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英语中的修辞手法

英语中的修辞手法
英语中的修辞手法

英语中的修辞手法

移位修饰法-移位修饰法(transferred epithet)

A transferred epithet is, as its name implies, a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. Generally speaking, the epithet is transferred from a person to a thing or idea.

移位修饰法就是将仅可用于修饰某种东西的词汇移植修饰到另类东西上的一种语言使用手法,即将甲事物的修饰成分转移到乙事物上,使风马牛不相及的成分凑在一起,反而使得语言简练凝缩,形象生动。

比如我们经常使用的“Happy New Y ear!”, “year”是不会“happy”的,如果非要生硬地说“Y ou feel happy in the new year.”,反倒累赘了。其它如“a sleepless night”,“the smiling spring”,“hurrying autumn”,等等,都是常见的例子。由于这种修辞手法的独特性和形象生动性,其在英语中的使用颇为广泛。

移位修饰法的内容形式

基本上可以归纳为以下几种:

1.由修饰人物转为修饰事物

(1)He lay in bed, smoking his thinking pipe.(他躺在床上,抽烟思考。)

(2)Mother simply couldn’t fall asleep on his painful pillow.(一落枕就想头疼的事,母亲简直睡不着。)

2.由修饰动物转为修饰事物

(1)The neighborhood couldn?t stand to hear the gnawing cry from the husband over his wife’s death. (邻居们不忍听到丈夫因妻子去世而撕心裂肺的哭声。——gnaw指虫子等的“咬啮”,形容的那种哭声难以言状。)

(2)The crawling minutes seem to be ever-lasting. (慢逝的分秒似乎永无止境。——crawl爬行。)

3.由修饰人转为修饰人的某部分或与人有关的状态

(1)Hans shrugged a scornful shoulder.(汉斯轻蔑地耸耸肩。——scornful常用于修饰人的心理状态。)

(2)She showed me an appalled gesture.(她向我作了一个吃惊的手势。)

4.由修饰具体事物转为修饰抽象事物

(1)I have mountainous difficulty in understanding Shakespeare’s

works.(我理解莎士比亚的作品有极大困难。——mountainous表示“多山的”,如mountainous district, mountainous

continent用来修饰“困难”,则表示“巨大的”。)

(2)They are in deep friendship.(他们友谊深厚。——deep表示具体尺度的词用来修饰抽象的“友谊”。)

(3)He changed his shouting into a purple

roar.(他由叫喊转为面红耳赤的咆哮。——purple是表示具体色泽的词,用来修饰抽象事物roar。)

5.由修饰抽象事物转为修饰具体事物

(1)The sky turned to a tender palette of pink and blue.(天空变成了粉红碧绿的柔色色板。)(2)They had to bear pitiless wind at night.(他们不得不忍受夜里无情的风。)

6.事物之间转移修饰

(1)He lift swiftly as the baking interview

completed. (倍受煎熬的面试一结束他便急速离开。——baking原意是烤面包,此处修饰interview,为了烘托难熬的气氛。)

(2)Mark Twain had to leave the city because of the scathing column he

wrote.(由于他撰写的辛辣栏目,马克·吐温不得不离开那座城市。——scathing指火“灼烫”,这里修饰column,指文章充满火药味。)

从上面的例子我们可以看出,修饰语移置其实是一种语义嫁接,在合理的联想基础上形成。修饰关系是否形象到位,关键在联想是否合理。这种手法是不可以生造的。

明喻(simile)是比喻的一种,是一两种具有共同特性的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的相类关系,两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词有:

like; not unlike; it was a bit likel can be likened to ; as ; as if ; as though; as it were

as comparable to ; many be compared to ; similar to; akin to ; be analogous to ;

be someting of等。

共分三种类型:描写型(descriptive) 说明型(illustrative)和启发型(illuminative)

【描写型明喻】

Example One:撒切尔夫人辞职,老友里根撰文回忆中的一句

I know it helped put me at ease when I felt like the new kid at school at my first economic summit in Ottawa in 1981.

1981年,在渥太华第一次参加经济首脑会谈,当时我觉得自己好似一个刚上学的学童Example Two:

He is something of a political chamelion.(Newsweek; December 3,1990)

他有点象政治上的变色龙

注释:something of ,有些相似(to some extent; somewhat),表示A接近B

Example Three:美国求职者可以委托专业公司代写履历

Too many professionally prepared resumes read like a pitch from an old-time snake-oil pedlar.

