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WER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became 1 in a variety of aerobic activities, and 2 thousands of health spas 3 around the country to capitalize on his 4 interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed 5 to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their 6 was not on aerobics, 7 on weighttraining programs designed to develop muscular mass, 8 , and endurance in their primarily male 9 . These fitness spas did not seem to benefit 10 from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weighttraining programs 11 few, if 12, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly 13 for males and for females. Many 14 programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.
15, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health related reasons, but primarily 16 such fitness components have been related to 17 in athletics. 18, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health 19 as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now 20 that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.
1.[A] imposed [B] engaged [C] confined [D] illustrated
2.[A] affluently [B] eligibly [C] gorgeously [D] literally
3.[A] enhanced [B] manifested [C] developed [D] established
4.[A] emerging [B] hovering [C] intriguing [D] mingling
5.[A] prior [B] entitled [C] liable [D] subjected
6.[A] action [B] focus [C] cement [D] snap
7.[A] or [B] or else [C] and [D] but rather
8.[A] strength [B] nutrition [C] tolerance [D] ambition
9.[A] practitioners [B] enthusiasts [C] referees [D] recipients
10.[A] financially [B] particularly [C] legitimately [D] excessively
11.[A] presented [B] offered [C] indicated [D] demonstrated
12.[A] something [B] some [C] anything [D] any
13.[A] popular [B] vigorous [C] intelligible [D] formidable
14.[A] current [B] primit
ive [C] uneven [D] incredible
15.[A] Practically [B] Eventually [C] Essentially [D] Historically
16.[A] because [B] in only [C] although [D] now that
17.[A] performance [B] harassment [C] identification [D] portrayal
18.[A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] However [D] Anyway
19.[A] advantages [B] benefits [C] interests [D] profits
20.[A] recommends [B] reassures [C] speculates [D] mediates
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Gene therapy and genebased drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.
While it’s true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when socalled stem cells haven’t begun to specialize.
Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells — brain cells in Alzheimer’s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.
It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can’t be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stemcell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.
The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a fullfledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.
For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years
. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.
Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miracle cure.”
21.The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will
[A] aggravate moral issues of human cloning.
[B] bring great benefits to human beings.
[C] help scientists decode body instructions.
[D] involve employing surgical instruments.
22.The word “rejuvenated” (Para. 5) most probably means
[A] modified. [B] re-collected. [C] classified. [D] reactivated.
23.The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show
[A] the isolation of stem cells. [B] the effects of gene therapies.
[C] the advantages of human cloning. [D] the limitations of tissue replacements.
24.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.
[B] The isolation of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.
[C] It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.
[D] Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.
25.Towards the genetic research, the author’s attitude can best be said to be that of
[A] Frustration. [B] Indifference. [C] Amazement. [D] Opposition.
Text 2
What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society’s present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer’s epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.
Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of wellbeing, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that wou
ld counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by selfconsciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for”. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.
Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth — a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness — in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.
26.In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in
[A] the nonexistence of consensus on the forms of the society should take.
[B] the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life.
[C] the nonacceptance of a society based on individual diversity.
[D] the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline.
27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from
[A] the absence of a common religion and ancestry.
[B] the multiracial constituents of the US society.
[C] the want of a shared myths they possess in life.
[D] the counterbalance to narcissistic personality.
28.Homer’s epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to
[A] exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.
[B] illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society.
[C] show an ideal stage of eternal social progress.
[D] make known myths of what a society ought to be.
29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans
[A] to bring about the uniformity of their culture.
[B] to regain their consensus about a common experience.
[C] to stay away from negative feelings in their life.
[D] to counteract the effects of consensus about society.
30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably
[A] a reform advoca
te.[B] a senior psychologist.
[C] a reputed poet.[D] a social historian.
Text 3
The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.
Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.
Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.
Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.
The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report’s recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.
31.According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is
[A] constructive. [B] significant. [C] inconclusive. [D] detrimental.
32
.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may
[A] do harm to younger generations. [B] end up with few or no benefits.
