Part I Vocabulary and structure
Directions:Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.
1. Be quick, or the show _____ by the time we get to the cinema.
A. has ended
B. will have ended
C. will be ending
D. will end
2. The days _____ you could travel without a passport is long gone.
A. which
B. on which
C. when
D. at which
3. _____, he faced the difficulty calmly.
A. As he was young
B. Young was he
C. Young as he was
D. As young he was
4. Bob is late again. This is the sixth time this week he’s late, _____?
A. isn’t it
B. hasn’t he
C. isn’t he
D. hasn’t it
5. A little child came out of the room, his dog _____ him.
A. follows
B. following
C. is following
D. is followed
6. The more efforts you put in learning, _____.
A. the more fun you will find out of it
B. you find more fun out of it
C. you will find more fun out of it
D. more fun will find out of it
7. The boss told Tom that if he went on _____ like this, he would be fired.
A. working
B. to work
C. with working
D. to working
8. It must have been very late when I got home last night because my parents _____.
A. went to bed
B. had gone to bed
C. go to bed
D. are going to bed
9. My cousin is still not used to the life in America even though it _____ nearly three years _____ he went there.
A. is; after
B. is; since
C. was; after
D. was; since
10. You should reply when you _____ to.
A. speak
B. are speaking
C. spoke
D. are spoken
11. _____ you plan your future, there will be a lot of uncertainties.
A. No matter how
B. Despite
C. So far as
D. Because
12. In spite of _____, she chose to go abroad.
A. her parents’ opposition
B. her parents opposed
C. her parents have opposed
D. her parents are opposed
13. He left home alone with the belief _____ he would succeed.
A. since
B. when
C. that
D. what
14. What his friend said make him _____ the importance of friendship.
A. aware to
B. aware of
C. aware that
D. aware of that
15. _____ his girlfriend chose to stay in the big city, he would not go back home, either.
A. If
B. Unless
C. Even if
D. Despite
16. _____ that college students could further their study after graduation.
A. It has been realized
B. It realizes
C. It is realizing
D. It is to realize
17. Smith’s proposal is that the problem _____ in groups.
A. was discussed
B. is discussed
C. be discussed
D. would be discussed
18. Take the raincoat with you _____ it rains.
A. so that
B. even if
C. in case
D. as long as
19. Could you tell me _____?
A. how could I get to the airpor t
B. I how could get to the airport
C. how I could get to the airport
D. how I to get to the airport
20. You had better _____ laughing at those newcomers, for that will hurt their hearts.
A. leave out
B. leave for
C. leave off
D. leave behind
21. _____ the storm, the plane would have reached the destination by now.
A. But for
B. In case of
C. in spite of
D. Because of
22. None of us expected the chairman to _____ at the party.
A. turn in
B. turn over
C. turn up
D. turn down
23. Don’t _____ this news to the public until you are pretty sure.
A. release
B. relieve
C. relate
D. retain
24. The football match comes to us _____ from Paris.
A. lively
B. live
C. alive
D. living
25. To find the answer precisely, you must first _____ the main words in the question.
A. turn out
B. work out
C. keep out
D. make out
1. Sometimes students could not make _____ study arrangement.
A. adequate
B. efficient
C. sufficient
D. resultant
2. Interest is not the only reason _____ some people undertake their hobbies.
A. for
B. why
C. of
D. because
3. Pandas are considered _____ in China. They are protected by relevant departments.
A. valuable
B. sacred
C. magic
D. mysterious
4. _____ that there is no opposition, we will make him our sales representative.
A. To provide
B. Provide
C. Provides
D. Provided
5. Our capacity _____ exploring the natural world is limited.
A. for
B. in
C. on
D. at
6. Some fashion advertisements show people _____ flashy clothes.
A. wearing
B. wore
C. to wear
D. wear
7. She has to prepare for her paper. Don’t _____ her mind from her study.
A. attract
B. distract
C. disobey
D. display
8. The spirit of competition in all possible fields should try to decrease the likelihood of hackery rather than _____.
A. to increase it
B. increasing it
C. increased it
D. increase it
9. If the human population _____ so rapidly, people would have had more resources to use.
A. have not increased
B. has not increased
C. had not increased
D. had not been increased
10. _____ what others might have thought, I would stick to what I believe.
