2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .
1. [A] grants [B] submits[C] transmits[D] delivers
2. [A] minor[B] objective[C] crucial[D] external
3. [A] issue[B] vision[C] picture[D] moment
4. [A] For example[B] On average[C] In principle[D] Above all
5. [A] fond[B] fearful[C] capable[D] thoughtless
6. [A] in[B] on[C] to[D] for
7. [A] if[B] until[C] though[D] unless
8. [A] promote[B] emphasize[C] share[D] test
9. [A] decision[B] quality[C] status [D] success
10. [A] chosen[B] studied [C] found[D] identified
11. [A] exceptional[B] defensible[C] replaceable[D] otherwise
12. [A] inspired[B] expressed[C] conducted[D] secured
13. [A] assigned[B] rated[C] matched[D] arranged
14. [A] put[B] got[C] gave[D] took
15. [A] instead[B] then[C] ever[D] rather
16. [A] selected [B] passed[C] marked[D] introduced
17. [A] before[B] after[C] above[D] below
18. [A] jump [B] float[C] drop[D] fluctuate
19. [A] achieve[B] undo[C] maintain[D] disregard
20. [A] promising[B] possible[C] necessary[D] helpful
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable — meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that— and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year —about 64 items per person — and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes — and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment — including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line — Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ________.
[A] poor bargaining skill
[B] insensitivity to fashion
[C] obsession with high fashion
[D] lack of imagination
22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ________.
[A] combat unnecessary waste
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world
[C] resist the influence of advertisements
[D] shop for their garments more frequently
23. The word “indictment” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ________.
[A] accusation [B] enthusiasm [C] indifference [D] tolerance
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
T ext 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted — the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8 — though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to ________.
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D] provide better online services
27. “t he industry” (Line 4, Para.3) refers to ________.
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysts
[D] internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ________.
[A] may cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.
30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon L ynch said in his blog is one of ________.
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciation
[D] skepticism
T ext 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely — though by no means uniformly —glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ________.
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and technology
[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our belief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are ________.
[A] a sustained species
[B] a threat to the environment
[C] the world’s dominant power
[D] a misplaced race
33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to ________.
[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world
[C] draw on our experience from the past
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity
T ext 4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday —a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Rober ts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”, and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice — Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas — agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence
asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned bec ause they ________.
[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers
[B] disturbed the power balance between different states
[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies
37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.
[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.
[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforc ement.
[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ________.
[A] violated the Constitution
[B] undermined the states’ interests
[C] supported the federal statute
[D] stood in favor of the states
39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement ________.
[A] outweighs that held by the states
[B] is dependent on the states’ support
[C] is established by federal statutes
[D] rarely goes against state laws
40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41) ________ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food,
wealth and prosperity.
(42) ________ This is a shame — the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) ________
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) ________ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) ________ That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] I t could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-
oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences
papers published globally included one of these keywords.
[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including
health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] T he solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be
its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social
innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in
Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development. [G] D uring the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a
percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia —a yearning for contact with nonhuman life —assuming uncanny representational forms.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
2013年真题答案速查
Section ⅠUse of English (10 points)
1-5 ADCAB 6-10 BADDA
11-15 DCBDB 16-20 CACBC
Section ⅡReading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21-25 BDADC 26-30 BDCAD
31-35 BADCC 36-40 CCDAB
Part B (10 points)
41-45 EFBGC
Part C (10 points)
46. 然而当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们会突然间意识到，尽管这些花园风格各异，在它的装饰和创造性之外，也透露出了其他的基本的人类需求。47. 尽管神圣的和平之地是原始的，但是它明显是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
48. 无家可归的人的花园，事实上是无家可归的花园。它把一种形式引入城市环境中。在这些城市环境中要么没有这些花园，要么没有如此显眼的花园。
49. 我们当中大多数人都屈服于精神上的败坏，我们经常把这种精神上的败坏推卸到心理环境上，直到有一天我们发现自己处于一个花园当中，并感受到这种精神的败坏不可思议的消失了。
50. 正是这种隐含或外露的对自热的提及，充分证明了用“花园”一词描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。
Section ⅢWriting (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
Dear Friends:
As a member of Students’ Union I am writing on behalf of our university, we are very pleased to know that you are making a visit. Welcome to our school.
