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启航考研2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.1, homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly2. To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4the minimum wage, and fund more low cost housing.
5everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates 6anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is8. One of the federal government’s studies 9that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to10this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11when homeless individuals manage to find a12that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day13the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others,14not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday15skills needed to turn their lives16. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are17programs that address the many needs of the homeless.18Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,19it. “There has to be20of programs. What’s needed is a package deal.”（248 words）
1. ［A］Indeed［B］Likewise［C］Therefore ［D］Furthermore
2. ［A］stand ［B］cope［C］approve ［D］retain
3. ［A］in［B］for ［C］with［D］toward
4. ［A］raise［B］add［C］take ［D］keep
5. ［A］Generally ［B］Almost［C］Hardly［D］Not
6. ［A］cover ［B］change［C］range ［D］differ
7. ［A］Now that ［B］Although［C］Provided［D］Except that
8. ［A］inflating［B］expanding［C］increasing［D］extending
9. ［A］predicts ［B］displays ［C］proves［D］discovers
10. ［A］assist［B］track ［C］sustain［D］dismiss
11. ［A］Hence［B］But ［C］Even［D］Only
12. ［A］lodging［B］shelter ［C］dwelling［D］house
13. ［A］searching ［B］strolling［C］crowding［D］wandering
14. ［A］when ［B］once ［C］while［D］whereas
15. ［A］life ［B］existence ［C］survival［D］maintenance
16. ［A］around ［B］over ［C］on［D］up
17. ［A］complex ［B］comprehensive［C］complementary［D］compensating
18. ［A］So ［B］Since ［C］As ［D］Thus
19. ［A］puts ［B］interprets［C］assumes ［D］makes
20. ［A］supervision ［B］manipulation［C］regulation ［D］coordination
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points) Text 1
In spite of “endless talk of difference,”American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”launched by the 19th century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9．8 percent of population; in 1900, 13．6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3．1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9．2 for every 1,000 ．Now, consider three indices of assimilation —language, home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’or ‘very well’after ten years of residence.”The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”Hence the description of America as a “graveyard”for languages. By 1996 foreign born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75．6 percent, higher than the 69．8 percent rate among native born Americans.
Foreign born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S. born whites and blacks.”By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian American women are married to non Asians.
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
21．The word “homogenizing”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means .
［A］identifying ［B］associating［C］assimilating ［D］monopolizing
22．According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century .
［A］played a role in the spread of popular culture
［B］became intimate shops for common consumers
［C］satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite
［D］owed its emergence to the culture of consumption
23．The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. .
［A］are resistant to homogenization
［B］exert a great influence on American culture
［C］are hardly a threat to the common culture
［D］constitute the majority of the population
24．Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
［A］To prove their popularity around the world.
［B］To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.
［C］To give examples of successful immigrants
［D］To show the powerful influence of American culture.
25．In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is .
［A］rewarding ［B］successful［C］fruitless ［D］harmful
Text 2
Stratford on Avon, as we all know, has only one industry —William Shakespeare —but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise making.
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side —don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.
The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.
Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) —lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing —room tickets held for the sleepers and
sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
26．From the first two Paragraphs, we learn that .
［A］the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue
［B］the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage
［C］the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms
［D］the townsfolk earn little from tourism
27．It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that .
［A］the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately
［B］the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers
［C］the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers
［D］the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater
28．By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Line 2, Paragraph 4), the author implies that .
［A］Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects
［B］Stratford has long been in financial difficulties
［C］the town is not really short of money
［D］the townsfolk used to be poorly paid
29．According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because .
［A］ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending
［B］the company is financially ill managed
［C］the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable
［D］the theatre attendance is on the rise
30．From the text we can conclude that the author .
［A］is supportive of both sides［B］favors the townsfolk’s view
［C］takes a detached attitude［D］is sympathetic to the RSC
Text 3
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the
large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have
been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.”The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
31．The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that .
［A］large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment
［B］small species survived as large animals disappeared
［C］large sea animals may face the same threat today
［D］slow growing fish outlive fast growing ones
32．We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that .
［A］the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
［B］there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago
［C］the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
［D］the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
33．By saying “These figures are conservative”(Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that .
［A］fishing technology has improved rapidly
［B］the catch sizes are actually smaller than recorded
［C］the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
［D］the data collected so far are out of date
34．Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that .
［A］people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time
［B］fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
［C］the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level
［D］people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation
35．The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’.
［A］management efficiency
［B］biomass level
［C］catch size limits
［D］technological application
Text 4
Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda —to lure us to open our wallets —they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.
But what we forget —what our economy depends on us forgetting —is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
36．By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that .
［A］poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music
［B］art grow out of both positive and negative feeling
［C］poets today are less skeptical of happiness
［D］artists have changed their focus of interest
37．The word “bummer”(Line 5．paragraph 5) most probably means something .
［A］religious ［B］unpleasant
［C］entertaining ［D］commercial
38．In the author’s opinion, advertising .
［A］emerges in the wake of the anti happy art
［B］is a cause of disappointment for the general public
［C］replace the church as a major source of information
［D］creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself
39．We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes .
［A］happiness more often than not ends in sadness
［B］the anti happy art is distasteful but refreshing
［C］misery should be enjoyed rather than denied
［D］the anti happy art flourishes when economy booms
40．Which of the following is true of the text?
［A］Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
［B］Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
［C］People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.
［D］Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.
Part B
Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．（10 points）
On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000．He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.
He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800．The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.
(41). In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186．He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.
In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gamblers. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter. Noting the “medical/psychological”nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well being.
(42) .
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun …and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to “lure”him to “engage in conduct against his will”well.
(43) .
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
(44) . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
(45) .
Forty four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on —you might say addicted to —revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3．5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.
［A］Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.
［B］It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?
［C］By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit.
［D］Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.
［E］David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.
［F］It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
［G］The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2．（10 points）
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?
I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals —the average scientist, for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the
factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties —he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in “public and illustrious thoughts,”as Emerson would say, is something else.
Section ⅢWriting
应用文［Part A］
51.Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.
Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address. （10 points）
议论文［Part B］
52.Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should
1）describe the photos briefly,
2）interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and
3）give your point of view.
You should write 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．（20 points）
2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
答案及解析Section ⅠUse of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
【答案速查】
1—5ABDAD6—10CBCAA11—15CBDCC16—20ABCAD
【答案精解】
1. 【答案】［A］答对率为37%
【解析】测试点递进关系。这道题测试点是句子之间的逻辑关系中的递进关系，因为空格前前一句提到：无家可归者在美国人口中所占的比例越来越大，空格后的一句的意思是：无家可归者所占比列已经到了如此的比例以致地方政府都不能够怎么样，因此我们可以理解出这两句之间是一种逻辑上的递进关系，因为［A］和［D］都表示递进关系，所以排除［B］Likewise(同样)，表示类比关系，和［C］Therefore(因此)，表示因果关系。很多真题解析
书没有分析［A］和［D］之间的区别，这是我们在课堂上讲到的词汇的8大特点之一，那就是词汇之间有程度的差别，比如“喜欢”这个词有很多，程度依次递增能代替“喜欢”的有：love, admire, be crazy about, die for sth.等。Indeed的意思是“的确，真的”，furthermore 是“进一步来说”，这两个词语的程度明显是indeed大于furthermore，而根据空格后的意思，完全需要一个语义很强的递进词语，因此［A］是最佳答案。下面的第11题，也考到递进关系词语之间程度的差别。