A. Despite of
B. Although
C. In spite of
D. Though
11. Once I knew a person who was perfectly _____ playing music with leaves.
A. able to
B. capable of
C. competent to
D. ready to
12. If these shoes are too old, go and buy a new _____.
A. one
B. pair
C. suit
D. set
13. He _____ a certain amount of money every week to pay for his college tuition.
A. sets aside
B. sets along
C. sets in
D. sets up
14. Alicia was not _____ to survive the surgery if she could not get better.
A. possible
B. probable
C. like
D. likely
15. The advertisement says this _____ doesn’t change in the wash, but I do not think so.
A. content
B. material
C. contact
D. campus
16. Many new _____ will be opened up in China after entering into WTO.
A. opportunities
B. necessities
C. realities
D. probabilities
17. There was an accident on the road which _____ the traffic.
A. set back
B. held up
C. stood back
D. kept down
18. Problems with the technique will be treated _____ special care.
A. by
B. in
C. under
D. with
19. I know my job is not well paid, but _____, I have no stress.
A. of course
B. on the contrary
C. by the way
D. on the other hand
20. The engine of the car _____ heavy smoke.
A. gives up
B. gives in
C. gives off
D. gives away
21. Her voice trailed _____ to a whisper.
A. off
B. away
C. over
D. in
22. Mobile telecommunications _____ is expected to triple in that area as a result of a new contact signed between the two companies.
A. capacity
B. potential
C. possession
D. impact
23. The fake painting is obviously inferior _____ the genuine one.
A. below
B. from
C. to
D. than
24. Public awareness has to be _____ in order to protect our environment.
A. raised
B. arised
C. rised
D. aroused
25. In order to buy a new car he had to borrow a large _____ from the bank
A. loan
B. finance
C. capital
D. debt
1. The lawyer advised him to drop the _____, since he has little chance to win.
A. event
B. incident
C. case
D. affair
2. His _____ has changed but he has kept the good qualities of a scientist.
A. state
B. status
C. station
D. statue
3. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _____.
A. hurt
B. damaged
C. spoiled
D. harmed
4. Those are the nurses who _____ to patients in hospital.
A. accompanied
B. attended
C. entertained
D. shielded
5. There is no _____ to the house from the main street.
A. access
B. exposure
C. avenue
D. edge
6. Rufus has been depressed recently, for his plan to study at college _____ at the last moment.
A.fell out
B. fell behind
C. fell through
D. fell off
7. I’m quite sure that it is _____ impossible for him to finish the task within three days.
A. absolutely
B. fully
C. exclusively
D. roughly
8. The rain was heavy and _____ the land was flooded.
A. consequently
B. continuously
C. constantly
D. consistently
9. Her death was a great blow to him and I doubt if he could _____.
A. get it by
B. get it through
C. get it up
D. get it over
10. You or he _____ to Los Angeles on business next week.
A. is going
B. are going
C. has gone
D. have gone
11. We’ll mainly deal with the problem _____ the financial crisis.
A. with
B. to
C. on
D. at
12. The general manager together with his colleagues _____ to visit London next month.
A. are going
B. is going
C. go
D. have gone
13. To be successful means _____ harder than other people.
A. working
B. to work
C. works
D. work
14. The office building is _____ the dining hall.
A. three times as high as
B. as three times high as
C. higher three times than
D. three times higher as
15. The teacher didn’t think his students needed _____ the importance of the exam.
A. to be told
B. to tell
C. having told
D. being told
16. He said he had never used the computer before, _____ was not true at all.
A. which
B. what
C. it
D. that
17. It _____ hot and dry for more than a month and people are suffering from lack of water.
A. had been
B. has been
C. is
D. was
18. I wonder when _____ a doctor.
A. did he become
B. he became
C. he has become
D. he had become
19. _____ his friends were talking with each other happily, he alone read in the corner.
A. What
B. While
C. How
D. Where
20. His parents didn’t know what had happened to their son, _____.
A. so did they never find out
B. neither they did find out
C. nor did they ever find out
D. yet did they find out
21. It’s decided that the students _____ hand in their essays on Thursday.
A. are going to
B. are to
C. will be to
D. shall be to
22. His _____ success delighted the whole family.
A. surprise
B. surprised
C. surprising
D. surprises
23. Did you hear anybody _____ English under the tree yesterday morning?
A. reading
B. read
C. to read
D. is reading
24. My mother was too excited; I _____ her the news.
A. ought not to tell
B. ought to not tell
C. ought to not have told
D. ought not to have told
25. Lisa regretted _____ her mother’s advice to wear more. She felt cold in the wind.
A. not taking
B. not to take
C. not to have taken
D. having not taken
Part II Reading comprehension
Passage 1
About more than one hundred and fifty years ago, Napoleon was the king of France. At that time France and Russia were at war, Napoleon was going to take the city of Moscow.
大约150年前，拿破仑是法国的国王。当时法国和俄罗斯处于战争的状态，拿破仑想攻打莫斯科市。
It was a long way from France to Russia. The French soldiers went on for many days, fighting as they went. They passed through many countries and many great cities. At last they came to the city of Moscow. Napoleon and his army went into the city quickly. They were all happy for the French flag was waving over Moscow.
