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研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 9 referencing

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 9 referencing
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 9 referencing

Unit 9 Referencing

Objectives

- Know significance of referencing

- Understand different styles of referencing

Contents

- Reading and discussion: Science and MLA reference styles?

- Language focus: information order

- Writing practice: Referencing as required.

1.Reading Activity

As a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words. Failure to properly reference may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone e lse’s work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another student’s or expert’s work. Plagiarism also occur s when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source.

All of the sources you refer to in the main body of your assignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment in a reference list. You need to list only those sources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased. For example, you do not have to list books you used for background reading purposes.

1.1Pre-reading Task

Answer the following questions:

Why do we reference?

How do we usually reference?

How do we create a reference list?

How many referencing styles do you know?

1.2Reading Passage

Science uses a numbering system for references and notes. This allows explanatory or more detailed notes to be included with the references. Journal names are abbreviated by using common abbreviations to save space.

GENERAL NOTES

Place citation numbers for references and notes within parentheses, italicized: (18, 19) (18-20) (18,20-22). Do not use superscript numbers. Citations are numbered sequentially, first in the text, then through the references and notes, then through the figure and table captions, and finally through the supporting online material. The acknowledgments follow as an unnumbered note.

Each reference can be listed only once. Separate individual references from other references and from any text notes. (This is a change from our previous style to simplify referencing and facilitate online linking of references.) Each reference should have its own number and not include other text.

Any reference to a personal communication should be given a number in the text and placed, in correct sequence, in the references and notes. It must be accompanied by a written letter of permission. At the time of publication, all cited references must be published. Papers that are "in press" can be cited in a submission, but the paper must be available to provide to reviewers, and an accepted paper will be held until all references are published. Data supporting the results or conclusions should be included in the paper or Supporting Online Material or must be archived in an appropriate database a t the time of publication and made available for reviewers.

Notes should be used for information aimed at the specialist (e.g., procedures) or to provide definitions or further information to the general reader that are not essential to the data or arguments. Notes can cite other references (by number).

Please do not place tables within notes.

If you are including materials and methods in supporting online material, please cite this (wherever appropriate) as a single numbered note in the text, in the same fashion as other notes. For the note, use a form such as this: "Information on materials and methods is available on Science Online." (The correct Web address will be appended by Science staff.) For information on how to reference other

supporting online material in the manuscript text, please see our specific guidelines on this material.

There should be one reference list that includes papers cited in the main paper and then papers cited only within the supporting online material. Citations in the supporting online material can cite papers already cited in the main paper by number. We will include the full reference list online.

For cited papers that have been published only electronically, please include the DOI.

CREATING THE REFERENCE LIST

For journal articles, list initials first for all authors, separated by a space: A. B. Opus, B. C. Hobbs. Do not use "and". Use et al. (italics) for more than five authors. Titles of cited articles can now be included, with words in lower case except for proper nouns, followed by a period (see samples). Journal titles are in italics; volume numbers follow, in boldface. Do not place a comma before the volume number or before any parentheses. You may give the full inclusive pages of the article. Journal years are in parentheses: (1996). End each listing with a period. Do not use ibid. or op. cit. (these cannot be linked online).

For whole books, monographs, memos, or reports, the style for author or editor names is as above; for edited books, insert "Ed.," or "Eds.," before the title. Italicize the book title and use initial caps. After the title, provide (in parentheses) the publisher name, publisher location, edition number (if any), and year. If these are unavailable, or if the work is unpublished, please provide all information needed for a reader to locate the work; this may include a URL or a Web or FTP address. For unpublished proceedings or symposia, supply the title of meeting, location, inclusive dates, and sponsoring organization. There is no need to supply the total page count. If the book is part of a series, indicate this after the title (e.g., vol. 23 of Springer Series in Molecular Biology).

For chapters in edited books, the style is as above, except that "in" appears before the title, and the names of the editors appear after the title. After the information in parentheses, provide the complete page number range (or chapter number) of the cited material.

