Informing Science InSITE - “Where Parallels Intersect” June 2002
A Strategy for Developing End-user Developers: ‘I Thought
I Hated Every Minute of It, But I Learnt Such a Lot’
Ann Monday
University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Abstract
A continuing challenge for university lecturers is to develop successful programs that challenge students
whilst at the same time responding to a ‘customer’ driven market place. In 2000, two new courses were
introduced into a business degree program as a result of feedback from past and present students and the
business community. These courses aimed to explore the wider issues of end-users developing small-
scale applications to support their role at work whilst possessing a limited skill set in applications devel-
opment. In each year (2000 and 2001) a different approach was adopted. This paper reflects upon the
teaching of these two courses over the two-year period, the responses of students to the different ap-
proaches and the extent to which the learning outcomes were achieved.
Key Words: End-user developers (EUDs), user-developed applications (UDAs), business students, case
study, role- play, student feedback
Introduction
In 1999, when the Bachelor of Business (Administrative Management) degree program was revalidated,
two new courses were introduced, Data Management for Administrators (DMA) and Decision Support for
Administrators (DSA). The courses were intended to address a set of issues raised by recent graduates,
part-time students and the local business community who were building small-scale applications, usually
databases and spreadsheets, with a limited skill set. Although computer literacy courses had introduced
the business students to basic IT skills their business program up to this time had not progressed beyond
this.
The aim of these courses was to introduce students to the individual and organisational issues of end-user
developed applications (UDAs), and to help students to develop good working practices and robust appli-
cations using 4GLs. Both courses were designed to provide students with an active introduction to the
problems of end-user development of databases and spreadsheets. Students were faced with problems
that required them to handle complexity and ambiguity.
This paper examines the evolution of two, second year courses introduced to explore end-user issues with
business students. It examines why end-user issues are significant, and explores an approach developed
over the two-year period to encourage students to become more active learners and to learn to reflect on
their choices and actions. End-user Developers (EUDs) There are many examples of individuals within or-ganisations who identify an opportunity for devel-oping an application to support their own work. Typically, in the past this would have been a
A Strategy for Developing End-user Developers
spreadsheet application but we are now finding more and more instances of end-users developing small databases using 4GLs. The growing number of applications produced for business by non-IS developers, generally known as end-user developers (EUDs), has raised a number of critical issues for organisations who are only just starting to realise the positive and negative impacts that end-user developers can have on the organisation.
The introduction of UDAs not only affects the individual or department using the application, it has re-percussions throughout the organisation. At the individual level the EUD has the opportunity to develop a software application useful to them and/or their colleagues and normally in a shorter timescale than the IT department. It also offers the individual the opportunity to be innovative and discover new ways of un-dertaking their role.
These opportunities also bring with them the risk that the EUD may spend too much time in the develop-ment of the application, at the expense of their main role, and if it takes too long it may be just as expen-sive as using an IS professional. There is also the risk that the EUD will produce an application that suf-fers from a range of common faults and is thus meaningless, and sometimes dangerous, to the organisa-tion. McGill (2000) notes a number of common faults with UDAs including incorrect design, inadequate testing, and poor maintenance. Inadequate documentation is another common fault. Other researchers have noted errors in user-developed spreadsheet applications (Panko and Halverson 1996, Teo and Tan 1999, Janvrin and Morrison 2000, Panko 2000).
It is also important to the organisation that applications are developed in the context of the overall busi-ness requirements. Thus EUDs need to be able to fully understand and analyse the business problem, en-sure that they are using accurate, complete and relevant specifications, and avoid making assumptions about the organisation’s activities.
In exploring the range of skills required by IS professionals, Ross and Ruhleder (1993), suggest that IS educators should provide students with an awareness of a wide range of technical, social and organisa-tional concerns as well a range of IT skills, teamwork and proactive learning to cope with a rapidly chang-ing technology environment. Hobby (1996) noted the need for EUDs to be given some design and im-plementation training. Although EUDs are unlikely to follow a traditional systems development life cycle approach, the approach adopted should be structured and organised.
End-user computing has not only increased responsibilities for managers in their own departments, it has increased the responsibility of the organisation to establish procedures and good working practices. ‘It has also increased the responsibility of the end-user developer, to make sure they apply good working practices when they develop systems for themselves and their colleagues.’ (Monday, 2000).
The Courses
The two courses (also described as subjects in some universities) aim to provide students with an under-standing of the wider organisational issues of end-user development of small-scale business applications using wizards in spreadsheet and database applications. Each course is 4.5 units and is one of 24 x 4.5 unit courses students undertake to complete the degree program. Semesters are 14 weeks long, with 13 weeks of tuition followed by a one-week self-study period before examinations commence. The first EUD course (DMA) is scheduled in year 2 of the degree program and has a pre-requisite of a first year IT course. The second EUD course (DSA) follows DMA.
Data Management for Administrators (DMA)
In this course students explore the processes of analysing the information requirements of a business unit and design and build a small database using the wizards in Microsoft Access. This course explores not only practical database skills but also issues relating to the analysis, design and implementation of a data-1104
Monday 1105 base using a 4GL. The technical focus is on using applications generators (wizards) and does not extend
to SQL. The course is designed around a simple problem within a case organisation
Decision Support for Administrators (DSA)
In this course students explore decision making in organisations, individual and group decision makers
and some of the technology that supports individual and group decision making. Students analyse a more
complex problem and develop a small decision support system using Microsoft Excel.
In both courses students are required to analyse a business case, scope the problem, and plan and manage
the project as part of a group. They are also required to learn the software, and ultimately choose the ap-
propriate features that allow them to build a user-friendly application. This includes identifying the scope
and limitations of the wizards and whether, in fact, the software provides a sensible solution to the prob-
lem. Ross and Ruhleder (1993) suggest that students do little experimenting and little evaluating to help
them determine whether a given task is better pursued with or without technological assistance.
Student Population And Study Modes
Each course is delivered to large numbers of students in several delivery modes and delivery patterns.
The student population for each course by mode of study is shown in Figs 1 and 2.
Onshore internal students attend 3 hours of lectures, tutorials and practical sessions. Onshore external
students receive hard copy study materials and access to resources on the course web site. Offshore stu-
dents study in their own country (Hong Kong) at a partner University. Lecturers visit the country for one
week at the beginning of the semester and one at the end to deliver mass lectures. Students attend 4 x
fortnightly workshops with local tutors employed by the partner University. All students can access lec-
turers via email, telephone and a web-board throughout the course.
All students are issued with a Course Information Booklet that sets out details of the course objectives,
method of delivery, learning outcomes, graduate qualities, assessment details, timelines and policies gov-
erning their study. This forms the basis of a learning contract with the students. In addition, a study
guide is provided to all students to help them to plan their learning and the stages of the project. The
University recommends 10 to 12 hours per week of study for each course taken. Fig 1: Student population 2000
Onshore Internal Onshore External Offshore Total
DMA 100
40 280 420 DSA 80
20 300 410 Fig 2: Student population 2001
Onshore Internal Onshore External Offshore Total
DMA 100
40 300 440 DSA 80
10 300 390
A Strategy for Developing End-user Developers
1106 The Approach Adopted In 2000
Case Study
Both courses are taught via case studies that are based on a business. They are either written in consulta-tion with local businesses, drawn from the industrial experience of staff working with the program or from past students. Case studies are used to tell a story, raise issues for discussion, contain elements of conflict, lack a definitive answer, encourage students’ thought processes, require a decision to be made and are reasonably concise (Gross Davis 1993, cited in Kreber, 2001). It was important that students re-flected on their choices, approaches and actions from the outset so the business case was used as a vehicle for learning as well as for assessment.
Role Play
A role-play approach is used to simulate the interaction between the parties to the business case. It allows students to tackle ‘live’ projects, adopt a role and view a situation from the viewpoint of their role, present arguments, defend their viewpoints and work in teams to develop group skills (Cutler and Hay, 2000). For onshore students, the lecturer and tutors role-played the business; for offshore students the lecturer was the business. The student groups were the end-user developers.
Because students study in a variety of modes (internal, external, offshore) face-to-face role-play with all students was not possible and had to be adapted for use with each group of students. Students were re-quired to work with the business to solve a problem and develop a small-scale database (in DMA) and a spreadsheet decision support application (in DSA). Thus they were involved in communicating with the business, identifying the problems of the organisation, eliciting the information needs of the business and then designing the database and spreadsheet for the business. Students had to learn to handle conflict and ambiguity.
Understanding the Business and Clarifying the Problem
In both courses onshore internal and offshore students were required to work in groups. In 2000 not all onshore external students had access to the Internet thus group work could not be enforced. Students were allowed to choose their own group members, though group sizes were limited. They were given time to get to know each other early in the semester to facilitate the forming, storming and norming stages of the project. Simple problem solving exercises were used to encourage students to participate.