[C] give play to their potentials. [D] shed light on social trends.
33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that
[A] there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future.
[B] baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output.
[C] government policies concerning older people are out-dated.
[D] older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits.
34.When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street”, the writer
[A] is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled.
[B] is calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortage.
[C] is refuting a notion about experienced workers’ early retirement.
[D] is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies.
35.Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be
[A] to advocate radically reforming government policies.
[B] to take into account the benefits upon retirement.
[C] to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in.
[D] to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees.
Text 4
The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444—1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli’s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when antiacademic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli’s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)
The primary reason for Botticelli’s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.
Another reason for Botticelli’s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that
a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.
In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli’s work to the tradition of fifteenthcentury Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli’s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli’s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines — features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves — rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home’s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli’s achievements.
36.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals.
[B] Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation.
[C] The History of Critics’ Responses to Art Works.
[D] Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study.
37.We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of
[A] suppressing painters’ art initiatives.[B] favoring a Botticelli’s best paintings.
[C] rejecting traditional art characteristics.[D] undervaluing Botticelli’s achievements.
38.The views of Vasari and Home on Botticelli’s products are
[A] identical. [B] complementary. [C] opposite. [D] similar.
39.The word “connoisseurs” (Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement.
[B] people who are in favor of Florentine.
[C] critics who are likely to make assessments.
[D] conservatives clinging to classical art.
40.What does the author think of Botticelli’s representation skills?
[A] They are to be fully appreciated.[B] They evolve from an uncertain source.
[C] They underlie his personality.[D] They conform to the classical style.
Part B
本部分内容请参见 Part B（一）
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
All U.S. nuclear weapo
ns production facilities are presently closed down, and if the various agreements are adhered to, those facilities will never be required except for one critical capability. All modern nuclear weapons use uranium (铀), plutonium(钚), and tritium(氚). Uranium and plutonium have very long half-lives, and there is large surplus of these materials.
Tritium, however, has a relatively short half-life of about 12.6 years, so about 5 percent of the amount on hand must be replaced each year to maintain the current inventory. (46) Because of the large retirement of nuclear weapons by the United States in compliance with early agreements and national policy, tritium from retired weapons has been used to make up that lost through natural decay. (47) However, in about 10 to 15 years, depending on future negotiations, the United States will need a guaranteed supply of tritium to maintain its stockpile at whatever level is agreed on.
In anticipation of this future need to produce tritium, Defense Office Executive is pursuing two technologies. One uses a nuclear reactor that could also produce electricity whose sale would recover not only the capital cost of the reactor but also its annual operational cost. (48) Unfortunately, the present Administration has a definite bias against nuclear power, so an alternative method is also being pursued even though it is agreed that it will cost twice as much as a reactor and use as much electricity as a reactor would produce. This technology uses an accelerator to produce high-energy protons that in turn produce neutrons.
The main argument for the accelerator is that it produces no conventional nuclear wastes. (49) Proponents readily admit that it will produce radioactive materials, but with a relatively short halflife compared with that of wastes from spent nuclear fuel. The fact that the accelerator will require the equivalent of a nuclear power plant to supply its electricity is ignored.
(50) Proponents also neglect to mention that about 22 percent of all electrical energy generated in the United States comes from nuclear power plants, so that 22 percent of the power used by the accelerator will generate conventional nuclear wastes, in addition to those the accelerator produces. There is an alternative to either the reactor or the accelerator, which is simply to buy the required tritium from Canada or Russia.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.
Direction:You have bought a brand-new computer in a store. But much to your disappointment, it could not be properly operated when you got it back. Write a letter to the manager,
1) giving complaints,
2) describing the problems,
3) and asking for some compensations.
Part B
52.
Direction:
A cry for Nature Conservation
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 200 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly o
n ANSWER SHEET 2.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1) describe the cartoon
2) interpret the message conveyed in the picture
3) and give your suggestions to remedy the situation
Part B (一)
Sample One
Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated. Of course, it’s easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man’s knowledge. (41).