2. 【答案】［B］答对率为24%
【解析】测试点是主谓搭配。这道题只要求大家能理解空格前的主语是local government，前面提到的是无家可归这一社会问题，语义搭配告诉我们，地方政府当然是要解决还是不解决这个问题，因此这个空格填入“解决，对付”都可以，所以［B］cope(解决)是最佳答案。［A］stand(忍受)，［C］approve(批准，赞同)，［D］retain(扣留，保留)都和主语不搭配，语义不合适。
3. 【答案】［D］答对率为21%
【解析】测试点是词义搭配。这道题测试的是动词help后面的搭配情况，一般说来动词help的用法是：help sb. to do sth.或help sb. do sth.(帮助某人做某事，后面的不定式to 可要可不要)；help sb. with sth.(帮助某人做某事或学什么)，比如Johnson helped me with my English study(约翰逊帮助我学习英语)，如果填入介词with，其意思就是：要想帮助无家可归的人学会独立，介词with后还要加上代词their，而选项［D］toward(朝，走向)不必加代词，因此［D］是最佳答案。这个不定式短语的意思是：为了帮助无家可归的人走向独立。其他两个选项不能和动词help连用。
4. 【答案】［A］答对率为57%
【解析】测试点是动宾搭配。做完型填空题，必须要看空格前后的单词，然后找到做题的依据，这个空格后是一个名词the minimum wage(最低工资)，前面是主语the federal government(联邦政府)，那当然是联邦政府要提高最低工资来帮助无家可归的人，所以［C］take(拿走，接受)，［D］keep(保持，保留)，词义不合适。选项［A］raise(增加，提高)，［B］add(增加)语义都合适，接下来所运用的技巧是完型填空题常用的方法：用法不对或搭配不对。英语中的动词有及物和不及物之分，比如“等候”有两个动词，一是常见的不及物动词wait，一般后面要接介词，而且不能用在被动语态里，因此说等某人，那一定要说wait for sb.；二是及物动词await，这个动词后面不能接介词，只能说await sb.。这道题的raise是及物动词，后面不接介词，如果填add，只能说add…to the minimum age。因此［A］是最佳答案。
5. 【答案】［D］答对率为45%
【解析】测试点是语义合适性。空格后的意思是：大家对美国无家可归者的人数达成一致意见，后面一句提到：估计数量在60万到300万之间。也就说大家对美国无家可归者的人数没有一个确切的数量，因此可以填入［D］Not。Not everyone表达的意思是：不是大家/每个人；含有部分否定，和后面句子的意思方向一致。如果填［A］generally(一般说来)和［B］almost(几乎)，这两个词语都是肯定意思，和后面的意思不一致。而选项［C］Hardly(几乎不，几乎没有)，一般和anyone搭配，表示：几乎没有人。
6. 【答案】［C］答对率为58%
【解析】测试点词义搭配和用法区别。这个空格前是主语estimates(估计数)，后面是60万到300万之间，很显然表示在一定范围内的变化。选项［C］range(变化)，一般是指在一定范围内的变化。后面常接from…to…。最强的干扰项［B］change(变化)，一般不这么搭配。选项［A］cover(涉及，谈到，报道)；［D］differ(和…有差别)，一般是differ in+方面+from，比如I differ greatly in personality from my elder brother. (我和我哥哥在性格上有极大差异。)因此［D］选项也不对。
7. 【答案】［B］答对率为64%
【解析】测试点让步逻辑关系。这道题测试的是句子之间的逻辑关系，逗号前是：这个数字可能会变化，分析家的确同意另一个事实。前面说到有关估计数差异大，后面说人们达成一致(agrees on)，因此语义上要求一个表示让步的逻辑关系词，所以［B］Although(虽然)是最佳答案。［A］Now that(既然)，表示因果关系；［C］Provided(如果，倘若)，表示条件关系；［D］Except that(除…之外)。三者都不符合上下句的逻辑关系。
8. 【答案】［C］答对率为81%
【解析】测试点是词汇搭配和词义区别。空格前的主语是The number of the homeless(无家可归者的人数)，需要填入的是一个动词。上文内容提到：美国无家可归的人数在增加，因此这个空格要填入和“增加”同义的词语，选项［C］increasing(增加)，这个词一般指数量的增加或减少。最大的干扰项［B］expanding(扩大，扩张)，一般是指面积和体积的扩大。选项［A］inflating(膨胀)，是个经济学术语，表示通货膨胀的意思。选项［D］extending(延长，延伸，伸出来)，词义也不合适。
9. 【答案】［A］答对率为72%
【解析】测试点是主谓搭配。空格前的主语是One of the federal government’s studies(联邦政府的一项研究)，后面宾语里用了将来时will reach(将到达)，那空格当然需要填入：预测，预言。所以［A］predicts(预言)是最佳答案。［B］displays(展示，展览)；［C］proves(证明)；［D］discovers(发现原来就已存在的东西或现象)。
10. 【答案】［A］答对率为33%
【解析】测试点是动宾搭配。选项要求填动词，前面是名词ways(方法)，后面是名词短语this growing homeless population(日益增加的无家可归的人群)，整个上文都在讨论要怎样来帮助无家可归的人之一主题，因此这个选项是主题词help的同义替换或再现，所以［A］assist(帮助)是最佳答案。选项［B］track(跟踪，追踪，寻找)，［C］sustain(维持，持续)，［D］dismiss(解散，解雇，打发走)都不符合句义。
11. 【答案】［C］答对率为52%
【解析】测试点是递进关系。做完型填空时，需要打破做题顺序，这道题要是先把12题和13题联系在一起好理解些，我们可以这样理解这个句子：(when)当无家可归的人设法找到一个白天有三餐饭吃晚上有地方睡的地方时，好多人还是每天把大量的时间花在街道上干什么？这句话的意思就是：即使有吃住的地方，很多人还是不愿意去那儿。是一种让步关系，可以填although/even if/even though，但是填［B］不对，因为but表示转折，而且放在句中。［A］Hence(因此)，表示因果关系，逻辑关系更不对。选项［C］even(甚至)和［D］Only(只有)都可以表示语义上的递进或加强，但是把only放到句子里去，Only when(只有当…时候)，发现语义太强，因此even when(甚至当…时候)这个语义刚好合适。
12. 【答案】［B］答对率为48%
【解析】测试点是词义辨析。在做完型填空题时，如果所填的空格是一个名词，一定要结合这个名词后面的后置定语来选择，这个空格后面是一个That引导的定语从句that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night(一天有三餐饭吃和晚上有地方睡的)，所以这个空格需要填入一个表示住所的地方。遗憾的是每个选项都含有住所的意思，接下来就需要进一步找理由来做题，这是完型填空题的最高考点，需要两步方法做题。上文告诉我们是政府在寻找方法来帮助无家可归的人，对于这类人群，通常是要政府提供一个避难保护的场所，因此选项［B］shelter(避难所)词义最合适。选项［A］lodging(租住的场所)，［C］dwelling(居住的场所，寓所)和［D］house(房子)都不是最佳词义。
13. 【答案】［D］答对率为46%
【解析】测试点是词义合适和辨析。所填的空格是一个动词，其后的宾语是the
