Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2015;24(Suppl 1):S31-S40 S31 Review Article
Lactose intolerance in Indonesian children
Badriul Hegar MD, PhD, Ariani Widodo MD
Department of Child Health, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia “Lactose intolerance (LI)” is considered a common pr oblem in Asians, and in many parts of the world. Its preva-
lence and age of manifestation varies between by Asian country, for possible genetic or cultural reasons. Studies
in Indonesian children 3-15 years old (y) are available within the past two decades, using a pure lactose tolerance
test. The prevalences of lactose malabsorption (LM) in pre-elementary (3-5 y), elementary (6-11 y), and junior
high (12-14 y) school-children were 21.3%, 57.8%, and 73%, respectively. An increasing trend for LM preva-
lence was seen within the pre-elementary group, from 9.1% at 3 y to 28.6% at 5 y. The most frequent symptoms
of LI in junior high school (JHS) group were abdominal pain (64.1%), abdominal distention (22.6%), nausea
(15.1%), flatulence (5.7%), and diarrhea (1.9%), mostly within one hour of lactose ingestion. In children with
regular and irregular milk drinking, LM occurred in 81.2% and 69.6%; LI was found in 56.2% and 52.1%, re-
spectively. Most JHS children with dairy-associated recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) symptoms proved to be
malabsorbers. Dairy products most related to RAP were milk and yogurt. LI was found in 81% of RAP children
with abdominal pain most frequently, followed by nausea, bloating, diarrhea, borborygmi, and flatulence. Symp-
tom onset occurred 30 minutes after lactose ingestion, especially nausea, bloating, and abdominal pain. In RAP
children LI symptoms mostly found in breath hydrogen concentration >20 ppm. More LI symptoms were found
in lactose malabsorbers, but symptoms were mild and generally disappeared in 7 hours, and in most by 15 hours.
Key Words: lactose intolerance, lactose malabsorption, children, lactase deficiency, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
Lactose intolerance, the inability to digest lactose in the diet, is considered a common medical condition in Asian countries and may have an impact on the quality of life. It is characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea.1,2 Because lactase activ-ity progressively decreases following weaning, only a minority of children maintain high lactase levels until adulthood. Lactose intolerance is considered an irreversi-ble and developmental phenomenon, and appears to be attributable to genetic factors and influenced by cultural factors.1,2
Lactose intolerance is more prominent in older children, particularly in Asian countries, because of the decrease in lactase activity beginning at ages of 2–3 years. The preva-lence and age of manifestation vary among Asian coun-tries. Genetic factors are proposed to contribute to this primary lactase deficiency. Not all children with lactose malabsorption experience symptoms, because it depends on several factors such as the rate of gastric emptying, motility of the small intestine, sensitivity of colonic flora, and the amount and manner of lactose ingestion.2 Lactose intolerance, though frequently observed, has not been studied widely in Indonesia. Data on lactose malabsorption and intolerance in Indonesian population are not as readily available as those in the international population. However, lactose malabsorption in Indone-sian children aged 3–15 years was studied between 1997 and 2004. Data on the incidence of lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance in crucial age groups and sub-groups; the onset, type, and duration of symptoms; the association with food and various types of dairy products; and recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) are presented in this review article.
VARIATION OF LACTASE ACTIVITY AMONG POPULATIONS
Lactase activity varies among geographical locations and populations worldwide. The frequency of lactase persis-tence is 100% in the Dutch population and 99% in the Swedish population. By contrast, the frequency of lactase nonpersistence is 80%–100% in some Asian and African countries, particularly 60% in Pakistan, 90% in Thailand, and 90% in China, whereas it is merely 4% in Denmark and 16%–23% in Russia.1
The prevalence of lactose intolerance has been shown to be age related. The prevalence of lactose intolerance was 12.2%, 33.1%, and 30.5% in Chinese children at the ages of 3–5 years, 7–8 years, and 11–13 years, respective-ly.3 The prevalence of lactose intolerance in Malaysia was 88% in Malay, 91% in Chinese, and 83% in Indian ethnic groups.3 According to US data, Hispanics were 43% more likely to report symptoms of lactose intolerance following Corresponding Author: Dr Badriul Hegar, Department of Child Health, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta Pusat 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Tel: 62 213907742; Fax: 62 213907743
Email: bhsyarif@https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518667937.html,
Manuscript accepted 07 December 2015.
doi: 10.6133/apjcn.2015.24.s1.06
S32 B Hegar and A Widodo a lactose challenge than white non-Hispanics, and the prevalence was higher in African –American children than in Caucasian children.4
The high percentage of lactase persistence in the north-ern European population and a few other ethnic popula-tions is strongly correlated with the dairying history of the population, where the culture of dairying creates a strong selective advantage for those who can drink milk and nutritionally benefit from the milk. Some studies have suggested that such individuals are heterozygous. This genetic polymorphism may be a factor determining whether an individual is tolerant or intolerant to lactose. Moreover, family studies have suggested that lactose in-tolerance is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. In-dividuals with both hypolactasia and lactase persistence have identical coding sequences and thus identical lactase activity. Random mutations have occured in regions up-stream from the LCT gene that have an enhancer effect on the LCT promoter, which enables carriers with a lactase-persistence phenotype to exist in human populations.1 A population genetics analysis suggested that low lactase activity might be an autosomal recessive trait, whereas high lactase activity is an autosomal dominant trait.5
CLINICAL VARIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH LACTASE DEFICIENCY
Lactose malabsorption is inefficient lactose digestion because of reduced expression or impaired activity of the lactase enzyme. In some people, it results in symptoms, with the most frequent being abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea. These clinical symptoms caused by the lack of lactase are collectively defined as lactose intolerance.
Diagnosing lactose intolerance is difficult because it depends on self-reported symptoms that are variable and thus may not be assessed objectively. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings and the results of an appropriate test. The breath hydrogen test (BHT) is the primary procedure for determining the presence of lactose malabsorption in Indonesia.6 Children drink a lactose bolus (2 g/kg body weight; max 50 g), and the lactose BHT is conducted to measure the hydrogen gas partially excreted in the breath. This test is sensitive and noninvasive. A >20 ppm or 10–19 ppm increase in the hydrogen level
expired after approximately 60 minutes,
along with the characteristic symptoms, is consistent with lactose malabsorption.7,8 The test suffers from the limita-tion that lactose is ordinarily not consumed as the isolated sugar in the human diet, but rather as a foodstuff likely to modify the response.