However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. (42) . And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and premodern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato’s theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable.
(43) .
(44) . History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that “God is dead”, could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato.
I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly longwinded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, and must not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences. (45) . Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives.
[A] In my view, application of Kant’s epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing test.
[B] Rather, philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, Philosophy should be the flagship of the group.
[C] And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worr
y about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment.
[D] After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing; psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology; various “soft” sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethnics, and so on.
[E] Although some philosophical people are not necessarily considered as philosophers today，whose work was influential and instrumental in developing one of the social sciences ( psychology, sociology, political science, education) or in advancing theoretical science (what is now called philosophy of science).
[F] And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory.
[G] And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time.
Sample Two
Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting? Perhaps 10% of primetime network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television movies rich in human values, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we want to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.
[B] Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has become the in thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanitas Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.
[C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignly free, joyously loving human being God made the
m to be. Meaning, freedom and lovethe supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.
[D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. In the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC’s abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an almost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country’s entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censorship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.
[E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight.
[F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America’s entertainment.
[G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educator, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation’s entertainment.
Order:
G 41 42 43 44 45 F
Sample Three
Direction:You are going to read a text about New Rules for Landing a Job, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
When Nick A. Corcodilos started out in the headhunting business 20 years ago, he had a keen eye for tracking talent. From his base in Silicon Valley he would sen
d all-star performers to blue-chip companies like Xerox, IBM and General Electric. But while he would succeed in his part of the hunt, the job-seekers he located would often fail in theirs. They were striking out before, during or after the interview.
So instead of simply accounting for talent, Corcodilos began advising job candidates as well. He helped improve their success ratio by teaching them to pursue fewer companies, make the right contacts and deliver what companies are looking for in an interview. In his myth-busting book, Ask the Headhunter (Plume, 1997), Corcodilos has reinvented the rules of the job search, from preparation to interview techniques. Here are his six new principles for successful job hunting:
(41) Your resume is meaningless.
Headhunters know a resume rarely gets you inside a company. All it does is outline your past-largely irrelevant since it doesn’t demonstrate that you can do the work the hiring manager needs done.
(42) Don’t get lost in HR.
Headhunters try to get around the humanresources department whenever possible.
(43) The real matchmaking takes place before the interview.
A headhunter sends a candidate into an interview only if he or she is clearly qualified for the position. In your own job hunt, make the same effort to ensure a good fit. Know the parameters of the job when you walk into the interview. Research the company, finding out about its culture, goals, competitors.
Remember, the employer wants to hire you.
“A company holds interviews so it can find the best person for the job,” Corcodilos says. The manager will be ecstatic if that person turns out to be youbecause then he or she can stop interviewing and get back to work.
(44) Pretend the interview is your first day at work.
Most people treat an interview as if it were an interrogation. The employer asks questions, and the candidate gives answers. Headhunters go out of their way to avoid that scenario.
(45) Got an offer? Interview the company.
When an employer makes an offer, he does more than deliver a title and a compensation packagehe also cedes part of his control over the hiring process.
Once you get that offer, “You have the power,” says Corcodilos, to decide whether, and on what terms, you want to hire that company.
[A] Consider how Corcodilos coached Gerry Zagorski of Edison, N.J., who was pursuing an opening at AT & T. Zagorski walked over to the vice president’s marker board and outlined the company’s challenges and the steps he would take to increase its profits. Fifteen minutes later, as Zagorski wrote down his estimate of what he would add to the bottom line, he looked up at his interviewer.
[B] One of the best ways to learn about a company is to talk to people who work there. Kenton Green of Ann Arbor, Mich., used this technique while completing a doctoral program in electrical enginee
ring and optics at the University of Rochester: “I would find an article published by someone in my field who worked at a company I was interested in. Then I’d call that person and ask to talk, mention my employability and discuss the company’s needs. One of two things happened: I’d either get an interview or learn we weren’t a good match after all.”
