在现代市场营销观念的指导下，为实现其经济目标，对于企业在一定时期内市场营销发展的总体设计和规划。在市场竞争日益激烈的情况下，体育经营单位为了有效地开展经营活动，实现其经营目标，必须了解和根据市场营销的观念及战略特点．针对目标市场的需求，全面分析和考虑市场营销的各种环境因素，选择有效的市场背景策略。 1.2体育市场营销战略的特点 体育市场营销战略，是对体育经营单位在一定时期或阶段内市场营销活动总体发展规划所作的决策。它具有以下几方面的特点。 （1)全局性。体育市场营销战略事关体育经营单位的全局，这种全局性包括两方面的含义:一是体育市场营销战略是对体育经营单位发展所做的总体设计，包括总体规划和整体的策略与手段;二是体育市场营销战略的决策事关体育经营单位全局及其未来的全面发展。 (2)长期性。体育市场营销战略事关体育经营单位的未来：体育市场营销战略目标的实现，将使体育经营单位产生质的飞跃，但通常这不是短期内可以做得到的。重要的是，体育经营单位的营销战略不仅在战略时期内对企业的生存与发展关系重大，而且对企业的长远发展也起着重要的作用。 (3)系统性。体育市场营销的系统性是指体育经营单位各环节、各部分的工作是一个彼此相互联系、密切相关的有机统一整体。系统有层次、大小和主次之分，下一级要服从和服务于上一级。对某一个体育经营单位来说，应该把整个企业的战略作为一个整体系统工程来统筹安排，追求整体发展的最大效益。 (4)适应性。体育市场营销的适应性，是指体育经营单位的市场营销易受到外部和内部环境的影响，当环境发生变化，体育经营单位所做出的与新环境相适应的快速反应的特性。体育市场营销的外部环境包括市场需求、政治或经济形式变化、政策与法令变更等。同样，体育经营单位内部条件的变化也会对市场营销产生影响。 (5)风险性。由于体育市场营销战略是对体育经营单位某一时期内市场营销活动发展现划所做出的预计性的决策，而这种决策是不可能在各种条件完全成熟和信息绝对充分的情况做出，加之，体育市场特别是体育无形产品市场的多变性和复杂性，使得体育市场营销战略具有不可确定性和瞬时性的特点，许多市场机会往往是一瞬即逝，失不再来，机会和风险并存。 2.体育市场营销战略构成及其的选择
文献信息： 文献标题：Evolution of Fashion Design in the Era of High-Tech Culture （高科技文化时代服装设计的演变） 国外作者：Galina Mihaleva，C.Koh 文献出处：《International Scholarly and Scientific Research and Innovation》,2016,10(7):2447-2451 字数统计：英文2079单词，11462字符；中文3549汉字 外文文献： Evolution of Fashion Design in the Era of High-Tech Culture Abstract Fashion, like many other design fields, undergoes numerous evolutions throughout the ages. This paper aims to recognize and evaluate the significance of advance technology in fashion design and examine how it changes the role of modern fashion designers by modifying the creation process. It also touches on how modern culture is involved in such developments and how it affects fashion design in terms of conceptualizing and fabrication. By comparing case studies, existing fashion design examples and crafting method experimentations; we then spot patterns in which to predict the direction of future developments in the field. A breakdown on the elements of technology in fashion design helps us understand the driving force behind such a trend. The results from explorations in the paper have shown that there is an observed pattern of a distinct increase in interest and progress in the field of fashion technology, which leads to the birth of hybrid crafting methods. In conclusion, it is shown that as fashion technology continues to evolve, their role in clothing crafting becomes more prominent and grows far beyond the humble sewing machine. Keywords: Fashion design, functional aesthetics, smart textiles, 3D printing. INTRODUCTION It is common knowledge that the environment we live in greatly influences the
文献出处：A Dehghani. The application of digital printing in fashion design [J]. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2015, 16(2): 263-271. 原文 The application of digital printing in fashion design A Dehghani Abstract The appearance of digital printing for textiles printing provides a new train of thought, digital printing with the current textile fabric printing a variety of requirements of the market of printing technology, including high quality printing precision, high efficiency of printing on reaction time and the printing of the diverse demand, these advantages directly promoted the digital ink jet printing in the rapid development of textile fabric printing direction. In this paper, the design method of the digital printing design of different style and means of decoration and design method in the fabrics for summary, it is concluded that digital printing design cuttings in fabric printing, clothing apparel printing method and the application of the traditional fabric secondary design and decorative effect. Through the above research, digital printing and garment design and garment style between the relationships between the shapes, thereby further to bring into full play the advantages of
Change Of Chinese Clothing Traditional Clothing An outstanding characteristic of traditional Chinese clothing is not only an external expression of elegance, but also an internal symbolism. Each and every piece of traditional clothing communicates a vitality of its own. This combination of external form with internal symbolism is clearly exemplified in the pair of fighting pheasant feathers used in head wear originating in the battle wear of the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.). Two feathers of a ho bird (a type pheasant good at fighting) were inserted into the head wear of warriors of this period to symbolize a bold and warlike spirit. Archaeological findings of 18,000 year-old artifacts such as bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. Variety