法国距俄罗斯很远，法国士兵持续战斗了很多天。他们经过了很多国家和城市。当他们最终到达莫斯科的时候，拿破仑和他的军队迅速占领了城市，他们都很兴奋他们在莫斯科插上了法国国旗。
The Russians didn’t fight. But when it was late at night, the French soldiers were fast asleep after drinking and dancing. The whole city was quiet and still. Suddenly there came a great cry, “Moscow is on fire.” The Russians had set fire to the city in many places. The French couldn’t put the fire out quickly. The city was burnt to the ground. What were the French soldiers to do now? They couldn’t stay in Moscow any longer because there was not enough food. They had to go back to France.
俄罗斯人没有反抗。但是，当深夜，法国士兵熟睡之后。突然传来一声“莫斯科着火了”。俄国人在许多地方放火。法国士兵没有很快把火扑灭，这个城市很快被夷为平地了。法国士兵还能做什么？他们不能再留在莫斯科了，因为这里没有足够的食物。他们不得不返回法国。
It was winter, the weather in Russia was very cold. Every place was covered with thick snow. The French soldiers feared the long journey back to France. Napoleon and his men went on through the snow day after day. Men fell down dead by the roadside because of cold and hunger. Very few came out of Russia alive and reached their homes in France.
当时是冬季，俄罗斯很冷。每一个地方都覆盖着厚厚的积雪。拿破仑和的他的士兵在雪地里日复一日的赶路，很多人因为寒冷和饥饿倒下了。很少一部分活着返回了法国。
Passage 2
During the twentieth century there has been a great change in the lives of women. A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which chance and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be expected to live another thirty-five years and she is likely to take paid work until sixty.
二十世纪，女性的生活发生了很大的变化。一个在十九世纪末结婚的女性，可能是二十五六岁，也可能有七八个孩子，并且其中的四五个已经五岁了。当最小的到十五岁的时候，他们的妈妈才五十岁，她们或许还能再活二十年。在此期间，由于机遇或者健康的问题，她们将无法找到合适的工作。如今女性可以早结婚，并且可以少生孩子。通常一个女人的孩子十五岁的时候，她可能才四十五岁，她或许还能再活三十五年。这就意味着她能一直工作到六十岁。
This is an important change in women’s economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school and took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen; many girls stay at school after that age, and though women marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Very many more afterwards return to full-time or part-time work. Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life.
这是女性经济地位的重要变化。几年以前，大多数女性毕业，找工作。当她们结婚后，她们通常会马上辞职，而且也不会再出来工作。如今毕业年龄是16岁，很多这个年龄女性依然在学校读书。虽然女性结婚早了，但是更多的女性选择继续工作直到孩子的出生。而且大部分会继续全职或兼职的工作。这些变化导致了一种新的婚姻关系，与丈夫共同承担责任，使家庭生活更满
意。
Passage 3
We often hear people talking about a generation gap. The name is new, but the idea is old. Young people and their parents don’t understand each other. The world keeps changing. It has always kept changing. During the second century after Christ a wise man said: “Bur y me on my face because in a little while everything will be turned upside down.”
我们经常听到人们谈论代沟。这个词是新的，但是想法是旧的。年轻人和他们的父母不理解对方。世界在变化，而且一直在变化。基督后的第二个世纪，有位智者说“将我面朝下埋葬，因为顷刻之间世界万物将颠覆“
There has always been a gap between generations, but more people talk about it now. Old Mr. Ellis thinks he understands what has happened: “When I was a boy, I thought the world was a beautiful place. My life was very pleasant. But when I was older, l learned about people who were treated badly, people who didn’t have enough to eat. I wanted to help them, and I married a girl who wanted t o help them, too. We went to meetings and talked a lot, but it didn’t seem to make much difference. ”
代沟一直存在，但是现在越来越多的人开始讨论它了。埃利斯先生认为他明白发生了什么事“当我还是个孩子的时候，我认为这是个美丽的世界。我的生活非常愉快。但是当我长大后，我了解到很多人收到不公平的待遇，他们没有足够的食物。我想帮助他们。我的妻子也想帮助他们。我们组织会议，探讨这个问题，但是似乎没有太大的变化。“
Our children grew up in a world at war. They didn’t know when the fighting would stop. They wanted thei r children to have nice clothes and toys. They didn’t want to think about the future. They thought nothing could be done about it.
我们的孩子成长在战争的环境中。他们不知道战争什么时候结束。他们希望自己的孩子能有漂亮的衣服和玩具。他们不想考虑未来。他们认为关于未来没有什么能做的。
Now I have grandchildren, and they have their own ideas. They are trying to make the world better. They are trying to help other people. They are making people listen to them. I am proud of their generation.