For research first published in Science Express, online journals, and preprints available on the Internet, see the examples below. These are considered published work.

STYLE EXAMPLES

Journals

1. N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980). [one author]

2. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964). [two or more authors]

Books

1. M. Lister, Fundamentals of Operating Systems (Springer-Verlag, New York, ed. 3, 1984), pp. 7-11. [third edition]

2. J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).

Published Online Only

1. N. H. Sleep, Stagnant lid convection and carbonate metasomatism of the deep continental lithosphere. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q11010 (2009), doi:10.1029/2009GC00270

2.

Technical reports

1. G. B. Shaw, "Practical uses of litmus paper in M?bius strips" (Tech. Rep. CUCS-29-82, Columbia Univ., New York, 1982).

Paper presented at a meeting (not published)

1. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, 10 October 1984. [sponsoring organization should be mentioned if it is not part of the meeting name]

Theses and personal communications

1. B. Smith, thesis, Georgetown University (1973).

Passage 2:Modern Language Association (MLA) style

The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(2008) is the third edition of The MLA Style Manual, first published by the Modern Language Association of America in 1985. It is an academic style guide widely used in the United States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the humanities, especially in English studies. The MLA's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals, newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses, and they are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the world.

Book with one author

Reference: Author last name, First name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth. Dublin: Veritas, 2001.

In-text citation :

(Author Last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

In another study (McDonagh 80)….

McDonagh has discussed (80)….

Book with two or three authors

Reference : Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: McLean, Bethany and Peter Elkind. The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron. New York: Portfolio, 2004.

In-text citation:

(Author(s) last name and last author last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Others highlight a different factor (McLean and Elkind 122)….

Bethany and McLean (122) highlight….

Book with an editor

Reference: Editor’s last name and first name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: Booth, David. Ed. Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice. Essex: Longman, 1994.

In-text citation:

(Editor’s last name page No.)

(Page No)

Example

Another approach (Booth 55) shows….

Booth (55) argues….

Chapter in an edited book

Reference: Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. "Title of chapter.‖ Title of Collection. Ed. Editor(s) First name last name and last editor First name Last name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Page range.

Example: Jonson, Ben. "To the Memory of My Beloved, the Author Mr. William Shakespeare." The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Alexander Allison et al. New York: Norton, 1983. 239-40.

In-text citation:

(Author(s) Last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Another approach (Jonson 239)….

Jonson (239) writes….

Print Journal article

Reference : Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume. Issue (year): pages.

Example: Mann, Susan. "Myths of Asian Womanhood." Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62.

In-text citation:

(Author(s) last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Another author (Mann 850) argues….

Mann (850) argues….

E-journal article

Reference : Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. "Title of Article." Journal title V olume. Issue (Year): Page numbers. Database. Web. Day Month Year accessed.

Example: Faris, Marc. ―That Chicago Sound: Playing with (Local) Identity in Underground Rock.‖ Popular Music & Society 27.4 (2004): 429-454. EBSCOhost. Web. 5 April 2011.

In-text citation:

(Author(s) Last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example

Exploring this topic (Faris 440)….

Faris (440) highlights the role….

Conferences

Reference: Author(s) last name, f irst name and last author’s first name last name. ―Title of paper.‖ Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher, Y ear. Pages. Format.

Example: O’Connor, John. "Towards a Greener Ireland.‖ Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 15–16 March 2009. Dublin: Irish Environmental Institute, 2009. 65 – 69. Print.

In-text citation: (Author(s) last name)

Example: According to another source (O’Connor 68)….

Theses

Reference: Author Last name, First name. ―Title.‖ Degree statement.

Degree-awarding body, Year. Format.

Example: Allen, Sean. "The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 2009. Print.

In-text citation:

(Author Last name page No.)

(Page No.)

Example:

As argued elsewhere (Allen 55)….

Allen (55) disagrees with this….

