English Literature
The Renaissance Period
1. age: 1500-1660
2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church
3. features:
(1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;
(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain
(3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happiness
Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙.斯賓賽
1. The poet's poet;
2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealism
The Faerie Queen
仙后
(The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌)
An allegory; "a historical poem" to present the example of a perfect gentleman; a hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful loves
Christopher Marlowe
克里斯扥夫.馬洛
（Blank verse
University wit）
1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama
2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English drama
Dr Fauctus
浮士德博士
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人
1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil
William Shakespeare
威廉.莎士比亞
The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity—―The King‘s government must be carried on‖ (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的)
(Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello‘s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth‘s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.)
literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality
Sonnets
十四行詩
The Merchant of Venice
威尼斯商人
Hamlet
哈姆雷特
(Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯; The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet;
Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
1. 154 poems; English form
2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews (Shylock).
3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has th e qualities of a ―blood-and-thunder‖ thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death
Francis Bacon
弗蘭西斯.培根
a well known philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern science; his "Essays" is an important landmark in the development of English prose
brevity\compactness\powerfulness
Of Studies
论学习
It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character
John Donne
約翰.鄧恩
John Milton
約翰.彌爾頓
the leading figure(代表人物) of the "metaphysical school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Sonnets
a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and atti tudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than static
A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanist
The Sun Rising
太阳升起
Death, Be Not Proud
死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonnets）
Paradise Lost
失樂園
1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love
2. a bold challenge to the proud Death
Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man
时间界定
English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
浪漫主义时期英国―湖畔派‖
英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家，是华兹华斯（1770－1850）、柯勒律治（1772－1834）和骚塞（1774－1843）。他们曾定居于英国西北部的湖区故得名―湖畔派‖。
华兹华斯/Wordworth 为他和柯勒律治共同创作的《抒情歌谣集》/L yrical Ballads 所作的序言，被认为是英国浪漫主义文学的宣言。
华兹华斯/Wordworth 十分热爱并善于描写大自然，被誉为―自然的诗人‖，代表作是《序曲》，柯勒律治/Coleridge 的代表作是长诗《古舟子咏》。
subjects and the faculties本质of the Romanticism.
The subjects are: love, nature, nationalism, individualism,
The faculties they cherished are: imagination, spontaneity自发性,
浪漫主义的本质特征是主观性与抒情性。浪漫主义者崇尚大自然，歌颂自然之美。浪漫主义者重视民间文学，艺术上喜用夸张手法，追求强烈的美丑对比和出奇制胜的艺术效果。
.
浪漫主义文学家认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，同时可以净化人的心灵。
浪漫主义者还体现了强烈的民族精神。
哥特小说也是浪漫主义的一部分，它盛行于英国18世纪末浪漫主义前期。
布莱克William Blake
诗人与雕刻家，曾被人认为天才和疯子
From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw.
declare that \"I know that This World is a World of IMA GIN A TION & Vision,\"and that \"The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative\".
他认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，他的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满了想象与幻觉。
主要作品：《天真之歌》《经验之歌》《天堂与地狱联姻》《老虎》《先知书》
Poetical Sketches is his first printed work, which is a collection of youthful verse.
Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻
Blake\'s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. In this poem, Blake explores the relationship of the contraries.
写作特色：Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language语言直白朴素. His poems ofen carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.他的诗歌富有抒情诗的美丽以及深远的意义。He distructs the abstractness他不喜欢抽象的词汇and tends to embody his v iew with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.并常用实实在在的比喻及形象来体现他的视野。The Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry. 大范围的使用象征也是他作品的鲜明特征.plain,direct,lyric.beauty,symbolism
选读作品：
The songs of Innocence: 天真之歌
It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world. though not without its evils and suffering.
表述了宗教只是一种安慰，一种想象中的极乐世界的社会环境。
The songs of Experience 经验之歌
It paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy/doleful: 悲哀的tone. Childhood is central to Blake\'s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.
揭示出宗教的本来面目，即为儿童带来灾难痛苦。
indicates the conditions of the exploitation被剥削的of child labour,which make religion a consolation起安慰作用的, reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
the tyger 老虎（历年考题长考这首）
suggests fear,represents energy,symbolizes the French Revolution in 1789;\'the forest of the night\' symbolizes the world of experience;\'fearful symmetry\'suggests the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God\'s creation.
第四节诗人把老虎的创造过程同铁匠造物结合起来，进一步加强感叹的效果。
第五节中诗人暗示：创造和平纯洁的也可以制造出恐怖的力量，制造出暴力以及可怕的东西。
Read the quoted part and answer the questions:
1. \"A little black thing among the snow
Crying \"‘weep! ‘weep! In notes of woe
\"where are thy father & mother? Say? \"
\"They are both gone up to the church to prey.\"
(1)Identify the poem and poet.