W e are all students, campus life is very important in our life, so we are very interested of your campus life. First, I want to introduce my campus life for you. Our university has a big library, all kinds of books in it, so if we have time, many students will go there to read books, in order to improve knowledge and expand horizon. Many activities will be held in our school once a month, such as reading, singing, lecture, science and technology. W e also have much chance to contact with society to lifting our capacity. We are very happy to live there.
Thanking for your visiting; we also want to know your campus life.
Yours sincerely，
Li Ming
Part B (20 points)
Decisions after Graduation
Recently, there has been a growing concern among the public over the topic of the choice after graduation. As is described in the picture, a group of graduates is facing various roads such as: searching for jobs, pursuing further study, going abroad and entrepreneurship. The picture intends to convey to us this message: As adults, college students have to make decisions about their future life.
After graduation, college students have to make decisions about their future life. For those who are eager to become economically independent and to put into practice what they have learned in college, taking a job or doing poineering work will be both satisfying and rewarding. Getting established as a bread-winner after graduation is their main desire. By contrast, those who want to take advantage of the favorable conditions in college, however, will try to enroll in graduate programs inside or outside. For them, a Master’s degree or even a Doctoral degree represents a much more ambitious goal than a bachelor's degree. In the same way, their lifetime success and interest lies more in academic achievements than in making money.
As far as I am concerned, it is sensible that we should take a rational attitude towards the decisive choice. For the part of my own, getting a higher degree abroad has long been my dream. This is based on my belief that I should do more research and learn more while I am still young.
2013年真题答案及解析
Section I Use of English
1.【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义和词汇辨析
【解析】本题考查动词。这句话中that引导一个定语从句，主要是说这一优势和一种特定的能力之间的关系。结合上下文语境及动宾搭配角度看，空格词必须可以接ability作宾语，选项中符合语义逻辑和语法要求的只有[A]，表达了这一优势赋予了一种特定的能力，故答案为[A]。
2.【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义
【解析】which are unbiased 这个定语从句做插入语修饰judgments。这句话的意思是“通过________因素做出公正判决的能力”，由此可以排除[A]和[B]。做这一题时，我们需要理解第一句话。第一句话说“人们不擅长利用背景信息作决定”，所以可以推出这里并不是“通过关键信息”来做出公正的判决，而是通过其它一些信息，如外部的信息来做出判决。根据上下文意思，可以推出[D]为正确答案。
3.【答案】C
【考点】固定搭配
【解析】big picture 是一个固定搭配，指(事情的)主要部分或重点，故选[C]。其它单词与big搭配，均没有这层意思。
4.【答案】A
【考点】逻辑衔接题
【解析】根据上下文的逻辑关系判断，上一句介绍S博士的观点：不能考虑全局会导致做决定者受经手的日常信息样本的影响而产生偏见，本句“法官在几次轻判后重罚下一位被告”为例子，故空格处与上下文为例证关系。选项中只有[A]表示“例如”，符合这一逻辑关系，故选[A]。[B]表示“平均”的意思；[C]为“大体上，原则上”；