and consistency in clothing were roughly established by the era of the Yellow Emperor and the Emperors Yao and Shun (about 4,500 years ago). Remains of woven silk and hemp articles and ancient ceramic figures further demonstrate the sophistication and refinement of clothing in the Shang Dynasty (16th to 11th century B.C.). The three main types of traditional Chinese clothing are the pien-fu, the ch'ang-p'ao, and the shen-i. The pien-fu is an ancient two-piece ceremonial costume of a tunic-like top extending to the knees and a skirt or trousers extending to the ankles. The ch'ang-p'ao is a one-piece garment extending from the shoulders all the way to the heels. The shen-i is a cross between the pien-fu and the ch'ang-p'ao; it consists of a tunic and a skirt or trousers like the pien-fu, but the tunic and the skirt are sewed together and essentially one piece like the chang-pao. Consequently, the shen-i was the most widely worn of the three types. Typical of these three types of clothing were wide and voluminous sleeves and a very loose fit. Tunic and trousers or tunic and skirt, utilized a very minimum number of stitches for the amount of cloth used. So because of their relatively plain design and structure, embroidered edgings, decorated bands, draped cloth or silks, patterns on the shoulders, and sashes were often added as ornamentation. These varied designs came to be one of the unique features of traditional Chinese dress. Darker colors were favored over lighter ones in traditional Chinese clothing, so the main color of ceremonial clothing tended to be dark while bright, elaborate tapestry designs accented. Lighter colored clothing was worn more frequently by the common people for everyday and around the house use. The Chinese associate certain colors with specific seasons: green represents spring, red symbolizes summer, white represents autumn, and
英文翻译： The unique expression in fashion design Abstract: With the social progress and people's aesthetic awareness, clothing design requirements are constantly changing, not only beautiful, comfortable, personalized for different purposes, and more and more people started to pay attention the unique design of the clothing. unique expression of the clothing design has something in common, in common, there are three factors most typical one of the means of the use of the plastic arts; is to follow the basic rules of the plastic arts; the pursuit of art content and beauty of form harmony and unity. The face of increasingly fierce competition in society, from clothing unique starting to play to their strengths, so that the costume design perfected. Key words: aesthetic sense; costume design; uniqueness; expression Introduction With the rich substance of social development, improved quality of life, the pursuit of unique clothing is also more than plus strong, the face of the popularity and unity to the mass production of clothing has become a problem to be solved in order to fashion designers. An important design point, then become a unique expression of the costume design costume design costume design unique refers to the characteristics of the presentation of the representative from the clothing on the whole, it is unique content and form unity. China fashion design unique expression as a complete system of disciplines to study the ancient times to now there, but the uniqueness of expression in fashion design is not perfect, therefore, the uniqueness of this study fashion design to express Modern fashion design is of great significance. 1. The unique overview of clothing In short, The unique nature of the clothing is the clothing unique. In a broad sense refers to the presentation of the representative characteristics from the whole of the clothing works, it is one of the unique form and the objectivity of the unity of the unity of content, costume designer on the subjective aspect of creative and clothing subject matter difficult to find words to express, but it is not difficult to make us feel unique style. The unique nature of the clothing, but also refers to the values, artistic characteristics and inherent character of a nation, an era, a genre or a person's clothing in the content and format of the show out. The unique nature of the appearance of the mind, the pursuit of the realm of fashion design in the final analysis is unique in design and positioning, the unique expression of the costume design also reflects the designer's unique creative thinking and the pursuit of art also reflects the distinctive character.