现在我有孙子了，他们有自己的想法。他们想让世界变得更美好。他们想帮助别人。让别人听到他们的心声。我为他们这代人感到骄傲。
Passage 4
Ethiopian tribesmen （埃塞俄比亚部落人）can only double or halve (将…减半) the numbers. Yet by halving and doubling, they can multiply any two numbers, and get the right answer. For example, a tribesman wants to buy 15 sheep at 13 Ethiopian dollars each. How much is that? Here’s how he g oes about finding out. He puts 13 small stones in a left column and 15 on the right. Then he halves the left figure. He gets 6. The tribesmen never deal in fractions (分数). At the same time he doubles the right hand figure. He keeps this up until the left-hand figure is 1. Then he has:
13 15
6 30
3 60
1 120
The tribesmen are superstitious (迷信的) and they believe even numbers(偶数) in the left column are evil and must be removed, along with their partners in the right column. So the tribesman strikes out 6 and its partner 30. Then he adds the right-hand column and has the right answer 195. You can try it with two numbers. It does not matter which is halved or doubled．The answer is always correct. The tribesmen cannot grasp how their system works. Of course you see at once how it works.
埃塞俄比亚部落人只能对数字进行加减。然而通过加减，再乘任意两个数字，他们就能得到正确答案。例如，一个部落想要用每13个埃塞俄比亚元买15只羊。那么究竟要花多少钱？下面就是他们如何计算出答案的。他们把13个小石头放在左侧，15个刚在右侧。之后他将左侧的减半。他得到6。他们从来不使用分数。同时他将右侧的加倍。他一直加倍知道左侧的数字变成1.
这个部落很迷信，他们觉得偶数在左侧是邪恶的，必须拆除，连同在右侧的相关数。所以他们把6和30 拆除。之后他将右侧的相加，得到195.你可以用两个数字来试验一下。加减都没关系。答案永远是正确的。他们也不知道这个系统是怎么工作的。当然了你马上能看到它是如何进行的。
Passage 5
Poala became a Lazio supporter twenty years ago when some children asked her to teach them about the game. She says: “I thought I’d better go and watch Lazio. Then I became very keen on football.”So every Sunday when Lazio plays at home, she walks to the stadium.
二十年前，当有些小孩让Poala教他们游戏的时候，她成为一名Lazio支持者。她说：“我认为我应该去看Lazio。然后我变得对足球很感兴趣。”所以每个星期天当Lazio在家联系的时候，她就会来到球场。
Then, recently, she learnt that the father of one of her pupils was a television sports reporter. She asked to go into the studio to see Lazio’s away games. There a TV director thought he saw a possible star. The only question was, what would a nun be like on camera?
最近，当她得知她的一个学生的父亲市电视台的体育记者的时候。她希望能进到工作室看Lazio的比赛。然后一个电视导演认为他可能看到一个明星。唯一的问题是，一个修女在摄像机里会是什么样子？
She was very good. People love to listen to her with her passion and love for football. And she is just as popular with the Lazio players. “I talked about their problems and say prayers with them,” she says.
她很好。人们很喜欢听她的富有热情的声音和对足球的热爱。她变得跟Lazio球员一样受欢迎。她说：“我谈论他们的问题，并为他们祈祷”。
Passage 6
Taxes are a big part of the finances in the United States. Most Americans pay city taxes, state taxes, Social Security taxes, sales taxes… and the list seems endless.
税收是美国财政收入的重要组成部分。大部分美国人都缴纳城市税，州税，社会保障税，消费税，和其他等等。
The biggest tax for most Americans is that on the money they ear n—the income tax. The personal income tax is called a “progressive tax” because it makes more from those who earn most. For example, a person who earns about $3,500 a year will pay a tax of only about 3.5% of earning, but if the same person earned $85, 000 a year, he would pay an income tax of 35%.
对于大多数美国人来说最大的税来自他们的工资—个人所得税。个人所得税即“累计税”，因为你挣得越多意味着你缴的
税越多。比如一个每年挣3，500美元的人他的个人所得税是他收入的3.5%，而对于一个每年挣85,000美元的人来说，他的个人所得税是他的收入的35%。
Over the years the income tax has become more and more difficult for people to understand. Almost one half of all Americans now have to pay experts to prepare their tax reports. In fact, preparing taxes and giving tax advice have become a big industry in America.
多年以来，个人所得税变得让人越来越难以理解。几乎一半的美国人必须请专家来写的自己的税收报告。事实上，税收咨询已成为美国的一大产业。
Passage 7
When friends come to visit us in the evening, they spend their time telling us they are in a hurry and looking at their watches. It is not that our friends are all very busy; it is just that we have not got a television. People think that we are very strange. "But what do you do in the evenings?" they are always asking. The answer is simple. Both my wife and I have hobbies. We certainly don't spend our evenings staring at the wall. My wife enjoys cooking and painting and often attends evening classes in foreign languages. This is particularly useful as we always go abroad for our holidays. I collect stamps and am always busy with my collection. Both of us enjoy listening to music and playing chess together.
当我们的朋友晚上来看我们的时候，他不停的说他很着急或看表。并不是说他们真的很忙，而是我们没有打开电视。人们认为我们很奇怪。“你晚上做什么”他们常问。答案很简单。我和我的妻子都有自己的爱好。我们当然不会盯着墙。我的妻子喜欢烹饪，绘画，常参加夜校学习外语。我们也会去国外度假。我喜欢收集邮票，并常忙着我的收藏。我们都喜欢听音乐，下棋。
Sometimes there are power cuts we have no electricity in the home. This does not worry about us; we just light candles and carry on with what we were doing before. Our friends, however, are los t—no television!—so they do not know what to do. On such evenings our house is very full; they all come to us.They all have a good time. Instead of sitting in silence in front of the television, everybody talks and plays games. Yes, life is possible without television!
有时会停电。但不会影响到我们。我们会点上蜡烛继续做我们的事。如果没有电视，然而我们的朋友会迷茫。他们不知道该做什么。每当这个时候，我们家就会有很多人，他们都会来我们家。他们会有一个好机会，而不是坐在电视机前，我们会聊天，做游戏。没有电视，生活照样精彩。
Passage 8
If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak: when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows this, and nobody would think of questioning this fact. Yet there are many people who do not seem to know that the memory works in the same way. When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by exercising it regularly, either consciously or unconsciously. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough opportunity to become strong. The position is exactly the same as that of two peoples, one of whom exercises his arms and legs by playing tennis, while the other sits in a chair or a motorcar all day.
如果你有一段时间不使用你的手臂或腿，他们会变弱；当你再次开始使用他们后，他们会再慢慢变强。每个人都知道这点，但是没有人认真的想过这个问题。然而很多人似乎不知道记忆也是这个原理。当一个人说他记忆力好的时候，其实意味着他经常有意或无意的锻炼记忆。当一个人说他的记忆力差的时候，这意味着他没有足够的机会去联系使他变强。这对于一个每天都通过网球来锻炼胳膊和腿的人和一个整天坐在汽车或椅子上的人来说是一样的。
If a friend complains that his arms and legs are weak, we know that it is not his own fault . But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think that his parents are to blame, or that he is just unlucky, and few of us realize that it is just as much his own fault if it was his arms or legs that were weak. Not all of us can become extremely strong or extremely clever; but all of us can, if we have ordinary bodies and brains, improve our strength and our memory by the same mean s—practice.
当一个朋友抱怨他的胳膊和腿变弱的时候，我们知道这不是他的错。但是如果一个人说他的记忆力差，我们通常会责怪他的父母，或者他不走运，很少意识到这是他自己的错。并不是所有的人都很强壮和聪明，但是如果我们有健康的身体和大脑，我们可以通过训练使我们的力量和记忆变强。
Have you ever noticed that people who cannot read or write usually have better memories than those who can? Why is this? Of course, because those who cannot read or write have to remember things; they cannot write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember dates, times and prices, names, songs and stories; so their memory is being exercised the whole time.
你有没有注意到那些无法读或写的人通常拥有比我们好的记忆力。为什么会这样？当然了，因为他们没办法读或写他们只能去背诵；他们无法在小纸条上做记录。他们不得不几下日期，时间，价格，名字，歌曲和故事，所以他们的记忆力很好。
So if you want to have a good memory, learn from the poor and the humble: practice remembering
如果你想拥有一个好的记忆力就像他们学习，练习你的记忆。
Passage 9
Parents whose children show a special interest in a particular sport feel it very difficult to make a decision about their children’s careers. Should they allow their children to train to become top sportsmen and sportswomen? For many children it means starting schoolwork very young, and going out with friends and other interests have to take a second place. It’s very difficult to explain to a young child why he or she has to train five hours a day, even at the weekend, when most of his or her friends are playing.
对运动特别感性的孩子，父母很难对他们的职业生涯做出决定。他们应该把孩子培养成顶尖的运动员吗？对于很多小孩意味必须很早开始训练，跟朋友出去玩和其他兴趣必须放在后面。很难理解一个小孩每天花5个小时，甚至周末也在训练，而其他小孩则在玩耍。
Another problem is of course money. In many countries money for training is available from government for the very best young sportsmen and sportswomen. If this help can not be given, it means that it is the parents who have to find the time and the money to support their child’s developmen t—and sports clothes, transport to competitions, special equipment, etc. can all be very expensive.
另一个问题当然是钱。许多国家对于运动员的培训资金是由政府承担的。如果政府不能给予这种帮助的话，意味着他们的父母必须有足够的时间和金钱来支持孩子的未来发展—运动服装，交通工具，专用设备等，这些都是很昂贵的。
Many parents are worried that it is dangerous to start serous training in a sport at an early age. Some doctors agree that young muscles may be damaged by training before they are properly developed. Professional trainers, however, believe that it is only by training young that you can reach the top as a successful sportsperson. It is clear that very few people do reach the top, and both parents and children should be prepared for failure even after many years of training.
许多父母担心太小接受训练是很危险的。一些医生认为，那么小就训练很有可能会损害他们的肌肉发展。然而，专业教练则认为越小接受训练越能成为一个成功的运动员。很显然，很少有人能达到顶峰，而家长和孩子为经过多年训练但却失败做好
准备。
Passage 10
A punctual(守时的) person is in the habit of doing a thing at the proper time and is never late in keeping an appointment.
一个守时的人会按时做完一件事，从不会迟到或爽约。
The unpunctual man, on one hand, never does what he has to do at the proper time. He is always in a hurry and in the end loses both time and his good name. A lost thing may be found again, but lost time can never be regained. Time is more valuable than material things. In fact, time is life itself. The unpunctual man is forever wasting and mismanaging his most valuable asset(财产) as well as other’s. The unpunctual person is always complaining that he finds no time to answer letters, or return calls or keep apppointments promptly. But the man who really has a great deal to do is very careful of his time and seldom complains of want of it. He knows that he can not get through his huge amount of work unless he faithfully keeps every piece of work when it has to be attended to.
另一方面，不守时的人却从不按时完成它应该做的事情。他总是急急忙忙，最后既错过了时间又丢了好名声。一件东西丢了可能能找回来，但时间丢了可就永远找不回来了。时间比物质的东西更宝贵。时间就是生命。不守时的人永远在浪费他们最宝贵的财富。不守时的人总在抱怨自己没时间回信，回电话或准时赴约。但是真正有很多工作要做的人却很少抱怨。
Failure to be punctual in keeping one’s appointments is sign of disrespect towards others. If a person is invited to dinner and arrives later than the appointed time, he keeps all the other guests waiting for him. Usually this will be regarded as a great disrespect to the host and all other guests present.
不准时是对别人的不尊重。如果一个人被邀请参加晚宴，但不能准时抵达，他让其他客人等着他。通常这是对主人和其他客人的不尊重。
Unpunctuality, moreover, is very harmful when it comes to do one’s duty, whether public or private. Imagine how it would be if those who are put in charge of important tasks failed to be at their proper place at the appointed time. A man who is known to be usually unpunctual is never trusted by his friends or fellow men.
不守时对于一个人来说无论是在公共场所和私人地方都是非常有害的。试想一下，如果一个负责重要任务的人没有在约定的时间内完成任务，结果会怎么样呢？一个不守时的人通常不会得到朋友和同事的信任。
Passage 11
All over the world people began their exciting day by drinking a cup or several cups of coffee. People have always said that a cup of coffee in the morning helps them begin their day on the right foot. They need this cup of coffee to get going in the morning.
世界各地的人们通过每天喝一杯或几倍咖啡来开始精彩的一天。人们总是说早上一杯咖啡帮助他们一天的开始。他们早上需要者杯咖啡。
It is not the coffee but something in the coffee that stimulates our bodies and brains. It is a substance called caffeine.
刺激他们身体和大脑的不是咖啡，而是咖啡里面的一种物质—咖啡因。
Caffeine may increase a person’s mental and physical abilities. For instance, two cups of coffee will augment blood flow, respiration(呼吸), and body heat production by 10 to 20 percent. All of this makes your heart beat faster and doctors warn that this may be somewhat dangerous.
咖啡因能提高一个人的精神和体能。例如两杯咖啡能增加血液流动，呼吸，并产生10%--20%的热量。所有这些会加速心脏的跳动，医生警告说这可能是有危险的。
Caffeine is found in tea, coffee, chocolate, and many other common foods. A little caffeine is probably harmless, but too much caffeine can result in nervousness and sleeplessness.
在茶，咖啡，巧克力和其他常见食物中都含有咖啡因。很少的咖啡因是无害的，但过多的的咖啡因会导致紧张和失眠。Passage 12
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies — and other creatures — learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards” ; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “ drives ” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
自古以来人们普遍认为：婴儿或其他生物学会做某事是由于某些行为得到了“汇报”，也没有理由对对此表示疑问。过去人们也普遍相信“产生预期效果的奖励”都与人的基本生理需要，如饥饿，口渴等直接相关，至少在婴儿时期如此。换句话说，如果小孩得到食物饮料或某种身体上的舒服，而不是别的，就会是他进入学习状态。
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
现在清楚事实并非如此。只要是成功的方式而无需回报，婴儿都会去模仿学习。
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “ reward ” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simpl e movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s resp onses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “ switched on ” a display of lights — and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
裴博赛克开始研究，借助食用牛奶的方式来教婴儿学习一些简单的活动，比如把头转向一边或另一边。接着他注意到一个喝足了牛奶的婴儿不肯喝了，但仍然高兴地学着刚才的动作。于是他开始研究没有给牛奶的婴儿的反应。他很快发现四个月的婴儿学习如何把头转向一边或另一边去看灯光展示，事实上，他们能够学习更复杂的动作，比如来回转头两次或更多次。
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “ smile and bubble ” when the display came on. Papousek conclud ed that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
裴博赛克直接将灯光展示在这些婴儿面前，他发现一个有趣的现象，有时他们不会盯着灯，有时他们会卫校或吐泡泡。裴博赛克得出结论，不仅仅是因为灯光使他们高兴，而是他们找到解决问题的方法和技能的掌握。
Passage 13
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school.
Cognitive (认知的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
心理学家们对于外在的奖励——从热情的称赞道冷冰冰的金钱刺激，会怎样影响一个人的动力与创造力，持有截然不同的看法。研究行为与结果之间关系的行为主义者认为：奖励能提高工作和学习表现。研究精神生活各个方面的认知学派者则认为：奖励促使学生对别人给予的肯定和礼物有依赖心里，常常会破坏他们的创造力。
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
后者得过很多人的支持，尤其是教育工作者。依据《个性与社会心理学》杂志的六月刊上文章表明对小学生使用微小的金钱奖励，确实有助于提高创造力。
“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, ” s ays Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. “ But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. ”
特拉华州立大学的罗伯特艾森伯格说“如果孩子们知道他们将得到奖励，他们将更专注于任务的完成，他们将展现出跟多的创造力,但是如果对成绩差的进行奖励或对奖励有太多的期望，将会抹杀他们的创造性。”
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
艾森伯格认为：如果一个老师不断地要求学生把注意力放在奖励上，并对一般的成绩也大方的给予高分，最终只能培养出没有创造力的学生。基于后一点，他指出各大高校对于收紧分级标准和恢复不及格的成绩正在做出越来越多的努力。
In earlier grades, the use of so —called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive —based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
特拉华的心理学家主张:越早使用这种所谓的经济奖励，学生处理问题和接受奖励显示出创造力的提升。
Passage 14
Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors (流星) but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.
太空是个很危险的地方，不仅仅是因为那里有大大小小的流星，还因为那里有来自太阳和其他星体的各种射线。大气层实际上也起到了地球保护毯的作用。光线能够穿透大气层，使我们粮食作物生长所需的条件。热量使我们的环境适宜生存。通过大气的还有来自外层空间的可种各样射线，但是来自太阳的大量射线被大气层所屏蔽。一旦人们离开大气层他们将暴露在这种辐射下，但是他们穿着宇航服或待在飞船里面会避免许多辐射的危害。
Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in spac e. The unit of radiation is called “rem”. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage - a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed (畸形的) children or even grandchildren. Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high amount of rems. So far, no dangerous amounts of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far.
辐射是现在已知的对探空探险者最大的危险。辐射的单位为雷姆.科学家们有理由认为人可以忍受远超过0.1雷姆的辐射而不受伤害，60雷姆也已得到证实。辐射的伤害是很难确定的，一个人可能感觉良好，但是他的细胞或身体器官已经被损坏，这些很难被发现直到畸形孩子或孙子的出生。阿波罗飞行任务不得不通过大量REMS的。到目前为止，还没有危险辐射的报告，但阿波罗任务很短。我们甚至不知道人类离开大气层的保护是如何在太空实验室工作的。药物可能有助于减少辐射的伤害，但是目前为止还没有找到真正有效的方法。
Passage 15
How can we get rid of garbage? Do we have enough energy sources to meet our future energy needs?
我们如何解决垃圾？我们是否有足够的能源来满足我们未来的需求？
These are two important questions that many people are asking today. Some people think that men might be able to solve both problems at the same time. They suggest using garbage as an energy source.
现在有两个很多人都关心的问题。有些人认为人类也许能在同一时间解决这两个问题。他们建议人类把垃圾作为能源来使用。
For a long time people buried garbage or dumped it on empty land. Now empty land is scarce. But more and more garbage is produced each year. But garbage can be a good fuel to use. The things in garbage do not look like coal, petroleum, or natural gas; but they are chemically similar to these fossil fuels. As we use up our fossil-fuel supplies, we might be able to use garbage as an energy source.