street(街道)，主语是很多无家可归的人，常识告诉我们无家可归的人当然是在街道上闲逛流浪乞讨等，所以选项［D］wandering(闲逛，流浪)是最佳答案。选项［A］searching(搜索，寻找)；［B］strolling(悠闲的散步，一般是在指一种休闲活动，不指那些无家可归的人做的事情)；［C］crowding(拥挤，挤满)，如果选这个词语，那情况就太严重了。
14. 【答案】［C］答对率为47%
【解析】测试点是让步关系。空格前一句提到：大量的无家可归者有严重的精神紊乱症。然后是要填的这一句话：许多其他无家可归的人，不嗜酒吸毒或患有精神疾病(not addicted or mentally ill)，但就是缺乏日常的技能。因此这句话和上一句构成一种语义上的让步关系，因此可以填入although/though/even if/even though等，因此［C］while(尽管)是最佳答案。While还可以放在句中，表示一种前后内容的对比关系，相当于whereas(而)，所以［D］不对。选项［A］when(当…时候)，［B］once(一旦，曾经，一次)也不是正确答案。
15. 【答案】［C］答对率为54%
【解析】测试点是词义搭配。空格前是everyday(日常的)，空格后是skills(技能)，上文提到的是无家可归的人，这些人lack(缺乏)日常的技能。常识告诉我们无家可归的人缺乏的是一种基本的生存能力(survival skills)，而life skills(生活能力)一般是针对生病或残疾的人而言，没有基本的生活能力是指不能照顾自己，所以［C］是最佳答案。而［A］生活，［B］existence(存活，活下去)，［D］maintenance(维持，保持，保养)都不是最佳答案。
16. 【答案】［A］答对率为19%
【解析】测试点是词组固定搭配。要填入的这个空格是一个后置定语needed to turn their life ，修饰前面的名词skills，上文提到无家可归的人缺乏必要的让生活的技能，因此这个空格可以填入“更好，变好出现转机”类似这样词义的单词，所以［A］around(好转，转变)是最佳答案。［B］turn over(移交，翻过来)；［C］turn on(打开)；［D］turn up(出现，开大声音等)
17. 【答案】［B］答对率为34%
【解析】测试点是近形词辨析。要填的空格是一个形容词，修饰后面的名词programs(计划)，后面又接了一个定语从句that address the many needs of the homeless(满足无家可归的人许多需要的)，其中的many一词暗示这个计划应该是一个全面的、综合的计划，所以［B］comprehensive(全面的，综合的)是最佳答案。选项［A］complex(复杂的)，［C］complementary(补充的，互补的)和［D］compensating(补偿的，赔偿的)都不符合上下文词义。
18. 【答案】［C］答对率为61%
【解析】测试点是固定短语。做完型填空题时，需要把两个要填入的空格结合起来考虑，才能有效地作对题目。18题是一句话开始的第一个单词，后面是主语Edward Blotkowsk，人名后是很长的修饰成分，可以不管它。然后是19题，后面是it。要想作对这两道题，必须在头脑里清楚知道这个作文必杀短语：As sb. puts it(正如某人所说的)，可见词汇量的大小是做好完型填空的关键，希望考生们在平时复习过程中多背短语，比如be entitled to(有权力做)，in the company of(随着)，subject A to B(让A服从B)等等。所以［C］是最佳答案。
19. 【答案】［A］答对率为13%
【解析】测试点是固定短语。我个人认为这道题出的重复了，对于不知道这个短语的考生来说，白白丢了一分。当然这道题也考了熟词生义，［A］put(说，解释)，比如simply put(简单地说)，Or put it in another way(换句话说)，还有作文必杀短语：正如俗话所说的（Just as the old saying goes）。选项［B］interprets(口译，解释)，［C］assumes(认为，承担任务/职位)，［D］makes(让，使得，制造)都不符合固定搭配的要求。
20. 【答案】［D］答对率为32%
【解析】测试点是词义辨析。空格前提到政府应该制订全面的计划，后面又提到一揽
子计划(a package deal)。既然计划是全面的、综合的，那就需要计划之间进行协调管理，才能更好地发挥作用，所以［D］coordination(协调，统一)是最佳答案。选项［A］supervision(监督，管理)，［B］manipulation(操作，处理)和［C］regulation(调节，控制)，都有“控制，制约”这一词义。
段落精读
第一段
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly cope. To help homeless people toward independence, the federal government must support job training programs, raise the minimum wage, and fund more low cost housing.
【核心词汇】
1. the homeless属于定冠词the+形容词，表示一类人的用法，这类词语做主语时，谓语动词一般用复数，比如The young are the future of the motherland.(青年人是祖国的未来。)
2. make up(构成，化妆，编造，弥补)，是个多义词组，在阅读时构成理解的障碍，其实可以这么想，当make up后面接数字时可以考虑是“构成，组成”的意思。比如Blacks make up thirteen percent of the American population.(黑人构成了13%的美国人口。)这个词组反过来就是大家比较熟悉的短语be made up of(由…组成)。
3. a growing percentage of (一个越来越大的比例)；a growing number of (越来越多的)。相当于an increasing number of。这是一个描述图表作文的必杀短语。
4. population（人口）；populous(人口众多的)；populate(居住)；densely populated(人口密度大的)；populace(平民)；popularity(普及，流行，声望)；popularize(普及，通俗化)。
5. Indeed(真正的，的确)。比如：A friend in need is a friend indeed. (患难朋友才是真正的朋友。)
6. proportion(比例)；proportional(按比例的)；proposal(建议)；proposition(建议，主张，命题)。
7. such…that(后接主谓宾结构)，表示：如此…以致，另外还有so+形容词或副词+that 也是同一个意思。
8. cope (with)=deal with(解决，对付)，相当于handle=tackle=settle=solve=resolve等。
9. independence(独立)；dependence(依靠)；形容词dependent on(依靠)，independent of(独立于，与…无关)。
10. the federal government(联邦政府)，同义词有national/the administration/Obama/Bush 等，与local government/state(州)构成美国政府的行政级别。
11. job training programs 就业培训项目；job-seekers/hunters求职者。
12. minimum 最小的，最低的；miniskirt(迷你裙)；miniature(小图，微型图)；maximum(最大的，最高的)。
13. fund 资金；作动词用是资助的意思。
14. low cost housing 廉价住房，相当于中国的经济适用房。
【难句剖析】
Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly cope.