Once groups were formed they were required to determine the goals of the group, how each member could best contribute to the goals of the group, to identify any likely problems, strategies for avoiding problems, plan a schedule, allocate tasks and establish good working practices. The study guides had been carefully scoped to provide reasonable time scales for each aspect of the project and students were encouraged to follow the structure provided.
In both courses student groups were given a specified length of time in which to clarify the business needs which helped them to get started early in the semester. Student groups submitted questions as an assign-ment and were evaluated on the quality of the questions they asked. Questions were submitted to the
‘business’ via email. Questions and answers were then summarised and posted on the web board for all students. Given the large numbers of students the overhead in time was vast for the lecturer running the course and the supporting tutor.
In DMA students then produced a data model, which they used to check the business rules and require-ments. The students were thus able to design the rest of the database (inputs, queries, outputs, interface) based upon a stable table design.
Monday In DSA students were required to produce a fully formed problem statement that detailed the current state
of affairs, desired state of affairs and central objectives in order to provide them with a clear definition of
the problem facing the business (Marakas 1999). They were then required to design a DSS that would
inform the decision makers in their endeavour to determine how the problem might be solved. Students
were familiar with the concepts of optimisation and satisficing.
Learning the Software
To enable students to design an application in the most effective way it was essential that they advanced
their understanding of the software at an early stage in the program. Thus the program schedule was de-
signed to help the students learn to manage their time. The practical sessions for onshore internal and off-
shore students were not software training sessions in the traditional sense. Students worked through train-
ing examples and brought any problems they had to a help desk. This resource was available to help stu-
dents to resolve problems and to discuss and question the range of alternative approaches available in Ac-
cess. External students were provided with a telephone help line for software queries and key issues ex-
plore through the internal help desks were summarised and despatched to them.
Designing and Implementing the Spreadsheet and Database Models
At each stage of the project onshore internal students exchanged experiences, problems were shared and
designs demonstrated and critiqued by the group in tutorial sessions. Sessions were summarised and
notes made available to external and offshore students, but obviously the richness of the debate was lost
in the hard copy. External and offshore students either posted or emailed questions and designs for feed-
back by the business (tutor). As organisational issues were raised by student comments or actions, these
were discussed in tutorials, by email and subsequently documented on the web board. Not all external
and offshore students chose to participate in these activities.
Course Review 2000
The course was reviewed on a continuous basis by the course co-ordinator and tutors. Student feedback
was gained via email and tutorials throughout the course, from a formal Course Evaluation Questionnaire
and in a final examination. The standard university course evaluation instrument, which provides a sim-
ple numerical measure of students impressions of the course without explanation or discussion of the is-
sues that might inform a student’s assessment, was supplemented with a range of questions that required
students to reflect on their learning, their contribution to the learning, problems they had encountered,
how they had resolved them, to what extent they felt they had achieved the learning outcomes and devel-
oped the graduate qualities.
Typically, students tended to start by trying to tackle what they perceived to be the problem rather than
the actual problem. Students also failed to see that the software was a tool to support decision making
and not the end in itself. They saw the tool as the focus and wanted to build an application before they
had scoped the problem. Rather than work through the study guide methodically, many chose to adopt a
‘suck it and see’ approach to learning the software and in both courses students did not initially know
enough about the software to implement their database appropriately.
An interesting finding was that students were loathe to discard data that was irrelevant to the problem they
were solving because it had been supplied in the case study. In feedback students commented ‘but you
[the tutor] provided it so we assumed it must be important, we’ve never been given irrelevant materials
before.’ Thus the review at each stage of the project was important in ensuring that students developed an
application that was appropriate to the business. However, in adopting this approach, when the students
were required to examine the tools and techniques they had used to develop their applications and the
problems they might encounter if they adopted an inadequate design their answers showed a lack of any
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A Strategy for Developing End-user Developers
real understanding. They also showed a poor understanding of their role in the organisation as end-users and the implications of their chosen working practices.
In the final applications submitted for assessment students demonstrated good design skills for screen layouts and reports. The applications were not totally robust but they had achieved a reasonable level of development in the 13-week time frame. Some databases and spreadsheets had poor validations, unhelp-ful error messages and poor workflow. The emphasis was sometimes on including as many features as possible at the expense of the needs of the user whereas, in fact, the simpler the application the more user friendly they were. Some students viewed the spreadsheet as an ‘easy’ tool but failed to protect cells, produced formulae that contained numbers and used complicated if statements.
In terms of project management, the real problem lay, not in groups managing the group members as ex-pected, but in managing their time and in the students feedback the majority of students noted a problem of time management. Although they were advised of the time they would need to learn the database soft-ware and the importance of working to the study guide they commented they thought it was ‘the tutor do-ing the usual rah, rah, rah’ and adopted the approach they had used for previous courses – start the week before it was due in. They also stated that the course took considerably longer than any other course they studied, but when asked to add up the hours they had committed to the course it came to much less than the university’s recommended study time with few exceptions.
A large number of students had not worked with case studies or role play previously. Their feedback showed that they had sometimes found it very hard ‘especially when the business kept changing its mind’but they felt it had helped them to develop the skills they would need to respond to difficult situations though one of the parents didn’t agree. At a school function, the tutor was approached by a parent who stated ‘it is unfair and unreasonable for a tutor to change their mind half way through an assignment’. When the tutor explained that this can and does happen in the workplace and it’s good for students to have the opportunity to handle this type of situation in a relatively safe learning environment the parent didn’t agree. In DSA, the second course, students felt well equipped to deal with the vagaries of the
‘business’.
Student Recommendations 2000
At the end of each semester students were asked to make suggestions as to how the course could be im-proved. Very mixed responses were received from such a large and diverse student group.
‘You can’t do anything for us, you’ve provided clear details of the learning objectives, assessment re-quirements, recommended timelines and provided step-by-step exercises to help us to build up a picture of the organisation. It’s really up to us to learn to take responsibility for ourselves.’
A common suggestion was for tutors to allocate marks to every stage of the process. The building blocks were in place and review took place each week but marks were not attributed to each group’s work and not all groups had completed as per the schedule. Given the lecturer workload formula allows a maxi-mum of 1.25 hours per student per course for marking, it would be impossible to mark individual pieces of work each week without the need for staff to carry a huge overhead in marking time.
Another very common recommendation was to make tutorials and practicals compulsory for internal stu-dents, provide an example of a similar assignment for students to follow, provide faster feedback to the first assignment (questions to the business) teach the software in computer labs, provide easier textbooks and readings and reduce the amount of reading required. The offshore students, with English as their sec-ond language, found the theory texts and readings difficult.
1108
Monday The Approach Adopted in 2001
In semester 1, 2001 a number of the students’ recommendations from the previous year were adopted.
The texts and readings were replaced with a single text. Help desk support was abandoned and formal
practical sessions were introduced for internal students, though the software was still not taught in the tra-
ditional ‘training’ method. Students were required to learn the software prior to class and bring any prob-
lems with them for discussion. All classes (lectures, tutorials and practicals) were still optional in that stu-
dents were expected to attend but this was not formalised in the learning contract (Course Information
Booklet).
In addition five major changes were introduced into the courses. Firstly, the case study approach was
used as in the previous year but the case used in DSA was an organisation that had adopted a laissez-faire
approach to end-user computing.
Secondly, a role play approach continued as in the previous year except that a web discussion board was
introduced for onshore students and this was used to liaise with the business. The offshore web board at
this time did not provide a discussion forum and questions were submitted via email.
Thirdly, questions to the business were posted to a discussion board and not submitted as an assignment
as in 2000. This was introduced in response to students’ requests for faster feedback.
Fourthly, students were allowed to follow through with inaccurate data models (DMA) and inaccurate
problem statements (DSA). Students were advised they could seek feedback from the business at any
stage in the project. Rather than confirm that students had successfully completed each stage and should
move on to the next stage, students were allowed to make this decision. Reflection took the form of tutors
and the ‘business’ helping students to question what they were doing, why they were doing it and how
they were doing it.
Finally, in semester 2, 2000 and semester 1 2001, a number of student recommendations had not been im-
plemented because past experience had demonstrated the recommendations would not achieve the desired
outcome. However, at the end of DMA 2001 when 90% of internal students suggested that their time
management skills could be improved with compulsory tutorials and practicals, they were introduced into
DSA.
The above changes were prompted by a number of issues - the students’ poor understanding of the impor-
tance of a stable data model in the design of their database; their poor understanding of organisational is-
sues and their responsibilities as end-users developing applications; and that students continued to fail to
manage their time and their studies. Students had identified a prop, compulsory tutorials and practicals
that would help them to manage their time. At the same time, other props were gradually being removed
to allow students to take responsibility for their actions.
Course Reviews 2001
Student feedback was gained from formal Course Evaluation Questionnaires, via email and tutorials
throughout the course and via a final presentation for internal students (DMA) that required students to
reflect on what they had learned from tackling the project, as individuals and as members of a group, and
via examination questions.
Although a replacement text had been introduced which proved to be satisfactory for students with Eng-
lish as their first language, those students with English as a second language still found the text difficult.