LACTOSE MALABSORPTION IN INDONESIAN CHILDREN
Primary lactase deficiency or lactase nonpersistence is the downregulation of lactase activity; it is genetically deter-mined and considered as a developmental phenomenon. Brush border lactase activity is only a small fraction of the infantile level based on brush border biopsy. It occurs soon after weaning from breast milk in most ethnic groups, but the prevalence and age of manifestation vary among ethnic populations. Several studies have examined lactose malabsorption and intolerance in Indonesian chil-dren. Data on the Indonesian population show the preva-lence of lactose malabsorption in pre-elementary school (age, 3–5 years),9 elementary school (age, 6–11 years),10 and junior high school (age, 12–14 years) children to be 21.3%, 57.8%, and 73%, respectively (Figure 1).11
A thorough analysis of each subgroup shows an in-creasing trend in the prevalence of lactose malabsorption in pre-elementary school children (age, 3–5 years). The prevalence was only 9.1% at 3 years of age and constant-ly increased to 28.6% at 5 years of age (Figure 2).9
In elementary school children (age, 6–11 years), no significant difference in the incidence rate of lactose mal-absorption was observed among all age groups. Hegar et al reported an incidence rate ranging between 57.1% and 58.6% (Figure 3).10
The incidence rate of lactose malabsorption increased in junior high school children, with 69% of the population showing the hydrogen concentration in the breath to be >20 ppm (Figure 4).11
Not all lactose-intolerant children exhibit the afore-mentioned symptoms.3 Therefore, they may not realize that they are lactose intolerant. Undigested lactose acidi-fies the colon and increases the osmotic load, resulting in loose stool and diarrhea.6 C onsiderable intraindividual and interindividual variation in the severity of symptoms is observed according to the amount of lactose ingested and the ability of a patient to digest it as well as the indi-vidual perception of abdominal pain and discomfort.
Figure 1. Lactose malabsorption in Indonesian children.9-11
curred in 53 of 98 children (54%) aged 12–14 years, and the most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (64.1%), followed by abdominal distention (22.6%), nausea (15.1%), flatulence (5.7%), and diarrhea (1.9%). Five children exhibited two symptoms. The symptoms of lac-tose intolerance mainly occurred 1 hour after ingestion of a test dose of a lactose solution. Only diarrhea occurred within 2 hours. Lactose malabsorption was not always followed by the symptoms of lactose intolerance (Figure 5).11
The disappearance of symptoms in patients with lac-duction occurred. Several studies have shown an increase in lactase activity after high lactose intake.12–14 However, the increase was smaller than the decrease that occurs around the weaning period. A US study reported no dif-ference in milk consumption by both lactose-tolerant and lactose-intolerant children.
The severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of lactose that can be tolerated by each child. In children with lactose malabsorption who exhibit clinical symptoms, the increase in expired hydrogen levels tends to occur earlier and be greater after lactose ingestion
22
23
35
(9.1%)
2
(21.7%)
5
(28.6%)
10
(8.7%)
2
0 No of children
Children with BHT > 20 ppm
Children with BHT > 20 ppm in min 30
57
4849
33
(57.9%)28
(58.3%)
28
(57.1%)
3
01
S34 B Hegar and A Widodo
exhibit no clinical symptoms.
A regular milk-drinking habit was reported in 33% of junior high school children. Lactose malabsorption oc-curred in 81.2% children of this age group with a regular milk-drinking habit and 69.6% children of this age group with an irregular milk-drinking habit (Figure 6).11
Lactose intolerance was observed in 56.2% of junior high school children with a regular milk-drinking habit and 52.1% of those with an irregular milk-drinking habit (Figure 7).11
LACTOSE MALABSORPTION AND RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN
RAP is the most common ly observed symptom of lactose intolerance, and each RAP complaint from a patient should be carefully assessed.15-20 Lactose malabsorption in 85 Indonesian children aged 12–14 years by using the BHT, and the prevalence of lactose malabsorption was found to be 80%.6 Four children exhibited a hydrogen concentration in the breath >20 ppm within the first 30 minutes after lactose ingestion (Figure 8), probably be-cause of the overgrowth of bacteria; bacteria from the colon overflowed to the small intestine, leading to early fermentation of lactose in the intestine and, consequently, increased hydrogen gas production within 20–30 minutes (early peak).21
The dairy products most frequently reported as the cause of RAP are milk and yogurt, followed by ice cream, chocolate, cheese, and biscuits. In one study, most chil-dren with a history of RAP thought to be associated with dairy product consumption were lactose malabsorbers (Figure 9).6 A possible reason for this condition was the
98
24(25%)
2(2%)
44(4%)68(69%)
1.9%
5.7%
15.1%
22.6%
64.1%
extremely high prevalence of lactose malabsorption (80%).
In the study by Yohmi,6 yogurt seemed to cause RAP in children instead of alleviate it, whereas several studies have demonstrated that lactose tolerance is enhanced after yogurt consumption. Thus, yogurt has widely been used for treating lactose intolerance. This difference was prob-ably due to the difference between fresh yogurt and pas-teurized yogurt. Pasteurization of yogurt, which reduces its β-galactosidase activity, can also diminish multiple beneficial effects of lactose digestion. Slower gastric emptying; a longer orocecal transit time, which is pro-posed to be due to osmolality; and the physical form of
yogurt are also suggested to play a role.22
The progression of lactose intolerance after lactose in-gestion varies in each individual. Lactose intolerance dur-ing BHT was reported in 81% of children. The most fre-quent symptom was abdominal pain (56 children), fol-lowed by nausea, bloating, diarrhea, borborygmi, and flatulence. Several symptoms began to appear 30 minutes after lactose ingestion, particularly nausea, bloating, and abdominal pain (Figure 10).6 A previous study reported that nausea and bloating usually occurred within 30 minutes after lactose ingestion, whereas abdominal pain, flatulence, borborygmi, or diarrhea usually appeared later, within 1–2 hours after lactose ingestion.23
13 (20.4%)
6 (18.8%)
27 (27%)
46 (69.4%)
26 (81.2%)
74 (73%)
66
3298
35 (52.1%)
18 (56.2%)
53 (54%)
31 (46.9%)
14 (43.8%)45 (46%)
66
32
98
S36 B Hegar and A Widodo
dominal pain, nausea, bloating, and borborygmi, were frequently observed in children with an increased hydro-gen concentration in the breath (>20 ppm). More lactose intolerance symptoms were observed in children with lactose malabsorption than in those with no lactose mal-absorption (Figure 11). Few symptoms of lactose intoler-ance were evident in children showing a <10 ppm in-crease in the hydrogen concentration in the breath. This is probably because the colonic bacteria present in those children produced not hydrogen but methane gas that could induce symptoms of lactose intolerance. A group of children with an increased hydrogen concentration in the
symptoms of lactose intolerance depend on several fac-tors, such as the rate of gastric emptying, motility of the small intestine, sensitivity of colonic flora, and the amount and manner of lactose ingestion.24
The symptoms in junior high school children were rela-tively mild and disappeared in 7 hours. A follow-up after the lactose load showed that the symptoms disappeared in approximately 15 hours. Only two children exhibited the symptoms 36 hours after lactose ingestion. Most children had recovered from the symptoms within 15 hours after ingestion (Figure 12).6
74%
6%
20%
>20>10-19<10
Multiple challenges are faced in the management of lac-tose intolerance. Several options can be considered for managing lactose intolerance in the Asian population. The first option is to exclude or lower lactose consump-tion. This is a logical option for people who know that they always experience uncomfortable symptoms after lactose ingestion. Asian food contains less milk and dairy products than Western food does. However, some lactase-deficient people can tolerate a substantial amount of milk intolerance. Therefore, elimination of dairy products is not necessary for such people.