这个句子其实不复杂，主要是such…that这个短语的理解。这个短语要求Such和that 中间必须是一个名词或名词短语，如果是形容词或副词，那就要用so…that，而且在写作文时一定要注意that后面必须接主谓结构，如果接短语那就要用so…as to(如此…以致)，例如：
1. 青少年是如此喜欢时装以至他们花大量钱来买时髦的衣服。Teenagers are so keen on
fashions that they spend large amounts of money on fashionable clothes. 也可以改为：Teenagers are so keen on fashions as to spend large amounts of money on fashionable clothes.
2. 我们青年人应该学会以恰当的方式来减轻压力以便我们能够更好地适应这个竞争社会。
We youths should learn to relieve stress in proper ways/fashions so that we can better adapt to the competitive society. 也可以改为：We youths should learn to relieve stress in proper ways/fashions so as to let us better adapt to the competitive society.
【篇章分析】
第一句揭示文章的主题是有关美国无家可归的人的问题。对阅读整篇文章有指导性的作用。第二句是一个在语义上表示和第一句是递进关系的句子，用indeed来连接。第三句是作者的观点句，指出政府该怎么做，用了must一词来要求政府必须做的三个事情。
【精品译文】
无家可归的人在美国人口中所占的比例越来越大。的确，无家可归的人已经达到了如此的比例以致地方政府不能够应对的程度。为了帮助无家可归的人走向独立，联邦政府必须支持就业培训计划，提高最低工资，并且资助更多的廉价住房。
第二段
Not everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates range anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing. One of the federal government’s studies predicts that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
【核心词汇】
15. not和表示含全部肯定意思的词语连用时，不表示全部否定，而是部分否定的意思，比如Not everybody agrees with me.(不是大家都同意我。)All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必就是金子。)只有none/nobody/neither/nor这几个词语含有全部否定的意思。
16. agree on(就…达成一致意见)；agree with(同意某人或某事)；agree to do sth.（同意做某事）。
17. range /vary from …to…(从…到…范围内变化)；change和turn是最常用的表示变化的动词，另外shift一般表示位置、方向的变化；alter表示大小、形状的变化；convert可以表示观念思想的变化；transform表示形式和性质的变化。
18. figure 数字，人物，体形；public figures 公众人物。
19. analyst 分析家；analytic 分析的；analysis 分析。
20. study 研究；学习。
21. predict 预言；forecast预报。
【结构分析】
Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing.
这句话主要是理解冒号后面that这个词的作用，我们发现that后面是一个完整的句子，那that应该是一个引导词，由于That在句中不做成分，因此是一个同位语从句，修饰前面的matter。
【篇章分析】
第一句是表明人们对无家可归的人的数量预测不一致。第二句用具体预测的数量来说明这个问题。第三句和前面一句构成转折让步关系，虽然数字可能不同，但是分析家认为
总趋势是上升的。第四句引用联邦政府的预测来证明分析家的观点。
【精品译文】
并不是每个人都对美国无家可归的人的数量达成一致意见。无家可归的人的数量估计在60万到300万之间。尽管这个数字可能变化，但分析者确实同意另一个事实，即无家可归者数量还在上升。联邦政府的一项研究预测，无家可归者的数量在这个十年末将达到近1900万。
第三段
Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, while not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless. As Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, puts it, “There has to be coordination of programs. What we need is a package deal.”
【核心词汇】
22. assist 帮助；physician assisted suicide 安乐死；assistant 助手；assistance 帮助，相当于help 和aid
23. increasingly 越来越，相当于more and more
24. individual 个人
25. manage to do sth相当于succeed in doing sth，设法做到了，成功做到了
26. shelter 避难场所
27. the bulk of 大量的
28. wander 闲逛，逗留，溜达
29. be addicted to 对…上瘾，相当于be indulged in
30. alcohol 酒，烈性酒
31. drug 药品，毒品
32. significant 重要的，相当的；a significant number of 相当数量的
33. mental disorder 精神紊乱/错乱
34. while 虽然/尽管，而，当…时候
35. simply 只不过是，就是，简单地
36. lack 缺乏；for lack of 因为缺乏
37. turn around 扭转或改变
38. note 注意到，用做名词时是“笔记，便条，钞票”的意思
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7818846.html,prehensive 全面的，综合的；comprehensible 可以理解的
40. address (v. )解决，对…说话；(n. )地址，演讲
41. community 社区，社会
42. put 说，写；put down your name here把名字写在这里
43. coordination 协调，统一
44. a package deal 一揽子计划
【难句分析】
1. Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.