(2)Explain \"notes of woe\".
(3)What does the sentence mean \"they ate both gone up to the
church to prey.\"
Answer:
(1)It is from \"The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of
experience) by Blake.(P172)
(2)\"notes of woe\" means the songs/notes of sadness.
(3)It implies: religion is the instrument of their repression/
oppression, its nature is to help bring misery to the poor
children.(P169)
2 \"Then naked & white, all their bags left behind,
They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind,
And the angle told T om, if he‘d be a good bye,
He‘d have God for his father, and never want joy.\"
(1)Identify the poem and its poet;
(2)What does the poem implies?
Answer:
(1) The poem is take from \"The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of
Innocence)\", which was written by William Blake.(p171)
(2) This is a lovely poem presenting a happy and innocent
world, though the wretched child are exploited and orphaned,
they had nice dream for life and the world, which implies
religion make people obedient to exploitation, and from
religion, they can get consolation and an \"illusory
happiness\".(p168)
William Wordsworth
华兹华斯Wordsworth、柯勒律治Coleridge、和骚塞Southey他们曾定居于英国西北部的湖区故得名―湖畔派‖Lake Poets。
Wordsworth is regarded as a "worshipper of nature". 华被称为大自然的膜拜者。
1842年政府为他发了津贴goverment pension，次年他压倒骚塞成为了?桂冠诗人‘Poet Laureate。
主要作品：
代表作《序曲》The Prelude
Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》
An Evening Walk 《黄昏散步》
To a Highland Girl 《致高地姑娘》
The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》
The Ruined Cottage《被摧毁的房屋》
The Old Cumberland Beggfar《老坎柏兰的乞丐》
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud《我如行云独自游》
主题与风格：
Wordsworth's short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.按主题，华的短诗分为关于自然和生活。Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his theme. 华认为普通人的生活应该是文学的主题，他的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。
Beyond the pleasure of the picturesque独特的with the eye and the external aspects of nature, however, lies in deeper moral awareness, a sense of completeness完全in multiplicity多样性. (it means poem not only deals with the beautiful world, but express moral)
Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华是个怀旧的诗人。To him, life is a cyclical journey. 生命是循环的旅程。Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. 生命之始也恰恰是终结之处。His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.
华对简洁朴素风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
He thought poet is "a man speaking to men," poetry is "the spontaneous自发的overflow洋溢of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility宁静."
He always writes an elusive 难捉摸的beauty of simplicity朴素or a rural乡村风味的figure.
他的贡献和影响：
William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the local poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly清新的, sympathetically关心的and naturally 自然的. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not on ly started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing iteself, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
选读作品：历年第二、三是重点I
Wandered Lonely as a Cloud《我如行云独自游》又名The Daffodils黄水仙
is perhaps the most preeminence卓越的poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core核心of Wordsworth's poetic beliefs.
2Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802《作于西敏寺桥上》
在作者去法国的路上创作的。突然意识到伦敦也是自然的一部分。主要是对论坛清晨美景的描述和歌颂。
A vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London,Italian sonnet.
the rhyme scheme of the poem is abbaabba,cdcdcd.
3She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》
‘露西’诗中的一首。描述了一位乡村姑娘远离尘嚣，在偏远之地的幸福生活。抒发了作者对时间与死亡的沉思。
4The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》
鉴于作者丰富的想象力和联想力，这一普通的事情变成令人感叹的事件。作者成功地使读者与之产生共鸣。同时诗歌体现了作者对自然的激情。
应用：Wordsworth and his ―I wandered lonely as a cloud‖
The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.
塞缪尔·泰勒·克勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge
第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。
1798年他和华合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》Lyrical Ballads成为英诗的一个里程碑。
在哲学与文学批评方面，他反对18世纪局限的理性主义思维limitedly rationalistic。
他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神与宗教化的诠释。
他认为艺术是唯一能永远揭示现实的形式。
他高度赞赏华的纯净的语言，深邃的思想，真实的描述，非凡的想象力。但是否定华说的?诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样‘。
在诗歌方面的成就：
Coleridge's actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic【di:5mCnik】神袛诗and the conversational对话诗.
一、The demonic group includes his three masterpieces: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"古航海家之歌, "Christabel "克丽丝特贝尔and "Kubla Khan"忽必烈汗.
Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group.
二、he conversational group speaks more directly of an allied theme: the desire to go home, not to the past, but to what Hart Crane beautifully called "an improved infancy.
Among the conversational group, "Frost at Midnight"子夜寒霜is the most important.