[C] “Most HR departments create an infrastructure that primarily involves processing paper,” Corcodilos says. “They package, organize, file and sort you. Then, if you haven’t gotten lost in the shuffle, they might pass you on to a manager who actually knows what the work is all about. While the typical candidate is waiting to be interviewed by HR, the headhunter is on the phone, using a back channel to get to the hiring manager.”
[D] “At the outset of the interview, the employer controls the offer and the power that comes with it,” Corcodilos says. “But upon making an offer, he transfers that power to the candidate. This is a power few people in that situation realize they have. It’s the time for you to explore changing the offer to suit your goals and fully interview the company.”
[E] “The guy’s jaw was on the floor,” Corcodilos says. “He told Zagorski that finishing the interview wouldn’t be necessary. Instead, the VP brought in the rest of his team, and the meeting lasted for two hours.”
[F] “A resume leaves it up to employers to figure out how you can help their organization,” Corcodilos says. “That’s no way to sell yourself.”
Sample Four
Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Backlogs of History. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Passion for personal and familial archival collection.
[B] Reception of a hospital delivery bill.
[C] Overabundance of trivial personal documents.
[D] Explosion of public documents.
[E] It is imperative to put archival policies into perspective.
[F] What tactics should be adopted in document-saving?
One morning a few years ago an envelope arrived from my parents containing the bill from New Rochelle Hospital for my delivery, in 1952. The contents of a basement or attic were being culled, and the bill had turned up in one of the many cardboard reliquaries that have long lent a kind of ballast to my childhood home. The hospital’s total charge for a five-day stay including drugs and phone calls, came to $187.86. I was amazed at the cost, to be sure. But I was also struck by something else: that among all those decades’ worth of family documents my parents had looked through, the delivery bill was the only thing they thought of sufficient interest to pass along.
41
At some point most of us realize that having a personal archival strategy is an inescapable aspect of modern life: one has to draw the line somewhere. What should the policy be toward children’s drawings and report cards? Toward personal letters and magazine clippings? People work out answers to such questions, usually erring, I suspect, on the side of overaccrual of rubbish documents. Almost everyone seems to save — or “curate,” as archaeologist says — issues of National Geographic. That is why in garbage landfills copies of that magazine are rarely found in isolation; rather, they are found in herds, when an entire collection has been discarded after an owner has died or moved.
42
I happen to be an admirer of the archiving impulse and an inveterate archivist at the household level. Though not quite one of those people whom public-health authorities seem to run across every few years, with a house in which neatly bundled stacks of newspaper occupy all but narrow aisles, I do tend to save almost everything that is personal and familial, and even to supplement this private hoard with oddities of a more public nature — a calling card of Thomas Nast’s, for instance, and Kim Philby copy of the Joy of Cooking.
43
I cannot help wondering, though, whether as a nation we are compiling archives at a rate that will exceed anyone’s ability ever to make sense of them. A number of observers have cited the problem of “information overload” as if it were a recent development, largely the consequence of computers. In truth, the archive backlog has been a problem for millennia. Historians obviously have problems when information is scarce, but it’s not hard to see a very different problem emerging as source material becomes spectacularly overabundant.
44
Leave aside the task of assessing an entire epoch and consider what is required in purely physical terms to preserve even a single prominent person’s lifetime documentary output. Benjamin Disraeli’s correspondence survived down to the level of what today would be an Email message: “My darling, I shall be home for dinner at 1/2 pt 7. In haste, Your, Dis.” Woodrow Wilson left so much behind that the historian Arthur S. Link spent his entire career at Princeton University annotating and publishing Wilson’s personal papers, in sixtynine volumes.
45
Is it preposterous to begin thinking of some of our archives as the new tels? Tels are the mounds that layer upon layer of former cities make; they are everywhere in the Middle East, harboring the archaeological record of thousands of years of human history. But there are too many of them for more than a few ever to be excavated systematically and understanding what’s in even those few takes decades if not centuries.