[D]为“首先”，均不符合语义。
5.【答案】B
【考点】上下文语义和词汇辨析
【解析】这四个选项均可以与介词of 搭配，[A]表示“喜欢”，[B]表示“害怕，恐怕”，[C]表示“能够，具有…能力”，[D]表示“轻率的，考虑不周的”。此处of 后面的短语作judge 的定语，这句话意思是“________显得对犯罪太过软弱的法官可能更倾向于给被告做出判刑的判决”。根据上下文的意思，可以排除[A]和[D]。而“显得对犯罪太过软弱”显然不是某种能力，故可以排除[C]选项。根据上下文意思，害怕显得过于软弱的法官可能会判人入狱，故选[B]。
6.【答案】B
【考点】固定搭配
【解析】soft on sb./sth.是一个固定搭配词组，表示“对某人/某事态度偏软，不够严厉”的意思，故选[B]。
7.【答案】A
【考点】逻辑衔接题
【解析】前半句含义是“一个担心自己会在犯罪行为上表现的过分软弱的法官可能会判人入狱”，后半句含义是“当天他已经判五到六个人缓刑”两句间的逻辑关系明显为假设。[A] if“如果”，表示假设；[B] until“直到…才…”；[C] though“然而”，表转折；[D] unless“除非”，表让步。前半句是结果主句，后半句是一个假设条件，故选[A]。
8.【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义及动词辨析
【解析】空格后的名词idea作宾语，对决定动词十分关键。this idea回指上段S博士的推测：不考虑全局会使决策者受经手的日常信息样本的影响而产生偏见。本段指出，他开始研究大学的录取过程，可以推出本段内容的目的为检验其推测的正确性，故空格处动词意思应为“测试，检验”的意思。[A] promote“促进”；[B] emphasize“强调”；[C] share“分享”；[D] test“测试”。只有[D]和“观点”搭配，符合语境，故答案为[D]。
9.【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义及名词辨析
【解析】空格句的语境是大学录取过程的面试环节，这句话意思是“申请者的________不应取决于其他人的表现”。由下段中9323场MBA的面试结果及面试中决定是否录用某申请者所考虑的因素等内容可推知，此处想表达申请者的成功申请不应取决于其他人的表现。[A] decisioin“选择”；[B] quality“质量”；[C] status“身份”；[D] success“成功”。只有[D]符合语境，故答案为[D]。
10.【答案】A
【考点】后置定语
【解析】由randomly搭配空格处的动词的过去分词形式修饰the few others，可推知本句意为“测试中随机选出的其他申请者”。[A] chosen “选出”；[B] studied“研究过的”；[C] found“发现”；[D] identified“识别”。只有[A]和申请者搭配，意为选出来的申请者，符合语境，故答案为[A]。
11.【答案】D
【考点】逻辑衔接题
【解析】后半句开头的but已经暗示了下文的连接词。内容上前半句意为一个申请者的面试成功和其他申请者没有关系，后半句意为西蒙森怀疑事实，明显是转折关系。
[A] exceptional“例外的”；[B] defensible“可防御的”；[C] replaceable“可替换
的”；[D] otherwise“相反的”。只有[D]可以表转折关系，故[D]为答案。
12.【答案】C
【考点】后置定语
【解析】本句前半句是说西蒙森研究了面试者的结果，后半句含义是招生办官员。所以这里应该是招生办官员举行面试，后半句做后置定语。[A] inspired“鼓舞”；[B] expressed“表达”；[C] conducted“举行”；[D] secured“保护”。所以结合上下文可以得出只有[C]符合语境，故答案为[C]。
13.【答案】B
【考点】上下文语义及动词词义辨析
【解析】这句话意思是“面试官________申请者一到五级打分”，[A] assigned“分配；指派；将财产过户（尤指过户给债权人)”；[B] rated“认为；估价；划分等级”；[C] matched“比赛”；[D] arranged“安排”，根据上下文含义，此句的意思应为面试官对申请者进行一到五级评级，故应选[B]。
14.【答案】D
【考点】固定搭配
【解析】分析可知空格处需要动词，因为后面有into consideration。所以选[D]，take …into consideration意为“把…考虑在内”。
15.【答案】B
【考点】逻辑关系
【解析】空格句“该分数________与申请者在GMAT测试中的分数一起作为决定是否录用该申请者的考虑因素”与上文“面试官对申请者进行1到5级的评级”都是对MBA录取过程的介绍，两句间为顺承关系，故[B] then为正确答案。
16.【答案】C
【考点】上下文语义和逻辑关系
【解析】这句话which引导一个定语从句，修饰exam，考试都有一个总分，这句话的意思是说“以800分计算的标准测试”，可以排除[A][B][D]。mark表示“得分”，符合原文意思，故选[C]。
17.【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义和逻辑关系
【解析】根据词语的意思和搭配，可以排除[C] above和[D] below。这题的选择必须与后面一题联系起来进行选择，这句话说“前面候选者的分数比________的候选者高
0.75分”，则“下一个候选者则________”，由此可知，“前面的候选者”肯定不能
是比他后面的人分数高，排除[B] after。[A] before符合上下文逻辑关系，故选[A]。18.【答案】C
【考点】上下文语义及动词辨析
【解析】根据上下文意思，是一种up和down的趋势，17空前面是up趋势，所以18空谓语动词应该选含有“下降”的趋势的动词，选项中明显的表下降的是[C] drop, 其中drop相对于前面的high，故选[C]。
19.【答案】B
【考点】上下文语义及动词辨析
【解析】根据上一句内容“后一位申请者的分数被降低了0.075分”。本句表达了“虽然听起来0.075分很少，但却需要多出30分的GMAT成绩来________其影响”。根据上下文语义，此空应该选一个“消除”影响的含义的动词，[B] undo有“消除”的意思，符合上下文，故[B]为答案。