【结构分析】
这个句子是由when引导的一个表示时间的状语从句，从句中又包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词shelter，逗号后面是主句部分。主句的主语是a good number，相当于a good number of homeless individuals。
2. Many others, while not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around.
【结构分析】
这个句子的主语是many others，然后是while引导的一个表示让步状语的插入结构，谓语是simply lack，后面needed to turn their lives around是一个过去分词短语，做前面名词skills的后置定语。
3. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless.
【结构分析】
这个句子的主语是一个人名，谓语是notes，后面是that引导的宾语从句，从句中又有when引导的状语从句，还有That引导的定语从句。
【篇章分析】
本段第一句提示为无家可归的人找到解决办法很难，第二句做了进一步细节阐述。第三句阐述了困难的一个原因是嗜酒吸毒，第四、五句接着分析原因。最后两句引用专家的话来解决无家可归者的问题。
【精品译文】
为帮助日益增长的无家可归的人群找到解决办法已经变得越来越困难。甚至当无家可归者设法找到一个避难场所，为他们提供一日三餐和夜宿之地，还是有很多人花大量的时间在街道上溜达。问题部分在于许多无家可归的成年人嗜酒吸毒，还有大量的无家可归者有严重的精神分裂症。尽管许多其他人并不嗜酒吸毒，但是他们就是缺乏日常的能改善他们生活的必要的生存技能。《波士顿环球报》记者克里斯里迪指出，只有当制订了能解决无家可归者许多需要的综合计划时，情况才会好转。正如马赛诸塞州社区服务部主任爱德华·则洛特科瓦奇所说的，“各个计划需要协调起来。我们所需要的是一揽子计划。”
【命题回顾】
2006年的完型填空，整体感觉不难，文章的主题很容易读懂，选项的生词不是太多或太难选，很多能出题的词语命题老师都没有设置选项。比如第一段的末尾句中的动词fund，第三段第四句的disorders以及末段第六句的动词address等，都没有用来出题。这一年的题总体感觉出逻辑关系的题有很多，比如1、7、11、14题等，其他题的最大特点是要求结合上下文来做题，比如选项填名词的话，要结合其后的修饰成分来决定，比如12、17、20题等。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points) Text 1【答案速查】
21—25CACDB
【答案精解】
第一步，读懂题干，找出信号词，预测主题
21. The word “homogenizing”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means .
“homogenizing”这个词最可能的意思是。
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century .
根据作者，19世纪的百货商店。
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. .
这篇文章暗示现在美国的移民。
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
为什么在第五段中提到Arnold Schwarzenegger和Garth Brooks这两人？
25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is .
依据作者的观点，移民被美国社会同化是。
阅读完五个题干，首先22题提到百货商店的主题，接下来23题和25题都提到生活在美国的移民。因此我们可以预测本文的主题是有关美国国内的移民问题的讨论，基础好的同学可以正确理解25题的absorption(同化)，然后进一步预测出是有关移民被美国社会同化的问题。22题和24应该属于细节或论据，是为了证明观点的论据。
第二步，返回原文，寻找定位所考到的句子，然后仔细挑出正确答案，排除错误选项
21．【答案】［C］答对率为71．3%
【解析】我们首先寻找到这个单词所在的句子：In spite of “endless talk of difference”，American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. (尽管“没完没了地谈论差异”，但是美国社会仍然是一台人的神奇机器。)第一个线索本句中的in spite of(尽管)是解题的关键，这个短语表示前后两个分句是一种反义(对比关系)，由此很容易猜出homogenizing 和前面的difference是一对反义词。第二个线索是依据下文内容来猜测，下文提到uniformity(统一，相似性)；anyone could enter, a public and democratic act，提到的都是有关让人们具有相似性的问题。因此这个词的意思应该是：让…具有相似性即同化的意思。第三个做题依据纯粹是靠考生的词汇基本功，这个单词包含一个前缀homo，其义是“相同的”意思，比如homosexual(同性恋的)。但是作对这道题还必须知道四个选项的意思，因为四个选项难度很大。选项［C］assimilation(吸收，同化)，其实这个词在2004年翻译真题62题里出现过，可见真题词汇的复现率还是挺高的。
【错误选项】
选项［A］identifying(识别，辨别)。本选项具有一定的干扰度，因为identify有“认同”的意思，其实这个词的意思是：接受，具有相同的认识或看法的意思，严格说来还是不能同义替换。
选项［B］associating(联系)，词义不符合。［D］monopolizing(垄断)不合词义。
22．【答案】［A］答对率为43．6%
【解析】依据题干关键词the department store定位到第一段第五句：This turned shopping into a public and democratic act. (这样就将购物变成了一种公众和民主的行为。)也就是说，百货商店对普及流行文化起到推广作用，请注意public, democratic, popular和common在这里都是同义词，可以替换。所以［A］played a role in the spread of popular culture(在流行文化的推广中起到一定的作用)是最佳答案。我们发现这道题定位之后，正确答案和定位句相隔很远，需要概括上下文意思，是一种难度较大的题目，迷惑性很大。
【错误选项】
选项［B］became intimate shops for common consumers(成为与普通消费者关系密切
的商店)，这个选项中的关键词来自第四句：“…Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. …”(不是那些迎合知识渊博精英分子的优雅怡人商店，这些商店指百货商店都是任何人都能进去，不管你的阶级或背景。)由此可见，这句话里提到两种不同的商店department stores和intimate shops，它们的服务对象也不同，intimate shops迎合的是知识分子；百货商店迎合的是普通消费者，因此题干的百货商店变成了intimate shops就是典型的移花接木的命题方式，也是我们在课堂上提到的借词组合的命题方式。
选项［C］satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite(满足了知识渊博的精英分子的需要)，这个选项同义替换了第四句catering to a knowledgeable elite，这个选项本身没错，但这是intimate shops的特点，不是百货商店的特点，属于不同事物特点的借用，也是张冠李戴这一错误选项的命题技巧。
选项［D］owed its emergence to the culture of consumption(百货商店的出现归因于消费文化)，由the culture of consumption定位到第三句：People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. …”(人们被19世纪百货商店所发起的“消费文化”所吸引，这些商店在高雅的氛围里提供琳琅满目的商品。)这句话的意思是百货商店发起了消费文化，那就推理出消费文化的出现是由于百货商店引起的，这样一来该选项就颠倒了因果关系。
23．【答案】［C］答对率为48%
【解析】依据题干关键词immigrants now in the U.S可以寻找到第二段的首句：Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.(移民正迅速融入到这种共同文化中，这可能不是完全高雅的事，但也几乎没害处。)从这句话里可以推测出，作者对在美国的移民是支持的态度，因此选项［C］are hardly a threat to the common culture(几乎对共同文化没有害处)，和原文is hardly poisonous同义替换，因此是最佳答案。
【错误选项】
选项［A］are resistant to homogenization(抵制同化)，依据来自第二句today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.(现在的移民既没有达到史无前例的规模，也没有抵制同化。)短语neither…nor(既不，也不)是否定的含义，因此该选项与原文自相矛盾。
选项［B］exert a great influence on American culture(对美国文化带来很大的影响)，违背常识，文化同化的意思就是接受了新的文化，被新的文化所影响，移民来到美国，不是移民影响美国文化，而是被美国文化所影响，所以该选项也是错误的。
选项［D］constitute the majority of the population(构成人口的大部分)，依据第三句以及后面的句子，移民在美国人口中的比例最大的是13.6%，因此只占美国人口很小的一部分，the majority至少应该是50%以上才对，所以该选项也不对。
24．【答案】［D］答对率为52．2%
【解析】依据题干中两个人名定位到第五段Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”(罗德里格注意到，尽管世界上偏远村庄里的孩子都是诸如阿诺德·施瓦辛格和加斯·布鲁克等超级明星的粉丝，但是一些美国人担心生活在美国的移民仍然对美国这个国家的同化力有某种程度上的免疫力。)理解这句话的关键是抓住逻辑关系词语yet，它表达的是一种前后的反义关系，前面提到世界各地的孩子们接受了美国文化，受到了美国文化的影响，那接下来当然是说住在美国国内的移民拒绝美国文化