Complete elimination of dairy products from the diet may lead to adverse consequences, such as osteoporosis, although this is disputed. As an alternative, lactose-intolerant people can try consuming modified forms of dairy products, such as fermented dairy products that con-tain a reduced amount of lactose, or consuming milk with meals, thus preventing symptoms of lactose intolerance.25
S38 B Hegar and A Widodo
Prehydrolyzed milk products treated with β-galactosidase by microorganisms are available. Adding this enzyme to milk improves both the absorption of and tolerance to lactose. In addition, yogurt contains benefi-cial bacteria, organisms that consume some lactose while passing through the gastrointestinal tract and are active in the duodenum.3,26A slight difference is observed in the lactase level after consumption of various commercial yogurts, which usually contain Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in a sufficient quantity (108bacteria/mL). Lactobacillus acidophilus is unique because it has no lactase activity, but it can disrupt cell membrane to release lactase from the cells.27 In a study in Jakarta, Yohmi et al observed that commercial yogurt is the second most common product causing the symptoms of lactose intolerance, raising the question regarding whether the Indonesian population has a lower lactase level than that of other Asian populations.6
Frequent exposure to milk products may reduce the se-verity of residual symptoms in children with lactose in-tolerance.3 Repeated daily consumption of milk and dairy products that contain lactose may increase the ability of bacteria in the colon to ferment to produce nutritious products from lactose. For asymptomatic people, a cup of milk should be well tolerated and preferably consumed with other food to slow the intestinal transit time, allow-ing additional time for lactose digestion.
Of fundamental importance in the interpretation of studies of ‘lactose intolerance’ is that its formal evalu a-tion by symptoms and breath hydrogen has been in rela-tion to a dose of lactose itself rather than dairy products or the episode of eating in which lactose is consumed. The failure to use food-based methodology may have led to an over-attribution of RAP to lactose intolerance. CONCLUSION
An increasing prevalence of lactose malabsorption is evi-dent in older Indonesian children. Lactose malabsorption has been detected in numerous children with RAP. Milk-drinking has been of concern as responsible for RAP on account of lactose malabsorption. Milk and yogurt have been the products most frequently considered as causal of RAP in children who were mostly lactose malabsorbers. The available Indonesian data were collected more than a decade ago (those on pre-elementary school children aged 3–5 years are particularly outdated), and the prevalence may have been changed considering the potential adap-tive responses in children with lactose intolerance. More-over, it is now necessary to re-evaluate the purported as-sociations between dairy foods and RAP with tests using the foods themselves rather than lactose alone.
AUTHOR DISCLOSURES
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES
1.Perino A, Cabras S, Obinu D, Sforza LC. Lactose intoler-
ance: a non-allergic disorder often managed by allergolo-gists. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;41:3-16.
2.EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies
(NDA). Scientific opinion on lactose thresholds in lactose intolerance and galactosaemia. EFSA Journal. 2010;8:1777.
3.Barling PM. Lactose tolerance and intolerance in Malaysi-
ans. IeJSME. 2012;6(Suppl 1):S12-S23.
4.Wilt TJ, Shaukat A, Shamliyan T, Taylor BC, MacDonald R,
Tacklind J et al. Lactose intolerance and health. AHRQ Pub-lication No. 10-E004, February 2010.
5.Rings E, Grand RJ, Buller HA. Lactose intolerance and
lactase deficiency in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 1994;6: 562-7.
Figure 12. Duration of lactose intolerance symptoms after lactose load in children with recurrent abdominal pain.6
6.Yohmi E, Boediarso AD, Hadinegoro SR. Lactose malab-
sorption based on breath hydrogen test in children with re-current abdominal pain. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 2004;44: 11-2.
7.Di Palma JA, Narvaez RM. Prediction of lactose malabsorp-
tion in referral patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1988;33:303-7.
8.Suarez FL, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. A comparison of
symptomsafter the consumption of milk or lactose-hydrolyzed milk by people with self-reported severe lactose intolerance. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1-4.
9.Hegar B, Firmansyah A, Boediarso A, Sunoto. Lactase en-
zyme activity in pre-elementary school children. Maj Kes Masy Indones. 1997;2:125-7. (In Indonesian)
10.Budiarso AD, Sofia D, Hadinegoro SR, Hegar B. Lactose
malabsorption in junior high school children. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 2003;42:46-50.
11.Hegar B, Pritayati N, Firmansyah A. Lactase activity in
elementary school children. Maj Kedokt Indon. 2001;51: 154-7. (In Indonesian)
12.Bolin TD, Pirola RC, Davis AE. Adaptation of intestinal
lactase in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1969;60:432-7.
13.Bolin TD, Davis AE. Primary adult lactase deficiency: ge-
netic or acquired? Am J Digest Dis. 1970;15:692-769.
14.Lebenthal E, Sunshine P, Kretcmer N. Effect of prolonged
nursing on the activity of intestinal lactase in rats. Gastroen-terology. 1973;64:1136-41.
15.Hyams JS. Recurrent abdominal pain in children. Gastroen-
terol Nutr. 1995;7:529-32.
16.Hyam JS, Treem WR, Justinich CJ, Davis P, Shoup M,
Burke G. Characterization of symptoms in children with re-current abdominal pain: resemblance to irritable bowel syn-drome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;20:209-14.
17.Gremse DA, Nguyenduc GH, Sacks AI, Di Palma JA. Irri-
table bowel syndrome and lactose maldigestion in recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Southern Med J. 1999;92:778-
81.
18.Webster RB, Di Palma JA, Gremse DA. Lactose maldiges-
tion and recurrent abdominal pain in children. Dig Dis Sci 1995;7:1506-10.
19.Di Palma AN, Di Palma JA. Recurrent abdominal pain and
lactose malabsorption in school-age children. Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;20:180-3.
20.Mews CF, Sinatra FR. Abdominal pain. In: Wyllie R, Hy-
ams JS, editors. Pediatric gastrointestinal disease: patho-physiology, diagnosis, management. Philadelphia: W. B.
Saunders Co; 1993. pp. 177-86.
21.Lebenthal E, Kretchmer N, Alliet P. Lactase deficiency,
lactose malabsorption, and lactose intolerance. In: Lebenthal E, editor. Textbook of gastroenterology and nutrition in in-fancy. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1989. pp. 459-72. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518667937.html,bayen I, Forga L, González A, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Nutr R,
Martínez JA. Relationship between lactose digestion, gas-trointestinal transit time and symptoms in lactose malab-sorbers after dairy consumption. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2001;15:543-9.
23.Buller HA. Lactase phlorizin hydrolase: a review of the
literature [dissertation]. Netherland: University of Amster-dams; 1990.
24.Montes RG, Perman JA. Lactose intolerance. Postgrad Med.
1991;89:175-84.
25.EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies
(NDA). Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to live yoghurt cultures and improved lactose digestion. EFSA Journal. 2010;8:1763.
26.Saviano DA. Lactose digestion from yogurt: mechanism and
relevance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:1251S-5S.
27.Mattar R, de Campos Mazo DF, Carrilho FJ. Lactose intol-
erance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2012;5:113-21. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S32368.
S40 B Hegar and A Widodo
Review Article
Lactose intolerance in Indonesian children
Badriul Hegar MD, PhD, Ariani Widodo MD
Department of Child Health, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia 印尼兒童的乳糖不耐症
在亞洲及世界的許多地區，“乳糖不耐症（LI）”被認為是一個常見的問題。它的盛行率及好發年齡依亞洲國家而有所差異，這可能與基因或是文化因素有關。過去二十年來，印尼有3-15歲兒童採用純的乳糖耐受性試驗的研究，可作為探討此議題之用。乳糖吸收不良（LM）的盛行率在學齡前（3-5歲）、國小（6-11歲）及初中（12-14歲）學童分別為21.3%、57.8%及73%。LM盛行率在學齡前兒童有增加的趨勢，從3歲的9.1%至5歲的28.6%。初中生組（JHS）LI最常見的症狀為腹痛（64.1%）、腹部脹氣（22.6%）、噁心（15.1%）、腸胃脹氣/排氣（5.7%）及腹瀉（1.9%），大部分是在攝取乳糖一個小時內出現。規律與不規律飲用牛奶的兒童，LM發生分別為81.2%及69.2%；LI則為56.2%及52.1%。大部分初中生如有乳製品相關再復發腹痛（RAP）症狀者，即認為是吸收不良者。與RAP最相關的乳製品是牛奶及優格。81%的RAP兒童被發現有LI，其中以腹痛最常發生，再來是噁心、腹脹、腹瀉、腹鳴及腸胃脹氣/排氣。通常在攝取乳糖30分鐘後，開始有症狀，特別是噁心、腹脹及腹痛。在RAP學童，LI症狀最常發生在BHC大於20 ppm。很多LI症狀可在吸收不良者發現，但症狀輕微且通常於7小時內消失，至多為15小時。
關鍵字：乳糖不耐症、乳糖吸收不良、兒童、乳糖酶缺乏、印尼
Inc. (incorporated) 为根据公司法组成的股份有限公司. LLC(Limited Liability Company)有限责任公司 有限责任公司和股份有限公司 有限责任公司与股份有限公司作为公司的两种主要形式，有它们的共同点，也有不同点。 有限责任公司与股份有限公司的共同点是： （1）股东都对公司承担有限责任。无论在有限责任公司中，还是在股份有限公司中，股东都对公司承担有限责任，“有限责任”的范围，都是以股东公司的投资额为限。 （2）股东的财产与公司的财产是分离的，股东将财产投资公司后，该财产即构成公司的财产，股东不再直接控制和支配这部分财产。同时，公司的财产与股东没有投资到公司的其他财产是没有关系的，即使公司出现资不抵债的情况，股东也只以其对公司的投资额承担责任，不再承担其他的责任。 （3）有限责任公司和股份有限公司对外都是以公司的全部资产承担责任。也就是说，公司对外也是只承担有限的责任，“有限责任”的范围，就是公司的全部资产，除此之外，公司不再承担其他的财产责任。 有限责任公司与股份有限公司的不同点： （1）两种公司在成立条件和募集资金方面有所不同。有限责任公司的成立条件比较宽松一点，股份有限公司的成立条件比较严格；有限责任公司只能由发起人集资，不能向社会公开募集资金，股份有限公司可以向社会公开募集资金；有限责任公司的股东人数，有最高和最低的要求，股份有限公司的股东人数，只有最低要求，没有最高要求。
（2）两种公司的股份转让难易程度不同。在有限责任公司中，股东转让自己的出资有严格的要求，受到的限制较多，比较困难；在股份有限公司中，股东转让自己的股份 比较自由，不象有限责任公司那样困难。 （3）两种公司的股权证明形式不同。在有限责任公司中，股东的股权证明是出资证明书，出资证明书不能转让、流通；在股份有限公司中，股东的股权证明是股票，即股 东所持有的股份是以股票的形式来体现，股票是公司签发的证明股东所持股份的凭证，股票可以转让、流通。 （4）两种公司的股东会、董事会权限大小和两权分离程度不同。在有限责任公司中，由于股东人数有上限，人数相对来计比较少，召开股东会等也比较方便，因此股东会 的权限较大，董事经常是由股东自己兼任的，在所有权和经营权的分离上，程度较低；在股份有限公司中，由于股东人数没有上限，人数较多且分散，召开股东会比较困难，股东会的议事程序也比较复杂，所以股东会的权限有所限制，董事会的权限较大，在 所有权和经营权的分离上，程度也比较高。 （5）两种公司的财务状况的公开程度不同。在有限责任公司中，由于公司的人数有限，财务会计报表可以不经过注册会计师的审计，也可以不公告，只要按照规定期限送交 各股东就行了；在股份有限公司中，由于股东人数众多很难分类，所以会计报表必须 要经过注册会计师的审计并出具报告，还要存档以便股东查阅，其中以募集设立方式 成立的股份有限公司，还必须要公告其财务会计报告。
常用整流二极管 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF /Ir 封装用途说明1A5 600V/1.0A 25A/1.1V/5uA[T25] D2.6X3.2d0.65 1A6 800V/1.0A 25A/1.1V/5uA[T25] D2.6X3.2d0.65 6A8 800V/6.0A 400A/1.1V/10uA[T60] D9.1X9.1d1.3 1N4002 100V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4004 400V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4006 800V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4007 1000V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N5398 800V/1.5A 50A/1.4V/5uA[T70] D3.6X7.6d0.9 1N5399 1000V/1.5A 50A/1.4V/5uA[T70] D3.6X7.6d0.9 1N5402 200V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5406 600V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5407 800V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5408 1000V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 RL153 200V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL155 600V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL156 800V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL203 200V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL205 600V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL206 800V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL207 1000V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RM11C 1000V/1.2A 100A/0.92V/10uA D4.0X7.2d0.78 MR750 50V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR751 100V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR752 200V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR754 400V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR756 600V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR760 1000V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 常用整流二极管(全桥） 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF /Ir 封装用途说明RBV-406 600V/*4A 80A/1.10V/10uA 25X15X3.6 RBV-606 600V/*6A 150A/1.05V/10uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-1306 600V/*13A 80A/1.20V/10uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-1506 600V/*15A 200A/1.05V/50uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-2506 600V/*25A 350A/1.05V/50uA 30X20X3.6 常用肖特基整流二极管SBD 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF Trr1/Trr2 封装用途说明EK06 60V/0.7A 10A/0.62V 100nS D2.7X5.0d0.6 SK/高速 EK14 40V/1.5A 40A/0.55V 200nS D4.0X7.2d0.78 SK/低速 D3S6M 60V/3.0A 80A/0.58V 130p SB340 40V/3.0A 80A/0.74V 180p SB360 60V/3.0A 80A/0.74V 180p SR260 60V/2.0A 50A/0.70V 170p MBR1645 45V/16A 150A/0.65V <10nS TO220 超高速
常用二极管参数 2008-10-22 11:48 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z7.5Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=7.34~7.70V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z13X 硅稳压二极管 Vz=12.4~13.1V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z15Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=14.4~15.15V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z18Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=17.55~18.45V, Pzm=500mW, 1N4001 硅整流二极管 50V, 1A,(Ir=5uA, Vf=1V, Ifs=50A) 1N4002 硅整流二极管 100V, 1A, 1N4003 硅整流二极管 200V, 1A, 1N4004 硅整流二极管 400V, 1A, 1N4005 硅整流二极管 600V, 1A, 1N4006 硅整流二极管 800V, 1A, 1N4007 硅整流二极管 1000V, 1A, 1N4148 二极管 75V, 4PF, Ir=25nA, Vf=1V, 1N5391 硅整流二极管 50V, 1.5A,(Ir=10uA, Vf=1.4V, Ifs=50A) 1N5392 硅整流二极管 100V, 1.5A, 1N5393 硅整流二极管 200V, 1.5A, 1N5394 硅整流二极管 300V, 1.5A, 1N5395 硅整流二极管 400V, 1.5A, 1N5396 硅整流二极管 500V, 1.5A, 1N5397 硅整流二极管 600V, 1.5A, 1N5398 硅整流二极管 800V, 1.5A, 1N5399 硅整流二极管 1000V, 1.5A, 1N5400 硅整流二极管 50V, 3A,(Ir=5uA, Vf=1V, Ifs=150A) 1N5401 硅整流二极管 100V, 3A, 1N5402 硅整流二极管 200V, 3A, 1N5403 硅整流二极管 300V, 3A, 1N5404 硅整流二极管 400V, 3A, 1N5405 硅整流二极管 500V, 3A, 1N5406 硅整流二极管 600V, 3A, 1N5407 硅整流二极管 800V, 3A, 1N5408 硅整流二极管 1000V, 3A, 1S1553 硅开关二极管 70V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S1554 硅开关二极管 55V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S1555 硅开关二极管 35V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S2076 硅开关二极管 35V, 150mA, 250mW, 8nS, 3PF, 450ma, Ir≤1uA, Vf≤0.8V,≤1.8PF, 1S2076A 硅开关二极管 70V, 150mA, 250mW, 8nS, 3PF, 450ma, 60V, Ir≤1uA, Vf≤0.8V,≤1.8PF, 1S2471 硅开关二极管80V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤2PF, 1S2471B 硅开关二极管 90V, 150mA, 250mW, 3nS, 3PF, 450ma, 1S2471V 硅开关二极管 90V, 130mA, 300mW, 4nS, 2PF, 400ma, 1S2472 硅开关二极管50V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤2PF, 1S2473 硅开关二极管35V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤3PF,
Ch1 1. What are the advantages Blades could gain from importing from and/or exporting to a foreign country such as Thailand? ANSWER: The advantages Blades, Inc. could gain from importing from Thailand include potentially lowering Blades’ cost of goods sold. If the inputs (rubber and plastic) are cheaper when imported from a foreign country such as Thailand, this would increase B lades’ net income. Since numerous competitors of Blades are already importing components from Thailand, importing would increase Blades’ competitiveness in the U.S., especially since its prices are among the highest in the roller blade industry. Furthermore, since Blades is considering longer range plans in Thailand, importing from and exporting to Thailand may present it with an opportunity to establish initial relationships with some Thai suppliers. As far as exporting is concerned, Blades, Inc. could be one of the first firms to sell roller blades in Thailand. Considering that Blades is contemplating to eventually shift its sales to Thailand, this could be a major competitive advantage. 2. What are some of the disadvantages Blades could face as a result of foreign trade in the short run? In the long run? ANSWER: There are several potential disadvantages Blades, Inc. should consider. First of all, Blades would be exposed to currency fluctuations in the Thai baht. For example, the dollar cost of imported inputs may become more expensive over time if the baht appreciates even if Thai suppliers do not adjust their prices. However, Blades’ sales in Thailand would also increase in dollar terms if the baht appreciates, even if Blades does not increase its prices. Blades, Inc. would also be exposed to the economic conditions in Thailand. For example, if there is a recession, Blades would suffer from decreased sales to Thailand. In the long run, Blades should be aware of any regulatory and environmental constraints the Thai government may impose on it (such as pollution controls). Furthermore, the company should be aware of the political risk involved in operating in Thailand. For example, the likelihood of expropriation by the Thai government should be assessed. Another important issue involved in Blades’ long-run plans is how the foreign subsidiary would be monitored. Geographical distance may make monitoring very difficult. This is an especially important point since Thai managers may conform to goals other than the maximization of shareholder wealth. 3. Which theories of international business described in this chapter apply to Blades, Inc. in the short run? In the long run? ANSWER: There are at least three theories of international business: the theory of comparative advantage, the imperfect markets theory, and the product cycle theory. In the short run, Blades would like to import from Thailand because inputs such as rubber and plastic are cheaper in Thailand. Also, it would like to export to Thailand to take advantage of the fact that few roller blades are currently sold in Thailand. Both of these factors suggest that the imperfect markets theory applies to Blades in the short run. In the long run, the goal is to possibly establish a subsidiary in Thailand and to be one of the first roller blade manufacturers in Thailand. The superiority of its production process suggests that the theory of comparative advantage would apply to Blades in the
1.塑封整流二极管 序号型号IF VRRM VF Trr 外形 A V V μs 1 1A1-1A7 1A 50-1000V 1.1 R-1 2 1N4001-1N4007 1A 50-1000V 1.1 DO-41 3 1N5391-1N5399 1.5A 50-1000V 1.1 DO-15 4 2A01-2A07 2A 50-1000V 1.0 DO-15 5 1N5400-1N5408 3A 50-1000V 0.95 DO-201AD 6 6A05-6A10 6A 50-1000V 0.95 R-6 7 TS750-TS758 6A 50-800V 1.25 R-6 8 RL10-RL60 1A-6A 50-1000V 1.0 9 2CZ81-2CZ87 0.05A-3A 50-1000V 1.0 DO-41 10 2CP21-2CP29 0.3A 100-1000V 1.0 DO-41 11 2DZ14-2DZ15 0.5A-1A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-41 12 2DP3-2DP5 0.3A-1A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-41 13 BYW27 1A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-41 14 DR202-DR210 2A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-15 15 BY251-BY254 3A 200-800V 1.1 DO-201AD 16 BY550-200～1000 5A 200-1000V 1.1 R-5 17 PX10A02-PX10A13 10A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 18 PX12A02-PX12A13 12A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 19 PX15A02-PX15A13 15A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 20 ERA15-02～13 1A 200-1300V 1.0 R-1 21 ERB12-02～13 1A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 22 ERC05-02～13 1.2A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 23 ERC04-02～13 1.5A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 24 ERD03-02～13 3A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-201AD 25 EM1-EM2 1A-1.2A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-15 26 RM1Z-RM1C 1A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 27 RM2Z-RM2C 1.2A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 28 RM11Z-RM11C 1.5A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 29 RM3Z-RM3C 2.5A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-201AD 30 RM4Z-RM4C 3A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-201AD 2.快恢复塑封整流二极管 序号型号IF VRRM VF Trr 外形 A V V μs （1）快恢复塑封整流二极管 1 1F1-1F7 1A 50-1000V 1.3 0.15-0.5 R-1 2 FR10-FR60 1A-6A 50-1000V 1. 3 0.15-0.5 3 1N4933-1N4937 1A 50-600V 1.2 0.2 DO-41 4 1N4942-1N4948 1A 200-1000V 1.3 0.15-0. 5 DO-41 5 BA157-BA159 1A 400-1000V 1.3 0.15-0.25 DO-41 6 MR850-MR858 3A 100-800V 1.3 0.2 DO-201AD
常用稳压管型号对照——（朋友发的） 美标稳压二极管型号 1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9 1N4731 4V3 1N4732 4V7 1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5 1N4738 8V2 1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V 1N4752 33V 1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V 需要规格书请到以下地址下载， 经常看到很多板子上有M记的铁壳封装的稳压管，都是以美标的1N系列型号标识的，没有具体的电压值，刚才翻手册查了以下3V至51V的型号与电压的对 照值，希望对大家有用 1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9
1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5 1N4738 8V2 1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V 1N4752 33V 1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V DZ是稳压管的电器编号，是和1N4148和相近的，其实1N4148就是一个0.6V的稳压管，下面是稳压管上的编号对应的稳压值，有些小的稳压管也会在管体 上直接标稳压电压，如5V6就是5.6V的稳压管。 1N4728A 3.3 1N4729A 3.6 1N4730A 3.9 1N4731A 4.3 1N4732A 4.7 1N4733A 5.1 1N4734A 5.6 1N4735A 6.2 1N4736A 6.8 1N4737A 7.5 1N4738A 8.2 1N4739A 9.1 1N4740A 10 1N4741A 11 1N4742A 12 1N4743A 13
二极管封装大全 篇一：贴片二极管型号、参数 贴片二极管型号.参数查询 1、肖特基二极管SMA（DO214AC） 2010-2-2 16:39:35 标准封装： SMA 2010 SMB 2114 SMC 3220 SOD123 1206 SOD323 0805 SOD523 0603 IN4001的封装是1812 IN4148的封装是1206 篇二：常见贴片二极管三极管的封装 常见贴片二极管/三极管的封装 常见贴片二极管/三极管的封装 二极管： 名称尺寸及焊盘间距其他尺寸相近的封装名称 SMC SMB SMA SOD-106 SC-77A SC-76/SC-90A SC-79 三极管： LDPAK
DPAK SC-63 SOT-223 SC-73 TO-243/SC-62/UPAK/MPT3 SC-59A/SOT-346/MPAK/SMT3 SOT-323 SC-70/CMPAK/UMT3 SOT-523 SC-75A/EMT3 SOT-623 SC-89/MFPAK SOT-723 SOT-923 VMT3 篇三：常用二极管的识别及ic封装技术 常用晶体二极管的识别 晶体二极管在电路中常用“D”加数字表示，如： D5表示编号为5的二极管。 1、作用：二极管的主要特性是单向导电性，也就是在正向电压的作用下，导通电阻很小;而在反向电压作用下导通电阻极大或无穷大。正因为二极管具有上述特性，无绳电话机中常把它用在整流、隔离、稳压、极性保护、编码控制、调频调制和静噪等电路中。 电话机里使用的晶体二极管按作用可分为：整流二极管(如1N4004)、隔离二极管(如1N4148)、肖特基二极管(如BAT85)、发光二极管、稳压二极管等。 2、识别方法：二极管的识别很简单，小功率二极管的N极(负极)，在二极管外表大多采用一种色圈标出来，有些二极管也用二极管专用符号来表示P极(正极)或N极(负极)，也有采用符号标志为“P”、“N”来确定二极管极性的。发光二极管的正负极可从引脚长短来识别，长
1N 系列常用整流二极管的主要参数
反向工作 峰值电压 URM/V 额定正向 整流电流 整流电流 IF/A 正向不重 复浪涌峰 值电流 IFSM/A 正向 压降 UF/V 反向 电流 IR/uA 工作 频率 f/KHZ 外形 封装
型 号
1N4000 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 1N5100 1N5101 1N5102 1N5103 1N5104 1N5105 1N5106 1N5107 1N5108 1N5200 1N5201 1N5202 1N5203 1N5204 1N5205 1N5206 1N5207 1N5208 1N5400 1N5401 1N5402 1N5403 1N5404 1N5405 1N5406 1N5407 1N5408
25 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
1
30
≤1
＜5
3
DO-41
1．5
75
≤1
＜5
3
DO-15
2
100
≤1
＜10
3
3
150
≤0.8
＜10
3
DO-27
常用二极管参数： 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V,Pzm=500mW,
LLC，LLP，Inc，Corp的区别 Corp是Corporation的缩写，（公司, 财团法人） （结合, 合并, 形成法人组织, 组成公司(或社团) Inc是Incorporation的缩写， Co.Ltd.是Limited company的缩写，叫做有限责任公司 LLC是Limited Liability Company 的缩写，叫做有限责任公司 LLP 是Limited Liability Partnership的缩写，叫做有限责任合伙公司 法定公司Corporation (INC) 定义Definition: 是一个州政府注册组织最完善的独立法人。商业行为明文制限于公司法。有 C-Corporation和S-Corporation两种。 This state chartered organization acts as a separate legal entity and is the most structured business entity. Business activities are restricted to those listed in the corporate charter. Corporations may elect to file as a C-Corporation or S-Corporation. C-corporation –根据收入需付联邦及州税。当利润交给股东，股东申报个人税时再次需付收入税。双重克税为其最大缺点。 pays federal and state income taxes on earnings. When the earnings are distributed to the shareholders as dividends, the earnings are taxed again. Double taxation is a big drawback of C-corporations. S-corporation -法律特色如同C-Corporation，但不需直接付税，只要申报收入付个人税即可。 have the same legal attributes as the C-corporation, however, the corporation does not pay income taxes on earnings, rather, the shareholder pays income tax on dividends on their personal income tax return. S corporation需另符合下列几项条件: S corporation owners (shareholders) must meet the following criteria: 拥有人（股东）少于100人Number fewer than 100 拥有人（股东）不可是非永久居民外国人Cannot be non-resident aliens 拥有人（股东）不可是其他法定公司、有限责任公司、合伙公司或信托Cannot be C corporations, other S corporations, limited liability companies (LLCs), partnerships or certain trusts. 优点Advantages:
1N系列稳压管
快恢复整流二极管
常用整流二极管型号和参数 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z7.5Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=7.34~7.70V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z13X硅稳压二极管 Vz=12.4~13.1V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z15Y硅稳压二极管 Vz=14.4~15.15V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z18Y硅稳压二极管 Vz=17.55~18.45V,Pzm=500mW, 1N4001硅整流二极管 50V, 1A,(Ir=5uA,Vf=1V,Ifs=50A) 1N4002硅整流二极管 100V, 1A, 1N4003硅整流二极管 200V, 1A, 1N4004硅整流二极管 400V, 1A, 1N4005硅整流二极管 600V, 1A, 1N4006硅整流二极管 800V, 1A, 1N4007硅整流二极管 1000V, 1A, 1N4148二极管 75V, 4PF,Ir=25nA,Vf=1V, 1N5391硅整流二极管 50V, 1.5A,(Ir=10uA,Vf=1.4V,Ifs=50A) 1N5392硅整流二极管 100V,1.5A, 1N5393硅整流二极管 200V,1.5A, 1N5394硅整流二极管 300V,1.5A, 1N5395硅整流二极管 400V,1.5A, 1N5396硅整流二极管 500V,1.5A, 1N5397硅整流二极管 600V,1.5A, 1N5398硅整流二极管 800V,1.5A, 1N5399硅整流二极管 1000V,1.5A, 1N5400硅整流二极管 50V, 3A,(Ir=5uA,Vf=1V,Ifs=150A) 1N5401硅整流二极管 100V,3A, 1N5402硅整流二极管 200V,3A, 1N5403硅整流二极管 300V,3A, 1N5404硅整流二极管 400V,3A,
常用稳压二极管技术参数及老型号代换 型号最大功耗 (mW) 稳定电压(V) 电流(mA) 代换型号国产稳压管日立稳压管 HZ4B2 500 3.8 4.0 5 2CW102 2CW21 4B2 HZ4C1 500 4.0 4.2 5 2CW102 2CW21 4C1 HZ6 500 5.5 5.8 5 2CW103 2CW21A 6B1 HZ6A 500 5.2 5.7 5 2CW103 2CW21A HZ6C3 500 6 6.4 5 2CW104 2CW21B 6C3 HZ7 500 6.9 7.2 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ7A 500 6.3 6.9 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ7B 500 6.7 7.3 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ9A 500 7.7 8.5 5 2CW106 2CW21D HZ9CTA 500 8.9 9.7 5 2CW107 2CW21E HZ11 500 9.5 11.9 5 2CW109 2CW21G HZ12 500 11.6 14.3 5 2CW111 2CW21H HZ12B 500 12.4 13.4 5 2CW111 2CW21H HZ12B2 500 12.6 13.1 5 2CW111 2CW21H 12B2 HZ18Y 500 16.5 18.5 5 2CW113 2CW21J HZ20-1 500 18.86 19.44 2 2CW114 2CW21K HZ27 500 27.2 28.6 2 2CW117 2CW21L 27-3 HZT33-02 400 31 33.5 5 2CW119 2CW21M RD2.0E(B) 500 1.88 2.12 20 2CW100 2CW21P 2B1 RD2.7E 400 2.5 2.93 20 2CW101 2CW21S RD3.9EL1 500 3.7 4 20 2CW102 2CW21 4B2 RD5.6EN1 500 5.2 5.5 20 2CW103 2CW21A 6A1 RD5.6EN3 500 5.6 5.9 20 2CW104 2CW21B 6B2 RD5.6EL2 500 5.5 5.7 20 2CW103 2CW21A 6B1 RD6.2E(B) 500 5.88 6.6 20 2CW104 2CW21B RD7.5E(B) 500 7.0 7.9 20 2CW105 2CW21C RD10EN3 500 9.7 10.0 20 2CW108 2CW21F 11A2 RD11E(B) 500 10.1 11.8 15 2CW109 2CW21G RD12E 500 11.74 12.35 10 2CW110 2CW21H 12A1 RD12F 1000 11.19 11.77 20 2CW109 2CW21G RD13EN1 500 12 12.7 10 2CW110 2CW21H 12A3 RD15EL2 500 13.8 14.6 15 2CW112 2CW21J 12C3 RD24E 400 22 25 10 2CW116 2CW21H 24-1
常用稳压管型号参数对照 3V到51V 1W稳压管型号对照表1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9 1N4731 4V3 1N4732 4V7 1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5
1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V
1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V 摩托罗拉IN47系列1W稳压管IN4728 3.3v IN4729 3.6v IN4730 3.9v IN4731 4.3 IN4732 4.7 IN4733 5.1
IN4735 6.2 IN4736 6.8 IN4737 7.5 IN4738 8.2 IN4739 9.1 IN4740 10 IN4741 11 IN4742 12 IN4743 13 IN4744 15 IN4745 16 IN4746 18 IN4747 20
IN4749 24 IN4750 27 IN4751 30 IN4752 33 IN4753 34 IN4754 35 IN4755 36 IN4756 47 IN4757 51 摩托罗拉IN52系列 0.5w精密稳压管IN5226 3.3v IN5227 3.6v
威廉.索拿马公司 Williams-Sonoma Inc 背景简介： 威廉.索拿马公司（WSI）是一家成立于1956年的高品质家居用品美国专业零售商、邮购商和电商。在美国纽约证劵交易所上市，年营业额$??? 。其中电子商务和邮购销售占营业额的43.%，零售占56.1%。其在美国，加拿大、澳大利亚和中东（科威特，沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯酋长国）等地开设专业零售商店，产品通过网络销售可到全球79个国家和地区，共有员工约26,9000余人， 579家实体店，发行7种直邮目录，拥有6个电子商务网站。 该公司旗下有八个品牌，每个品牌在他们所处的行业中都是非常知名且备受尊敬和追从。威廉.索拿马一直以来都以为客户提供高品质和新式样的产品体验为企业经营目标，产品线已覆盖至消费者家里的每一个角落，从厨房到餐厅、客厅、卧室、书房及衣帽间。 威廉.索拿马旗下的八个品牌分别有各自不同的分销策略和客户群： 品牌1： William Sonoma Inc –主营炊具和提供婚礼注册表服务 品牌2：Pottery Barn Furniture –主营家具和提供婚礼注册服务 品牌3：Pottery Barn Kids –主营儿童家具和提供婴儿注册表服务 品牌4：PBteen –主营青少年家具和床上用品 品牌5：West Elm –主营现代家具和室内装饰品 品牌6：William Sonoma Home –主营豪华家具和饰品 品牌7：Rejuvenation –主营高档室内灯饰 品牌8：Mark and Graham –主营客制化高档饰品
Welcome To Download !!! 欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！
G ENERAL PURPOSE RECTIFIERS – P LASTIC P ASSIVATED J UNCTION 1.0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 SMA/DO-214AC G ENERAL PURPOSE RECTIFIERS – G LASS P ASSIVATED J UNCTION S M 1.0 GS1A GS1B GS1D GS1G GS1J GS1K GS1M SMA/DO-214AC 1.0 S1A S1B S1D S1G S1J S1K S1M SMB/DO-214AA 2.0 S2A S2B S2D S2G S2J S2K S2M SMB/DO-214AA 3.0 S3A S3B S3D S3G S3J S3K S3M SMC/DO-214AB F AST RECOVERY RECTIFIERS – P LASTIC P ASSIVATED J UNCTION MERITEK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
U LTRA FAST RECOVERY RECTIFIERS – G LASS P ASSIVATED J UNCTION
S CHOTTKY B ARRIER R ECTIFIERS
S WITCHING D IODES Power Dissipation Max Avg Rectified Current Peak Reverse Voltage Continuous Reverse Current Forward Voltage Reverse Recovery Time Package Part Number P a (mW) I o (mA) V RRM (V) I R @ V R (V) V F @ I F (mA) t rr (ns) Bulk Reel Outline 200mW 1N4148WS 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 5000 SOD-323 1N4448WS 200 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 5000 SOD-323 BAV16WS 200 250 100 1000 @ 7 5 0.8 6 @ 10 6 5000 SOD-323 BAV19WS 200 250 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 BAV20WS 200 250 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 BAV21WS 200 250 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 MMBD4148W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-1 MMBD4448W 200 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS16W 200 250 100 1000 @ 7 5 0.8 6 @ 10 6 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS19W 200 250 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS20W 200 250 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS21W 200 250 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAW56W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-2 BAV70W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-3 BAV99W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-4 BAL99W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323- 5 350mW MMBD4148 350 200 100 5000 @ 75 1.0 @ 10 4 3000 SOT-23-1 MMBD4448 350 200 100 5000 @ 75 1.0 @ 10 4 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS16 350 200 100 1000 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 6 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS19 350 200 120 100 @ 120 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS20 350 200 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS21 350 200 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAW56 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-2 BAV70 350 200 100 5000 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-3 BAV99 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-4 BAL99 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-5 BAV16W 350 200 100 1000 @ 75 0.86 @ 10 6 3000 SOD-123 410-500mW BAV19W 410 200 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 BAV20W 410 200 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 BAV21W 410 200 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 1N4148W 410 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4150W 410 200 50 100 @ 50 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4448W 500 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 1.0 @ 200 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4151W 500 150 75 50 @ 50 1.0 @ 10 2 3000 SOD-123 1N914 500 200 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 1000 10000 DO-35 1N4148 500 200 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 1000 10000 DO-35 LL4148 500 150 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 2500 Mini-Melf SOT23-1 SOT23-2 SOT23-3 SOT23-4 SOT23-5 SOT323-1 SOT323-2 SOT323-3 SOT323-4 SOT323-5