About half the internal students still opted to attend only a limited number of practical workshops without
prior preparation although there was a core group of regular attendees who prepared and contributed well
each week. The general comment from students was ‘attach a mark to it and we will do it’. Approxi-
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A Strategy for Developing End-user Developers
mately half the offshore students attended workshops. In DMA 10% of external students used the tele-phone help desk and in DSA there were no enquiries from external students.
The case study, based on a live company and describing a laissez-faire approach to end-user computing, was a success. Because students were required to design and build a DSS that would help the organisa-tion to evaluate a number of options that would allow them to manage their end-users more effectively, students found ‘the case organisation provided an insight into the real world and the choices and respon-sibilities of the company and its end-users’. In the end of semester assessment students demonstrated an excellent understanding of end-user issues for themselves and the organisation.
Questions to the business were not assessed as in 2000 and the quality of the questions dropped. Not all students contributed to the discussion board. External students chose not to submit questions or com-ments though they did use the web board to download the questions and other materials. The quality of questions from externals the previous year had been very good, but unless a mark is attached to the work they are not prepared to contribute even though it informs the assessed work.
In DMA students were allowed to progress with inaccurate data models although they were advised that time spent in producing an accurate data model would save considerable time later in the development process and lead to a more robust database. Once students began to design outputs, inputs and queries they realised their data models were inaccurate. The initial response was to solving each problem as the error messages appeared. However, after a great deal of time wasting students eventually reviewed their data models and found the rest of the implementation was considerably quicker. The same approach was adopted in DSA and it took students less time to recognise that understanding the problem situation was important.
Internal students acknowledged in semester 1 that their time management was poor and recommended compulsory tutorials and practicals for semester 2. Needless to say, this did nothing to improve their time management skills and students acknowledged this at the end of the year. Some did state that their time management at work had improved. The general feeling from students is that they have a number of commitments, which requires them to prioritise their lives. With few exceptions, university study was ranked last after work, family, sports and social life.
The recommendation for week-by-week assessment was not implemented given the marking time con-straints. However, DSA was restructured so that a small group of students each week took responsibility for developing further the tutorial group’s understanding of the problem they were solving. Each group had to understand the prior weeks’ work as it fed their contribution.
Final Student Feedback
In addition to the feedback documented above, a general classroom discussion was also undertaken with internal students at the end of DSA. It became evident that this was particularly important as it provided students with an opportunity to listen to the views of other students – both positive and negative. It was in this forum that one of students stated ‘I thought I’d hated every minute of it, it was really hard, but I’ve learnt such a lot, the course was brilliant.’ One of the aims of the course was certainly to challenge stu-dents though it wasn’t the intention to traumatise them.
Many of the students commented ‘I’ve never done anything like this before, it was really good’ and ‘It’s made me realise I can achieve a lot more than I thought I could’. Many commented that it had ‘helped them to recognise they must take more responsibility for their own learning’. There were naturally those who felt ‘the course was too difficult’ and ‘preferred to write essays that could be completed in a day’, though interestingly this was relatively few.