Don’t get me wrong: I am not proposing that we discard any thing at all. One rarely knows in advance what will turn out to
be of interest or importance and what should have gone directly into the oubliette. It is always delightful when something is discovered. But information does have its natural predators, and it may be that sometimes natural processes work out for the best.
模拟考场十套模拟考场(一) 答案解析及参考译文
Section ⅠUse of English
篇章导读
本题属于时间叙事的文章。文章主题(Thesis Statement)是：“the fitness movement 健康运动”，作者从“aerobic exercise有氧运动，fitness spas健康温泉， weighttraining programs减肥训练程序，physicalfitness tests健康体能测试”等方面展开。解读时注意作者所持有的客观态度。
思路解析
1 【答案】[B]
【解析】“engage in 热忠于；沉迷于”。根据文章的一致性，上文提到的“centered around 围绕着”，即：“20世纪60年代末70年代初健康运动是围绕着有氧运动开始的”，所以“数百万的人就热忠于各种各样的有氧运动”，“engaged”与“centered around”形成一致。而选项[A]“impose in 把……强加给”，[C]“confine to/within 局限于”， [D]“举例说明”均不符合题意。
2 【答案】[D]
【解析】“事实上；实际上”。根据原文意思：“……而实际上，上千的保健温泉发展起来了，……”所以选择“literally”。而选项[A]“丰富地；富足地；富裕地”，[B]“合适地；合格地；理想地”，[C]“华丽地；壮丽地；美妙地”均不符合原文意思。
3 【答案】[C]
【解析】“发展”。“developed”指事物在一段时期内“成长、发育、发展”，朝成熟、扩大、提高的方向前进，可以是自然界中的生长发育过程，也可以是人类社会中的发展、进步过程体现的发展速度很快，并暗示有某个固定目标存在。本文是按时间顺序叙事的，“develop”有“在一段时期内发展”的意思，所以选择“develop”。而选项[A]“提高，增强”，[B]“表明，证明，显示”，[D]establish是正式用词，常表示永久地“建立”起来，强调稳固而持久，涉及对象可以是具体和抽象事物（比如政府、医院、学校、形象、名望等），均不符合题意。
4 【答案】[A]
【解析】“出现的”。根据文章一致性原则，“emerging”与第一句中提到的“the fitness movement that began in...”中的“began”形成呼应。而选项[B]“翱翔的；盘旋的；徘徊的；犹豫的”，[C]“阴谋的，密谋的，谋划的”，[D]“混合的；相混的；相交往的，相往来的”均不符合题意。
5 【答案】[A]
【解析】“prior to在……之前”。本题考查词组搭配。“prior”用于表示时间，而选项[B]“entitle to给……权利，给……资格”，[C]“l
iable for有责任的，有义务的；liable to + inf. 有……倾向的，易于……的”，[D]“be subjected to 受……约束的,从属于(=be subordinate to)”均不符合题意。
6 【答案】[B]
【解析】“focus on聚集；集中”。根据文章一致性原则，“focus”与原文第一句中的“centered around”形成一致。而选项[A]“action on 作用”，[C]“in cement 坚定不移的，不妥协的”，[D]“snap out of 迅速从……中恢复过来；snap up 抢购；抢先弄到手”均不符合题意。
7 【答案】[D]