选读作品：
"Kubla Khan" was composd in a dream after Coleridge took the opium 鸦片. The poet was reading about Kubla Khan when he fell asleep. The images of the river, of the magnificent palace and other marvelous scenes deposited in his unconsciousness were expressed into about two or three hundred lines. But when he was writing them down, a stranger interrupted him and the vision was never recaptured. Only 53 lines survived.
describes the pleasure dome of the Khan
拜伦Geroge Gordon Byron
he was regarded in Enland as the perverted反常的man, the satanic 邪恶的poet; while on the Continet, he was hailed as the champion of liberty自由冠军, poet of the people人民诗圣 .
早期出名作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德·罗哈德游记》第一二章。
the first two cantos of Childe Harold\'s Pilgrimage代表作是19世纪著名的讽刺史诗《唐璜》。Don Juan is Byron\'s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.
It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.西班牙传说，一个多情的公子是个引诱女人的好手。
作者在拜伦身上开发出了勇敢、慷慨、直白、诚恳等特点。
作者目的在于通过唐璜的游历来展现不同的社会情形。
特色：abundance of ideas,images,artiatic forms and innovations.
丰富的思想，想象力，艺术形式和创新。
[bgcolor=#e0ffff]Byron\'s satire on the English society in the later part of the peom Don Juan can be compared with Pope\'s ; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope\'s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society.
在诗《唐璜》的结尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨，而是整个社会的虚伪。
写作特点：Byron\'s poetry, though much criticized by some critics on moral grounds, was immensely popular at home, and also abroad, where it exerted great fluence on the Romantic movement. This popularity it owed to the author\'s persistent attacks on \"cant political, religious, and moral\", to the novelty of his oriental scenery, to the romantic character of the Byronic hero, and to the easy, fluent, and naturl beauty of his verse. Byron\'s diction, though unequal and frequently faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness and vigor. His discriptions are simple and fresh, and often bring vivid objects before the reader. Byron\'s poetry is like the oratory which hurries the hearers without applause. The glowing imagination of the poet rises and sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling and sentiments. Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave
Stanze) from Italian mock-heroic poetry. 诗人不懈地抨击虚伪的政治，宗教以及道德。他笔下美轮美奂的东方奇景，他塑造的英雄形象，他诗中的平易近人、优雅流畅的语句。引用了意大利英雄体史诗的八行诗体。
拜伦式英雄Byron‘s greatest contribution\"Byronic hero\"
As a leading Romanticist, Byron\'s chief contribution is his creation of the \"Byronic hero,\" a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble orgin. 高傲神秘反叛带有贵族血统With immense superiority in his passions and powers以自己超凡的情感与能力, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical 残暴的rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustibloe energies. The conflict is usually one of rebelious individuals agaisnt outworn 腐化过时的social systems and conventions规定.
主要作品：闲散时光，东方叙事诗，该隐，青铜时代。。
选读作品：
卢德工人之歌Song for the Luddites
反映现实阶级斗争的诗作，卢德是这个运动的领袖，因而称为卢德运动。表达了诗人无比愤怒的激情。
希腊岛The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan, III)
全诗16个诗节，粉三层意思。前4节说明希腊光辉灿烂的过去。中间4节讲述现在遭受侵略而又懦弱无能的希腊，后8节唤醒希腊人民起来反抗侵略。
第一首的注解一，第二首的1、5、16节多看看。
练习题：
一、
Byron‘s gr eatest contribution is his creation of the \"Byronic hero\" What kind of the hero he is? Give comment on him.
Answer:
(1) \"Don Juan\" is Byron‘s masterpiece, a great comic epic, in which Byron described a hero named Don Juan. He was a great lover and seducer of women. In the conventional sense,al positives like courage, generosity, and frankness…
In a word, Don was proud Juan was immoral, but Juan had his own mor, mysterious, and a noble rebel figure. He was a young man with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies, one of rebellious individuals against outworn/outdated social systems and conventions.
(2) Comment: The poet‘s true intention is to present a panoramic view of different types of society,the main theme of the works the basic ironic theme of appearance andreality,during which the poet also presented various materials and the clash of emotions. (P194-196)
二。
\"Place me on Sunium‘s marbles steep,
Where nothing, save the waves and I,
May her our mutual murmurs sweep;
There, swan like, let me sing and die:
A land of slaves shall ne‘er be mine---
Dash down you cup of Samian wine!\"
(1)Identify the poem and its author. (P203)
(2)Explain \"swan like, let me sing and die\" (P199)
Interpret the passage and spot its implication.
Answer:
(1)The poet is Byron. The poem is taken from \"The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)\" (P203)
(2)Swan is famous for its faith to its lover, one of them die, the other will refuse to eat and drink, it will cry till death. Here the author used a simile to show his strong desire to fight with the invaders till death, and appeal to the suppressed Greek people to struggle for their freedom and liberation.
三、
\"The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece!
Where burning Sappho loved and sung,
Where grew the arts of war and peace,
Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung!