雇请职业枪手代写的履历念起来往往都带有老式江湖郎中的推销口吻。

注释:snake-oil(蛇油)指江湖郎中所卖的万灵丹,以次比喻代写的履历,含有“假货赝品”的意思。pitch是resume的喻体。原意为定调的基音,联想到高嗓门,转义为“大肆宣扬”。同句子中peddlar(街头小贩)呼应,使读者仿佛听的见他声嘶力竭的叫卖声。所以pitch一词用的精彩之极。

【说明性明喻】这一类型的特点,同通过具体的形象说明复杂、抽象的概念或过程Exampe One:卡洛斯。雷德是著名的哥伦比亚毒枭

Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars.

卡洛斯。雷德与可卡因贩运的关系,正如同行利。福特与汽车的关系。

注释:这是一句两队关系的对照的结构:A is to B {what or as} C is to D

本句通过喻体(福特)说明本体(雷德),属于说明性明喻

Example Two:人是土豆-隐喻,电视机的图象犹如照片---说明性明喻

Many retirees are couch potatoes who like popping cold beers and relaxing in front of their $2,500 wide-screen, high definition television set. Its big picture will be as rich and detailed as a millimeter photograh.

许多退休者喜欢窝在沙发里长时间的看电视,一边手里拿着冰镇的啤酒,一边惬意的观赏价值2500美圆的大屏幕高清晰度电视机里的节目。这些大屏幕彩电色彩丰富,线条清晰,有如35MM照相机拍出来一般。

注释:couch ,长沙发;potato,泛指个人;couch potatoes ,长时间窝在沙发里看电视的人。视觉形象非常的生动。high-definition television,高清晰度电视机扫描线为1125条,图象细致,可同照片媲美。这是一个典型的说明型明喻。

【启发型明喻】其特点是通过暗示性的联想(suggestive association )启发人们洞察深层的内涵。所设的比喻比一定能够直接理解,必须思索,方能豁然,有一种言近意远的效果。Example: 政策产业和汉堡包之间有什么联系?

Presidential candidates all espoused(提倡) ‘industrial policies’, on the basis of which the labor, the management and the administration will pool(协同) their efforts to repel(击退) foreign competition so that American workers won’t become what Lee Lacocca of Chrysler describes as …double-cheeseburger-hold-the-mayo? king.

竞选总统的候选人都呼吁制订“产业政策”。以次为根本,劳方、资方和政府携手努力,击退外来的竞争,以免美国工人面临像克莱斯勒公司懂事长所描述的局面:成为不涂蛋黄浆的特大双份乳酪包。

注释:美国住普通的快餐是汉堡包(hamburger),如果夹有双份乳酪(double-cheeseburger),则是这类快餐中的高级食品,标志着第一流的质量。

Mayo是mayonnaise的简写,即蛋黄浆。Hold-the mayo,不给蛋黄浆

King 的含义:

1。同类中首屈一指(指美国工人品位高)

2.特大号(double cheese的一定是大汉堡包)

这2层含义都适用于这个比喻。

综合来看,a-double-cheeseburger-hold the mayo king 指用料很好,但缺乏必要的调料,终于不能成为美味的上乘食品;借喻美国的产业界素质堪称上选,但缺乏政策的扶持,难以应付外国的竞争。

个人体会:这个句子的结构并不复杂,但这个比喻的理解需要对美国人对于食品的认同上有深刻的了解,否则很难体会这个比喻之间的对照关系

隐喻(metaphor)这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...