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易 自由化和战略调整模式 文献、资料英文题目：Trade liberalization and patterns of strategic adjustment in the US textiles and clothing industry 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文文献： Trade liberalization and patterns of strategic adjustment in the US textiles and clothing industry Belay Seyoum U.S.A. International Business Review，Issue 16 ,2007 Belay Seyoum Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA Received 2 December 2005; received in revised form 17 April 2006, 11 October 2006, 23November 2006; accepted13 December 2006. The overall environment facing the US TC industry will be one of rapidly changing market conditions and technological innovation. With the phase out of quotas and growing number of trade agreements, the US TC industry is being exposed to intense competition in export and domestic markets. This is likely to lead domestic industries/labor to demand intervention by national governments to mitigate the adverse impact of trade liberalization (Standbury & Vertinksy, 2004). In spite of the substantial job losses, the US TC industry remains technologically advanced partly due to increased productivity resulting from advances in technology and design capabilities. Textile production is capital intensive and modern technology is essential to meet the increasing for high-quality products. Over the last few years, US textiles and apparel firms have substantially increased their investment to maintain modern manufacturing facilities as well as improve production and marketing capabilities in order to maximize their inherent advantages to market proximity. In apparel, low skill production jobs have moved to low-cost locations offshore while the more skilled one shave been retained. To successfully adapt to the new environment, US TC industries need to capitalize on their sources of competitive advantage. They need to develop a more flexible operational arrangement, meet high standards in product innovation and generally develop a more change-seeking business culture (Kilduff, 2005). An important survival tool for US TC firms is to expand their potential market by offering new product designs and product categories. Manufacturers must try to bring a steady stream of products to market that are in line with the taste, preferences of the consumer. They can also expand their market potential by offering new product categories. Two of the fastest growing apparel segments in the US, for example, have been the women’s plus and men’s big and tall segments (Driscoll, 2004). Plus-size apparel marketing was estimated at $47 billion in 2005 accounting for 20% of total apparel market. It is important to identify the firm’s target customers and assess whether the firm is successfully addressing their needs. US TC firms should target a narrow segment of the market that provides the best opportunity for success. In textiles, the focus should be on a few specialized segments such as carpets, nonwovens and technical textiles. Similarly, apparel producers should increase their focus on core products, reduce vertical integration to shed overhead costs, and establish alliances with other firms to consolidate resources and increase market share. Finally, in view of rising incomes and high growth rates in many developing countries such as China, Brazil, and India, there are potential export market opportunities for US textile and apparel products. US export interests may be served by seeking improved access to the retail distribution systems of developing countries. US textile firms should also be able to use Mexico to export to the European Union and other countries, taking advantage of the Mexico-EU trade agreement. Since the conclusion of NAFTA, a number
原文: Clothing brand diversification In the present world economy under globalization, brand competition has become the primary means of market competition. In recent years, the domestic garment industry is developing rapidly growing number of clothing brands, but the influential brand-name is not so mushCompetitive brands has become a magic weapon, a weapon to attack the market, garment industry is no exception. In the course of development of the domestic apparel into the "age-targeted" an important phase of the study international and domestic brand-name clothing case, his understanding of brand strategy and positioning for fashion designers and operators of many enlightenment, so the creation and development of more domestic Brand name. With the community as a whole gradually increase brand awareness, consumer brand of clothing is not just the selection criteria remain in the product itself, but through the implementation of brand planning, brand culture by infection, the establishment of trust in the brand image In this competition globalization advances in technology, ever-changing consumer demand, population rapidly changing times, the only guarantee of survival and development of the brand is always keep in
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理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方