Their final recommendation is that students who had already completed the course should come along to the first lecture in 2002 to stress the importance of starting early and developing on a week-by-week basis. 1110
Monday ‘The tutor was right, it’s not possible to leave the preparation and assessment till the last minute.’ ‘We
wasted valuable time … we started work on it later than we should have.’ ‘If we had been working for
[the company] we would have cost them money due to our time wasting.’ ‘You should let us come to the
first lecture and tell the students, they might listen to us … er, a hundred students, maybe not.’ They have
agreed to come along.
Conclusions
The approach adopted had risks attached to it given the current climate of a ‘customer driven’ market
place. Students were allowed to fail in that they were allowed to progress through each stage whether or
not the activities had been successfully completed. They were also allowed to determine how much sup-
port they wanted to use. It was certainly risky for the tutors given the university’s course evaluation in-
strument provides a simple numerical measure of students impressions of the course without explanation
or discussion of the issues that might inform their choice.
There were greater problems for external students in the second delivery. They chose not to engage with
the online discussion and to question the business. In the main poor quality applications were submitted
by external students this year though it is not possible to determine whether there is a relationship be-
tween the two issues. It is proposed to continue to use the discussion board in 2002 but to assess the
questions. Thus all students will be required to contribute.
In the second delivery students demonstrated a good understanding of data modelling approaches and
problems they would encounter if data models were not accurate. They also demonstrated a good under-
standing of problem solving and the organisational issues of developing applications as end-user. There
were students who wanted a perfect solution and weren’t happy that they had produced what they per-
ceived to be a sub-standard ‘product’.
Working with the students for 2 semesters provided a better opportunity for tutors to build a rapport with
the students and for students to develop an understanding of the approach used. It also provided tutors
with a good opportunity to watch students develop, and to see their growing confidence in tackling unfa-
miliar problems, though this was more evident with internal and offshore students where tutors met stu-
dents face-to-face.
It is acknowledged that the approach adopted in 2001 may not be as successful with a different group of
students. The courses next year will run with minor modifications as indicated above. Strategies to en-
courage external students to participate more actively in role play will be explored. It may be, of course,
that some external students choose their mode of study because they prefer to work on their own and this
also needs to be investigated.
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Biography
Ann Monday lectures in end-user computing for decision support at undergraduate level and information systems for competitive advantage at masters level in the School of Accounting and Information Systems at the University of South Australia, where she has been based since 1997. She worked for a bank and a large pharmaceutical company before joining academia. She previously worked in the UK tertiary sector for 17 years teaching a range of information systems subjects at undergraduate and masters levels. Her current research interests are in the areas of education, email policy, supply chain management, best prac-tice and enterprise systems within the Australian wine industry.
培优补差个案分析 （许魏明） 个案基本情况：雷雅欣，女，和祖父母、父母住在一起。父亲工作比较忙，主要是由母亲负起教育的责任。母亲的性格比较急，教育孩子常动辄就批评。祖父母也参与到对孩子的教育中，但方法与母亲截然不同，采取比较爱护，包庇的措施。形成她对祖父母是比较依赖的。 日常行为表现学习方面：雷雅欣的学习积极性不高，在课堂上，从不举手发言，不会主动参与到课堂上的小组讨论中，还常常不自觉地在搞小动作。做作业的时候，精神不集中，常会呆呆地坐着胡思乱想或搞小动作，写字的速度慢，每天的作业很晚才能完成，常会欠交作业。人际交往方面：雷雅欣性格比较胆小、怕事，不会主动与人交往，只是和坐在一起的几位同学来往，交往的圈子窄。常常借一些文具给同学，但从来不要求别人还。同学拿了自己的东西也不会告诉老师自理方面：生活上的事情，基本能完成，但动作很慢，所耗时长，在收拾书包，排队等等，常常会落在全班的最后。由于每天完成作业已经很晚了，常常是由母亲帮忙收拾书包。跟母亲走在一起，也是常被落在后面，母亲走走停停地等。三、诊断分析：雷雅欣的家庭的文化素质比较低，但由于家庭的教育方式也简单，造成她一方面在妈妈的呵斥下没有建立起应有的自信心，觉得做什么事情自己都是错的，清楚知道提问的答案也不敢说出，有时甚至不去思考（反正都是错的）。雷雅欣在不断感受失败，正是在这一恶性循环的过程中, 她的学习困难随着教育时间的延续越积越多, 缺乏自信心，缺乏学习积极性也就成为必然的；另一方面，在爷爷奶奶的包庇下，依赖心理比较严重。 辅导过程：1、老师的帮助使她建立起自信的大厦。第一次接触雷雅欣，让我特别留意她，她与其他的同学很不一样，总是不说话，只是在旁边微微地笑，我主动找她聊天，她也是羞羞答答地捂着嘴巴，小声地说话，完全没有一个二年级女同学的那种调皮，开朗的感觉。我首先主动找她聊天，说说她感兴趣的话题。我还鼓励她在课堂上大胆发言。上课之前，我先告诉她，我有一个问题想问问她，要她做好准备，然后在小组讨论的时候，我对她进行个别辅导，再让她发言。我还创造一个让她得到在学习上成功的喜悦的机会。 2、加强与家长的联系，共同探讨教育孩子的措施。不同的孩子，就要采取不同的教育方法。要使孩子向预定的目标发展，老师与家长就要互相配合，创设一个统一、向上的环境给孩子。雷雅欣的家长都十分重视她的学习、成长，就是方法用得不恰当。孩子在母亲的严厉管教和祖父母的宠爱下无所适从。我建议母亲在教孩子时，要求要低一点，不要拿孩子与其他人比较，先让孩子超越自己，着重鼓励孩子，尤其对于她进步的火花，哪怕是星星之火，都要及时给予赞扬。给多一点时间，让孩子通过自己的努力一点一点的进步。还恳请祖父母不要再太溺爱孩子，注意不要买那些高级的文具给孩子，不要对孩子的要求太满足，做到奖罚分明。 3、通过友谊的力量，促进她走向新的台阶。我把她编排在一个比较活跃，上进的小组内，让小组成员带动雷雅欣的进步。引导小组同学主动与她交往，在课堂上要提醒她不要开小差，鼓励她参与到小组讨论中。 效果与体会孩子天生喜欢给别人赞扬，雷雅欣现在开始减少对老师的恐惧感，在师生的聊天中，能放松地、完整地表达自己的想法。在课堂上，刚开始，虽然在小组讨论中练习好了，可是一站起来发言，还是紧闭嘴巴，一字不哼。经过反复的训练，终于开“金口”，现在虽然仍不会主动举手发言，但是已经不抗拒老师的提问，基本上一些简单的问题能完整地自己解决。家长也反映孩子学习的主动性增强了。这次单元考试，虽然周婷婷考试有85分（以前的成绩多60、70分左右）。知道成绩后十分高兴，自信心也在成功之中逐渐建立起
浅谈小学数学教学与生活的联系 教育对经济发展和社会发展具有积极的促进作用，而这种作用的发挥是通过受教育者的能动性来实现的。义务教育阶段的数学课程应突出体现基础性、普及性和发展性，使数学教育面向全体学生。人人学有价值的数学;人人都能获得必需的数学;不同的人在数学上得到不同的发展。小学教育工作者在教学工作中应注意建立学生生活与数学学习的关系。以下是笔者的一些看法。 标签：小学数学;教学;生活;联系 一、理念——面向学生的生活世界 学生是一个有血有肉、有思想、有个性的活生生的人，不是灌装知识的“容器”。1993年联合国教科文组织在北京召开的“面向21世纪的教育”的国际研讨会，就将“高境界的理想、信念与责任感，强烈的自主精神，坚强的意志和良好的环境适应能力、心理承受能力”列为21世纪人才规格的显著特征。 学生不是一张白纸，他们在日常生活中积累了一定的生活经验，这些经验往往与数学概念、法则、公式、数量关系等数学知识有着密切的内在联系。教师可以根据不同年级学生的身心发展特点和学习规律，提供基本内容的现实情景，让数学内容包含在学生熟悉的事物和具体情境之中，加深学生对学习的理解。 教师在教学过程中，要面向小学生的生活世界和社会实践，让数学课程走向生活;尊重学生已有的知识与经验，并在此基础上展开教学活动;教师要引导学生经历知识形成的过程，积极倡导自主、合作、掷究的学习方式，让他们做学习的主人，让课堂充满创新活力，激发学生的学习热情;实施综合性评价，体现人文关怀，以促进师生的共同发展。 二、意义——丰富学生的生活世界 传统的数学课程体系大多是严格按照学科体系展开的内容一般是一系列经过精心组织的、条理清晰的知识结构，这样的内容便于教师教给学生系统的数学知识和逻辑的思考方法。但这些内容是否真实而有意义，是否贴近学生的生活世界，是否有利于学生认识和理解数学，却往往考虑甚少。由于学生平时极少接触高深的数学知识，缺乏数学感悟，如果对这部分结构较为复杂的知识不事先进行铺垫就直接教学，很可能会导致部分学生因无法利用已有生活经验，而对他们感悟、理解并完善认知结构带来一定的障碍。 面向学生，面向生活，面向社会。学生的数学学习内容应当是现实的，有意义的，富有挑战性的。学生生活在现实社会中，并最终走向社会，如果数学内容的题材能贴近学生的生活实际，走入他们的生活世界，呈现的形式能丰富多样，生动活泼，就会让他们感到亲切，并产生乐学、好学的动力。当学生对学习内容产生了极大兴趣的时候，学习过程对他们来说就不是一种负担，而是一种心理满
教科版五年级科学期末测试卷1 一、填空：（10分） 1、蚯蚓喜欢生活在（）、（）的环境中。 2、食物链通常从（）开始，到（）终止。 3、在“草——兔——鹰”的食物链中，（）是生产者，（）是消费者。 4、光是沿（）传播的。 6、奥运会圣火火种是用（）取得的。 7、地球的内部可以分成（）、（）、地核三部分。 二、判断：（10分） 1、狼冬天换毛是适应环境的表现。（） 2、一天中，同一物体的影子自东向西移动。（） 3、太阳能热水器的表面用黑色只是为了美观。（） 4、越往河流上游走，会发现鹅卵石越光滑。（） 5、任何物体都能产生弹力。（） 三、选择：（10分） 1、种子发芽不需要（） A.温度 B.水分 C.空气 D.土壤 2、下列物体中，不属于光源的是（）。 A.电灯 B.月亮 C.萤火虫 D.日光灯 3、5牛约等于（）的力。 A.500千克 B.50克 C.500克 4、物体滚动时比滑动时受到的摩擦力（）。 A.大 B.小 C.一样 5、下列地方中属于盆地的是（）。 A.内蒙古 B.x藏 C.吐鲁番 D.北京 四、名词解释：（10分） 食物网 光的反射 五、简答：（10分） １、为了维护生态平衡，我们人类应该做些什么？ ２、光的强弱和温度有什么关系？ 教科版五年级上册科学期末试卷2 一、填空：（20分） 1.绿豆种子发芽需要的最基本的条件有（适宜的温度）、（充足的水分）和（适当的空气）。 2.地球内部可以分为（地壳）、（地幔）、（地核）三部分。 3.光是沿（直线）传播的，当它碰到物体后会发生（反射）。 4.一天中，阳光下物体的影子在（早晨和傍晚）最长，（中午）最短。 5.一个物体在另一个物体表面运动，有（滚动）和（滑动）两种方式。 6.地球表面有（平原）、（山地）、（高原）、（盆地）、丘陵等多种多样的地形地貌。 7.地震和火山是地球（内部运动）引起的，绝大部分地震发生在地壳内，火山活动与（地幔和地壳）的运动有关。 8.雨水和径流会把地表的泥土带走，使土地受到（侵蚀），从而使地形，地貌发生（改变）。
教科版小学五年级科学下册各单元知识点 第一单元沉和浮 一物体在水中是沉还是浮 1、物体在水中（有沉有浮），判断物体沉浮有一定的标准。只要物体不沉入水底，就说明这个物体是 浮的。 2、同种材料构成的物体，在水中的沉浮与它们的轻重、体积大小没有关系，沉浮状况不改变。如：一 块完整的橡皮放在水中是沉的，切四分之一放入水中还是沉的。一个苹果是浮的，切二分之一还是浮的。一个回形针是沉的，两个串在一起还是沉的。一块木块是浮的，分成一半还是浮的。 二沉浮与什么因素有关 1、对于不同种材料构成的物体，我们在判断在水中的沉浮时，往往采取改变一个因素、控制其它因到 素不变的的方法来研究。对于不同种材料制成的物体，大小相同判断轻重，轻的容易浮重的容易沉。 轻重相同看大小，大的容易浮小的容易沉。（体积大、重量小的物体容易浮；体积小、重量大的物体容易沉。） 2、小瓶子和潜水艇都是在体积不变下通过加减水改变轻重来实现沉浮的。 3、潜水艇既能在水面上航行，又能在水下航行。潜艇有一个很大的压载舱。打开进水管道，往压载舱 里装满海水，潜艇会下潜，打开进气管道，用压缩空气把压载舱里的海水挤出舱外，潜艇就开始上浮。 4、潜水艇是通过改变（自身的重量）来控制沉浮的，潜水艇应用了物体在水中的（沉浮原理）。 三橡皮泥在水中的沉浮 1、我们把物体在水中排开水的体积叫做排开的水量。 2、改变物体排开的水量，物体在水中的沉浮可能发生（改变）， 3、一块橡皮泥放入水中是沉的，你有办法让它浮起来吗？ （做成空心）、（做成船形）、（做成碗形）、（做成花瓶形）等。 4、相同重量的橡皮泥，做成不同形状后，（排开的水量）越大，就越容易（浮）。 5、为什么铁块在水中是沉的，而钢铁造的大轮船却能浮在水面上？ 答：因为把钢铁做成轮船的形状，会大大增加轮船排开的水的体积。 6、总结：各种形状的实心橡皮泥在水中是沉的，要让橡皮泥浮起来，可以在大小不变下改变重量，如 挖空成船或碗形。重量不变的下改变大小，如做成空心的各种形状。物体在水中的沉浮和它所排开的水量有关。排开的水量指物体在水中排开的水的体积，也指物体与水相接触的体积。全部沉入水里的物体排开的水量就是物体自己的体积，浮在水面上的物体排开的水量指物体在水下面部分的体积。铁制的大轮船能浮在水面上，因为它排开的水量特别的大。 四造一艘小船 1、相同重量的橡皮泥，（浸人水中的体积越大）越容易浮，它的（装载量）也随之增大。 2、要用橡皮泥造一只装载量比较大的船，一是重量不变的前提下造得尽量大，使船排开的水量大，二 是做些船舱，放物品时使船身保持平稳。 五浮力 1、把泡沫塑料块等往水中压，手能感受到水对泡沫塑料块有一个向（上）的力，这个力我们称它为水 的（浮力）。可以用（测力计）测出浮力的大小。 2、放在水面上的物体，都会受到水的（浮力），浮在水面上的物体，浮力等于重力。下沉的物体在水 中也受到（浮力）的作用，沉在水底的物体，浮力小于重力。浮力和重力的方向（相反），浮力向（上），重力向（下）。 3、当物体在水中受到的（浮力大于重力）时就（上浮）；当物体在水中受到的（浮力小于重力）时就 （下沉）；浮在水面的物体，浮力（等于）重力。 4、测量泡沫在水中受到的浮力，用测力计拉住绳子通过底部滑轮让泡沫沉入水底，浮力＝拉力
