2009年高考英语第二轮热点专题复习——非谓语动词
规律方法
1．考查立意较低，主要考查的是非谓语的一些最基本的用法。但是，题目的设置注重了情景化和结构复杂化，加大了考生对题干句的理解难度。
2．设问的角度呈现出多样化趋势，不仅仅是非谓语间的互相干扰。
命题趋势
不容置疑，高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查，试题的特征将继续呈现出―情景化‖和―设问角度的多样化‖的趋势，但试题的难度将会有所控制。
突破方法
1．非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点，切不可记住几个条条框框就去乱套。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：
①具有句子结构的知识，要分得清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句。
②具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。
③具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸。
④具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析30词左右长度的复合长、难句。
2．理解分析非谓语动词的句法功能，重点掌握不定式、动名词作宾语的区别；不定式、分词作补语的区别；不定式、分词作状语的区别；独立主格的用法；不定式、分词作定语的区别。
3．解答考查非谓语动词的题目时，一定要保持头脑冷静。一般要遵循以下解题思路：
①解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）；
②找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）；
③搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；
④将该选项置入空中，看是否能够做到字从意顺，或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。
知识清单
清单一非谓语动词的句法功能
清单二分词、不定式作宾补用法要点
一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别
1．感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。如：
I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
I heard her singing and English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如：
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态)
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)
2．leave 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的leave 保留了原来之义―留下‖，但表达的确切之义应是―使……处于某种状态）。leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事
（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。）
leave sth. undone 留下某事未做
（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多）
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做
（不定式表示将来的动作。）
如：It‘s wrong of you to leave the machine running.
你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn‘t taste delicious.
客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成）
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主动，将来）
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
我们匆匆忙忙导结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）
3．have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中heave, get 表示―使、让、叫‖之意。
① h ave sth. done = get sth. done ―使/让某事由别人去做‖（叫/让某人做某事）。如
I‘ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.
此外，have sth. done 还表示―使遭受……‖之意。如
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.
② have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事（现在分词表示主动，正在进行）
get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来
如：The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.
农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。
注意：―have sb. doing‖若用于否定句中，其中have 有―容忍‖之意。如：
I won‘t have you speaking to your parents like that.
我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。
Don‘t have the water running all the time.
不要让水流个不停。
③ have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/叫某人去做某事
如：Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
I can‘t get him to stop smoking. He won‘t listen to me.
二、下列动词后跟带to 的不定式作补语：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on 等。如：
① An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots.
② The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.
③ The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：
它们是―吾看三室两厅一感觉‖——5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find, catch, keep, lave 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如：
At that time, I found him crying in the street.
He was caught stealing.
I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
清单三不定式、分词作定语用法要点
一、不定式作定语
1．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
Here is some paper for you to write on.
但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：
He had no money and no place to live (in).
We found a way to solve this problem (in).
2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：
Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？
（不定式to send 的动作执行者是―你‖）
Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？
（不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是―我‖或―别人‖）
3．用不定式作定语的几种情况：
不定式表将来：
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如：
He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to sin the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.
用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：
Do you have the ability to read and write English ?
I have to chance to go sight –seeing.
二、分词作定语
1．作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V –ing; being + 过去分词；过去分刻画。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V –ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：
The houses being built are for the teachers.
The broken glass is Tom‘s.
I have never seen a more moving movie.
2．作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V –ing 和过去分词。V –ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：falling leaves 正落的叶子fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）
三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：
Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?
He is man loved and respected by all.
Don‘t use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific kno wledge.
现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：
Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如：
The question to be discussed at the tomorrow‘s meeting is a very important one.
清单四不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点
一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help
此外，afford, strive 等也要用不定式作宾语。例如：
① She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
② We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn‘t turned up yet.
③ In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state – run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.
二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can‘t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk
此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can‘t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。
① The squirrels was lucky that if just missed being caught.
② I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocena in five days.
③ I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。
1. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事
remember to do sth. 记住去做某事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事
regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情
try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事try doing sth. 尝试着做某事
mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)
can‘t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事can‘t help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事
例如：
① She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.
②— The light in the office is still on.
— Oh, I forgot to turn it off.
③— I usually go there by train.
— Why not try going by boat for a change ?
④— You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
— Well, now I regret having done that.