【解析】“but rather（表示转折）（不是）……而是”。根据上下文逻辑，上句“focus was not on...”，下句接着转折说明“but rather on...”。而选项[A]“或是”，[B]“否则；要不然”，[C]“和；而且”是本题的干扰，不符合题意。
8 【答案】[A]
【解析】“力气；力量”。根据文章主题“fitness movement”，“strength”只是健康运动的其中一项，是“fitness movement”的下义词，而且与下文的“muscular strength”形成一致。而选项[B]“营养；食物”，[C]“容忍；宽容”，[D]“野心；抱负”是本题的干扰，不符合题意。
9 【答案】[B]
【解析】“狂热者；热爱者”。根据文章一致性原则，“enthusiast”与上文的“interest in fitness”形成一致性。而选项[A]“开业者；从事者”，[C]“裁判员”，[D]“接受者；领受者”不与“interest in fitness”形成呼应，不符合题意。
10【答案】[A]
【解析】“经济上；财政上”。根据文章一致性原则，“benefit financially”与“capitalize变成资本；做资本用”形成呼应。而选项[B]“特别地；尤其”，[C]“正当地；合理地；合法地”，[D]“过多地；过激地”均不形成呼应，不符合题意。
11【答案】[B]
【解析】“提供；供给”。根据原文意思：“……直到从医学的观点看，减肥训练项目不能或者只能给（培训者）带来一点健康。”而且根据文章一致性原则，“offer”与下文的“might also offer”形成一致性，所以选择“offer”。而选项[A]“赠送；授予；呈献；向……提出”[C]“显示；指示；象征，预示”，[D]“证明”均不符合题意。
12【答案】[D]
【解析】“any”。原文是if引导的条件句，“any”用于条件句中，表示“一点，若干，一些”，与原文意思一致。而选项[A][B][C]是本题的干扰，不符合题意。
13【答案】[A]
【解析】“流行”。根据文章主题一致性原则，“popular”与“the fitness movement that began in ...”构成重复，上文讲到“健康运动以有氧练习为中心，开始于60年代末70年代初”，下文又提到“（健康运动中的）减肥训
练又再次在男性和女性中流行起来……”，所以选择“popular”。而选项[B]“体力旺盛的；精力充沛的；充满活力的；意气风发的”，[C]“可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的，清晰的”，[D]“可怕的，令人畏惧的”是本题的干扰，均不符合题意。
14【答案】[A]
【解析】“现在的；现今流行的”。“current”是表示时间的词，意为“现在的；现今流行的”。作者按照时间来叙述健康运动的发展，以前健康运动只是集中于减肥运动，而“许多现在的（健康运动）项目不但集中于肌肉的力量和承受力上，而且集中于有氧健康（运动）上。”所以选择“current”。而选项[B]“原始的；初期的”，[C]“不平均的；不平坦的；不相等的”，[D]“惊奇的；令人惊讶的；难以置信的”均不符合原文意思。
15【答案】[D]
【解析】“历史地；过去地”。根据全文的时间性以及本段的上下文，下文提到“in recent years”，根据时间上的对比，上文讲的应该是健康运动的“historically过去”。而选项[A]“实际上”，[B]“最后；终于；结果”，[C]“实质上；本质上”均不与“in recent years”形成对比，不符合题意。
16【答案】[A]
【解析】“因为”。本题考查句型的结构。“because”与前句中的“for（因为）healthrelated reason”形成一种平行结构。而选项[B]“if only（表示对某种希望的表达）要是……就好了”，[C]“although虽然”，[D]“now that既然”均不构成平行结构，不符合题意。
17【答案】[A]
【解析】“表演；展现”。本题考查词语辨析。根据原文意思：“……，而是因为这种健康运动的对手与体育运动的表现有关。”所以选择“performance”。而选项[B]“困扰；烦恼；忧虑”，[C]“识别；鉴别；证明”，[D]“描绘；记述”均不符合原文意思。
18【答案】[C]