20.【答案】C
【考点】上下文语义及词汇辨析
【解析】空格句指出“要抵消偏见对面试分数的不良影响，申请者需要在GMAT测试中比正常情况下________多得30分”。由上段末所提到的内容：面试官在决定是否录用某位申请者时会综合考虑面试分数和GMAT分数，可以推知，在面试分数降低的情况下，GMAT测试者不需要多考30分就可以被录用，故[C]为答案。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.【答案】B
【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到首段。由文章第一句后半句“…scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”意思是：“……批评她没有魅力的助理，因为助理认为高级时尚对她的生活影响不大”。可知criticize是对scolds的同义替换，[B]中的“insensitivity to fashion”是“imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her”的同义替换，所以[B]项为正确答案。[A]在文中并未提及，属于无中生有。[C]和[D]是对文章第一句的曲解。
22.【答案】D
【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，首先定位到第二段。由倒数第二句“these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable, …, and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”意思是“这些商标（畅销商标）促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃的，……，并且每周更新他们的衣橱。”[D]的意思是“更加频繁地购买服装”，正好是“renew their wardrobe every few weeks”的同义替换。[A][B][C]均属于无中生有。
23.【答案】A
【解析】词义题。题干中需要猜测词义的单词出现在第二段的第一句“…the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of ‘fast fashion’”。
再结合选项可知，indictment是Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的一种态度。因此，解答此题的关键在于联系上下文语境，找到Elizabeth Cline对“快时尚”的态度。由第二段最后一句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”，意思是“Cline说，通过以特别低的价格销售潮流物品，这些品牌破坏了潮流周期，动摇了这个长久以来习惯于季节周期的产业”。由“hijack”和“shaking”可知，Cline对“快时尚”应该是持否定态度的，所以[A]意为“谴责”是正确选项。
24.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可定位到最后一段。解题关键在于“Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to”，意思是“每个人都很虚荣，这很常见。但消费者付不起太多东西的时候，他们才会以更加可持续的方式去购物。”这句的关键词是“afford”和“shop more sustainably”，对应于[D]中的“pricing”和“environmental-friendly purchasing”。[A]是对于本段的曲解。[B]说的是“忽视环境的可持续发展”，与文中“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment…”(一些时尚服饰公司已经做出努力减少对劳动力和环境)意思相悖。[C]文中未提及。
25.【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。此题考查对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章的第一段用事例引入，第二段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”，并指出它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业。第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变革的弊端，比如：给自然资源造成压力、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象。最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。由此可知，[C]统领全文，为正确答案。[A][B][D]都不是文章所论述的中心主题。
Text 2
26.【答案】B
【解析】此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力。此类题目的解题关键在于根据题干信息定位，本题的“Paragraph 1”,“behavioural”即为定位信息。文章第一段第二句提到，在互联网时代，至少在理论上，被浪费的那一部分资金中，有很多都可以节省下来。此句内容对应第一句中“half of all advertising budgets are wasted”。故[B] “降低运营成本”是文章的同义改写。[A][C][D]文章均未提到。
27.【答案】D
【解析】此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力。根据题干中已经给出的具体信息点“The industry”返回第三段定位。根据题干信息“the industry”可推测the为前文指代，所以应当定位到该句之前，即微软的IE及苹果的浏览器Safari都有“不允许跟踪”选项；今年，谷歌也将在Chrome中加入这一功能，由此可推断出[D]“网络浏览器开发商”为正确选项。