Eternal summer gilds them all,
But all, except their sun, is set.\"
(1)Identify the poem and its author;
(2)What does it mean \"But all, except their sun, is set.\"
(3)What does the passage imply?
Answer:
(1)The poet is Byron. The poem is taken from \"The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)\" (P199)
(2)The sentence means: The sun is still on the rise, but the rest things all set.
(3)The passage implied: The author lamented over the fallen
Greece:
In the past, Greece nurtured/ cultivated great poets and heroes,who enjoyed freedom and civilization, but now Greece had been enslaved,the past honorable history couldn‘t be found again.
约翰·济慈John Keats
Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion and the moon goddess.《安迪米恩》，该诗以希腊神话为素材，记述了牧人安迪米恩和月光女神的故事。
The volume also contains his four great odes: "Ode on Melancholy", "Ode on a Grecian Urn". "Ode to a Nightingale",
"Ode to Psyche"; his lyric masterpiece "To Autumn" and the unfinished poem "Hyperion".这部诗集包括他著名的四首?颂‘，?犹豫颂‘，希腊古瓮颂?，‘夜莺颂?，‘普塞克颂?以及他抒情诗的代表作‘秋日颂?和未完成的诗作‘希波里恩?。
The odes are generally regarded as Keat's most important and mature works. 颂诗被认为是Keats最重要也是最成熟的作品。
"Ode to a Nightingale" expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony. 夜莺颂展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。
"Ode on an Grecian Urn" shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.希腊古瓮颂展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。
写作特色：
Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience.将视，听，嗅，味，触等感觉转化成绝美的文字，带来一个通透的体验。
He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante. With vivid and rich images, he paints poetic pictures full of wonderful color.他在措辞，风格个比喻上都参考了莎士比亚，米尔顿和但丁的作品。Keat's poetry, characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world. Keats的诗以精确紧凑的造句，有感描写为特色，通过想象，营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。
sensuous给人美感的，col orful and rich in i magery,exact and closel y knit construction,sensual description 感官描写.
选读作品：
Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂
show the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.
希腊古瓮颂展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。
第二和第五小节常考。以下是练习题：
"Thou still unravish‘d bride of quietness,
Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express
A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:"
(1)Who is the poet? The name?
(2)Explain the sentence.
(3)What was the theme of the poem?
Answer:
(1)This is the "ode on a Grecian Um", which was written by the poet---John Keats. (P219)
(2)The sentence means: though time has passed, the urn , the works of the art still remains, and it tells a
pastoral/lyrical tale to us, and the description of the urn is much more beautiful than the words of any human. (P218) (3)The theme is: Human life is transient, but the art isimmortal. (P218)
Analyze the characters of John Keats‘s poetry.
Answer:
(1)The poems are sensuous, colorful, and rich in imagery, (which expresses the acuteness of his senses)
(2)Words are beaut iful and musical.
(3)The ancient G reek and English poetry provides the most important imaginative resource.
(4)The construction of poems are knit, and the descript ion go beyond the physical beauty of the world. (P218-219)
简·奥斯丁Jane Austen
英国最出色的小说家之一。
Jane Austen wrote altogether si x complete novels。一生写了6部小说。
Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility (1811),处女作《理智与情感》tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs讲述了一堆姐妹的恋爱经历; Pride and Prejudice (1813), the most popular of her novels, deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husbands傲慢与偏见是她最著名的作品，讲述了贝内特一家五姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程; and Northanger Abbey 《诺觉寺》(1818) satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the late 18th century讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。
Mansfield Park (1814) presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness 《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存; Emma (1815) gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思; and Persuasion (1818) contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算做了比较.
She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearl y her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgement over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位，而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。
And in style, she is a neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上，她提倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的规则。
重点：main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships;
her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions 典型的主旨是成熟，是在错误的幻想打破后获得的。
delightful and profound
选读作品：傲慢与偏见Pride and Prejudice 原名叫第一印象First Impressions
wave vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society
前几段和介绍是重点
Jane Austen was the only important female author in the 18-19th century, how do you know about her?
Answer:
Generally speaking, Austen was writer of the 18th century.
(1)Her novels always dealt with the romantic entanglement of the heroines;
(2)She believed in it that reason over passion, sense of responsibility, good manners, and clear judgment over romance; she honored the Augustan virtues of moderation, dignity disciplined emotion and common sense;
(3)She contempt snobbery, stupidity, worldliness etc;
(4)Her main concern was the relationship between men and women in love;
(5)Her writing range was limited, all restricted to the provincial life of the 18th century England;
(6)She presented the quiet, day-to-day country life of the middle -upper -class English.
(7)Her characteristic theme was: maturity is got by the loss of illusions.
(P223--226)
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period
I. Choose the right answer:
1. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less______
attitude toward the existing social and political conditions.
A.positive
B.negative
C.neutral
D.indifferent
Answer: B (P160)
2. It is _____who established the cult of the individual
and championed the freedom of the human spirit.
A.Jean Jacques Rousseau
B.Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
C.Edmund Burke
D.Thomas Paine
Answer: A (P157)
3. The two major novelists of the English Romantic Period
are _____and Walter Scott.
A.Washington Irving
B.Jane Austen
C.H erman Melville
D.Charles Dickens
4. _____def ines the poet as "man speaking to men,"
and poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility."
A.William Blake
B.William Wordsworth
C.Samuel T aylor Coleridge
D.John Keats
Answer: B (P161)
5. For the Romantics, ____is not only the major source of
poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.
A.love
B.man
C.nature
D.death
Answer: C (P162)
6. In the Romantic period, ____is the most prosperous literary
form.
A.prose
B.poetry
C.f iction
D.play
Answer: B (P161)
7. The tone of literature in "Song of Experience" by William Blake is _______.
A.doleful
B.lively
C.plain
D.utter
Answer: A (doleful: 悲哀的P168-169)
8. _____is regarded as a "worship of nature".
A.John Keats
B.William Blake
C.William Wordsworth
D.Jane Austen
9. Which of the following writings is not created by William
Wordsworth?
A.I Wandered Lonel y as a Cloud.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/796257825.html,posed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802.
C.The Solitary Reaper.
D.The Chimney Sweeper.
Answer: D (P179---182)
10. Wordsworth‘s short poems can be classif ied into t wo groups: poems about nature and poems about________.
A.love
B.human life
C.freedom
D.social acti v ities
Answer: B (P176)
11. "Don Juan" is Byron‘s masterpiece, a great ______of the
early 19th century.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/796257825.html,edy
B.tragedy
https://www.doczj.com/doc/796257825.html,ic epic
D.novel
Answer: C (P194)
12. In his lyrics such as "Ode to Liberty", "Ode to Naples", Percy Bysshe Shelly expressed his love for_____ and his hatred toward tyranny.
A.the middle class
B.the poor
C.freedom
D.the proletariat
Answer: C (P207)
13. "Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; / Destroy and
Preserver; hear, O hear!" The two lines are found in_____.
A.Y oung Goodman Brown by Hawthorne
B.Ode to the West Wind by Shelly
C.Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman
D.Ulysses by Joyce
Answer: B (P212)
14. In Shelly‘s "T o a Skylark", the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song
which suggests to the poet________.
A.both celestial rapture and human limitation
B.both image creation and profound meaning
C.both music and words
D.both inspiration and skills of writing
Answer: A (P206)
15. The author of "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is __________.
A.Wordsworth
B.Austen
C.B yron
D.Keats
Answer: D (217)
16. Jane Austen‘s f irst novel is __________.
A.Pride and Prejudice
B.Sense and Sensibility
C.Emma
D.Plan of a Novel
Answer: B (P222)
17. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, which is not true?
A.Pride and Prejudice is the most popular of Jane Austen‘s
novels.
B.Pride and Prejudice is originally drafted as "First
Impressions".
C.Pride and Prejudice is a tragic novel.
D.In this novel, the author explores the relationship between
great love and realistic benef its.
Answer: C (P223-225)
18. After reading the f irst chapter of Pride and Prejudice,
we may come to know that Mrs.Bennet is a woman of_______.
A.simple character and poor understanding
B.simple character and quick wit
C.intricate character and quick wit
D.intricate character and poor understanding
Answer: A (P227)
19. Romanticism is a period of British literature roughly dated
from _________.
A.1660-----1798
B.1798----1832
C.1483-----1546
D.1836-----1901
Answer: B (P157)
20. Which of the following is the Gothic novel?
A.Shelly‘s Prometheus Unbound
B.Keats‘ Lamia
C.M ary Shelly‘s Frank en stein
D.Jane Austen‘s Pride and Prejudice
Answer: C (P166)
21.The lines "It was a miracle of rare device,
/ A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice" are found
in__________.
A.Samuel T aylor Coleridge‘s "Kubla Khan"
B.William Wordsworth‘s Lines Writ ten in Early Spring"
C.John Keats‘s "Ode to Autumn"
D.Percy B ysshe Shelly‘s "Ode to the West Wind"
Answer: A (P190---191)
22. Which of the following is taken from John Keats‘ "Ode on a
Grecial Urn"?
A."I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!"
B."They are both gone up to the church to pray.‘
C."Earth has not anything to show more fair."
D."Beauty is truth, truth beauty".
Answer: D (P221)
The Victorian Period维多利亚
1.age:1836~1901，later 70 years in 19th century维多利亚女王统治英国时期，英国历史上最繁荣的时代之一
2.background:
(1)early years:rapid economic development as well as serious social problems
(2)the next twenty years:prosperity and relative stability繁荣且相对稳定
(3)the last three deacades:the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian values
3.idea:（往往出题会在这里例如：Ideologically意识形态上, what influenced Victorian literature? What characters does it have?）
(1)Darwin’s theory “the survival of the fittest适者生存” shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith, many authors expressed their doubts and uncertainty in their works;
(2)Utilitarianism实用主义was widely accepted and practiced
(3)sociallymany conscious authors severely极力criticized the Utilitarianism, especially its devalue贬低of culture and its cold indifference漠然to human feeling and imagination;
(4)literature:magnitude大量and diversity多样,romantically and realistically
4.critical realist writers:
Realism novels criticized the society and defended for the mass, and they concerned about the fate of the common people such as their poverty misery, angry with the inhuman social institution, the social immorality, injustice and money-worship.
Victorian literature represents the reality of the age. The high-spirit vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humour and unbound imagination are unprecedented.
道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。
唯美主义者奥斯卡，王尔德与沃尔特·培特都极力推崇‘为了艺术而艺术’的观点。
这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新，表达立异的特点。
这一时期的文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无牵绊的丰富联想都是空前的。
Analyze the background of the Victorian Period.
Economic developed rapidly and social prob lems prevailed in England and it became the ―workshop of the world‖.
England settled down to a time of prosperity and stability, the people valued earnestness, respectability, modesty, and democracy.
In the last decades, British empire declined, and Victorian values decayed.
狄更斯Charles Dickens
one of the greatest critical realist writers 伟大的批判现实主义作家
character-protrayal描写is the most distinguishing feature 特点of his works a mingling混合of humor and pathos悲伤，惆怅
The Posthumous Paper of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. It at once lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.
《皮克维克外传》的出版，使狄更斯一度名利双收。
whatever his limitations, this man is loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is ready to love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性，他都深受人民大众喜爱，不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良，更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。
In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London. 19世纪的英国做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评，特别是伦敦。Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. 惊人的讲故事的能力。
Dicken\\\\\\\'s works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos感伤. He seems to believe that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief.
Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.过于注重悲情的渲染，有时会破坏故事的连贯性。
狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人，他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。
Bleak House 荒凉山庄
Little Dorrit 小多利特
Great Expectations 远大前程
Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁·翟述伟
David Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔
Nicholas Nickleby 尼古拉斯·尼克尔比
A Tale of Two Cities 双城记
Oliver Twist雾都孤儿
他的主题：
批判现实主义作家critical realist writers ：poverty,injustice,hypocrisy,corruptness
他的特色：
(1)he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary
(2)character portrayal
(3)character are mostly innocent,helpless,persecuted child characters
(4)a mixture of humor and sympathism
(5)bizarre奇异的figure,horrible恐怖的
选读作品：Oliver Twist雾都孤儿
the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse system and the dark criminal underworld life
习题：Analyze the style of Charles Dickens.
Adeptness/skilfulness with the vernacular本土的and large vocabulary;
The most distinguishing/remarkable character-portrayal;
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英国文学（1） -----古英语—文艺复兴 Chapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance Period I. 古英语（文学）Old English—Anglo-Saxon, language spoken by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes 449 (the Anglo-Saxon Invasion) -1066 (the Norman Conquest) Beowulf-- the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons （最高成就） Anglo-Saxon Chronicle II. 中世纪英语(文学) Medieval (Middle) English—With the three languages intermingling, Old English developed into Middle English 1066 - middle 14th century
1. Romance—the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England （封建英国最流行的文学形式，取材 于贵族，为 贵族而作）2. 民间流行文学—Piers the Plowman by William Langland (written version) the Ballads (oral form)（英国民间文学最重要的一个分支） 3. 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer ----the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity) The Canterbury Tales---the first time to use ―heroic couplet‖英雄双韵体诗4. 文学术语----Alliteration；Epic;
第三章文艺复兴时期文学一、单项选择题 1．欧洲资产阶级文学的真正开端是（）。 A．浪漫主义文学B．人文主义文学 C．古典主义文学D．启蒙运动文学 2．人文主义思想的核心是（）。 A．基督教精神B．理性主义 C．对“人”的肯定D．平等、博爱思想 3．人文主义文学的基本主题是（）。 A．歌颂现世生活B．讲究理性、学习知识 C．追求爱情幸福D．反封建反教会 4．意大利的人文主义文学先驱是（）。 A．彼特拉克B．但丁 C．薄伽丘D．拉伯雷 5．法国近代第一位抒情诗人是（）。 A．拉伯雷B．斯宾塞 C．蒙田D．龙沙 6．蒙田的《随笔集》是法国近代第一部（）。 A．短篇小说集B．抒情诗集 C．散文集D．文学评论集 7．被称为西班牙“民族戏剧之父”的是（）。 A．斯宾塞B．维伽 C．马洛D．本·琼生 8．薄伽丘在其《十日谈》等作品中宣扬的是（）。 A．大自然的奇迹B．幸福在人间 C．人权高于一切D．科学、理性 9．被称为“英国诗歌之父”的是（）。 A．托马斯·莫尔B．斯宾塞 C．乔叟D．莎士比亚 10．标志文艺复兴时期英国非戏剧文学高峰的是（）。 A．《仙后》B．《乌托邦》 C．《坎特伯雷故事集》D．《随笔集》 11．塞万提斯的“在监狱里诞生的孩子”指的是（）。 A．《伽拉苔亚》B．《奴曼西亚》 C．《惩恶扬善故事集》D．《堂·吉诃德》 12．维伽的《羊泉村》直接描写的是（）。 A．男女间的爱情B．农民对领主的反抗 C．婚姻和家庭问题D．对开明君主的歌颂 13．文艺复兴时期欧洲文学的主题是（）。 A．封建文学B．教会文学 C．民间文学D．人文主义文学 14．文艺复兴运动的发源地是（）。 A．英国B．西班牙 C．意大利D．法国
第二讲英国“文艺复兴”文学 2.1 文艺复兴 “文艺复兴”作为一场席卷欧洲的文化运动标志着欧洲从中世纪走向现代的转折。始于14世纪的意大利，以美术、雕塑、文学艺术等的繁荣为标志，经由中欧、法国，最后传到不列颠。“复兴”在这里指对欧洲古典即古希腊古罗马时期的艺术的重新挖掘和张扬，是指欧洲的文艺经过漫长中世纪基督教神学一统天下的黑暗时代后又重新恢复了古典时代的辉煌。在英国，“文艺复兴”运动主要表现为都铎王朝时期文学的繁荣。代表人物莎士比亚。 欧洲文艺复兴运动的历史背景包括政治、经济、宗教、科技、文化等诸多方面，这些因素互相推动，它们根植于中世纪，却又共同从成了一种与中世纪决裂的历史局面。 首先是对古希腊古罗马文化的重新发现。 地理和科学的新发现。哥伦布达伽马 16世纪德意志神学家马丁路德发起宗教改革 文艺复兴主要体现在2个方面：人文主义的张扬；基督教神学的改革。 2.2 英国文艺复兴 根据文坛和文学创作所呈现出的不同特点，英国文艺复兴可以分为3个主要阶段: 第一，15世纪末---16世纪前半叶，复兴初期，研究古希腊罗马哲学，印刷术传入英国推动了人文主义文化的传播。 代表：托马斯莫尔《乌托邦》 第二，伊丽莎白时代，英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时代。 代表：莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的诗歌 第三，从莎士比亚去世到17世纪中期。英国文艺复兴的晚期，运动逐渐走向低落。 代表：哲学家及散文家弗兰西斯培根 文艺复兴时期英国文学的主要特征是诗歌和戏剧成为英国文坛的主流。 2.3代表作家及作品 2.3.1 托马斯莫尔（Thomas More） 出生于中产阶级家庭，其父为皇家法官。希望其成为律师 1504，26岁成为下院议员。反对亨利七世，退出政坛。 15.9，亨利八世即位，恢复政治生涯，次年被委派位伦敦助理行政官，官至财政部长，下议院议长和帝国大法官。 因反对亨利八世与教会对抗被斩首。
文艺复兴时期英国文学概述 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser， 1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon， 1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（Essays），共58篇。这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位，随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。到了16世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe， 1564-1593）冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白，对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare， 1564-1616），他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice），悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈
文艺复兴时期英国文学 1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about? 2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama? 3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time? 4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama? 5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features? 6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work? 7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy? 8. What was the most important translation of the time? Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet? 3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character? 4. What is blank verse? 5. What is soliloquy? Text study 1 Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” 1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy? 2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism? 3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure? Text study 2 The Merchant of Venice / The Trial Scene Pre-reading The most interesting character in this play is Shylock. Some people think him as a cruel miser, deserving his punishment while others consider him a victim of discrimination. From what you know of the play, what do you think of this character? To what extent does this character deserves our sympathy? Discuss with your classmates. Discussion 1. After reading the “trial scene”, have you changed your idea about Shylock? Refer to the questions in Pre-reading, and try to defend your position with evidence from the text. 2. Portia gives an eloquent speech on mercy when she tries to persuade Shylock to give up his bond. Consider the punishment received by Shylock, do you think the Christians are being merciful to Shylock?
The Renaissance This is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced. ------F. Engles <1> Brief introduction ?Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain. ?“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. ?Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe; ?Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. During the period of Renaissance: 1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken, 2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged, 3. national languages and cultures took shape, 4. art and literature flourished Brief introduction ?There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied. ?The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation． ?Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe． Examples: ①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe； ②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others； ③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron； ④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China； ⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) created paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world． <2>Essence and features ?Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life. （另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to: to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe; to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life. ?Features: there are two striking features ①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.