【解析】“但是；然而”。根据上下文，上文讲的是“historically过去”，接下来讲的是“in resent years现在”是与过去的对比，它们之间用表示转折的连词连接，即“However”。而选项[A]“而且；此外”，[B]“因此”，[D]“不管怎样”均不符合题意。
19【答案】[B]
【解析】“利益；好处”。本题考查近义词辨析。根据文章一致性原则，“benefits”与上文提到的“if any, health benefits”形成一致性。而选项[A]“优点；优势”，[C]“（经济上的）利益；股份；利息”，[D]“（经济上的）利润；益处；利益”均不构成文章一致性，不符合题意。
20【答案】[A]
【解析】“建议；推荐”。“recommend”在表示“建议”时，含有对所建议的内容加以“推荐”的意
思。根据原文意思：“美国医药运动大学建议：‘减肥运动是健康运动项目的一部分，它是一种能使美国人健康的运动。’” 而选项[B]“保证，担保，保证获得”，[C]“speculate about/on推测，推断；投机”，[D]“mediate in/between 调解，斡旋”均不符合原文意思。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
篇章导读
本文属于一般——特殊型文章。本文谈论的中心为基因治疗法以及基因科学研究的最新动向。文章开宗明义地阐述了基因治疗以及以基因为基础的药物对整个人类具有一定的benefits（好处），之后在2、3、4三个自然段分别阐述了采用干细胞的一种分裂对医药过程所产生的很好影响，随后在5、6、7段从另外一个基因科学研究的方式——克隆，阐述了基因研究对人类研究的极大好处。作者对于基因发展的前景使用了一种极为乐观的语气。文章关键词为“gene therapy”、“benefits”、“genetic science”、“genetic research”、“medicine”、“instructions”、“stem cells”和“cloning”
思路解析
21【答案】[B]
【解析】题干问：“作者认为制造健康的身体组织的这种潜能将会……”。文章开宗明义，在第1自然段讲述到，如果我们掌握了基因的科学，将会对人类有极大的好处，此外第3自然段的第一句“然而这种没被开发的潜能对医学有极大的好处”，以及全文的最后一句都呼应了这一观点，因此[B]“给人类带来极大的好处”为正确选项。而选项[A]“加重了人类克隆的道德问题”，选项[C]“帮助科学家们解码身体指令”和选项[D]“涉及到使用外科仪器”都是与题干不相关的。
22【答案】[D]
【解析】题干问：“‘rejuvenated’这个词大概的意思是……”。此题考察的是对词汇意义的推测能力。出处在第5自然段，“rejuvenated”和本段前一句的“reactivating”构成一种近义的重复，因此选项[D]“reactivated”为正确选项。而选项[A]“改变”，选项[B]“重新收集”和选项[C]“分类”都无法符和上下文的语境含义。
23【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：“本文提到威斯康星州大学的研究是为了阐述……”。此题为段间归纳题。第4自然段在提到这所大学的研究时，作者表明研究是困难的，尽管过程不能控制，也有一些局限，但他们仍然还是在进行研究。此外第3、4段的话题为干细胞的一种分离或分裂过程。因此[A]“干细胞的分离”为正确选项。而选项[B]“基因疗法的影响”，选项[C]“人类克隆的好处”和选项[D]“组织植换的局限性”都不是这所大学研究所讲述的目的。
24【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：
“根据本文，下面哪项陈述是正确的？”我们可以直接从2、3、4以及5、6、7这两个文章的层面说明，其实基因治疗的原理和克隆的原理两者完全是可以通用的，具体的解题点在于文章的第5自然段“the same applies to cloning”，因此[A]“基因治疗的原理适用于克隆”为正确选项。选项[B]“干细胞的分离太难而不可能实施”，这和文章的第4自然段相矛盾，文章说它的确可以实施，尽管无法控制。选项[C]“所有的身体指令都激活，这是相当有道理的”，显然这是对原文第2自然段含义的曲解，作者说不能把所有的身体干细胞都激活，而且这是很有道理的。选项[D]“克隆动物将最终控制世界”，尽管原文讲到有大量克隆动物存在，但并没有提到这样的观点。