1.3Reading Comprehension

1.3.1 List the differences in book and journal references between Science and MLA style.

1.3.2 Please identify the sources of the following 10 references.

1.N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980).

2.Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reaching Tourism-Led Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37.4 (2010): 1141-6

3. Print.

3. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964).

4. J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).

5. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, 10 October 1984.

6. Ahmedi, Fauzia Erfan. "Welcoming Courtyards: Hospitality, Spirituality, and Gender." Feminism and Hospitality: Gender in the Host/Guest Relationship. Ed.

Maurice Hamington. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010. 109-24. Print.

7. Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999. Print

8. Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000. Print.

9.Ferrer, Ada. "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." Radical History Review 73 (1999): 22-49. Print.

10. S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (Dawson, New York, 1978).

https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d5335543.html,nguage Focus: Information order

One of the significant differences between reference styles of different journals is the presentation order of cited work information. The following two exercises are designed to make sure that you know the presentation order of a reference entry of Science and MLA.

2.1 Please fill out the blanks of the omitted information of the Science reference entry.

1)First author first name ____________, second author __________last name, paper title. ___________.issue , _____________( __________ ).

2)_____________ _______________, book name ( _______________, New York, ed. 3, __________), _____________.[third edition]

3)______________, thesis, ________________ (________).

2.2 Please transform the following information of the cited works into MLA reference entry.

1) The article "The Third Man: Pulp Fiction and Art Film." written by Glenn K.S.Man published in Literature Film Quarterly , volume 21 issue 3 in 1993 from page 171to 178 in Print form.

2)Ada Ferrer had an article "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." published in Radical History Review volume73 in 1999 from page 22 to 49 in paper form.

3)Lewis Mumford had The Culture of Cities in New York by Harcourt in 1938 in print form.

4)A. H. Buss had the book Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety published in San Francisco by Freeman in 1991 in print form.

5) Andrew Piper had“Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything”published in PMLA volume 121 issue 1 in 2006 p rinted on page 124-38.

3.Writing Practice

3.1 Please correct the errors in the following references according to Science style. 1) Allen, Sean. "The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 2009. Print.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2) Wang, M. & Koda, K. (2005). Commonalities and differences in word identification skills among English second language learners. Language Learning, 55(1), 73-100.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3) Zeelenberg, R., & Pecher, D. (2003). Evidence for long-term language repetition priming in conceptual implicit memory tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 80–94.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4) von Studnitz, R. E., & Green, D. (2002). Interlingual homograph interference in German-English bilinguals: Its modulation and locus of control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 51, 1–23.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Please create a reference list of the following work information according to the MLA style.

1.The book Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth written by Sean McDonagh

published in Dublin by Veritas in 2001.

2.The book Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice edited by

David Booth in Essex by Longman in 1994.

3.The article Myths of Asian Womanhood written by Susan Mann published in

V olume 59 issue1 on page 835-62 of Journal of Asian Studies in 2000.

4.The conference paper Towards a Greener Ireland written by John O’Connor

published at the conference Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 15–16 March 2009 in Dublin by Irish Environmental Institute in 2009 on page 65 – 69 in Print format.

4.Writing Project

The following passage is a part of Introduction of a research article ready to be published in Science. Please revise the in-text reference and reference list according to the Science style.

When bilinguals read or listen to words in their second language (L2), information about words in their first language (L1) is also active (e.g., Dijkstra &Van Heuven, 2002; Jared & Kroll, 2001; Marian & Spivey, 2003). From a developmental perspective, finding evidence for language nonselectivity even among highly skilled bilinguals is surprising. One might think that with increasing skill, learners become capable of functioning autonomously in L2 (e.g., Segalowitz & Hulstijn, 2005). However, recent evidence that demonstrates parallel activation of words in both languages during visual and spoken word recognition suggests that acquiring proficiency in L2 does not imply that the individual has acquired the ability to switch off the influence of L1. Furthermore, these cross-language influences are not limited to the effects of L1 on L2. Even when proficient bilinguals process words in their L1 alone—without any reason to believe that L2 is relevant—there are effects of L2 on L1 (e.g., Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2002; Van Wijnendaele & Brysbaert, 2002).

Despite the compelling evidence for parallel activation of both languages during lexical access in proficient bilinguals, very little research has addressed the consequences of cross-language activity in less proficient L2 processing. This question is the focus of the work we report here: What lexical information is active in the learner’s L1 during L2 processing? The present study investigates the influence of L1 on L2 during lexical processing in a laboratory setting.

References:

Dijkstra, A., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system:From identification to decision+ Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 175–197.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Jared, D., & Kroll, J. F. (2001). Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 2–31.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Marian, V., & Spivey, M. (2003). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items.Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 173–193.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Segalowitz, N., & Hulstijn, J. H. (2005). Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds)., Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 371–388). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, A. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 780–789.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Van Wijnendaele, I., & Brysbaert, M. (2002). Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Phonological priming from the second to the first language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 616–627.

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ 5.Final Checklist

This checklist is for you to make sure that your reference is ready for publication. Tick the item if it is done.

英语写作总结

关于六级和考研作文 对于考研和六级的你们而言,作文只有一次,所以不要害怕自己用滥一些表达 方式。一下给大家的建议和词汇并非最难的,但是本人以为最实用的,如有遗漏 和不足,欢迎补充。 1.考前反复熟记框架,挑选5个单词和2个表达方式强制自己在文中使用 2.用上非谓语结构,以及经典的介词词组远远比从句更吸引人。太复杂的表达 不要用,容易错,也容易表意不明。(强调句不错,可以使用) 一.普通词替换 1.Remarkable(显著的,显赫的,替换significant) 2.Dramatically(戏剧性地,这个单词用的人很多了,可以不用) 3.Durable/enduring(持续的,恒久的,很实用的单词) 4.Overwhelming(常用语overwhelming majority<绝大多数>,或者表示“不可抵挡”) 5.Incredible/unbelievable(不可思议的,难以置信的,非常推荐使用这个形容词) 6.Tranquil(安静的,代替peaceful,高级词汇) 7.Simultaneously(同时地,代替meanwhile,很实用很推荐) 8.Fulfill(代替finish,还可以表示更高端的“实现”等意义) 9.Whereas(表转折,非常推荐,but的意思) 10.Witness(句子倒转使用,“见证了…”也可代替see,很推荐) 11.Sophisticated(复杂的,世故的) 12.Alarming(震惊的,一般表示数字,也可以用it really shocks me that…) 13.Decent/elegant/dignity(尊严,得体的,高雅的,高贵的类似意思) 14.Self系列(self-esteem, self-improvement等) 15.Manifold(多方面的,各种各样的,代替various) 16.Manifest(显示,体现出,代替indicate或show) 17.Affirm(断言,声称,还有assert和allege) 18.Prevailing(代替popular,流行的,还有epidemic不常用) 19.Endeavour(努力,很实用的单词,endeavor to do)

考研英语写作20个高级表达方式

考研英语写作20个高级表达方式 2015考研英语写作20个高级表达方式。考研英语作文写作中,出彩的表达,总是会让阅卷老师眼前一亮,瞬间赢得老师的好感,下面小编就为大家整理了20个闪光的表达方法,供大家参考,预祝大家考试顺利! challenging and demanding experience人生中最幸福的就是身体健康 充满挑战和要求极高的经历 of fulfillment 满足感 不言自明 compliance with 遵守 5.…have the potential to boost …有潜能提升… and downsides 利弊 and refreshed 精力充沛,神清气爽 慎重 havoc on 对…造成损失 from …除开 support 坚定不移的支持 12. be conducive and instrumental to …对…有好处 合理 desirable trait 优点 15. adversity and hardship 逆境和苦难 16. strive for 为了…努力 17. Aspire to do sth 努力做… 18. attainment 成就

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