(immune to)，作者对比了对美国文化的两种态度，但是作者提到的这两个人不认识没关系，我们可以推断出这些超级明星影响了世界各地的孩子们，也就证明美国文化的巨大影响力。其实我们注意到作者对比了两种人children in remote villages around the world和immigrants living within the United States，那么immune to(有免疫力，拒绝)就对应前面的接受美国文化了。其实这道题和文章的主题移民文化同化也是相关的。
【错误选项】
选项［A］To prove their popularity around the world(是想证明他们在全世界受到人们的欢迎)，这是由这两个推断出的字面意思，不是文章的主题，也不是定位到的句子的核心意思，应该改为：是想证明美国文化在全世界受到人们的接受就对了。
选项［B］To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants(是想显示公众对移民的恐惧)，这个选项是例证题出错误选项必用的方式之一：照抄例子的个别单词，但不是核心意思，也就是对句义断章取义的结果。该句里提到的是一些美国人担心生活在美国国内的移民会拒绝这种同化力。很明显，该选项歪曲了这句的含义。
选项［C］To give examples of successful immigrants(是想给出成功移民的例子)，也是用immigrants来设置的一个干扰项，也不是句子的核心意思。
25．【答案】［B］答对率为46．7%
【解析】题干问到的是作者对美国移民融入到美国社会的看法，也就是作者对此的态度。阅读全文，尤其通过做23题的依据可以看出作者是褒义的态度(hardly poisonous)，然后依据最后一段的转折句But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.(但是与美国动荡的过去相比，如今的社会指标还不能说明社会环境是黑暗和恶化的。)因此作者对美国的移民持褒义的态度，因此有［A］和［B］两个选项可以选择，很多真题解析书没有对这两个选项很好地分析，给出令人信服的理由，这两个词语又考到了我在词汇课上讲到的8大必考点之一，英语中的单词有程度的高低，这在完型填空题第1和11题里涉及到。［B］successful(成功的)，是一个中性词，语气不是很强，成功需要努力和付出，但也有不付出努力就能成功的，比如考研阅读真题2000年的第一篇文章就提到a history of long and effortless success(一段漫长没有努力就得到成功历史)。全文提到美国移民快速融入到美国生活中，因此可以说是成功的。
【错误选项】
选项［A］rewarding(有回报的，有奖赏的)，这个词语含褒义，但是rewarding这个词语程度高了一点，因为有回报的事情是你一定做出了辛苦的付出和能力，而文章中看不出移民做出了辛苦的努力和付出这一点，因此是迷惑性极强的一个干扰项。
选项［C］fruitless(没有成效的),［D］harmful(有害的)，都是贬义词，都属于方向错误。
段落精读
第一段
In spite of “endless talk of difference,”American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
【核心词汇】
1. in spite of 尽管(后只能接短语)；despite 尽管
2. talk 讨论；talk show 脱口秀
3. amaze 奇怪，吃惊；同义词：surprise, shock, astonish, astound
4. homogenize 同化；同义词：assimilate/absorb
5. democratize 民主化；democratic 民主的
6. uniformity 同样，统一，一致性；uniform 制服
7. discourse 话语，言语
8. casualness 随意，随便；casual 随意的；casual clothes 便服
9. absence 缺席，不在；presence在场，具有
10. deference 敬意，尊重；reference 参考，提及；conference会议；preference偏爱，癖好
11. characteristic 特征，特点；character性格，特征；characterize 概括，是…特征
12. popular culture 流行文化；popular science 大众科学/科普读物
13. be absorbed in/into 被…所吸引
14. culture of consumption 消费文化
15. launch 发起，启动，发射；lunch 午餐
16. department store 百货商店；supermarket 超市；chain store 连锁店；exclusive store 专营店；grocery’s store 杂货店
17. an array of 一系列的，一批的
18. elegant 优雅的，高雅的
19. instead of 而不是，代替
20. cater to=appeal to 迎合
21. knowledgeable 知识渊博的
22. elite 精英
23. regardless of 不管
24. class 阶级，等级，班；first class 一等的，一流的，头等的
25. mass media 大众媒体
【难句剖析】
1. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.…”
【结构分析】
本句的主干很清楚，launched by the 19th-century department stores是一个由过去分词短语引导的后置定语，修饰前面的名词，that引导的是一个定语从句。
2. “…Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.…”
【结构分析】
本句主干是these were stores，前面是短语instead of连接的一个独立成分，现在分词短语catering to a knowledgeable elite做后置定语，修饰前面的名词shops，后面的anyone could enter是一个省略了引导词which/that的定语从句，最后是一个介词短语。
【篇章分析】
本段第一句开门见山提出文章的主题，美国社会是一个同化人的神奇机器。用了in spite of这个表示强烈对比的词语。接下来用五个句子来例证美国社会同化力这一主题，对理解第一句的homogenizing有帮助作用。【精品译文】
尽管“没完没了的谈论差异”，但是美国社会仍然是一台同化人的神奇机器。这种
____年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points). In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended ____2____ giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior. The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment; ____7____something was changed,
2000 年考研英语 1 真题 Section I Structure and V ocabulary Part A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times1979. [A]from [B]after [C]for [D]since the sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979. ”Therefore, you should choose [D]. 1. As I ’llbe away for at least a year, I ’dappreciate 1 from you now and then telling me low everyone is getting along. [A]hearing [B]to hear [C]to be hearing [D]having heard 2. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,2to find it locked. [A] just [B] only [C] hence [D]thus 3. Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent 3and the increased number of cases of skin cancer. [A]to sunbathe [B]to have sunbathed [C]having sunbathed [D]sunbathing 4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled 4a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on 5. on a rainy day I was driving north through V ermont5I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”. [A]which [B]where [C]when [D]that
2009年考研英语真题—试题
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4in not being too terrifically bright. Intelligence, it 大5家out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8. Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11of our own intelligence might be. This is12the mind of every animal I've ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 大15家animals ran the labs, they would test us to 大16家the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 1, not merely how much of it there is. 大18家, they would hope to study a 19question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20the results are inconclusive. 