28.【答案】C
【解析】此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力。结合题干中所给出的人名“Bob Liodice”以及专有名词DNT和“default”可回文章定位到第五段。文章中Bob Liodice 称，“如果广告商不能收集有关用户偏好的信息，那么这对于消费者来说将更为不利。”原文中“consumers will be worse off”对应[C]“将对消费者不利”，因此[C]应为正确答案。[A]与原文相反，“垃圾广告”不是减少而是增加。[B]“对广告业没有影响”以及[D]“违背人性”均与文章不符。
29.【答案】A
【解析】此题考查考生对文章的细节信息的把握能力，关键在于定位和辨别细节信息。
根据题干信息提示，我们不难定位到文章第六段最后一句的后半部分“…some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway”。即一些公司可能忽略“不允许跟踪”信号，继续记录用户的在线行为。所以推知“不允许跟踪”可能不会起到预期的作用。
[B] “广告商很乐意实行‘不允许跟踪’”与本段第一句话“广告商们会对此作何反
应仍不清楚”不符。[C]“‘不允许跟踪’已经不再受到消费者的欢迎”与本段第一句和最后一句内容“…some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.”不符；[D] “广告商被迫提供‘行为’广告”与文中“Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking…”不符。
30.【答案】D
【解析】此题考查考生对作者观点态度的把握。根据顺序做题法可定位到文章的最后一段。根据关键信息Brendon Lynch我们主要定位到文章最后一段的倒数第二句以及最后一句。“Brendon Lynch在博客中写道：我们认为用户应该有更大的话语权。”，紧接着最后一句“真的是这么简单吗?”体现了作者的态度。[A]意为“纵容”；[B]意为“理解”；[C]意为“感激”；[D]意为“怀疑”。因此只有[D]符合作者本意，故为正确答案。
Text 3
31.【答案】B
【解析】细节题。根据题干信息our vision of the future used to定位到文章第一段。第一段第一句指出，直至几十年前，我们对于未来的想象尽管并不一致，但大多极为乐观。第二句接着指出背后的原因：科学和技术会解决所有难题，让所有人过上充实和机遇满满的生活，即，我们对未来的想象曾经被我们对于科技的信心所鼓舞，故[B]
为答案。[A]错误原因为因果倒置，lives of fulfillment是由science and technololgy导致，与文章题干要求our vision of future 无关；[C]为无中生有，也未提到awareness of potential risks的概念；[D] equal opportunity为opportunity for all的曲解。
32.【答案】A
【解析】推理题。文章问题是“Red List”表明人类是什么。根据关键词定位到文章的第三段。第三段末句指出“Red List”中对智人的界定：被列为“无危物种（Least Concern）”，因为该物种分布极广，适应性强，目前数量正在上升，且不存在导致其种族群数量整体下降的重大威胁。这表明，人类暂时没有灭绝的危险，是可延续的物种，故[A]正确。
33.【答案】D
【解析】判断题。第五段第一句话Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.从这句话能推测出immediate future是比长远的时间跨度更难的事情，也是更不易察觉的，故[D]正确。这两句话是说要让科幻小说的作者和未来学家去探索我们能想象到的可能性。这里发表的Arc根本就没有讲限制，故排除[A]；[B]将原文“当今技术的社会影响异常复杂”改为“技术能够解决社会问题”，故排除[B]；[C]是说对科幻小说的兴趣在上升(on the rise)但是整段都没有说到这个趋势，故排除[C]。
34.【答案】C
【解析】细节题。根据the future of mankind定位到文章第六段。同时第六段第二句有个很重要的标点符号，即冒号，冒号后面的内容都是对the past holds the key to the future这句话的具体解释。也就是说这句话强调the past的关键性，故[C]正确。
[A][B][D]都与本段内容无关。
35.【答案】C
【解析】主旨题。文章第一二段讲目前人类对未来极度悲观；第三段直接批判这一观点；第四段至六段为人类如何理性地思考人类未来；最后一段指出，人类已经掌握了足够的知识来降低威胁，并改善后人的命运，即：人类未来依旧光明，故[C]正确。
Text 4
36.【答案】C
【解析】细节题。根据题干中的关键词three provisions of Arizona定位到文中第二段。
第一句提到Arizona计划的三个部分被推翻是让州和地方警察实施联邦移民法律。这句话没有相对应的选项，所以看到后面一句，意思是宪法的规则是毋庸置疑的，它认为华盛顿本身就有建立一个统一的自然化的规则的权力，而且认为联邦法律优先于州法律。所以被推翻就是因为它超越了联邦移民法的权威。此题也可看到第三段第二句话，因为它提到on the overturned provision, 意思是大部分人认为议会故意占据了领地，Arizona因此侵犯了联邦的享有特权的权力。所以，答案是[C]。
37.【答案】C
【解析】细节题。根据题干的关键词the Justice和Paragraph 4, 就可以准确定位在第四段。因为是判断正误题，我们就可以采用排除的方法。通过观察选项，发现[B][C]都是围绕State, 我们就可以先找关于它的内容。第四段第二句话提到，议会通常想象联邦和州一起实施移民法律，而且明确鼓励州和联邦的官员共享信息以及合作。所以[C]各州在移民执法问题上拥有合法地位，是正确答案。
38.【答案】D
【解析】推理题。根据题干中的关键词Paragraph 5和the Alien and Sedition, 就可以精确定位在第五段第二句话的最后，也就是州政府特权可以回归到the Alien and Sedition，即此法案是支持州级拥有特权的，故选[D]。
39.【答案】A