德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

提喻-释义:

提喻(Synecdoche)是不直接说某一事物的名称,而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。提喻又称举偶法。提喻与换喻(借代)不同,换喻主要借助于密切的关系与联想,而提喻则是借助于部分相似。提喻大致归纳为四种情况:a.部分和全体互代;b.以材料代替事物;c.抽象和具体互代;d.以个体代替整个类。

例句: 1.Outside,(there is) a sea of faces.外面街上,是人的海洋。(以人体的局部代全体,即以faces 表示people)

2.Have you any coppers?你有钱吗?(以材料代事物,即以copper铜喻指coin money铜币)

3.They share the same roof.他们住在一起。(以部分代全体,即用roof屋顶,表示house屋子、住宅)

4.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿。(以个体代整个类,用Newton表示scientist科学家)

5.Y e see/ The steel ye tempered glance on ye.看,你们铸的剑在把你们看管!(以材料代事物,用steel钢,喻指sword剑)

6.It was reported that China won the volleyball match.椐报载:在这次排球赛中,中国队赢了。(以国家名称China代该国球队the Chinese V olleyball Team)

7.Life was a wearing to him.生活令他感到厌倦。(以抽象代具体,即用wearing喻指a wearing thing令人厌倦的事情)

8、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.

长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。

句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”(巨大的牺牲)

9、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”

……他说这是世界上最美的语言。

这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。

10、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team.

很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。

这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。

拟人(personification):这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。

1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)

一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。

这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。

2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.

我唯一担心的是,到了一月份我又得去找工作。

英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化,赋以生命,使人们读起来亲切生动。

夸张(hyperbole):这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。

1、My blood froze.

我的血液都凝固了。

2、When I told our father about this,his heart burst.

当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时,他的心几乎要迸出来。

3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter?svoice on the phone.

从电话里一听到我女儿的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动。

叠言(rhetorical repetition):这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。

1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.

它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。

2、... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.

因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少残废。

借代(metonymy):是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...

几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。

“word”在这里代替了“news, information”(消息、信息)

2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.

艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。

“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。

双关语(pun)是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。

Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, or I am,” he declared. “Both,sir!” Cried the Swede proudly.

“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。

拟声(onomatopoeia)是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。

1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.

在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。

2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.

她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀,昆虫的叫声呀,开门的吱嗄声呀,亲人的说话声呀。

讽刺(irony)是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。

Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.

啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。

店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客:像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢?名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。

通感(synesthesia)是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.

有些书是应当尝尝滋味的,有些书是应当吞下去的,有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。

书是“尝”不出味道的,也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读,阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受,用味觉功能和消化功能来表示,心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。

头韵法(alliteration)在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。

How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.

矛盾修辞法-矛盾修饰法oxymoron

A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.

矛盾修饰法:一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法,如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观

所谓矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)是指将语义截然相反对立的词语放在一起使用,来揭示某一项事物矛盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言之,它使用两种不相协调,甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物,以增强语言感染力。在阅读理解解码过程中,矛盾修辞法可以产生出两种强烈的修辞效果。第一,出人意料。由于两部分语义相互矛盾,合并使用有悖常理,所以矛盾修辞强烈碰撞读者的神经思维,起到意想不到,启发思维的作用,为进一步深化理解奠定了基础。例如英语的cruel kindness,汉语的“真实的谎言”和“甜美的复仇”便是矛盾修辞法的具体表现。读到上述那样的矛盾词语组合读者肯定会有出乎意料的感觉。第二,引人入胜。矛盾词语的冲击会激发读者进一步深化理解的欲望。在仔细推敲这种看似矛盾的语言表达之后,读者会发现矛盾修辞法所表示的语义矛盾不仅符合逻辑,而且使文章更加形象生动,意蕴丰富且深刻。例:

“Y ou’ve already got one,”Brachia chuckled, “Much Ado about Nothing is just the name for you.”

宝钗笑道:“你的绰号早有了,‘无事忙’三个字恰当得很。”

在此例中,much ado 和nothing的语义是相互矛盾的。译者正是巧用这一特点把对贾宝玉“终日瞎忙,无所事事”的讥讽传神地表现出来,具有画龙点睛之效果。

矛盾修饰法的特点决定了它的构成,一般有以下几种:形容词+名词如:tearful joy, proud humility, beautiful tyrant, orderly chaos等等。

副词+V-ing如:deliciously aching, changelessly changing等等。

副词+形容词如:dully bright, mildly magnificent, conspicuously absent, mercifully fatal等等。

动词+副词如:hasten slowly, groan loudly, shine darkly等等。

形容词+形容词如:bitter sweet memories, bad good news, poor rich guys, cold pleasant manners

等等。

动词分词+名词如:a living death, wolfish-ravening lamb, loving hate, a dammed saint等等。

英语矛盾修饰法有以下几种修辞作用:

1.形成鲜明生动的对比,给人以深刻的印象。

Juliet: O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!

Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?

Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical!

Dove-feather'd raven! wolvish ravening lamb!

Despised substance of divinest show!

Just opposite to what thou justly seem'ist.

A dammed saint, an honorable villain!

──Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet

这是Juliet听到她的表哥Tybalt已被Romeo杀死后说的一段话,作者用了一系列的词意矛盾的词语:用beautiful(美丽的)修饰tyrant(暴君),用angelical(天使般的)修饰fiend(魔鬼),用dove-feather'd(披着白鸽

羽毛的)修饰raven(乌鸦),用wolvish-ravening(豺狼一样残忍的)修饰lamb(羊羔),用dammed(万恶的)修饰saint(圣人),用honorable修饰villain(奸徒),对比鲜明生动,充分表现了Juliet极其复杂的矛盾心情,给人留下深刻的印象。再如:

He sat in the square and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.

changelessly与change是意思相反的两个词,表面上看来好像风马牛不相及,但经推敲后,我们不但不觉得矛盾,反而觉得入情入理,作者需要描写的正是这种"既始终如一,又变化多端"的景色。生动自然,形象具体。

2.加强语势,起强调作用。

构成矛盾关系的两个词一般属于修饰和被修饰的关系,所以往往强调了被修饰词。例如:

An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt throughout the mining region.

为了渲染气氛,加强语势,作者用dangerous来修饰calm,给人以一种很不平静的感觉,从而使这种"平静"得到了强调,给人以一种亲临其境的强烈感受。再如:

Here is much to do with hate, but more with love;

Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate!

O anything, of nothing first create!

O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!

Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!

──Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet

这里brawling修饰love, loving修饰hate, heavy修饰lightness, serious修饰vanity都是互相矛盾的关系。吵吵闹闹和相爱,亲亲热热和怨恨,沉重和轻浮,严肃和轻浮,词义都是彼此矛盾的,用在一起更加衬托出爱恨、轻浮和狂妄的程度。

3.言简意赅,起概括作用。

矛盾修饰法对复杂的概念起概括作用,常常语言精练出奇,意思含蓄深刻。例如:

So there he is at last. Man on the moon. The poor magnificent bungler. He can't even get to the office without undergoing the agonies of the dammed, but give him a metal, a few chemicals, some wire and twenty or thirty billion dollars and there he is up on a rock a quarter of a million miles up in the sky.

──Russell Baker: New York Times

这是美国专栏作家Baker为《纽约时报》写的一篇专栏文章中的一段,作者用The poor magnificent bungler的矛盾修饰法,非常简洁生动地概括讽刺了美国政府花费几百亿美元用于航天事业,从而使人登上了月球,但却忽视了美国最基本的社会问题──改善生活质量的问题。含义深刻,寓意明确。再如:

Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.

──Shakespeare: Twelfth Night

"与其做愚蠢的智人,不如做聪明的愚人。"莎士比亚用十分简练的语言表达了深刻的哲理,给人以启迪。

回文-英语修辞

chiasmus(回文)是英语修辞手法。

交错配列法交错配列:两个排比结构中第二个所用的修辞上的倒装,(如:She went to Paris; New Y ork went he.)

另外,英语的语法不支持回文,但是也有回文的句子,如:Was it a bar or a bat I saw?

英语修辞-三、英语修辞的理解与翻译

-马克·吐温在其著名游记A Tramp Abroad中,有这样一句:We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists------and dust. 句末的-----and dust看似寻常一笔,其实是一种不可多得的妙句,使用了英语中anticlimax的修辞格。如果不能识破,则让对照阅读原文者“饮恨”。如:同路的有许多旅客,有乘马车的,也有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。/ 我们的旅伴真不少,有乘马车的,有骑骡子的,还有滚滚尘土呢。

下面就几种常见的修辞格进行讲解:

1. Parody(仿拟)如果译者功底不凡,能知作者之所“仿”,那么,理解与翻译也就“水到渠成”。如:Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesn’t make perfect. 可以译成:显然,在婚姻问题上,婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。再如:When flu hits below the belt, it can be a challenge to keep down anything more nourishing than tea and water. 词典对成语hits below the belt的通常解释是:用不正当手段打人(原指拳击中打对方的下身)。若是照搬,译文就会闹笑话。对待“仿拟”修

辞格的方法之一是还原。所谓还原,即故意撇开成语的引申义,而“硬”用其字面义。如:若流感影响到了肠胃,那就只能饮用点茶水,要吃下其他东西就非常困难了。再如:Little John was born with a silver spoon in a mouth, which was rather curly and large. 英语成语to be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth的含义是“出生在富贵之家”。这里,作者不用此引申义,而用字面意思。试译:小约翰嘴形弯曲,且大得出奇,好像生下来的时候嘴中含了一把银勺子似的。

2. Syllepsis(异叙)此修辞格的特点是用一个词(动词、形容词或介词)同时与两个词或者更多相搭配,巧用一词多义的特点。如:He first put a club in my hand when I was about ten. I threw a lot of tantrums in the upland hills of North Carolina, and clubs too. I was in such a rush to be good that he would urge me to “relax and enjoy the round. The game ends far too soon.” I didn’t have a clue what he meant. 试译:他第一次把高尔夫球棒放在我手里的时候,我大概十岁。在北卡罗来纳州的山中,我一次次发脾气,一次次把球棒扔掉。我急于求成,老爸总是劝我“放松点,慢慢打,比赛结束得太快了。”我一点儿也不明白他的意思。再如:By day’s end, I had drilled 4216 holes to a depth of 18 inches, and I had lost mine pounds, my hearing, feeling in both hands and the ability to lift anything heavier than the evening paper. 试译:一天快结束的时候,我已经钻了4216个深达18英寸的洞,为此,我失去了9磅体重,失去了听力,失去了双手的感觉,还失去了举起比一张晚报更重的东西的臂力。

3. metonymy(借代)借代一般可以保留原文的修辞方式,不会引起误会,同时让译文多了一份词趣。如:So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 译文A:因此,在此五周的减肥期内,要更多地注重自己的腰围,而不是自己的体重。译文B:因此,在此五周的减肥期内,把注意力放在量腰围的卷尺上,而不是放在浴室的磅秤上。

4. pun(双关)有许多看似无法在译文中挽留的原文形式的神韵和风采在译文中却得以挽留。如:First gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound. Lucio: Nay, not as one would say, healthy; but so sound as things that are hollow; impiety has made a feast of thee. (整个对话之谐趣尽系双关词汇sound。)试译:绅士甲:你总以为我有那种病,其实你大错特错,我的身体响当当的。路奇奥:响当当的,可并不结实,就像空心的东西那样响当当的,你的骨头都空了,好色的毛病把你掏空了。

5. alliteration(头韵)英语辞格押头韵的手法历来被认为是不可译的,但是,面对alliteration,并不意味译者就无所作为。如下的两段译文就做了成功的尝试。如:Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 试译:变化是生活的一部分,而且也塑造了人的意志品德,亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了,你有两种选择:要么痛苦不堪;要么痛快达观。再如:Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 试译:可以预言,今年冬天将多雪,多冻雨,多泥泞。(原句当中的snowy, sleety,

slushy也是非常漂亮的押头韵,译者殚精竭虑,用心可嘉。)

6. metaphor(比喻)这个metaphor并非狭隘意义上的把A比作B的不使用比喻词(如as, like, as if等)的暗喻,而是广义上的英语词汇的比喻义。换言之,也就是英语词汇denotation(本义)之外的connotation(转义)。Peter Newmark在A Textbook of Translation 中把英语中的比喻分成四类,令人耳目一新 have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphor: fossilized, stock, recently created and original. 第一类:有学生在作文中写出如下句子:In the middle of the picnic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. 该句子被改为:While we were busy eating a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. 在A Dictionary of American Idioms中,写道:rain cats and dogs: To rain very hard; come down in torrents------A cliché. 美国朋友说: If you use this metaphor, I will doubt if you are my grandfather’s uncle! 第二类:stock(常用的)这是指已被收入词典,但并不属于cliché范畴的比喻。如:flood一词的用法。She was in a flood of tears. (她泪流如注。) The corridors were flooded with girls. (走廊里挤满了女孩子。) Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down. (草莓充斥市场,价格下跌。) 第三类的标准应该是:至少目前商未被收入词典,同时又让人接受,并感到新意扑面。如在一篇名为Rescue of A Newborn 中有三个句子:A. I focused on a small blob in the mud amid the columns of legs and trunks. B. I suddenly came upon a wall of feeding elephants. C. …grabbed their lost baby and tugged her gently into a stockade of legs. 第四类:original这种比喻并非随处可见,唾手可得。它是灵感思维的产物。这种比喻在词典上无踪影可觅,而且连参照物可能也没有。如:Jeff Rennicke在A Promise of Spring 中开卷段是:Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a sliver of bird song in the air. 试译:白茫茫的一片。没有别的什么踪迹,只有我的脚印如细密的针脚印在积雪上。积雪白如桦树皮,是昨夜落下的。在树上没有鸟儿轻捷的身影,在空中也听不到鸟儿一丝的啁啾。

对比喻的翻译可以分为两类:

一是保留原文的形象,即: to find an equivalent image. 如:Ani began pounding and yelling to be let out as the car screeched from the parking lot. But rock music blaring from the radio speakers drowned him out. 试译:当汽车从停车场急速驶过时,Ani开始猛烈敲打和大声呼喊,但是从车内喇叭发出的摇滚音乐淹没了他发出的声音。再如:The policemen who patrolled the big city slum area that summer were sitting on a volcano. 那年夏天,在城市大贫民区巡逻的警察如同坐在火山口上。

二是实行翻译的“补偿原则”(compensation)。所谓以补偿方法译比喻,就是在寻找对等形象无门的情况下,使用变通的方法,尽可能地对译文中比喻形象的流失作某些补偿,以求得译文与原文大致相等的可读性。如:Cavorting and diving at breathtaking speeds, the beautiful birds (指鹰) mirrored each other in flight. A. 在空中翻飞嬉戏,时作闪

电式俯冲,矫健的鹰双双携游于碧空。B. 在空中翻飞嬉戏,时作闪电式俯冲,矫健的鹰比翼齐飞,形影相随。再如:But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it. She didn’t want her son to grow up thinking that kind of relationship was normal. 试译:六载婚姻生活,风雨交加,Cewe决定结束这种婚姻。她不愿让她儿子在这样的环境里长大成人,并误以为这样的关系是正常的。又如:Rudy knew they had severed the wrong rope and that it was the thick tow line that trapped him. “Try cutting the other rope!” said Rudy, his hopes, and his grip, eroding. 试译:Rudy发现他们割错了绳子,是那根粗的牵引绳缠住了他。“把另一根绳子割断!”Rudy说。此刻,他的希望,他的握力,似油将尽、灯将灭。再如:The following week was family conference, something I dreaded. This was the day the dirty laundry got hung out to air in a private session between parent, child and counselor. 试译:下周将开家长会,这正是我害怕的。在这一天,家长、孩子和辅导员将开私下的碰头会,列数孩子做的坏事。再如:The operation may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he lives or dies. 手术不一

一连系动词的类型有

1. "存在"类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调"存在"。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:

The story sounds true.

Those oranges taste good.

2. "持续"类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调"持续"。常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:

Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It w ill stay fresh for several days.

It's already ten in the morning. The store remains c losed. Wh at's the matter?

3. "变化"类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调"变化"后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), get(变得)等。例如:

Put the fish in the fridge, or it w ill go bad in hot weather.

二注意事项

1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如:feel, taste等词。例如:

-Do you like the material?

-Yes, it feels very soft.

2. 一般情况下,连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。例如:

Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a c ar.

3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain 和turn等.注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时,不加冠词。例如: Tw enty years later, he turned teacher.

The population growth in China remains a problem.

4. 连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常见的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:

Having a trip abroad is c ertainly good for the old couple, but it r emains to be seen whether they w ill enjoy it.

On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.

表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于连系动词(be, become, appear, seem等)之后。

例子

Afric a is a big continent.

非洲是个大洲。

That remains a puzzle to me.

对我来说,那是一个残余的难题。

具体分析

主语

是一个句子中所要表达描述的对象。

主语可以由名词,代词,数词,动词不定式,动名词,名词化形容词,分词,从句,短语等来担任。

谓语

谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。

表语

表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。

宾语

是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾

语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,但间接宾语前须加"to"。

有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外,还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系,这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。

定语

用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。

状语

说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词,短语以及从句来担任。

可接双宾语的38个常用动词

(1) 双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词

award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人

bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人

hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人

lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人

mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人

Offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人

owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物

pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人

pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物(钱)

post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人

read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听

return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人

send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人

sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人

serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人

show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看

take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人

teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物

tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况

throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人

write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信

(2) 双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词

book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物

buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物

choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物

cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物

draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物

fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物

find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物

fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物

get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物

make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物

order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物

pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物

prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物

save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物

sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物(歌)

spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物

steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物

注:有的动词后接的双宾语易位时,既可用介词to引出间接宾语,也可用介词for引出间接宾语,含义相同,如bring,play等:

Bring me today?s paper. = Bring today?s paper to [for] me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。

He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the record he had just bought for [to] us. 他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。

有的动词后接的双宾语易位时,即可用介词to引出间接宾语,也可用介词for引出间接宾语,

含义不同,如leave等:

They left me no food. = They left no food for me. 他们没给我留一点食物。

My uncle left me a large fortune. = My uncle left a large fortune to me.

我叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。

而有的动词后接双宾语时,既不能用介词to引出间接宾语,也不能用介词for引出间接宾语,如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等:

He allows his son too much money. 他给他儿子的钱太多。

He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。

This caused me much trouble. 着给我带来了许多麻烦。

He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea. 他一杯茶向我要了5美元。

His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误让他丢了工作。

I envy you your good luck. 我羡慕你的好运。

They forgave him his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。

He refused her nothing. 她要什么就给什么。

英语18种重要修辞手法

18种重要修辞手法 一、语义修辞 1明喻(simile)俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。例如: 1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field. 2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 认真观察以上各例,我们会发现它们的特点,由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging word),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显,所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。 2暗喻(metaphor)也称隐喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如: 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.(他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。) 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。) 3.Hope is a good br eakfast, but it’s a bad supper. 由以上各例可知,暗喻没有引导词,这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说,有为明喻,没有为暗喻。如:He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然,前句是暗喻,后句是明喻。暗喻时,比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄,猛一看它们毫无关系,实际却有着某种内在联系。 谈到暗喻,有必要说说它的两种变体(variety):博喻(sustained metaphor)和延喻(extended metaphor),它们是英语比喻中的特殊类型。 (1)博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体的方法就叫做博喻。比如: There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpe nt and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverber ation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电,她像蛇一样蜿蜒,如魔鬼般嘶叫,像翠玉般碧绿,轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻就用了三个喻体,spring of a serpen t(动态),shout of a fiend(声音),green as an emerald(颜色),它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪电呈现在读者面前。由此可见,多喻体的使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。 (2)延喻据Longman Modern English Dictionary解释,延喻即make a n initial c omparison and then develop it, expanding the author’s id ea(作出初次比较再扩展,以延伸作者的意图)。请看下例: A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. (摄影师像鳕鱼,产卵百万为的是长成一条。) 摄影师通常拍片成堆,难觅一成功之作,似鳕鱼产卵无数,长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod,再进一步用cod的习性比喻之,生动地道出了摄影师的艰辛。这里which后的从句就显示了延喻的功能。 与一般比喻相比延喻的使用更复杂。一般比喻只需抓住主、喻体之间的相似之处,延喻不仅要注意比喻本身,还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说,延伸部分应当是喻体的一部分,不能游离于其外。 延喻的构成分以下几种: ①由动词构成

英语修辞手法讲解

英语19种修辞手法解读 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。 I。以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了。 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 III。以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI。以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱。 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般。 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory。(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人。 2>.He is the Newton of this century。(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿。 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap。(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视。听.触。嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物。通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用,能突破语言的局限,丰富表情达意的审美情趣,起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如:欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏;闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体;听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice。(用视觉形容听觉,鸟落在树上,由它发出的声音联想到百合花)

最新英语中19种修辞手法和例句

1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”。比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily-like voice.(用视觉形容听觉,鸟落在树上,由它发出的声音联想到百合花)鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.(用嗅觉形容听觉)品尝Mozart的音乐. 6.Personification 拟人 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 例如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.(把夜拟人化) 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.(把鸟拟人化) 7.Hyperbole 夸张 夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.. 例如: 1>.I beg a thousand pardons. 2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.

英语文学中得修辞手法

明喻( simile )是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似 关系,两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though 等, 补充: 二、隐喻( metaphor )这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事 物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 补充: 三、提喻( synecdoche )又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具 体,或以具体代抽象。四、拟人( personification )这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。五、夸张( hyperbole )这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。六、叠言( rhetorical repetition )这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。七、借代( metonymy )是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。八、双关语( pun )是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。九、拟声( onomatcpocia )是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。十、讽刺( irony )是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。十一、通感 ( synesthesia )是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。十二、头韵法( alliteration )在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。 英语修辞手法 1)Simile :(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor :(暗喻) It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy:(类比)It is also a form Of COmPariSon, but UnIike SimiIe Or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several Common qualities or points of resemblanCe. 4) PerSOnification:(拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objeCts, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.

英语中常见的修辞手法

英语中常见的修辞手法

英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile -简明英汉词典['s?m?li:] n. (使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如: Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor -简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻

暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词,只是在暗中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如: I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧,孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如: The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧,”医生说,“我会尽力做到科学能做到的,但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时,药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)(大学英语第三册第六单元课文A) 4夸张(the exaggeration) exaggeration -英汉双向大词典 D.J.[?g?z?d???re???n] - exaggeration n. 1.夸张,夸大 2.夸张的言语;夸张的手法 - Exaggeration n. 夸张;夸大 把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张,即采用“言过其实”的说法,使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如:

英语中的修辞手法

明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人.

英语中常见的修辞手法

英语中常见的修辞手法 Prepared on 22 November 2020

英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile-简明英汉词典 ['smli:] n.(使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和 喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单的事物表达 的更为形象更为生动。例如: Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺, 又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor)metaphor-简明英汉词典 ['metf] n.隐喻 暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物 间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词,只是在暗 中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如: I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧,孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自 由和人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的 种子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A)

英语文学中得修辞手法

一、明喻(simile)是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似 关系,两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等, 补充: 二、隐喻(metaphor)这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写, 甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 补充: 三、提喻(synecdoche)又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或 以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。四、拟人(personification)这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。五、夸张(hyperbole)这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。六、叠言(rhetorical repetition)这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。七、借代(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。八、双关语(pun)是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。九、拟声(onomatcpocia)是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。十、讽刺(irony)是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。十一、通感(synesthesia)是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。十二、头韵法(alliteration)在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。 英语修辞手法 1) Simile:(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor:(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy: (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.

英语中19种修辞手法及解释

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.

2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

英语中有19种修辞手法

英语中有19种修辞手法,它们分别是:Simile明喻、Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻、Metonymy 借喻,转喻、Synecdoche 提喻、Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比,平行、Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法、Allegory 讽喻,比方、Irony 反语、Pun 双关、Parody 仿拟、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问、Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶、Paradox 隽语、Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻、Climax 渐进法,层进法、Anticlimax 渐降法。下面和大家分享一下这19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句,快来学习吧! 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。 I。以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了。 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 III。以作者代替作品,例如:

英语中常见的修辞手法11928

英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白,使人可见可感可悟,把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如: Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。)(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词,只是在暗中打比方,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如: I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。)(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧,孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)(大学英语第二册第七单元课文A) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如: The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧,”医生说,“我会尽力做到科学能做到的,但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时,药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)(大学英语第三册第六单元课文A) 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或缩小,就叫夸张,即采用“言过其实”的说法,使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格,应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征,因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如:Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中,马克.吐温是位伟大作家,他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)(eternal和endless都是夸张用语,表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。) 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写,赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如:The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)(采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.) The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶,藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) (这里作者运用了拟人手法,将秋天比做人,秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力,让人有身处其境的感觉)(大学英语第三册第六课课文A) 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话,用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如: “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了,于是出现了上面的这句话,通过反语达到讽刺的效果,从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)

英语最全修辞手法

英语常用修辞 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 4>.This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 5>.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 6>.It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动,好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 7>.Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3>.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 4>.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 5>.All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 6>.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned. 7>.Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.

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