25【答案】[C]
【解析】题干问：“对于基因研究，作者的态度最可能是……”。这是一个关于作者的综合态度的分析题，正确选项为 [C]“惊异”。而选项[A]“沮丧”，作者尽管提到有困难，但科学家们正在谈论克服困难而且非常努力。选项[B]“冷漠的”和选项[D]“反对的”都与文章的题意不相符合。
参考译文
基因治疗和以基因为基础的药物是我们能够从不断增长的遗传科学知识中获得利益的两种方式。但是，也会有其他方式。这里所说的就是遗传研究明显优势的一种不寻常疗法——未来几年，这些疗法会发展成为主流医学。
虽然人体内的几乎每个细胞都具有发育成一个完整人体的指令，这是事实。但是大多数指令并未激活，理由十分充分：你最不希望的事情就是你的脑细胞开始分泌胃酸，或是你的鼻子发育成肾脏。细胞真正有可能发育成身体的任何或所有器官的惟一时刻就是怀孕的早期，那时所谓的干细胞还没有开始分化。
然而，对于医学来说，这种未被利用的潜能也许是一种极大的好处。大多数疾病与健康细胞的死亡有关——早老性痴呆症中的脑细胞、心脏病中的心脏细胞、糖尿病中的胰腺细胞等等，仅列举这些。如果医生能够分离干细胞，然后指令这些细胞发育，他们就可能为病人提供健康的移植组织。
这样做的难度非常大。但是去年秋天，威斯康星州大学的科学家设法分离了干细胞，并使这些细胞发育成神经细胞、内脏细胞、肌肉细胞和骨骼细胞。这一过程还不能被控制，该过程可能有无法预料的局限性。但是如果致力于了解并控制干细胞发育的努力被证实是成功的话，那么医生将会拥有一种威力无比的治疗手段。
这同样适用于克隆——实际上，克隆正好与之相反。就像两年前克隆羊“多利”首次所展示的那样，真正的克隆包括
：提取一个发育的细胞、重新激活细胞里面的基因组、重新设置它的发育指令使其恢复到原始状态。一旦发生了这些事情，恢复活力的细胞就会发育成一个成熟的动物，该动物在基因上同其父(母)完全相同。
对于农业来说，像奶牛产奶或肉猪产低脂肪肉这些纯自然的属性具有真正的商业价值，几年内，生物学方面的克隆就会成为普通的事情。去年，科学家克隆出了老鼠和奶牛，就像伊恩·威尔马特克隆“多利”一样，明年，其他的动物肯定会加入克隆的动物行列。
另一方面，克隆人可能在技术上可行，但是在法律和情感上却更加艰难。不过，总有一天会克隆出人的。把身体细胞重新调整到原始的、未发育的状态的能力可能为医生带来他们从干细胞中能够获得的同样好处：即有可能培育出各种各样健康的人体器官，从而利用这些器官治病。这可能会被证明是真正的“神奇疗法”。
Text 2
篇章导读
本文采用的是一般——特殊型分析性的思维模式。本文中心阐述的是关于美国社会当前面临的最严重问题：人们无法对社会以及在社会中的生活达成一致意见。而作者提出，由于美国是一个多样性的社会，只有通过总体去归纳过去的神话和童话，才能得出我们将来所要产生的社会意识和形态。作者在第2自然段接着讲述了造成美国多样性的原因，是与这个国家的民族来源相当多以及这种对多样性的过分强调，所导致的人们思想或者心理方面的沮丧，最后一段提出的是解决问题的方法，像第一段所提出的只有一种共有的“myth”才能彻底解决美国人的一种心理归属的情感和感知。文章的关键词汇为“society”、“consensus”、“life”、“fantasy”、“diversification”以及“myth”
思路解析
26【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：“本文作者认为，美国社会面临的最大问题在于……”。本文开篇就讲述了美国社会当前面临的最严重问题是人们无法对社会以及在社会中的生活达成一致意见，因此[A]“对社会形成的社会形态缺乏一致性的意见”为正确选项。而选项[B]“对社会生活当中的共有组织缺乏分歧”，选项[C]“不接受基于个体多样性的社会”和选项[D]“由于国家道德衰败所导致的广泛存在的沮丧”都不是美国社会所面临的最大问题。
27【答案】[B]
【解析】题干问：“美国人没有社会群体感的个性很可能来自于……”。正确选项为[B]“美国社会的多种族构成方式”，本文第2自然段已经说明了美国是一个多移民的国家，而在第1自然段作者所说的也是关于美国社会的多样性，并且这一思想在第3自然段又重新