【解析】细节题。根据题干中的关键词the White House, 定位在第六段二、三句。这两句内容指出，白宫认定亚利桑那州法律与其执法优先权相抵触，即它更有权宣布任何它不认可的州法律无效，故选[A]。
40.【答案】B
【解析】主旨题。最后一段第四句明确：联邦政府断言只要自己不愿意履行国会的移民意愿，它也有权阻止各州履行；第五句转而指出，所有法官对该言论一致投出反对票。因此，法院裁决意在打击奥巴马政府滥用行政权，限制其滥权之举，故[B]符合文意。
Part B
41.【答案】E
【解析】此题为段中空，因此此空所填内容是由其上下文决定的。上句中Yet this enormous resource没有对如今的global challenges做出足够的贡献，这些global challenges 包括climate change, security, sustainable development and health。[E] These issues指代上句中的各种global challenges，并且all have root causes in human behavior解释了为什么说this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges。因此[E]为正确答案。
42.【答案】F
【解析】此题为段首空，其内容由下一句决定。空后说This is a shame，那么此句之前，即空中所填的内容一定是一个让人感觉shameful的事情。只有[F]中many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems是应该羞愧的事情。因此可以确定[F]为正确答案。
43.【答案】B
【解析】此题为段尾空，其内容由上句确定。上一句的主要意思是包括关键词environmental change和climate change的论文的数量迅速增长，根据段落内容一致性原则，下一句应该继续讲此类论文的数量问题。只有[B]继续说，“然而，这些数量还是很小的”，从内容上来说衔接十分紧密，因此[B]为正确答案。
44.【答案】G
【解析】此题为段中空，其内容由其上下句决定。空后面的句子说this is an adequate amount，这是一个充足的数字。那么空中一定要出现的是一些数字，而选项中提到数字的只有[B][G]。[B]在数字之前直接说明the numbers are still small，数字仍然很小，这与空后面说充足的数量矛盾，故排除。[G] national spending …varied from around 4% to 25%, 符合空中所要求的内容，故为正确答案。
45.【答案】C
【解析】此题为段中空，其内容由其上下句确定。空后面有个代词that并且说明That should create more collaborative endeavors那将带来一个“合作性的”endeavors。[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories…，integrate 与collaborative同义复现，故[C]为正确答案。
Part C
46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
【句子分析】本句的主干为：it strikes one，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的主语从句。句首是when引导的时间状语从句。Beyond后的that指代的是上文的diversity。For all在句中是“尽管”的意思。
【参考译文】然而当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们会突然间意识到，尽管这些花园风格各异，在它的装饰和创造性之外，也透露出了其他的基本的人类需求。
47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.
【句子分析】本句的主干为：A sacred place of peace…is a distinctly human need，主谓之间插入了一个however引导的让步状语从句。as opposed to shelter后为which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰shelter。
【参考译文】尽管神圣的和平之地是原始的，但是它明显是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
48. The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.
【句子分析】本句的主干为：The gardens of the homeless...introduce form...，where引导的是修饰environment的定语从句，在句子中作地点状语。in effect是“事实上，本质上”的意思。【参考译文】无家可归的人的花园，事实上是无家可归的花园。它把一种形式引入城市环境中。在这些城市环境中要么没有这些花园，要么没有如此显眼的花园。
49. most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. 【句子分析】本句的主干为：most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit。which为修饰spirit的定语从句。until引导的是时间状语从句，其中as if是“好像，正如”的意思。
【参考译文】我们当中大多数人都屈服于精神上的败坏，我们经常把这种精神上的败坏推卸到心理环境上，直到有一天我们发现自己处于一个花园当中，并感受到这种精神的败坏不可思议的消失了。
50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.
【句子分析】本句是it is…that…形式的强调句型。强调的部分是主语this implicit or explicit reference to nature。主句的谓语动词是justifies。in a…sense是“在某种意义上，从某种意义上”的意思。
【参考译文】正是这种隐含或外露的对自热的提及，充分证明了用“花园”一词描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。