如何把小学数学教学与生活相联系 数学源于生活，数学植根于生活，生活中处处有数学，数学蕴藏在生活中的每个角落。以生活实践为依托，将生活经验数学化。数学也是哲学的一门衍生物。是解决生活问题的钥匙，数学是人们生活、劳动和学可必不可少的工具。因此，数学都能在生活中找到其产生的踪迹。面向21世纪的数学教学，我们的理念是“人人学有用的数学，有用的数学应当为人人所学，不同的人学不同的的数学”，“数学教育应努力激发学生的学习情感，将数学与学生的生活、学习联系起来，学习有活力的、活生生的数学”。如何根据教材的特点，把枯燥的数学变得有趣、生动、易于理解、让学生活学、活用、从而培养学生的创造精神与实践能力呢？通过反复思考，我就从课堂教学入手，联系生活实际讲数学，把生活经验数学化，把数学问题生活化。 一利用生活经验来解决问题 低年级学生尽管具备了一定的生活经验，但他们对周围的各种事物、现象有着很强的好奇心。我就紧紧抓住这份好奇心，结合教材的教学容，创设情境，设疑引思，用学生熟悉的生活经验作为实例，引导学生利用自身已有的经验探索新知识，掌握新本领。 1.借用学生熟悉的自然现象学习数学 在教学“可能性”一课时，先让学生观看一段动画，在
风和日丽的春天，鸟儿在飞来飞去，突然天阴了下来，鸟儿也飞走了，这一变化使学生产生强烈的好奇心，这时老师立刻抛出问题：“天阴了，接下来可能会发生什么事情呢？”学生就会很自觉地联系他们已有的经验，回答这个问题。学生说：“可能会下雨”，“可能会打雷、电闪”，“可能会刮风”，“可能会一直阴着天，不再有变化”，“可能一会儿天又晴了”，“还可能会下雪”……老师接着边说边演示：“同学刚才所说的事情都有可能发生，其中有些现象发生的可能性很大如下雨，有些事情发生的可能性会很小如下雪……在我们身边还有哪些事情可能会发生？哪些事情根 本不可能发生？哪些事情发生的可能性很大呢？”通过这一创设情境的导入，使学生对“可能性”这一含义有了初步的感觉。学习“可能性”，关键是要了解事物发生是不确定性，事物发生的可能性有大有小，让学生联系自然界中的天气变化现象，为“可能性”的概念教学奠定了基础。 2.结合生活经验，在创设活动中学数学 在教“元角分的认识”一课中，我首先创设了这样一个情境：母亲节快到了，小明想给妈妈买一件礼物，就把自己攒的1角硬币都拿出来，一数有30个，拿着这么多硬币不方便，于是小明就找隔壁的老爷爷来帮忙想办法，老爷爷说这好办，收了小明的30个1角硬币，又给了小明31元钱，小明有点不高兴，觉得有点吃亏。你们说小明拿30个1角
(完整word版)五年级科学上册期末试卷及答案(教科版) 亲爱的读者： 本文内容由我和我的同事精心收集整理后编辑发布到文库，发布之前我们对文中内容进行详细的校对，但难免会有错误的地方，如果有错误的地方请您评论区留言，我们予以纠正，如果本文档对您有帮助，请您下载收藏以便随时调用。下面是本文详细内容。 最后最您生活愉快 ~O(∩_∩)O ~
五年级上册科学期末试卷 一、填空：（20分） 1.绿豆种子发芽需要的最基本的条件有__________、__________和__________。 2.地球内部可以分为__________、__________、__________三部分。 3.光是沿________传播的，当它碰到物体后会发生________。 4.一天中，阳光下物体的影子在___________最长，______最短。 5.一个物体在另一个物体表面运动，有__________和__________两种方式。 6.地球表面有__________、__________、__________、__________、丘陵等多种多样的地形地貌。 7.地震和火山是地球___________引起的，绝大部分地震发生在地壳内，火山活动与__________的运动有关。 8.雨水和径流会把地表的泥土带走，使土地受到_________，从而使地形，地貌发生__________。 二、判断：（10分） 1.保护森林、退耕还林可以减少土地的侵蚀。（） 2.喷气式飞机、火箭都是靠喷气发动机产生的反冲力运动的。（） 3.摩擦力的大小只与接触面的光滑程度及物体的轻重有关。（） 4.用滑动代替滚动可以较大地减少摩擦力。（） 5.在地球深部，越往下去，温度越来越高，压力越来越大。（）
浅谈小学数学与生活实际的密切联系 东刘小学谢文萍 摘要： 数学来源于生活，寓于生活，用于生活。在数学教学中，从学生的生活实际出发，让生活经验当“脚手架”，在数学和生活之间架起桥梁，学生一定会亲近数学，运用数学的意识也会越来越强。在小学数学教学中，如果能够根据小学生的认知特点，将数学知识与学生的生活实际紧密结合，那么，在他们的眼里，数学将是一门看得见、摸得着、用得上的学科，不再是枯燥乏味的数字游戏。这样，学生学起来自然感到亲切、真实，这也有利于培养学生用数学眼光来观察周围事物的兴趣、态度和意识。 关键词： 《数学课程标准指出》：“义务教育阶段的数学课堂，其基本出发点是促进学生全面持续、和谐地发展”。为此数学教学既要考虑数学自身的特点，更应遵循学生学习数学的规律，注重从学生已有的知识和生活经验出发，让学生亲身经历数学建构的过程。从而使学生获得对数学理解的同时，在认知、情感、能力等多方面得到发展。学生都是有着丰富的人格、丰富个性的活生生的人。 数学源于生活，寓于生活，用于生活。在数学教学中，从学生的生活实际出发，让生活经验当“脚手架”，在数学和生活之间架起桥梁，学生一定会亲近数学，运用数学的意识也会越来越强。在小学数学教学中，如果能够根据小学生的认知特点，将数学知识与学生的生活实
际紧密结合，那么，在他们的眼里，数学将是一门看得见、摸得着、用得上的学科，不再是枯燥乏味的数字游戏。这样，学生学起来自然感到亲切、真实，这也有利于培养学生用数学眼光来观察周围事物的兴趣、态度和意识。对于学生更好地认识数学，学好数学，培养能力，发展智力，促进综合素质的发展，具有重要的意义。因此，作为教师要善于结合课堂教学内容，捕捉生活中的数学现象，挖掘数学知识的生活内涵。 一、从生活到数学 《数学课程标准》强调数学教学必须注意从学生熟悉的生活情境和感兴趣的事物出发，使孩子们有更多机会从周围熟悉的事物中学习数学、理解数学。让学生感受到数学就在他们的周围。因此，我们要善于从学生已有的生活经验出发，创设感悟、有趣的教学情景，强化学生的感性认识，丰富学生的学习过程，引导学生在情境中观察、操作、交流，使学生感受数学与日常生活的密切联系，感受数学在生活中的作用；加深对数学的理解，并运用数学知识解决现实问题。如我在教学《长方体的认识》时，课前安排学生收集日常生活中各种各样有长方体的实物，课堂中让学生展示自己收集到的实物，然后让学生仔细观察这些实物有什么共同点，并组织讨论、交流，抽象出长方体的特征，以学生熟悉的生活实际为切入点创设开放式的活动情境，通过找一找、比一比、摸一摸、说一说的实践活动，调动学生的多种感官参与教学过程，使学生对长方体的认识有形象感知过渡到建立表象的层面，学完这节课后，又组织学生探索生活中长方体的运用及好处。
教科版五年级科学下学期 期末考试试卷及答案 1、拿一个带塞的玻璃瓶，塞紧塞子，放入水中，瓶子不会沉入水中，下列方法不可能使瓶子下沉的是（ ） A 、在瓶子中装满水 B 、在瓶子中装满沙 C 、在瓶子中塞满棉花 D 、把瓶塞拿掉 2．（ ）能使橡皮泥在水中不下沉。 Ａ将橡皮泥捏成球体 Ｂ将橡皮泥捏成正方体 Ｃ将橡皮泥捏成空心船形 Ｄ将橡皮泥捏成椭圆球体 3．小明在水中和地上搬同一块石头时，（ ） A. 在水中用的力比在地面上用的力要大一些。 B. 在水中用的力比在地面上用的力要大一些。 C. 在水中用的力比在地面上用的力要大一些。 4．石头沉在水底时，它受到的浮力（ ）它受到的重力。 A.大于 B.等于 C.小于 5．大多数的金属会热胀冷缩，可是有两种金属是热缩冷胀，它们是（ ）。 A 、锑和铁 B 、铋和金 C 、锑和金 D 、锑和铋 6．热传递主要是通过（ ）三种方式实现的。 一、我能选择正确答案（选择正确答案的序号填在括号里，每小题2分，共20分）
A 、热传导、对流和热辐射 B 、热传导、对流和热交换 C 、热传导、热交换和热辐射 D 、热交换、对流和热辐射 7．根据单摆的（ ）人们制成了摆钟。 A 、摆幅 B 、次数 C 、等时性 D 、摆钟的长 8．一个摆每分钟摆动80次，为了减少成每分钟60次，应该（ ）。 A 、减少摆锤的重量 B 、增加摆锤的重量 C 、减少摆绳的长度 D 、增加摆绳的长度 9．日心说和地心说的共同特点是（ ） A 、太阳不动，其它围绕着太阳转 B 、地球不动，其它围着地球转 C 、地球是球体 10．我国处于夏季时，太阳光直射（ ）。 A 、东半球 B 、西半球 C 、南半球 D 、北半球 1．地轴是倾斜的，倾斜的角度是23度。 （ ） 2．四季的成因与地轴的倾斜有关。 （ ） 3．人们通过太空望远镜，人造卫星能观察到地球确实在公转。 4．摆钟的出现大大提高了时间的精确度。（ ） 5．许多液体受热以后体积会膨胀，受冷以后体积会缩小。（ ） 6.长跑、锻炼身体能使我们的身体产生热量。（ ） 7．下沉的物体有的受到水的浮力，有的没受到水的浮力。（ ） 8．船身的重量越小，船内的空间越大，则船载的货物就越多。（ ） 9．把一块橡皮泥做成不同的形状，它的质量没有发生变化，但它在水中的沉浮可能发生变化。（ ） 二、我会正确判断（下列说法，你认为对的打“√”，错的打 “×”，每小题2分，共20分）
牛角圩小学一年级上册培优补差个案分析个案基本情况：陈紫涵，女，和祖父母、母亲住在一起。父亲工作比较忙，主要是由母亲负起教育的责任。母亲的性格比较急，教育孩子常动辄就批评。祖父母也参与到对孩子的教育中，但方法与母亲截然不同，采取比较爱护，包庇的措施。形成她对祖父母是比较依赖的。 日常行为表现学习方面：周海乐的学习积极性不高，在课堂上，从不举手发言，不会主动参与到课堂上的小组讨论中，还常常不自觉地在搞小动作。做作业的时候，精神不集中，常会呆呆地坐着胡思乱想或搞小动作，写字的速度慢，每天的作业很晚才能完成，常会欠交作业。人际交往方面：性格比较胆小、怕事，不会主动与人交往，只是和坐在一起的几位同学来往，交往的圈子窄。生活上的事情，基本能完成，但动作很慢，所耗时长，在收拾书包，排队等等，常常会落在全班的最后。 诊断分析：周海乐的家庭的文化素质比较低，但由于家庭的教育方式也简单，造成她一方面在妈妈的呵斥下没有建立起应有的自信心，觉得做什么事情自己都是错的，清楚知道提问的答案也不敢说出，有时甚至不去思考（反正都是错的）。在不断感受失败，正是在这一恶性循环的过程中, 她的学习困难随着教育时间的延续越积越多, 缺乏自信心，缺乏学习积极性也就成为必然的；另一方面，在爷爷奶奶的包庇下，依赖心理比较严重。 辅导过程： 1、老师的帮助使她建立起自信的大厦。我首先主动找她聊天，说说她感兴趣的话题。我还鼓励她在课堂上大胆发言。2、加强与家长的联系，共同探讨教育孩子的措施。不同的孩子，就要采取不同的教育方法。3、通过友谊的力量，促进她走向新的台阶。我把她编排在一个比较活跃，上进的小组内，让小组成员带动雷雅欣的进步。 孩子天生喜欢给别人赞扬，周海乐现在开始减少对老师的恐惧感，在师生的聊天中，能放松地、完整地表达自己的想法。这次单元考试及格了，知道成绩后十分高兴，自信心也在成功之中逐渐建立起。 2015年12月 牛角圩小学一年级下册培优补差个案分析
浅析小学数学与生活的联系 《新课程标准》要求小学数学要源于生活，贴近生活，注重学生的自主探究水平培养。现在教学的例题不再是以往不可捉摸的、抽象、游离于生活之外的应用题或文字题，已变成了各种形象生动、鲜活直观的生活情境：买东西、去旅游、做游戏、找规律等等事例；像这样，多方面的提升教材层次，就使得原本抽象的数学就变得生动有趣。我们教师使用起这样好玩的教材教学，使所有的学生都能感到特别有兴趣。 一、贴近生活，让数学变得富有魅力生活离不开数学，数学离不开生活。数学知识源于生活而最终服务于生活。在教学中要力求从学生熟悉的生活世界出发，选择学生身边的的事物，提出相关的数学问题，以激发学生的兴趣与动机。使学生初步感受数学与日常生活的密切联系，并能学以致用。例如：在教学完人民币的理解这个课后，让学生用自己带来的各种用品创办小小商店，让学生相互合作共同完成购物活动。在活动的过程中，提出问题解决问题。这时的教学已不再是单纯的＂掌握知识＂，而是升华到了一个新的境界--情感、态度、价值观的实现。教学意义已大大超越了教材本身了。对于小学生来说，数学是他们对生活中数学现象的解读。书本数学是对生活数学的提炼，也是给学生学习生活数学提供一种视角，搭建一座平台。丰富多彩的现实世界理应是学生学习数学的背景。我们应从学生熟悉的人、熟悉的事入手，体现给学生的学习材料应具有现实性、趣味性、挑战性。所以，学生会产生强烈的探究欲望，并迫不及待地投入到知识的
建构活动。数学也所以变得富有魅力。 二、自主探索，让学生体验研究的乐趣 教师在教学过程中不是日复一日持续的教给学生新知识，而是为了教给学生学习的方法，使学生懂得用已学的方法去学习新知识、解决新问题。在新教材中，增强心算、允许估算，计算上，像5＋8＝要求尊重学生的想法，鼓励学生独立思考，提倡计算方法的多样化。有的学生发现了5＋8其实用8＋5来想更好，把5拿来分成2和3；有的学生认为刚学了9＋5＝用它来推算出结果更简单；更有学生掰起手指头一手比8，一手比5，重叠的是3，那就是13。在我们看来有的似乎不能够理解，但在学生的应用中它们却很自如，原因源于这些都是他们的真实体验，多样化的知识由此产生。让学生成为课堂上真正的主人。 弗来登塔尔认为：学习数学唯一准确的方法是让学生实行再创造，教师的任务是引导、协助学生实行这种再创造的工作，而不是把现成的东西灌输给学生。教材知识的表现方式是单一的、静态的，而学生获取的方式却是多样的、动态的。作为一名教师在教学中应充当一名组织者，提供学习材料，提出学习要求；充当一名引导者，提示研究方向，引导学生朝着有意义的方向去做；充当一名合作者，教师成为学生中的一员，与学生平等交流，相互分享彼此的思考、见解和知识。师生互动，生生互动，使每一位学生在有限的时间内都能得到锻炼与表现。
教科版五年级科学下册期末试卷及答案 一、我的填空（每格1分，共20分） 1.古埃及人最早把一天分为（）小时，其中夜晚 （）小时，白昼（）小时。 2.物体在水中会受到（）的作用，方向是 （），和重力的方向相反。 3.我们把物体在水中排开水的体积叫做（）。 4.古代的人们利用流水来计时,通常水钟有（）和（）两类。 5.（）是一种能比较液体轻重的仪器。 6.热可以沿着物体传递，从温度（）的部分传向温度 （）的部分，直到（），这种传热方法叫（）。 7.不同物体的传热（）不一样，容易传热的物体叫 （），一般是（）材料制成的。比如 （）.（）等，不容易传热的材料叫（），有（）等。 二、我的判断（每题2分，共20分） 1.水里只要溶解了其他物质，马铃薯一定能浮起来。（） 2.毛衣产生的热量比衬衫产生的热量 多。（） 3.人们在观星时发现，天上的星星每天围绕着北极星顺时针旋 转。 ( ) 4.将铁块放入水中时，因为铁块没有受到水的浮力，所以沉在水底。 （） 5.潜水艇是靠改变自己的体积来自由沉浮 的。（） 6.通过对水和油的热胀冷缩现象的观察，我们得出了所有液体都有热胀冷缩的性质。（）
7.乌鲁木齐比北京先迎来黎明。（） 8.在水中搬石头比在陆地上搬同样大小的石头要省 力。（） 9.“傅科摆”可以证明地球在自 转。（） 10.橡皮在水中是沉的，把橡皮切成四分之一大小放入水中就是浮的。（） 三.我的选择（每题2，共28分） 1.塑料在（）中会沉。 A.清水 B.盐水 C.食用油 2.自行车爆胎多发生在什么时间？（） A.春天 B.夏天 C.冬天 3.原来浮起来的马铃薯，可以用什么方法让它沉下去。（） A.加糖水 B.加盐水 C.加清水 4.下面那种情况物体排开的水量最大（） 图1 图2 图3 A.图1 B.图3 C.图2和图3 5.测得某物体在空气中的重量为50克，浸没在水中时的重量为35克，那么这 个物体放在水中会（）。 A.下沉 B.上浮 C.停在水中任何深度 的地方 6.石头沉在水底时，它受到的浮力（）它受到的重力。 A.大于 B.等于 C.小于 7.地球绕太阳公转一周的时间是（）。 A.24小时 B.一个月 C.一年8.300毫升水的滴漏实验中，前10毫升水和最后10毫升水滴得速度比较（）
培优补差个案跟踪分析 一.个案简介： 陈行健，女，14岁，和姨夫姨妈生活在一起。父亲工作比较忙，母亲又远在海南从事渔具经营，主要是由其姨夫姨妈承担教育责任。该生性格活泼，聪明伶俐，学习自觉性高，有吃苦耐劳精神，英语、数学、物理等学科成绩拔尖，但语文一直是该生各学科中的拖腿科目，历次教学质量检测成绩均不理想（满分150分，考试总在90分左右）。 二. 诊断分析： 陈行健同学的家庭文化素质比较高。父亲陈宝华，80年代中期中专毕业，公务员身份；母亲王邦梅，初中文化；承担其教育责任的姨夫80年代中期大学专科毕业，一直从事中学语文教育教学工作。但由于该生语文基础差，对语文学习缺乏浓厚的兴趣，不注重阅读和写作练习，也缺少听说锻炼，因而成绩一直不够理想。 三.培补目标 扎实有效地内化该生的听说读写能力，全方位地提升该生的语文素养，力争在本期其中和期末质量检测中使该生的语文成绩达到优秀等次。
四.培补措施 1.激发兴趣，树立信心。兴趣是最好的老师。为了让她对语文学科发生浓厚的兴趣，我特别关注她在课堂上的一举一动，时常鼓励她积极地同文本对话，同同伴对话，大胆地同老师对话。上课时，我往往针对她的理解层面设计一些由浅入深的问题，引导她踊跃回答，让她觉得语文学习入门不难，取得成绩也是完全能够办得到的。 2.同桌牵手，展开帮扶。我与其班主任老师取得联系，安排语文学习能力较强的同学与其同桌共坐，让同桌对其在语文学习的过程中遇到的疑难问题进行解答，帮助她漫步语文学习的殿堂，遨游语文学习的瀚海。 3.诱导阅读，引领积累。我充分利用课余时间，定期找她谈话，借以引导她通过广泛的阅读，博采众长，深入积累，以求聚沙成塔。期中考试前，我有意识地引导她阅读了七年级、八年级阶段《课标》要求阅读的中外名著，敦促她严格按照“五个一”的内容（一天背一首或一篇古诗文、一天读一篇美文、一天写一篇日记、一周看一部影视剧、一周做一份试卷）开展语文学习活动。 4.开展活动，彰显才能。为了让她更好地在丰富多彩的语文活动中学语文、用语文进而提升语文能力，我有意识地引导她积极参加班级和学校组织开展的各种语文实践活动，诸如让她参加作文竞赛和语
小学数学与生活的密切联系 新的一轮课程改革，进一步促使数学生活化，数学与生活进一步接轨是指从学生的已有经验 出发，让学生亲身经历将实际问题抽象成数学模型并进行解释与应用过程。数学源于生活， 生活中又充满着数学。因此，数学教学内容应力求从学生熟悉的生活情境出发设计数学问题，让学生真正体验数学与生活的关系，从而实现“人人学有价值的数学；人人都能获得必需的数学”。为此，教师要经常引导学生提供他们所熟悉的经验，充分利用学生现有的知识经验和他们所熟悉的事物组织教学，把学生的生活经验课堂化，将抽象的数学转化为有趣、生动、易 于理解的事物，贴近生活，这就要求小学数学教学要与生活进一步接轨。 一、数学情境与生活 教师将学生熟悉的生活情境和感兴趣的问题作为数学活动的切入点，能让学生感到数学来自 于生活，生活中处处有数学，增强学习的好奇和兴趣，从而进入一个良好的学习状态。在日 常教学中，用学生熟悉的生活经验作教学实例，利用学生已有的生活经验学习数学知识。 如：在教学《分桃子》一课时，我创设情境：先要求每个学生拿出9个桃子放在盘子里，每 盘放的个数一样多，有几种放法，可以放几盘？当学生操作完之后，从中选择五种：（1） 每盘放3个，9÷3=3（盘）；（2）每盘放9个，9÷9=1（盘）；（3）每盘放2个，9÷2=4（盘），多1个；（4）每盘放4个，9÷4=2（盘）多1个；（5）每盘放5个，9÷5=1（盘） 多4个。接下来引导学生观察上面五个除法式子，并提问：可分成几种情况；学生于是很快 的观察到：一类正好分完，另一类分完后还有剩余的。于是老师再画龙点睛地指出，正好分 完的除法和除法算式，这是我们以前学过的；分了以后还剩余的算式，我们就把它叫做“有余数的除法”，这样创设生活情景，可以使课堂教学更接近现实生活，使学生身临其境，轻松的接受新知识。 二、数学理解与生活 生活是数学的源泉，生活中更是充满着数学问题。善于捕捉生活现象，沟通数学知识与生活 实际的联系，把生活中的问题逐步抽象成为数学问题，是激发学生学习兴趣，并使之产生学 习需要的有效方法。新的课程标准更多地强调学生用数学的眼光从生活中捕捉数学问题，探 索数学规律，主动地运用数学知识分析生活现象，自主地解决生活中的实际问题。在教学中 我们要善于从学生的生活中抽象数学问题，从学生的已有生活经验出发，设计学生感兴趣的 生活素材以丰富多彩的形式展现给学生，使学生感受到数学与生活的联系——数学无处不在，生活处处有数学。 如：在教学两位数乘法后，安排这样一个数学问题，学校组织师生去公园游玩。老师28人，小朋友150人。公园门口写着：门票成人每人30元，学生每人15元，团体30人以上每人 20人。请同学们设计一种你认为最好的购票方案。对这个问题，不同的学生有不同的设计方案： 1、全买团体票：（28+150）×20=3560元 2、不买团体票：28×30+150×15=3090元 3、一部分买团体票，一部分不买：（28+2）×20+（150－2）×15=2820元 通过不同的方案的比较，培养学生应用数学知识理财的意识。 三、日常生活“数学化” 孩子们的知识应该是在对话中形成，在交流中重组，在共享中倍增。在今天的“课堂超市”环 节中，这一切体现得淋漓尽致。如：我先出示了文具价目表：篮球95元/个，排球50元/个，
第1页,共42页 第2页,共42页 密 线 学校 班级 姓名 学号 密 封 线 内 不 得 答 题 五年级上学期科学期末考试试卷 一、选择题。 1.在“种子发芽实验”中，我们要对“绿豆种子发芽是否需要土壤”进行研究时，需要改变的条件是（ ）。 A.水分 B.阳光 C.土壤 2.下列选项中，不属于生物对环境适应现象的是（ ）。 A.温带地区的许多植物冬季出现落叶现象 B.热带雨林地区降水量充沛 C.生活在沙漠地区的仙人掌叶变为刺状 3.下列各组物体中，都属于光源的是（ ）。 A.镜子、打火机 B.太阳、火柴 C.萤火虫、恒星 4.把土壤放到盛水的杯子里搅拌后，微粒按颗粒从小到大的顺序排列，正确的是（ ）。 A.黏土——粉沙——沙——砂砾 B.砂砾——粉沙——黏土——沙 C.粉沙——沙——砂砾——黏土 5.看图选出说法正确的一项（ ）。 A.蚯蚓会向背阴的地方爬行 B.蚯蚓会向向阳的地方爬行 C.蚯蚓会在中间不动 6.小明想把太阳光聚集起来，利用（ ）可以最快获得高温来加热。 A.凹透镜和凸透镜 B.凹透镜和凸面镜 C.凹面镜和凸透镜 7.清晨，小明测得旗杆影子的长度为6.5米，两个小时后，旗杆的影子长度可能为（ ）。 A.8米 B.5米 C.6．5米 8.水土流失不会引起（ ）。 A.破坏土壤肥力 B.阻塞河道 C.形成高山 9.小车在4秒走了10厘米，如果想让小车6秒走10厘米，可以（ ）。 A.加大拉力 B.减小拉力 C.减小摩擦力 10.深圳市市花勒杜鹃随处可见，红艳艳，火红一片，我们看到的勒杜鹃之所以是红色的，是因为（ ）。 A.勒杜鹃花瓣能发出红光 B.勒杜鹃花瓣能反射阳光中的红光 C.勒杜鹃花瓣能吸收光的红光 11.小明把一个苹果挂在弹簧测力计下端，指针所指刻度如图所示。此苹果的拉力为（ ）。
培优补差个案 潘径小学许美英 一、个案基本情况： 周婷婷，女，和祖父母、父母住在一起。父亲工作比较忙，主要是由母亲负起教育的责任。母亲的性格比较急，教育孩子常动辄就批评。祖父母也参与到对孩子的教育中，但方法与母亲截然不同，采取比较爱护，包庇的措施。形成她对祖父母是比较依赖的。 二、日常行为表现 学习方面：周婷婷的学习积极性不高，在课堂上，从不举手发言，不会主动参与到课堂上的小组讨论中，还常常不自觉地在搞小动作（最爱摆弄的就是爷爷奶奶，外公外婆送的一些高级的文具）。做作业的时候，精神不集中，常会呆呆地坐着胡思乱想或搞小动作，写字的速度慢，每天的作业很晚才能完成，常会欠交作业。 人际交往方面：周婷婷性格比较胆小、怕事，不会主动与人交往，只是和坐在一起的几位同学来往，交往的圈子窄。常常借一些文具给同学，但从来不要求别人还。同学拿了自己的东西也不会告诉老师 自理方面：生活上的事情，基本能完成，但动作很慢，所耗时长，在收拾书包，排队等等，常常会落在全班的最后。由于每天完成作业已经很晚了，常常是由母亲帮忙收拾书包。跟母亲走在一起，也是常被落在后面，母亲走走停停地等。 三、诊断分析： 周婷婷的家庭的文化素质比较高，但由于家庭的教育方式不一致，造成她一方面在妈妈的呵斥下没有建立起应有的自信心，觉得做什么事情自己都是错的，清楚知道提问的答案也不敢说出，有时甚至不去思考（反正都是错的）。周婷婷在不断感受失败，正是在这一恶性循环的过程中, 她的学习困难随着教育时间的延续越积越多, 缺乏自信心，缺乏学习积极性也就成为必然的；另一方面，在爷爷奶奶的包庇下，依赖心理比较严重。 四、辅导过程： 1、老师的帮助使她建立起自信的大厦。第一次接触周婷婷，让我特别留意她，她与其他的同学很不一样，总是不说话，只是在旁边微微地笑，我主动找她聊天，她也是羞羞答答地捂着嘴巴，小声地说话，完全没有一个二年级女同学的那种调皮，开朗的感觉。我首先主动找她聊天，说说她感兴趣的话题，例如流行的卡通人物，一些新奇的文具的使用、谈谈亲人。在轻松的聊天中，孩子对老
教科版五年级科学下册复习题及答案 卷一 一、我来填：（每格2分，共30分） 1、地球自转的方向是自西向东，地球公转的方向是自西向东。 2、我国古代把一昼夜分为12 时辰，每个时辰相当于现在的 2 个小时。 3、我国采用的统一时间叫北京时间。 4、把泡沫塑料块往水中压，手能感受到泡沫塑料块有一个__向上_的力，我们把这个力称为__水的浮力________。 5、一般物体在受热时体积___膨胀____，受冷时体积___缩小____，我们把 物体的这种变化叫做____热胀冷缩______。 6、物体的沉与浮与物体的___体积_____、__重量____、___材料___等因素有关。 7、热总是从__较热_______的一端向__较冷_______的一端传递。 二、我来判断：（正确的打√，错误的打×。每题1分，共15分） （× ）1、时间流逝的速度是有快慢的。 （√）2、货船从长江进入大海，船身会上浮一些。 （×）3、自然界中所有的物体具有热胀冷缩的性质。 （×）4、冬天多穿衣服后身体感觉暖和了，是因为衣服里有很多热。 （√ ）5、极地一年中有长长的白天或长长的黑夜现象。 （√ ）6、坐在向前行驶的汽车里，会看到两边的树木、房屋在向后移动。 （×）7、世界各地新年的钟声都是同时敲响的。 （×）8、钢铁造的桥通常都架在滚轴上，滚轴的作用是让车开起来更稳一些。 （× ）9、物体在水中下沉，是因为物体没有受到水的浮力的作用。 （×）10、乒乓球凹进去了，放在热水里泡一泡会重新鼓起来，是由于塑料具有热胀冷缩的性质。
（√）11、午时三刻表示中午11点到下午1点。 √ ）12、相同的盐水要比清水重一些。 （√）13、大小、形状相同的物体，重的容易沉，轻的容易浮。 （√）14、铜砝码能漂浮在水银上。 （× ）15、冷水变热后，体积会变大，重量也增加了。 三、我来选择：（每题1分，共18分） 1、影响摆快慢的因素是…………………………（ B ） A、摆锤的重量 B、摆绳的长度 C、摆动的幅度 2、下面最先迎来黎明的城市是…………………………（ B ） A、北京 B、上海 C、乌鲁木齐 3、“傅科摆”可以证明…………………………（ A ） A、地球自转 B、地球公转 C、地球公转的同时自转 4、以下方法中，改变物体的（ C ），不能改变物体沉浮状态。 A、自身的重量 B、体积 C、颜色 5、地球仪上连接南北两极，指示南北方向的线叫做………………（ C ） A、赤道 B、纬线 C、经线 6、古代人们制作的利用太阳来计量时间的仪器是…………………… （ A ） A、日晷 B、浑天仪 C、滴漏 7、保温材料能起到保温作用是因为：（ B） A、这些材料能生热 B、这些材料料是热的不良导体 、这些材料完全不传热
浅谈加强小学数学与生活的联系 在小学数学教学中，如果能够根据小学生的认知特点，将数学知识与学生的生活实际紧密结合，那么在他们的眼里，数学将是一门看得见、摸得着、用得上的学科，不再是枯燥乏味的数字游戏。这样学生学起来自然感到亲切、真实，这也有利于培养学生用数学眼光来观察周围事物的兴趣、态度和意识。对于学生更好地认识数学，学好数学，培养能力，发展智力，促进综合素质的发展，具有重要的意义。因此，作为教师要善于结合课堂教学内容，捕捉生活中的数学现象，挖掘数学知识的生活内涵。 学教学与社会生活相接轨,在传授数学知识和训练数学能力的过程中,教师自然而然地注入生活内容,在参与关心学生生活过程中,教师引导学生学会运用所学知识为自己生活服务。这样的设计,不仅贴近学生的生活,符合学生的需要心理,使他们将数学知识和实际生活联系得更紧密，而且，也会激起学生探求新知的强烈愿望。比如，在教学“分数的初步认识”时，我结合集市上卖鸡蛋的场景来导入鸡蛋的价格随着市场的变化而变化，有时0.5 元一个，有时0.6 元一个，有时2元钱买三个……你知道这时的鸡蛋是多少钱一个吗？再如，在引出“负数”这一新知的时候,我以观看当天的天气预报引入:在学生收看了天气预报后,提出“那温度最低是0 度吗?”通过学生的回答,自然地引出了“负数” ,通过类似与生活密切相关的问题,可以帮助学生认识到数学与生活有着密切的联系,从而体会到学好数学对于我们的生活有很大的帮助,无形当中产生了学习数学的动力。
二、结合学生生活实际，学习新知。数学是一门抽象性很强的学科，而小学生的思维是以形象性为主，因此为了使他们能比较轻松的掌握数学规律，在课堂教学中，我力求创设与教学内容有关的生活情景。把学生引入生活实际中来，让他们在实际操作中，通过观察和实践来理解数学概念，掌握数学方法，逐步培养学生抽象、概括、比较、分析和综合的能力。例如，在教学“分数大小的比较”例7（分子相同分母不同的分数大小的比较）时,我把例题变成一道联系班级实际的问题:大家都知道第一组有12 个同学,请大家把他们排成一排, 然后平均分成3 份,每份人数占第一组人数的几分之几?把他们平均分成 2 份,每份人数占第一组人数的几分之几?哪份人数多?结果学生轻而易举地解决了问题。由于学生亲身体验了数学过程,学生易于接受、理解,学习数学的积极性也大大增强了。又如，在教学《轴对称图形》时,我出示学生熟悉的徽标、蝴蝶等图形,让学生观察,探索一些图案中蕴涵的轴对称关系,引导学生讨论图形具有的性质,还可以让学生以互相提问的方式列举生活中的“轴对称图形” ,指导学生讨论飞机设计时为什么要采用轴对称?有何意义? 使学生在获得知识的同时,提高了对数学价值的认识。 三、挖掘现实生活素材，巩固新知。数学知识需要得以巩固，才能使学生牢固掌握并熟练应用。在教学中，如果能结合具体的生活实际问题进行练习或实践，可以培养学生解决实际问题的能力，使学生在将数学应用于实践的过程中，创新意识和创新能力得到逐步培养。如在设计数学活动:测量校园中旗杆的高度,首先要求学生根据自己选