很长一段时间，人们把垃圾倾倒在或者埋在空旷的地方。现在这种地方越来越少。但是每年会产生越来越多的垃圾。其实，垃圾是一种很好的燃料。垃圾并不像煤，石油和天然气，但是他们的化学成分跟那些燃料是一样的。我们也许能够把垃圾作为燃料能源来使用。
Burning garbage is not a new idea. In Paris, France, some power plants burn almost 2 million tons of the city’s garbage each year.
垃圾作为燃料能源不是一个新概念。在法国巴黎，一些电厂每年要用掉将近200万吨城市垃圾。
But there are troubles in using garbage as a fuel. Garbage that burns easily, such as food scraps and paper, must be separated from metals, glass, and other materials that do not burn easily. This separation process is normally costly. Another problem is that buring garbage can pollute the air.
但是使用垃圾作为燃料也有一些问题。比如食物残渣和纸，这些是易燃垃圾，还有一些是不易燃烧的，必须从金属和玻璃中分解出来。这种分解的过程通常是很昂贵的。另一个问题是燃料垃圾会污染空气。
Passage 16
The first time I ever saw a bear in the wild, I was on my way back from fishing on a spot next to the forest. I was coming around a bend on an overgrown logging road when I saw up ahead a large black animal see me and duck into some thimbleberry bushes. I knew it was a bear. I didn’t move for maybe three minutes. There was no likely tree nearby for me to climb. Then the bear hopped out the brushes, took a look at me, and galloped like crazy down the trail. As he ran, his hind feet seemed to reach higher than his head. He splashed water up and made the rocks clack as he crossed a little creek, and then he went into the bush on the other side with a racket that sounded like a car crashing. For some reason, I picked up a rock. I felt the weight of the rock in my hand. I smelled the breath from a wild rose, I saw the sun on the top of the mountains, I felt the clothes on my back. I felt as if I had eyes all over my head. I proceeded, with a procession of feelings, down the trail where the bear had run. I saw the dark blots on the trail where he had splashed water from the creek. I kept saying, “A bear! I saw a bear!” I found myself looking over my shoulder for the instant-replay screen. I could not believe that this had happened and then gone by in a second, like trillions of completely unremarkable events. I quickly passed the spot where the bear had disappeared, and then I became happier and happier. I had just moved to Montana at the time, and did not know anyone there. I walked home quickly and went through the door and picked up the telephone and begain to call my friends before I even took off my boots.
我捕鱼回来经过一片森林的时候看见一头熊，这是我第一次在野外遇见熊。我绕过一条杂草丛生的小路时，见前方的灌木丛中有一个大的黑色动物看着我。我意识到那是一头熊。我站在那没动。周围似乎也没有树能让我爬。然后，那头熊从灌木丛中跳了出来，看了看我，沿着小路疯狂的跑走了。跑的时候，他的脚的高度似乎超过了他的头。他越过一条小溪，溅起水花；紧接着他跑向另一边的灌木丛中，听起来像汽车碰撞的声音。出于某种原因，我捡起一块石头。我感觉到手中石头的重量。我闻到了野玫瑰的芳香，我看到头顶的太阳，我感觉到后背的衣服。我觉得我的头顶似乎有双眼睛。我看着那头熊逃跑的小路。我看到他经过小溪溅起的黑色污泥。我不停地说：“一头熊，我看到一头熊！”我一直在回想刚才的画面。我简直不敢相信这种事情发生了，紧接着又消失了，就想很多不起眼的事情。我迅速通过熊消失的地方，然后我觉得很快乐，很幸福。当时我刚搬到蒙大拿州，不认识任何人。我很快回到家，打开房门，甚至都没来得及脱靴子就拿起电话开始给我的朋友打电话。
Part IV Translation from Chinese into English
Directions:In this part there are five sentences in Chinese. You are required to translate these sentences into English.
1. 几乎没有人在这场大火中幸存下来。Almost no one survived after the fire.
2. 抢劫犯用手枪威胁所有的乘客。The robber threatened all the passengers with a pistol.
3. 我认为这个问题值得深思熟虑。I think this problem is worthy of being considered carefully.
4. 做你认为正确的事情，不要犹豫。Do what you think is right, do not hesitate.
5. 我们在乡下度过了愉快的周末。We spent a pleasant weekend in the countryside.
6. 科学家们将不得不提出增加世界粮食供应的新方法。Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the world’s food supply.
7. 如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中行走了。If we had left earlier, we could not be walking in the rain now.
8. 只是最近我才意识到语言与文化密切相关。Only recently did I realize that language was closed related to culture.
9. 不要浪费任何东西，尤其是永远不要浪费时间。Never waste anything, but above all never waste time.
10. 孩提时代的教育对于一个人的未来是至关重要的。The education during one’s childhood is important to his future.
11. 云南奇特的风俗给我留下了深刻的印象。I was impressed by the strange custom in Yunnan
12. 我们和服务员争论这顿饭的价格。We argue with the waiter about the price of the meal.