1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine 2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened 3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer 4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority 5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward 6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along 7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual 8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think 9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points). In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended ____2____ giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior. The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment; ____7____something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) ____8____ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9____ to alter workers' behavior ____10____itself. After several decades, the same data were ____11____ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store ____12____the descriptions on record, no systematic ____13____ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to ____14____ interpretation of what happed. ____15____, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output ____16____rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. ____18____, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers ____19____ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before ____20____ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down. 1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored 2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off 3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof 4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous 5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments 6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work 7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as 8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2000年part4 Part Four Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores - personality, ability, courage or humanity - are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral
2009年考研英语真题和答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright. Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 . Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive. 1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine 2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened 3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer 4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority 5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward 6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along 7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual 8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
____年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points). In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended ____2____ giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior. The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment; ____7____something was changed,
考研资料1996-2000年全国研究生入学考试试卷及参考答案 （打印版） 英语
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Part ⅠClose Test Directions： For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) ①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］ 1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than 2.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since 3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards 4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose 5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise 6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels 7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient ［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained 8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek 9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio 10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequently Part ⅡReading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Passage 1 ①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. ①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably,
2009年考研英语真题原文及答案完整版 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright. Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 . Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section II Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 25as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 33changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 34, children are likely to have less supervision at home 35was common in the traditional family 36. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 21.[A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting 22.[A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because 23.[A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation 24.[A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response 25.[A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else 26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding