商务英语剑桥中级考试阅读精讲
英国剑桥委员会组织的BEC（Business English Certificate）是一门综合性极强的考试，不仅全面考察了考生的英语运用能力，而且也加入了实用性的商务内容，因此这个标准化程度很高的考试，体现了学习语言的真正价值，当然，客观地反映出了考生真实的语言功底，和在工作场合的实际运用能力，因而受到了很多国际性大企业的认可，成为选聘人才的要求之一。
这项考试中的阅读题型的多样性可见一般，尤其是高级阶段，在一小时内需要完成6大题型，信息量之大，考生的答题速度也相应提升不少。首先在备考时，一定要非常熟悉题型，明确自己要做什么，再加上课堂中老师提供的解题要点和技巧，相信能减轻不少压力。考前的的集中训练也必不可少，俗话说；熟能生巧，在练习中，考生对题型的解答技巧也会变得驾轻就熟。
通常来说第一大部分和第二部分是两道坎，而其他题型阅读量相对少，建议考生由难到易各个击破，心理上也会承受力强些，毕竟像选词填空（part 4），完形填空（part 5）和改错（part 6），用时最少，但是得分点很多，完成这些，对考生在考场的信心增加不少。然后再来攻克第一部分和第二部分。
对于第一部分，大家不难发现，8个statements，匹配5段文字，建议同学们从读8个选项入手，每个句子中找1-2个key words，速记一下，但要强调一点，务必动动手把这些词圈一下，或下划线，帮助你focus在这些词上，待会可以节省不少来回寻找的时间。然后在读5段文字，遇到关键的词句，要慢一些，因为之前速记过的内容，趁热打铁，多少会给你一种似曾相识的语句，那么要留心，做记号1，3，6，以此缩小范围。Bec的考试更注重的整体理解和inference推断能力，更多的是句子的把握，而不是词汇的简单paraphrase. 故光靠词语的匹配是不容易正确解题的。
此外，第二种题型，占得比分不多，就6个空格，但是是最花时间的。这考察了考生的上下文的逻辑关系的把握，需要考生能正确辨认指代，连接词，从而顺利完成。这题需要先通篇理解，然后再分析选项中的句子，找出表示逻辑关系的词，代词，或者一些有内容的形容词，那么再汇过去匹配，考生一下子找准觉得有难度，不少人觉得那句插进去都还行，那么需要我们在一些选项中比较，有无类似的表达，活着恰反得词汇，有无举例说明，有无分类的内容，例如，alternatively，on the other hand等字眼。找到了突破口，加上完成后推敲来最终确定答案。
阅读部分：60分钟
BEC阅读题应试技巧
Part 1 (Questions 1-7)
这部分有7个问题和4段文章。要求考生阅读文章，根据文章提供的信息选择与文章意思一致的句子。这部分相对来说不很难。需要注意的是，短文只有4段，而问题有7个，这样有重复选择，考生要当心似是而非的答案。
建议做题顺序：
1. 阅读instruction，清楚了解四个段落的共同主题。是advertisement还是conference detail或job opening，这个信息对于后面的阅读至关重要。
2. 先看七道题干，划出关键词，加强对七个关键词印象，以便在后文阅读中随时发现包含关键词的段落。例如：This job involves working for a well-known company.
其中well-known company就属题干关键信息。
3. 看阅读段落，边看边随时划出和前面七个关键词同意的信息。
4. 不确定的题目留到最后一起解决。
Part 2 (Questions 8-12)
这部分较难，主要考学生对文章结构的理解。考生需要理解文章，根据上下文来选择答案，一般来说，考生要先阅读文章，然后，阅读提供的句子，从逻辑推理到意义的连贯等方面来确定答案。
本题型是阅读部分最难的题型，难的原因有两个：1）中国的传统考试（高考、四六级、专四八等）从未涉及。2）本题主要考察逻辑，在作文中中国学生的逻辑差是出了名的。
建议：
善于从前后句中确定核心信息：西方人思维严密，逻辑性很强。一个句子讲明一个主要信息，后句会联系前句的核心信息进行发展。确失的句子的信息往往应当承上启下，和前句与后句有紧密结合，所以要确定前后句核心信息的能力至关重要。
例如：Take Coca-Cola for example. (12) ______.
（12）一定是关于可口可乐的信息。
又比如：(9) ______ Times have changed. The big company of today is not being defeated by another big company but by the small companies.
后句说时代已经变了，那么（9）句中一定包含有过去情况怎样的信息。
本题对于阅读能力、写作能力、逻辑思维能力的提高有着重大的益处，建议考生多做这样的练习。
Part 3 (Questions 13-18)
这部分为阅读理解，与大学英语四、六级考试的阅读理解相似，主要考对文章大意和某一特定意义的理解。考生要先快速阅读文章，然后读懂选择题，在文章中找到与4个选项中意义相同或相近的答案。考生必须弄懂文章蕴涵的意思。一般来说，考生可以根据问题的意思，按照顺序到文章中找到文章中找到相关的句子，然后确定选择项。
Part 4 (Questions 19-33)
这部分类似大学英语四、六级考试卷中的完型填空（cloze）。该部分不是考对文章的理解，而是考语法、词汇和结构。如词的搭配、固定短语等。但是，考生首先仍然必须阅读文章，了解文章的大意，在这个基础上再根据上下文确定最佳选择。
这类题目是阅读中较简单的一种类型，主要由于这部分和四、六级的完形填空部分形式很类似，但是考察的方向和内容完全不同。
1. 考察篇章专业性强，一般都为商务主题类文章。四、六级文章政治、经济、文化多有涉及。
2. 只考察两类词汇的使用：动词和名词。而四、六级考察范围广，涉及形容词、副词、介词等，多考察语法。而BEC的完型填空主要考察的是：A. 动词、名词搭配 B 上下文意思 C近义词辨析。大多考察的是词汇的用法，注重实用。其中很多句型和搭配都可以在日常商务口语和写作中使用。
Part 5 (Questions 34-45)
该部分文章一般是信函、有关商务的文章。文章长度通常为150-200单词。考生需将文章中有编号（34-45）的句子中多余的单词（extra word）找出，并在答题纸用大写字母写出该词；如果句子中没有多余的单词，则在答题纸上写CORRECT。
本部分难度一般，主要考察搭配、介词使用等。一般来说，正确的句子在3-4个，其余的句子都多了一个单词。
1. 多余单词中，以介词（of, on, with）最多。
2. 其次是代词（their, this, his, us等）
3. 最后才是各种实词，如：qualified, concerning等，这部分词所占比例很小。
4. 本部分对于在校大学生来说问题不大，因为大学生们往往语言基本功较好。
5. 对于上班族来说问题较大，上班族往往实战经验丰富，交流能力强，但是语法词汇搭配知识薄弱，很容易看不出问题来。
6. 建议考生多学习介词、代词搭配等。
Part 5 (Questions 34-45)
该部分文章一般是信函、有关商务的文章。文章长度通常为150-200单词。考生需将文章中有编号（34-45）的句子中多余的单词（extra word）找出，并在答题纸用大写字母写出该词；如果句子中没有多余的单词，则在答题纸上写CORRECT。
第四辑真题TEST 3 READING PART 1
1 the failure of a company to set its prices appropriately
2 a context that makes it difficult to increase prices
3 the consequences of companies trying to conceal their approach to pricing
4 the means by which a company ensured precision in the prices it offered
5 the fact that companies can learn about the effects of a price reduction
6 the first sector to price products according to how much customers were prepared to spend
7 the widespread use of rough guidelines to determine prices
Getting the price right
A、
Chief executives need to pay more attention to pricing， according to Roberto Lippi of the Apex Group， a consultancy that offers advice on pricing strategy. He accepts that low inflation figures
in many industrialised countries makes raising prices tough， but argues that this should not necessarily deter companies. He gives the example of the airlines， which， with their minimum stay requirements and massive premiums for flexibility， led the way in sorting customers into categories， based on their willingness to pay.
B、
The key to pricing is to avoid alienating customers. As Lippi points out， once a bad price has been established， it can be very difficult to turn the situation around. He gives the example of a consumer goods company that went bankrupt largely because it did not price its digital cameras properly. In contrast， he cites the case of a Swiss drug company that introduced software for every sales representative‘s laptop， enabling them to provide consistent and accurate price quotes. To help staff with this innovation， the company also created a new post of director of pricing strategy.
C、
Many of today’s managers have the benefit of modern technology to help them with pricing. Supermarket chains， for example，can easily track customers‘ ’elasticity‘- how their buying habits change in response to a price rise or a discount. But although a company can now measure this sort of thing in a more sophisticated way， following basic rules is still the most common way of setting prices. Most bosses still worry more about their costs than the prices they charge; one recent survey found that they spend as little as 2% of their time on pricing.
D、
One popular approach to pricing is illustrated by the car companies that charge extra for product add-ons such as electric windows， instead of offering them as part of the standard price. Although many customers are prepared to pay extra， Lippi recommends that companies make sure that price differences reflect real differences in the product， either in quality or in the extra service on offer. The worst approach is to try to keep the pricing structure secret from customers. Nowadays， that is more likely to lead to lost contracts than large profits.
这篇文章主要是关于定价（pricing）的。题目算是阅读第一部分里比较隐晦的了。四个部分分别介绍了影响定价的一些因素。
第一题，公司没有合理定价。答案是B段引用的一个例子：He gives the example of a consumer goods company that went bankrupt largely because it did not price its digital cameras properly.因为没有对数码相机合理定价，所以一个消费品公司破产了。和第一题吻合。
Consumer goods： goods such as food， clothing， etc. bought and used by individual customers 消费品。
第二题，大环境使得涨价很困难。答案是A段，有点不太明显，甚至可能需要点经济学基础：He accepts that low inflation figures in many industrialised countries makes raising prices tough， but argues that this should not necessarily deter companies。很多工业国家的低通货膨胀率使得涨价
变得困难。通货膨胀率是衡量一国宏观经济的重要指标，也就是这题所说的context。低通货膨胀率，说明经济不太景气，涨价会很困难。
deter： to make sb decide not to do sth or continue doing sth阻碍
eg： The price did not deter most customers
第三题，公司隐瞒定价策略的后果。答案是D段的最后一句：The worst approach is to try to keep the pricing structure secret from customers. Nowadays， that is more likely to lead to lost contracts than large profits.最坏的方法是试图让定价结构对消费者保密。今天，它更有可能导致失去合同而不是大的利润。
第四题，一个公司确保定价准确的方式。答案是B段的这么一句：a Swiss drug company that introduced software for every sales representative’s laptop， enabling them to provide consistent and accurate price quotes。一个瑞士的医药公司为每一位销售代表的手提电脑引进了软件，确保他们提供持续准确的定价。这里的accurate对应于precision，引进的软件就是方式（means）。
第五题，公司了解降价的后果。答案在C段，但是不那么明显：Supermarket chains， for example， can easily track customers‘ ’elasticity‘ - how their buying habits change in response to a price rise or a discount.大的超市可以轻易追踪客户的弹性—他们的购买习惯是如何对涨价或打折做出反应的。这个题需要理解一个常见的经济学术语：弹性。
elasticity ：the extent to which people want to buy more or less of a product or service when its price changes。
这个术语的概念基本吻合第五题所说的。能够了解客户的需求弹性，也就了解了涨价或者降价的效果。
第六题，对产品定价首要的是根据客户所愿意支付的。答案是A的最后一句：based on their willingness to pay.。集于他们的支付意愿。这里的based on对应于the first sector。
第七题，粗糙的定价准则的广泛应用。答案在C段，有点隐晦：But although a company can now measure this sort of thing in a more sophisticated way， following basic rules is still the most common way of setting prices.虽然公司可以用一种更复杂的方式来衡量，遵守基本的规则仍然是定价的最普遍的方式。BUT是个信号。rough可以从反面对应于sophisticated，，the most common way对应于widespread use。
练习一:
Questions 8-12
Sir，
You state on February 13 th that New Mexico has “few natural resources”， ____ example____ In 1991 New Mexico ranked fourth in the United States in production of natural gas， seventh in oil and tenth in non-fuel minerals ____8____ Non-fuel minerals contributed about $ 1 billion and coal $ 509 million.
Taxes from production of fuels and minerals， and lease payments on state lands have been set aside by legislative acts to endow two permanent funds worth about $ 5.65 billion， ____9____ In addition， during fiscal year 1991 ， payments to New Mexico from taxes on federal lands were S 108 million， all earmarked for public education.
____10____ About $566 million came from taxes and permanent-fund earnings attributable to oil and gas production. ____11____ Tourism is an important industry in Mew Mexico， yet its economic impact on the public sector is dwarfed by that of mineral production.
New Mexico came through the recent recession in much better shape than most other states. It does not have a deficit. ____12____ States that rely primarily on a sales tax or on an income tax have big problems during economic downturns. Income growth per head in New Mexico averaged 6.1/00 in the year to October 1992-one if the fastest growth rates in the United States.
Charles Chapin
Example： C
A. That it has a broadly based tax structure is an important point.
B. In 1992 it produced more oil than Colorado and Kansas combined.
C. However，the extractive mineral industry in New Mexico is one of the state’s strongest economic forces.
D. During fiscal year 1992 New Mexico raised permanent funds worth about $6.1 billion.
E. The combined value of oil and gas production was $ 2.8 billion.
F. Some 16，000 employees work in the extractive industries and their wages are among the highest of any major industry.
G. The $39 million earned by these funds in 1991 was used to finance education and other public services.
H. Only S 25 million came from agricultural taxes.
I. New Mexico’s extractive mineral industries contribute about a third of the state’s $ 1.9 billion general-fund income in fiscal year 1991.
答案：8. E 9. G 10.I 11. F 12. A
练习二:
Questions 8 – 12
Marketing
In the past, the concept of marketing emphasised sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. ____ example ____ .
Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling ____ (8) ____ Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardisation and grading, and the related risks.
The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on a different set of principles ____ (9) ____ In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product ------ or what the market for the product is ---- before production begins.
Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company ____(11)____ This is much more difficult since it involves human behaviour. ____(12)____ Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process.
Example: C
A. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption.
B. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product.
C. Marketing is as important in today’s economy as the production of goods and services.
D. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem.
E. Such markets must be created and stimulated by managers.
F. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.
G. More than half the cost of consumer goods can be traced to marketing activities.
H. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the
product to the places where it was actually sold.
I. Instead of concentrating solely on production, the company must consider the desires of the consumer.
答案：Questions 8 - 12: H, A, F, I, D
练习三:
Questions 8 - 12
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It's the executive dilemma of the Nineties: information overload. ____(example).____ There should be a simpler way to keep track of the latest ideas. And there is.
A systematic solution:
Suppose you had an assistant who screened and selected only the quality books for you. ____ (8)____ . So you could obtain a working knowledge of the book’s contents in a fraction of the time. Now you can have that assistant with Executive Book Summaries. Every month, you receive quick-reading, time-saving summaries of the best new business books. ____(9)____ . This means that rather than taking five to ten hours to read, it takes just 15 minutes!
How you'll benefit.
Executive Book Summaries, designed for the busy executive, are a solution to the growing management problem of too much to read and too little lime to do it.
1 Improve your business confidence.
You gain a real understanding of the key points of the best new business books.
2 Learn more, remember more.
We've taken account of extensive research into the memory functions of the human brain ____(10)____ .
3 Get ideas you can use.
____(11)____ . In a summary, these ideas are m ore accessible and ‘actionable’.
4 Cut hundreds of hours off your reading load.
How often have you opened a new book with great expectations - only to find it a huge disappointment? ____(12)____
The books we summarise cover just about every subject you need to know, from management techniques to guidance on your career.
A) These introductory texts are the most important books and using them can pay big dividends.
B) Discover practical tips and techniques you can apply without delay.
C) In order to avoid this problem, we select for you only the truly worthwhile titles and reject the rest.
D) According to studies published in psychology journals, you retain the content of a summary better than a book.
E) He or she would take the most important ideas from each one, and compile them into a neat executive summary.
F) With the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from books, it is less likely that you'll be caught off guard.
G) Each contains all the key points in the original book, but instead of 200 to 500 pages there are only eight pages.
H) There's a sample of the superb business titles that we summarise for you.
I) With all the reading you have to do in the normal course of your work, you find it impossible to keep up with all the new business books.
答案：8.E 9.G 10.D 11.B 12.C
练习四:
Questions 8-12
Career Planning
For many employees, automatic promotion up the ranks of a company is becoming increasingly rare. A new study suggests that, in response, employers need to consider how they can help staff develop their careers.
Employers need to rethink their approach to career management completely, according to the latest research by the Institute of Employment Studies. The new study finds that in fact there is little opportunity for individual career development in many large organisations. (example)____.The Institute of Employment Studies makes it clear that it is not good practice for companies to hand over career development to individual employees and then simply leave them to get on with it. (8) ____.
So how should employers help their staff develop a career? Most employees have come to accept that career development is not always the same thing as upward promotion and a higher salary.
(9) ____.They must also ensure that these opportunities are extended to all their staff and not just to selected individuals.
Nick Bridges, who is Director of Human Resources Policy at the Bank of Eastern England, believes there is more talk than action in this area. (10) ____. One way, he believes, for companies
to show how serious they are about individual learning is to make it an official part of company practice, as the Bank of Eastern England has done. (11)____. This document, he points out, has made the role of managers clear, and the company has also invested huge amounts of money educating managers so that they can then train their staff.
Another company, British Chemicals, has contracted an independent organisation to help staff with confidential career advice. According to John Yates, the head of Individual Learning and Development at British Chemicals, there is an important role for outside agencies to play in the career management process. He adds that it is company policy for managers to give all staff ‘roadmaps’ which show possible career routes within the company structure. (12)____. This has worked especially well, he says, for staff who are used to depending on their line managers for guidance.
Many large organisations now recognise that career development cannot be regarded in isolation, and must be part of an overall business strategy. Human Resources has a real role to play in building a strong workforce which meets a company’s long-term business needs and makes it more competitive.
A Its policy statement says that by 2006, eighty per cent of its staff will have a professional qualification.
B His recommendations go even further than that, and he has called for a national debate on the issue of what should be regarded as a career in the future.
C This change of attitude means employers need to place more emphasis on giving staff the chance to develop a range of skills through horizontal job moves.
D It points out that employees need to know what the overall company vision is in order to achieve many of these.
E The problem that often arises is that, while they are increasingly encouraged to manage their own careers, they are not provided with the knowledge and training to do this.
F They are able to see that, contrary to expectations, jobs in different fields are similar, and they can also see how it is possible to cross over to other areas.
G Its employees are no longer motivated by these factors alone, and the problem today is ma tching a person’s motivation with the right job.
H He argues that while Human Resources managers are saying the way forward is through self-managed learning and self-development, they are still failing to provide adequate learning resources.
I The main reasons for this, it concludes, are the recent cuts in the number of
middle-management posts, and the changes that have taken place in the responsibilities of personnel departments.
答案：8.E 9.C 10.H 11.A 12.D
BEC中级阅读模拟题及讲解(1)
Questions 1-7
Look at the statements below and the information about training courses on the opposite page. Which course (A, B, C or D) does each statement 1-7 refer to?
For each statement 1-7, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.
You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
Example:
O This course will use case studies of different companies.
1. This course is for people with little or no experience of the topic.
2. You will learn what a lender can do if a company does not repay a loan.
3. Companies can decide where their employees will take the course.
4. You will learn to assess whether a business can pay back the money it owes.
5. This course will help you to deal with the paperwork involved in processing loans.
6. You will look at the legal aspects of hiring equipment.
7. This course will concentrate on the laws that apply when a business borrows money.
A
Loans Administration
This course looks at the administrative functions of a bank’s loans department, e.g. dealing with credit applications and keeping records of loan transactions. We will use real application forms of the type that administrative staff in loans departments regularly handle. It will be particularly useful for experienced staff with day-to-day administrative responsibility for loan portfolios. Although most clients choose to enjoy our beautiful premises. The course can be run at the client company or elsewhere.
B
Cashflow Analysis
On this advanced course you will build up a database of a company’s cashflow over ti me and identify and interpret patterns of change. You will analyse the cashflow of a few sample companies and use your analysis to judge their ability to settle their debts. This course will help you perform an advanced cashflow analysis of your own company.
C
Loan Contracts
Open to anyone who completed our introductory course on legal contracts in business, this course looks at the legal principles involved when a company takes out a loan, and outlines how to take legal action against a company that defaults on its repayments. You will compare the interests and responsibilities of both parties to a loan contract.
D
Leasing & Asset Finance
This is a course for those new to leasing. It will provide you with a basic understanding of why companies prefer to lease property or machinery, rather than buy. You will learn about both the expenses and tax benefits of leasing and you will study a variety of lease agreements and
the laws relating to them.
答案：1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.D
1.这门课程是为对这个话题经验很少或者根本没有经验的人设立的。应该选D，第一句就说明了：This is
a course for those new to leasing.be new to对什么来说是新手。另外，如果说I'm new here，就是说，我是不是本地人，对这里不熟。
2.你将会学到，如果公司没有偿还贷款的话，提供贷款的人会怎么做。 this course looks at the legal principles involved when a company takes out a loan, and outlines how to take legal action against
a company that defaults on its repayments.这一句正式讲述了这个内容。所以选择C。
3.公司可以决定其雇员在哪里接受课程训练。Although most clients choose to enjoy our beautiful premises. The course can be run at the client company or elsewhere.从这一句可以看出是可以自由选择的。所以选择A.
4.你可以学到怎样评估一个公司有没有偿还能力。You will analyse the cashflow of a few sample companies and use your analysis to judge their ability to settle their debts. 和这一句对应，所以选择B。
5.该课程会教给你在处理贷款过程中的文案问题。We will use real application forms of the type that administrative staff in loans departments regularly handle. 从这句可以看出，选A。
6.该课程设计到一些贷款公司的法律问题。Open to anyone who completed our introductory course on legal contracts in business, this course looks at the legal principles involved when a company takes out a loan.选择C。
7.该课程将集中在适用于公司借款的法律问题。所以选择D。
BEC中级阅读模拟题及讲解(2)
PART TWO
Questions 8-12
Read the article below about a psychologist’s advice to managers.
Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps
For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.
Do not use any letter more than once.
There is an example at the beginning.(O)
The Psychology of Management
If overflowing in-trays frighten you or solving problems makes you sweat, there’s n ew range of business books called The Management Guides that you can turn to with confidence. (O) ……. In addition, they’re written in accessible language by Kathy Harman, a chartered occupational psychologist who heads her own London-based consultancy business. She says that the guides are intended for professionals working in small British companies, where thinking about management can be a low priority because of endless lists of other responsibilities.
(8)……. After this initial message to the reader, the following pages contain sections on every aspect of business, from managing your own time and selecting employees to planning ahead for the future.
One of the reasons Harman wrote these guides was that she knows not every business is able to invest in tra ining. The difficulty, especially for small businesses, is that, ‘People are professionals first and foremost and somehow they are just expected to pick up management skills as they go along.’(9)……. And becoming one, she recognizes, is especially difficult if you’re
not used to communicating effectively or delegating work.
She adds, ‘It’s all very well managing areas that you have control over and you can do all the planning you feel is
necessary, but there are always going to be other people out there who do the most unexpected things’(10)……. Such a choice of approaches is essential to any business; this can only be achieved by managers having good, friendly relationships with all their staff and business contacts. ‘The important thing in management,’ says Harman, ‘is the human element.’
Her advice to managers everywhere is to maintain professionalism at all times. ‘If you’ve ever managed anyone,’ she says, ‘You’ll know that you’ve not allowed to be fed up because when the staff come to you, they don’t want to know about your problem, they want their problems solved.’
Harman feels confident about making such an analysis because of her years of training as an occupational psychologist. (11)……. ‘What you find there is that most senior managers have had some kind of psychological training, while in this country most managers get their management psychology second-hand by listening to other managers’.
The overall message from Harman is a simple one, and it’s got nothing to do with technology or databases.(12)……. ‘More and more managers,’ she says, ‘are realizing this and beginning to appreciate that without the right staff at all levels, you really haven’t got a business. People are your principal resource.’
A And when they do, managers need a variety of strategies to fall back on .
B This, of course, is unlikely to be easy, because being an expert in your field doesn’t necessarily make you a good manage.
C The question that most of them ask is, ‘Can we actually afford a management training course?’
D Although this area of studying is becoming more acceptable in the business world .Britain is a long way behind the rest of Europe.
E It’s about creating a working environment that promotes the well-being of everyone, from to the post room to the board room.
F This is illustrated at the beginning of each guide with the quote. This book is for those who would like to manage better but are too busy to begin.
G They’re short, pocket-sized, and very reasonably priced at ￡2.99 each.
答案：8.F 9.B 10.A 11.D 12.E
8.空白部分后面说“this initial message to the reader”是特指，而且the following pages 暗示出前面应该对此作出交代。所以，选择F 比较合适。
9.选择B能够很好的和前后衔接，空白前讲首要的是变成专家，但是变成专家并不一定能让你变成一个好的领导，空白后讲，如果不能很好的沟通和分派工作，要成为领导很难。
10.选A.And when they do,和空白前的other people out there who do the most unexpected things’能够照应起来。
11.D.
12.选E。前面讲 and it’s got nothing to do with technology or databases，讲不是怎么怎么样，空白部分再说明实际上是什么样的。
BEC中级阅读模拟题及讲解(3)
Questions 13-18
Read the article below about effective communication and the questions on the opposite page. For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.
The importance of good communications
Effective communication is essential for all organizations. It links the activities of the various parts of the organization and ensures that everyone is working towards a common goal. It is also extremely important for motivating employees. Staff need to know how they are getting on, what they are doing right and in which areas they could improve. Working alone can be extremely difficult and it is much easier if someone takes an interest and provides support. Employees need to understand why their job is important and how it contributes to the overall success of the firm. Personal communication should also include target setting. People usually respond well to goals, provided these are agreed between the manager and subordinate and not imposed.
However, firms often have communications problems that can undermine their performance. In many cases, these problems occur because messages are passed on in an inappropriate way. There are, of course, several ways of conveying information to others in the organization these include speaking to them directly, e-mailing, telephoning or sending a memo. The most appropriate method depends on what exactly it is you are communicating. For example, anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employee’s appraisal, should be done face-to-face.
One of the main problems for senior executives is that they do not have the time or resources needed to communicate effectively. In large companies, for example, it is impossible for senior managers to meet and discuss progress which each employee individually. Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cost of creating a gap between senior management and staff. As a result, managers are often forced to use other methods of communication, like memos or notes, even if they know these are not necessarily the most suitable means of passing on messages.
The use of technology, such as e-mail, mobile phones and network systems, is speeding up communication immensely. However, this does not mean that more investment in technology automatically proves beneficial: systems can become outdated or employees may lack appropriate training. There are many communications tools now available but a firm cannot afford all of them. Even if it could, it does not actually need them all. The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, and firms should realize that more communication does not necessarily mean better communication.
As the number of people involved in an organization increase, the use of written communication rises even faster. Instead of a quick conversation to sort something out numerous messages can be passed backwards and forwards. This can lead to a tremendous amount of paperwork and is often less effective than face to face communication. When you are actually talking to someone you can discuss things until you are happy they have understood and feedback is immediate, with written messages, however, you are never quite sure how it will be received what you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have said can be very different.
The amount of written information generated in large organizations today can lead to communication
overload. So much information is gathered that it gets in the way of making decisions take a look at the average manager’s desk and you will see the problem-it is often covered in letters, reports and memos. This overload can lead to inefficiencies. For example, managers may not be able to find the information they want when they need it. Communication is also becoming more difficult with the changes occurring in employment patterns. With more people working part-time and working from home, managing communication is becoming increasingly complex.
13.In the first paragraph the writer recommends that communication with staff
should include
A some feedback on their job performance.
B an explanation of how company targets have been set.
C information on promotion prospects within the company.
D an indication of which duties they can expect assistance with.
14.According to the writer, the best way of achieving effective communication is to
A adapt the message to suit a particular audience.
B make the content of messages brief and direct.
C select the most suitable means of conveying a particular message.
D ensure that information is targeted at the appropriate group of people.
15.What does the writer say about the communication options available to senior
managers?
A Sending memos to staff is one of the most efficient methods.
B It is important to find the time to discuss certain matters with staff.
C They should increase the range of options that they use.
D Getting junior managers to talk to staff can create different problems.
16.What advice is given about the communication tools made available by
technology?
A Aim to limit staff use of certain communication tools.
B Evaluate them in terms of the expenditure involved.
C Select them on the basis of the facilities they offer.
D Encourage more staff to attend training courses in their use.
17.According to the writer, a problem with written communication is that
A the message can be interpreted differently to what was intended.
B it can be easy for people to ignore the contents of a written message.
C most people are more comfortable with face-to-face communication.
D it is possible for correspondence to get lost within a large organization.
18.According to the article, what is the effect of receiving large amounts of written information?
A It is counter-productive
B It causes conflict in a company.
C It leads to changes in work patterns.
D It makes the main points more difficult to identify.
答案：13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.A 18.A
13.选A，从这一句可以看出： Staff need to know how they are getting on, what they are doing right and in which areas they could improve.
14.选C，从这一句看出： The most appropriate method depends on what exactly it is you are communicating. For example, anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employee’s appraisal, should be done face-to-face.
15.选D，从这句看出：Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cost of creating a gap between senior management and staff.
16.选B，从这句看出：The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, and firms should realize that more communication does not necessarily mean better communication.
17.选A，从这句看出：with written messages, however, you are never quite sure how it will be received what you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have said can be very different.
18.选A，从这句看出：This overload can lead to inefficiencies.
BEC中级阅读模拟题及讲解(4)
PART FOUR
Questions 19-33
Read the letter below from an agency providing temporary staff for companies.
Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.
For each question 19-33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.
There is an example at the beginning, (O).
Office Angels Employment Agency
14-16 Lockhart Road
Wan Chai
Hong Kong
Tel 532 4365
Fax 532 4111
Dear Client,
Office Angels is advising businesses to (0) …… as far ahead as possible to ensure guaranteed staff cover during holiday periods. The re is now a (19) …… shortage of skilled secretarial and administrative staff and this is (20) …… to get worse over the next twelve months.
Businesses which require staff with experience of specialist computer applications are the most at (21) …… You are advised to (22) …… our agency well before the staff are actually needed to be certain of filling gaps with adequately (23) …… personnel. If you don’t, it’s almost (24) …… that you will be left without the skills needed to (25) …… your office running smoothl y.
The (26) …… for the shortage of secretarial staff appears to be a combination of two (27) ……There has been an (28) …… in demand for secretarial services over the last few years, and at the same time there has been a (29) …… of students deciding to choo se secretarial studies.
Office Angels Agency would (30) …… to emphasize that businesses should not underestimate the difficulty of (31) …… experienced temporary staff. It is also necessary to make the (32) …… that businesses should be prepared for the fact that they may have to pay more for this kind of (33) …… in the future.
19 A hard B serious C sure D strong
20 A hoped B wanted C expected D prepared
21 A risk B chance C worry D difficulty
22 A confirm B communicate C contact D command
23 A lectured B aided C formed D trained
24 A positive B correct C right D certain
25 A save B keep C ensure D continue
26 A reason B purpose C result D problem
27 A articles B matters C factors D subjects
28 A enlargement B increase C addition D upgrade
29 A lack B need C requirement D few
30 A request B desire C ask D like
31 A achieving B obtaining C realizing D earning
32 A point B idea C position D subject
33 A offer B delivery C product D service
答案：19.B 20.C 21.A 22.C 23.D 24.D 25.B 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.A 30.D 31.B 32.A 33.D
19.严重短缺，应该选择B.serious.
20.C.expected预期将会更加恶化，而不是希望或者准备。
21.at risk是固定短语，有危险。
22.contact联系
23.D.trained经过训练的。
24.D.certain几乎是一定的。
25.B.ensure确保
26.A.reason出现人才短缺的原因。the reason for
27.C.factors两个因素，因素一般都用factor。
28.B.increase.an increase for demand需求的增加。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6816295163.html,ck缺少
30. D.like
31.B.obtaining获得，获取
32.A.point。make a point that注意，确保
BEC中级阅读模拟题及讲解(5)
PART FIVE
Questions 34-45
Read the article below about airport hotels.
In most of the lines 34-45 there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines. However. Are correct.
If a line is correct. Write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.
If there is an extra word in the line. Write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer
Sheet.
The exercise begins with two examples. (O) and (OO).
Examples
CHECKING IN TO A WOEKING BASE
0 Smart business travelers today are staying at the airport to do business. Rather than 00 waste of time in traffic jams as they try to reach city center venues, business people
34 are using conference facilities on the offer at airports. Busy executives are also
35 staying there overnight to avoid the difficulty of getting there for take an early morning
36 meeting. And it makes sense for international meetings to be held at airports. It is
37 principally through the improvement in airport hotels that has enabled this
38 development to take place. Today these mini-conference centers provide services are
39 designed for business travelers, like a quick check-in and round-the-clock restaurants,
40 so they can get to work as quickly as possible. They are also less expensive place
41 than their city center counterparts. Not long years ago, airport hotels were
42 uncomfortable, unattractive and inconvenient for as far as the business traveler was
43 concerned. Yet now that there is strong interest, as travelers become aware of the
44 new facilities. Demand for small meeting rooms is huge, usually for interviews or one-
45 to-one meetings, where executives fly them in and out the same day. The age of the airport is upon us.
答案：34 THE 35 FOR 36 CORRECT 37 THROUGH 38 ARE 39 CORRECT 40 PLACE 41 YEARS 42 FOR 43 THAT 44 CORRECT 45 THEM
商务英语期末考试参考答案 说明：商务英语期末考试有五种题型： 一、中英短语互译已经全部总结，见下文 二、问答题已经提供了参考答案，仅供参考，见下文 三、案例分析题请根据题目要求自行准备 四、英语段落翻译中文已经注明，请自己翻看商务英语教程 五、写作请根据题目要求自行准备 1、中英短语互译（详见商务英语课件——每个PPT中的短语部分） PPT1： 1. individual proprietorship个体经营，独资企业 2. convertible bonds 可转换债券 3. memorandum of association 公司章程 4. monopolistic competition 垄断竞争 5. business credit 商业信用 1. 财政资源 financial resources 2. 有限责任公司 limited company 3. 销售收入 sales revenue 4. 有形商品 tangible goods 5. 流动资金 working capital PPT2： 1. flexible manufacturing system 弹性生产系统 2. fractional reserve system 部分准备金制度
3. credit instruments 信用工具，信用票据 4. bull market/bear market 牛/熊或多头/空头市场 5. manufacturing process 制造工艺 1. 厂址选择 facility location 2. 库存控制 inventory control 3. 总支出 aggregate expenditures 4. 股权证/权益证 equity instruments 5. 财务管理 financial management PPT3： 1. performance appraisal 绩效/业绩评估 2. promotion-from-within 内部提拔 3. skills inventory 技术库存 4. macroeconomic ramification 宏观经济衍生物/结果 5. closed-end fund 封闭式基金 1. 项目生命周期 project life cycle 2. 软技能和硬技能 soft skills and hard skills 3. 补偿制度 compensation system 4. 开放式基金 open-ended fund 5. 优先股 preferred stock PP4： 1. profit-oriented objective 利润导向的目标 2. marketing intermediary 营销代理商
BEC商务英语中级学生用书答案 第一单元 P7 READING (5) 1,open your mind 2 plan for disaster 3 get organized 4 set your limits 5 put pen to paper 6 don’t feel guilty 7 two become one P9 GRAMMAR (5) 1 need 2 communicate 3 have escaped 4 have been working 5 have been 6 am working 7 answer P9 (SPEAKING)Writing 第六题work in pairs.中有可能选择其中一个话题进行作文。 P10 READING (4) AACCBABCAC 第二单元 P16 READING (4) →BACBC P18 GAMMAR (4) 1 began 2.trademarked 3.became 4.has been 5.has been working 6.has been 7.took part P19 GAMMAR (5) 1.have been working 2.joined 3.have had 4.have been considering 5.has expanded https://www.doczj.com/doc/6816295163.html,pleted 7.have been studying 8.has agreed P23 WRITING A MEMO 第三单元 P27 READING (3) https://www.doczj.com/doc/6816295163.html,unch 2.charge 3.fee 4.growth 5.concept 6.branch out P27 Writing（6.work in pairs.中有可能选择其中一个话题进行作文。） P29 GRAMMAR (6) 1.’ll call 2.won’t rise 3.’re running 4.’m going to have 5.’leaves 6.will be opening 7.will have started 8.going to leave 9.’ll be receiving 第六单元 P57 SPEAKING 6问答题(答案没有找到，自主发挥) P58 GRAMMAR （1）1. ’s employed 2.must have been asked 3.is hoped 4 are being made 5to be looked at6 were taken on7 ’ll be fired GRAMMAR(3)1.will be given 2.is being reviewed 3.have been offered 4.was set up 5.will be given 6.to be look 7.is hoped 8.have been delayed P59 GRAMMAR （5） 1.to assess 2.was unfairly dismissed 3.was followed 4.has been found 5.had failed 6.is reported 7.gave 8.was dismissed 9.appears 10.is recommended 11.should be carried 12.will help P61 READING (2) →BFDAEC P62 1 翻译（可能从着5篇短文中出） 第七单元 P66 READING (3) BCBD P69 GRAMMAR (6) 1.bad 2.most 3.most enjoyable 4.more 5.than 6.better 7.as 8.better P70 READING (2)→BADCD BCABA BDBCC Memo例文 To: All Staff From: (name of student) Date:4,july
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广东外语外贸大学成人高等教育 商务英语（专科）2018学年第1学期 《商务英语阅读》试题（A 卷） 年级： 考试形式：闭卷 考试时间：90分钟 Part I Multiple Choices (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices 1. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 2. Y ou _______ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks. A. needn’t have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can’t have seen 3. She’s always been kind to me – I can’t just turn ______on her now that she needs my help. A. my back B. my head C. my eye D. shoulder 4. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _______ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 5. The _______ goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching, particularly the gap between researchers and teachers. A. joint B. intensive C. overall D. decisive 6. W e can accept your order _______ payment is made in advance. A. in the belief that B. in order that C. on the excuse that D. on condition that 7. The medical experts warned the authorities of the danger of diseases in the _______ of the earthquake. A. consequence B. aftermath C. results D. effect 8. Research universities have to keep up with the latest computer and scientific hardware _______ price. A. on account of B. regardless of C. in addition to D. not to mention 9. I am surprised _______ this city is a dull place to live in. A. that you would think B. by what you are thinking C. that you should think D. with what you were thinking 10. Don’t let the child play with scissors _______ he cuts himself. A. in case B. so that C. now that D. only if 11. They always give the vacant seats to _______ comes first. A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom 12. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _______ it comes to classroom tests. A. when B. since C. before D. after 13. Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are _______ available these days. A. promptly B. instantly C. readily D. quickly 14. Owing to _______ competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been reduced considerably . A. fierce B. strained C. eager D. critical 15. Doctor often ______uneasiness in the people they deal with. A. smell B. sense C. hear D. tough Part II Word Match (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : Match the following words with their definitions within each group of five words. Write Group 1 1. authentic A. having powers of learning, reasoning or understanding 2. commitment B. twist; changing shape 3. exaggerate C. a promise or decision to do something 4. intelligent D. real; true and accurate 5. distortion E. say more than the truth about something Group 2 6. authority A. basic; central; forming the necessary basis of something 7. donate B. something that is considered more important than other matters 8. substantial C. the right or ability to control 9. priority D. give something for the benefit of others 10. fundamental E. large in size, value or importance Part III Sentence Completion (10 points, 1 point each) 1. George is not only a skillful painter, but also a ______ writer. (talent) 2. The ________ John to Mary was announced in the newspapers yesterday . (engage) 3. I love the movie because the _______ is my favorite. (act) 4. _______ to say , this absent-minded professor left his umbrella in the classroom again. (need) 5. I'm afraid the girl is a little ________ for her age and height. (weight)
Module 2 第二单元 2.1 Business Topic Company Benefits 商务话题篇公司福利三、Vocabulary: Benefits and incentives benefits n. 福利incentive n. 奖励job title 职衔，职位，头衔training and staff development 培训和员工发展good salary 可观的收入pension n. 养老金flexible working hours 弹性工作时间，灵活的工作时间 opportunities to travel 旅游机会 opportunities for promotion 升职提拔机会days off 几天短假company car 公司配（给的汽）车too good to be true 好得令人难以置信client service executive 客户服务主管take…with a pi nch/grain of salt 对…将信将疑，对…不完全相信 old and established 历史悠久resources director（human resources director 的简称）人力资源部经理qualification n. 资格 temp n.（temporary/temporary worker 的缩略语）临时员工incumbent programme 在职员工培训课程，岗位培训课程human resources 人力资源promote from within 提拔内部员工 take on 接受，招聘intake n. 从外部吸纳招收的员工project manager 项目经理grow and maintain customer relationship 发展和维持客户关系canteen n. 食堂，餐厅head office n. 总部，总公司brainstorming n. 自由讨论，头脑风暴，集思广益breakout n. 突破 encompass vt. 包括，包含sales and marketing 销售和市场营销research and development and manufacturing 研发和生产perk n. 好处，额外津贴，外快 final salary pension scheme 按最终薪水给付的养老金计划budget n. 预算 non-cash reward 非现金形式的奖赏once-in-a-lifetime adj. 千载难逢的，令人难忘的career goal 职业目标 senior management 高层管理人员
剑桥商务英语BEC中级阅读真题（一） PART ONE Questions 1-7 Look at the sentences below and the job advertisements on the opposite page. Which job does each sentence 1-7 refer to? For each sentence, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. You will need to use some of these letters more than once. 1 You will be responsible for the operation of a computer system. 2 You must be able to forecast what people will want to wear. 3 You will be able to work with people from many different countries and backgrounds. 4 You will have a qualification which covers two subject areas. 5 It is necessary to have worked in this sector before. 6 You will need to keep in contact with the headquarters of the organization. 7 The advertisement emphasises the need to have a suitable approach to important people. A BUSINESS MANAGER You will be responsible for our global business within specific countries and will have a good understanding of international distribution, possibly based on previous experience, plus the ability to work in markets that are highly varied in their culture. You will be fluent in a second language, be willing to travel extensively, and preferably have a degree. B
《商务英语阅读》期末复习指导 一、课程说明 适于省开英语专业专科商务方向学习者使用。本课程选用的教材是由对外经济和贸易大学黄震华教授主编的《商务英语阅读》一书，中央广播电视大学2003年6月出版。共十八课，每课有正副课文各一篇，共三十六篇。 二、考试说明 考试的性质及方式：期末采用闭卷考试，时间90分钟。考核范围：广东电大编写的《商务英语阅读期末复习指导》；期末考试成绩计核方法：形成性考核成绩占30%，期末考试占70%。期末考试题型及所占比例：选择题（15%）；填空题（10%）； 翻译题（30%）；阅读理解（45%）。 三、综合复习 （一）选择题 1、C 2、D 3、D 4、A 5、C 6、B 7、B 8、B 9、A 10、B 11、A 12、A 13、A 14、C 15、A 16、C 17、C 18、C 19、C 20、C 21、A 22、D 23、C 24、A 25、B 26、A 27、A 28、D 29、C 30、B 31、D 32、B 33、C 34、B 35、C 36、C 37、C 38、B 39、D 40、D （二）填空题 1．用下列词填空： 1、air-conditioned； 2、handmade; 3、thunder-struck; 4、heart-felt; 5、data-based; 6、self-employed; 7、custom-built; 8、weather-beaten 2．用下列词填空： 1. structure 2. managers 3. benefits 4. margin 5. capital market 6. investment 7. marketing concept 8. raw material 9. shareholders 10. capital
Module 6 第六单元 6.1 Recruitment Vocabulary recruitment 招聘 migraine (headache) 周期性偏头痛 body-piercing studio 人体穿环工作室（一种从事人体美容的地方）take a sick day 请一天病假 sales position 销售职务 sales figures 销售数据 apply for 申请 go in for an interview 参加面试 arrange an interview 安排面试 automated messages 自动应答信息 lottery 彩票win～中彩票，中奖 pay off the rest of his mortgage 付清贷款余额 mortgage 抵押，按揭 disciplinary procedures 惩戒程序，纪律程序 take someone on 录用某人 walk out 离职，罢工 dismiss解雇 sack 解雇，炒鱿鱼 fire 解雇 lay off 使下岗（临时）解雇 resign 辞职 take voluntary redundancy 自愿裁员，自愿接受裁退 make redundant 裁员 give notice 预先通知（解雇、辞职等） applicant 申请人 flexible 灵活的，善于变通的 stationery 文具 personal correspondence 私人信件 pension 养老金 retirement 退休 6.2Emailing Vocabulary inbox 收件箱 check the inbox 检查收件箱
模考吧网提供最优质的模拟试题，最全的历年真题，最精准的预测押题！ 剑桥商务英语中级考试试题及答案解析(四) 一、中READING （PART ONE ）（共7小题,共7.0分）· Read these sentences . · Which type does each sentence (1--7) describe? · For each sentence mark one letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet. 第1题 A Many companies in the U. S. begin to realise that investors demand financial reporting to be truly presented: creative accounting is no longer acceptable. In response to the criticism about how it booked the gain on the sale of one of its businesses. IBM announced on Feb. 19th that it would expand the informaton it provides investors on such things as its intellectual-property income and the impact on earnings of the company's overfunded pension plan. And a day later, General Electric Co. Chairman and Chief Executive Jeffrey R. Immelt also pay heed to investors' calls for better disclosure by promising to provide more detail on how the company's individual units —including its finance departrment. GE Capital —churn out their earnings. B Expect this lifting of the veil to spread rapidly throughout corporate America, In the wake of Enron's collapse and questionable accounting at telecommunications companies such as Global Crossing Ltd., investors are demanding better. more frequent, and more expansive information about companies' financial health. This rising pressure will force executives in boardrooms across the country to wrestle with exactly how much new information to reveal, much less the question of how to flag changes for investors without causing their stocks to tank. "GE and IBM are bellwethers," says Patrick S. McGurn, vice-president at proxy advisory service Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. "You will see a huge wave of imitation." C Of course, that's good for shareholders —and for the long-term health of the market, But the tsunami of new disclosures, unfortunately, isn't necessarily what the recovering economy needs right now. The trick will be to strike the right balance. Companies that reveal too little, too late will get punished in the market. But dumping too much on shareholders may only muddy the picture further. "If you give too much information, people can get overwhelmed by the minutia, and the important stuff gets buried." says Charles M. Elson, director of the Centre for Corporate Governance at the University of Delaware. D In fact, IBM and G E join a growing list of companies that have already been compelled to improve their disclosure, At Tyco International Ltd., which has been buffeted by concerns about its complex accounting and financial health, senior execs have begun holding weekly phone conferences with analysts and investors to address questions about its accounting and operations. Franchising giant Cendant Corp. has put detailed information on its Website about its off-balance-sheet entities, while hotel operator Marriott International Inc. recently provided details on write-offs it has taken for loan guarantees as well as some hotel-development projects.
剑桥商务英语BEC中级阅读全真试题READING QUESTIONS 1-45 PART ONE Questions 1-7 Look at the sentences below and the job advertisements on the opposite page. Which job does each sentence 1-7 refer to? For each sentence, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. You will need to use some of these letters more than once. 1 You will be responsible for the operation of a computer system. 2 You must be able to forecast what people will want to wear. 3 You will be able to work with people from many different countries and backgrounds.
4 You will have a qualification which covers two subject areas. 5 It is necessary to have worked in this sector before. 6 You will need to keep in contact with the headquarters of the organization. 7 The advertisement emphasises the need to have a suitable approach to important people. A BUSINESS MANAGER You will be responsible for our global business within specific countries and will have a good understanding of international distribution, possibly based on previous experience, plus the ability to work in markets that are highly varied in their culture. You will be fluent in a second language, be willing to travel extensively, and preferably have a degree. B DEPARTMENT STORE BUYER Based at our head office in London, you will select and
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者 Trade surplus 贸易顺差 Quota and tariff 配额和关税 Government intervention 政府干预 Zero-sum game 零和博弈 Positive-sum game 常和博弈 The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论 The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论 Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论 Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论） Economies of scale 规模经济 Diminishing returns 收益递减规律 Green revolution 绿色革命 Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制 Deposit 佣金 First mover advantage 先占优势 Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒 Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论 National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势 The department of commerce 商务部 Letter of credit 信用证 Draft /bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading B/L 提单 Sight draft 即期汇票 Time draft 远期汇票 Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票） Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Countertrade 对等贸易 Barter 易货贸易 Switch trading 转手贸易 Offset 抵消 Counter purchase 互购贸易 Compensation trade 补偿贸易 Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差） It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损） Absolute Advantage 绝对优势 Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it 亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势 According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品 The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势 The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易 1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。 2. To Consumer: Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费 Comparative Advantage比较优势 Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，