Chapter I The Renaissance Period (一) 文艺复兴时期概述 1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定 （2）历史文化背景 2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响 （2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点 （3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响 3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释 I. 应用 Definitions of the Literary Terms: 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 3. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. ？ 4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. 5. The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideas of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will,
英美文学选读选择题 1. _______, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Exodus C. Beowulf D. The Legend of Good Women 2. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. A．William Langlan d’ s Piers Plowman B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3. With classical culture and the（）humanistic ideas coming into England, the English Renaissance began flourishing. A. French B. German C. Italian D. Greek 4. During the reign of_______, England started its Religious Reformation and broke away from Rome. A. Henry VII B. Henry VIII C. Edward VI D. Queen Elizabeth 5. The Protestant movement, which was seen as a means to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption and superstition of the Middle Ages, was initiated by _______. A. Francis Bacon B. Martin Luther C. Thomas More Utopia D. William Shakespeare 6．The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events EXCEPT_________. A．the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture B．the vast expansion of British colonies in North America C．the new discoveries in geography and astrology D．the religious reformation and the economic expansion 7. In Renaissance, the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to do the following EXCEPT ______. A. getting rid of those old feudalist ideas B. getting control of the parliament and government C. introducing new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie D. recovering the purity of the early church, from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church 8. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance humanism? A. Cultivation of the art of this world and this life.
I．Multiple Choice Old and Medieval Period 1. ____ Beowulf ___, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Exodus C. D. The Legend of Good Women 3. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely __ B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales____________. A．William Langland’ s Piers Plowman C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 2.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___. A.Piers Plowman B.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C.Confessio Amantis D.The Canterbury Tales 1. ____ A. B. George Gordon Byron C. Edmund Spenser D. Robert Browning 1.Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of B.
文艺复兴时期 人文主义文学的基本内容 1、以人为中心，赞美人的美好，反对神的权威。《哈姆雷特》 2、宣扬个人解放，反对禁欲主义，追求人生幸福。《第十二夜》 3、追求自由平等，反对等级观念。《终成眷属》《十日谈》只有品德使生时平等的我们发生 了贵贱之分 4、崇尚理性，反对蒙昧。知识就是力量。《巨人传》《堂吉诃德》 人文主义思想的出发点是人性论 反封建更偏重伦理道德与生活，而不是推翻封建主义，后者是启蒙文学的目的。 反宗教是在承认宗教的前提下，偏于揭露教会的腐败与黑暗 文艺复兴时期文学的地位 是欧洲近代文学的开端，也是希腊文化之后欧洲文学是的有一个高峰 欧洲文艺复兴时期文学的特点 1、这一时期的文学具有反封建反宗教的特色 2、在现实主义的基础上具有浓厚的浪漫主义色彩。具体表现为形象的夸张，抒情的气氛， 对乌托邦未来的向往。 3、这一时期是欧洲主要国家文学诞生的时期 这一时期现实主义的特征 1、反映广阔的社会现实 2、忠于现实的同时又浓厚的浪漫主义色彩，主要表现为形象的夸张，抒情的气氛和对乌托 邦的向往 3、在人物塑造上达到新的高度，塑造了许多典型的形象，如堂吉诃德，哈姆雷特。 悲喜剧混合：这是文艺复兴时期的首创，突破了古希腊、罗马戏剧悲剧喜剧的严格界限。在一出戏里，悲剧喜剧因素结合。有意大利剧作家瓜里尼首创的田园诗体悲喜剧混杂剧。这是新剧种对美学的戏剧范畴的发展。 悲喜剧因素混杂在一起，丰富了作品的表现力，增强了作品的感染力。莎士比亚喜剧为悲喜剧提供了范例。《威尼斯商人》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 流浪汉小说：商业化的产物，地理大发现和世界旅行的直接后果。《小赖子》 人性概念的发展 人性是有价值判断的，有人性美，也有人性丑。并非说到人性都是好的。这是对作品评价的一个尺度。 人性是一个发展的概念，它为社会文化条件所决定，随着科学、哲学、历史的发展而不断流动变迁。 《十日谈》描写的某些人性在当时曾对社会的发展起进步作用，具有历史的合理性，发展到今天则走向自己的反面，成为腐朽没落的东西。比如纵欲的渲染和损人利己的肯定。意大利 美术三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔 文学巨星：薄伽丘，彼特拉克，但丁 彼特拉克：十四行诗，主要描写爱情 薄伽丘：《但丁论》 《十日谈》1、自然性：肯定情欲，歌颂爱情 2、社会性：要求平等，维护尊严 3、阶级性：肯定享乐，宣扬利己 4、个性：赞美聪明，歌颂进取