2．动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I do n‘t like to swim this afternoon.
I‘d like to go swimming this weekend.
3．在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：
allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.
allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.
如：We don‘t a llow smoking here.
We don‘t allow students to smoke.
4．动词need, require, want 作―需要‖解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need 表―需要‖，require 表―要求‖，want 表―想要‖这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：need / require / want doing / to be done
need / require / want sb. to do sth.
be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词) be worth doing
be worthy of being done be worthy of + n. 值得…… be worthy to be done
如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.
The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.
窗户需要擦一下。
The place is worth visiting.
The place is worthy of a visit.
The place is worthy of being visited.
The place is worthy to be visited.
那个地方值得一去。
如：① only one of these books is worth reading.
②— What do you think of the book ?
—Oh, excellent, It‘s worth reading a second time.
四、动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时，前面常带wh –引导词。即how, what, whether, where, when, who 等+ to do。但why + 不带to 的不定式。
注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。例如：
He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)
I don‘t know what to do. ( = I don‘t know what I‘ll do.)
Can you tell me why do it ?
五、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在can‘t choose but, can‘t help but, can‘t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如：
We could do nothing but / other than wait.
We had nothing to do but / other than wait.
We have no choice but to wait.
I can‘t choose but laugh.
清单五不定式、分词作状语用法要点
一、不定式作状语
He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)
They went there to visit their teacher.
他们去那里拜访老师。（表目的）
He woke up only / just to find everybody gone.
他醒来发现大家都走了。（表示结果）
My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.
我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。（表示结果）
在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：
I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。
I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。
在带有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：
He was too excited not to say a few words.
他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。
He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。
She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。
注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to (为了) 或so as to (以便) + 动词原形。so as to 不用于句首。
He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
他早起为了赶上第一班车。
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。
To look at him, you would like him. (表条件)
To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.
To be honest, I know nothing about it. (修饰全句，独立成分)
二、分词作状语
1．分词作状语形式的选择
2．分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。
3．分词作状语的句法功能
分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：
Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)
Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)
Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)
4．独立成分作状语
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
Generally speaking … 一般说来
Frankly speaking … 坦白地说
Judging from … 根据……来判断
Considering … 考虑到……
To tell you the truth … 说实话
清单六非谓语动词其它用法
一、疑问词+ 不定式结构
疑问词（who, which, when, where, how, what等）+ 不定式，这个结构在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。如：
I didn‘t know what to do. (宾语)
When to hold the meeting is not known yet. (主语)
My question was how to get so many books. (表语)
注意句型：Why not do sth. ? Why do sth. ?
二、不定式的主动和被动
1．不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：
Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ?
(A knife cuts the watermelon.)
2．不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如：
She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)
I know what to do. (I do what.)
3．不定式作表语形容词的关语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如：
This book is difficult to understand.
This kind of fish is nice to eat.
4．在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。如：
There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. )
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )
请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点：
There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)
三、不定式符号to 的保留问题
有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。
如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。如：
I haven‘t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.
— Are you on holiday ?
—No, but I‘d like to be.
—I didn‘t tell him the news. 我没有告诉他那个消息。
— Oh, you ought to have. 噢，你本应该告诉他的。
四、动名词作主语
动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。
It is / was no use / good + doing sth.
It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.
It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.
It is / was useless
如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
It is of little good staying up too late every day.
每天都熬夜没有什么好处
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
五、注意以下表达的意义区别
falling leaves 正在下落的树叶fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶
boiling water 沸腾的水boiled water 烧开过的水
developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家
I like swimming, but I don‘t like to swim this afternoon.
Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.
The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. )
看到蛇，女孩尖叫起不。
His frightening shout scared the boys again.
( The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. )
他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。
类似的还有：
an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音an excited voice 兴奋的声音
a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情He
He hunted all the shops, looking for a nice present for his girlfriend.
(伴随)他找遍了所有的商店，为他的女友寻来一件精英的礼物。
He hunted all the shops to buy a nice present for his girlfriend.
(目的)为给他的女友买一件精美的礼物，他跑遍了所有的商店。
I stayed up very late yesterday, preparing my speech.
(伴随)我昨晚睡得很晚，一直在准备演讲稿。
I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.
(目的)今天早晨我起得很早以便给家人准备早餐。
小试牛刀
试题（一）
1. As we joined the big crowd I got ______ from my friends.
A. separated
B. spared
C. lost
D. missed
2. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered
B. Suffering
C. To suffer
D. Suffered
3. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _____ everything.
A. to tell
B. to be told
C. to be telling
D. to have been told
4. I really appreciate _______ to relax with you on this nice island.
A. to have had time
B. having time
C. to have time
D. to having time
5. ______ at the door before entering, please.
A. Knocked
B. To knock
C. Knocking
D. Knock
6. Sandy could do nothing but _____ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit
B. admitted
C. admitting
D. to admit
7. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ______ some schools for poor children.
A. set up
B. setting up
C. have set up
D. having set up
8. _____ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.
A. Giving
B. Give
C. Given
D. To give
9. ______ from heart trouble for years, Professor white has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
A. Suffered
B. Suffering
C. Having suffered
D. Being suffered
10. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state –run companies are striving _______ their products more competitive.
A. to make
B. making
C. to have made
D. having made
11. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.
A. waiting
B. to wait
C. wait
D. to be waiting
12. When _____, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed
B. completing
C. being completed
D. to be completed
13. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly –elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled
B. settling
C. to settle
D. being settled
14. The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be cone to change it.
A. begins
B. having begun
C. beginning
D. begun
15. Having a trip abroad is certainly for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see
B. to be seen
C. seeing
D. seen
(二)
1. prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought
B. bought
C. been bought
D. buying
2. — Why did you go back to the shop ?
— I left my friend ______ there.
A. waiting
B. to wait
C. wait
D. waits
3. The manager, ______ his fact ory‘s products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
A. knowing
B. known
C. to know
D. being known
4. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing
B. having seen
C. to have seen
D. to see
5. Mr Smith, ______ of the _____ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring
B. tiring; bored
C. tired; bored
D. tiring; boring
6. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ in the kitchen.
A. smoke
B. smoking
C. to smoke
D. smoked
7. The teacher asked us _____ so much noise.
A. don‘t make
B. not make
C. not making
D. not to make
8. _____ times, he‘ll make a fi rst –class tennis player.
A. Having given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Given
9. It is believed that if a book is ______, it will surely _____ the reader.
A. interested; interest
B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting
D. interesting; interest
10. The discovery of new evidence led to _____.
A. the thief having caught
B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught
D. the thief to be caught
11. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking
B. when taken
C. when to take
D. when to be taken
12. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _____ clear warnings before firing any shots.
A. to issue
B. being issued
C. to have issued
D. to be issued
13. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put
B. to be putting
C. to put
D. putting
14. I‘m going to the supermark et this afternoon. Do you have anything _____?
A. to be buying
B. to buy
C. for buying
D. bought
15. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ______ as the plane was making a landing.
A. seat
B. seating
C. seated
D. to be seating
（三）
1. ______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A. To face
B. Having faced
C. Faced
D. Facing
2. The storm left, ______ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused
B. to have caused
C. to cause
D. having caused
3. ______, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
4. While watching television, _______.
A. the doorbell rang
B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring
D. we heard the doorbell rings
5. ―You can‘t catch me !‖ Janet shouted, ________ away.
A. To have had
B. having had
C. Have
D. Having
6. It‘s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ________ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had
B. Having had
C. Have
D. Having
7. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _______ at the party, but not ______.
A. to arrive; leaving
B. to arrive; to leave
C. arriving; leaving
D. arriving; to leave
8. The prize of the game show is $ 30,000 and all expenses ______ vacation to China.
A. paying
B. paid
C. to be paid
D. being paid
9. I couldn‘t do my homework with all that noise _______.
A. going on
B. goes on
C. went on
D. to go on
10. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You‘ve had it ______ often enough.
A. explaining
B. to explain
C. explain
D. explained
11. I don‘t want _______ like I‘m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager‘s plan is unfair.
A. to sound
B. to be sounded
C. sounding
D. to have sounded
12. He got well –prepared for the job interview, for he could n‘t risk ______ the good opportunity.
A. to lose
B. losing
C. to be lost
D. being lost
13. _______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put
14. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ______ a look at the sports stars.
A. had
B. having
C. to have
D. have
15. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _______ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking
B. taken
C. having taken
D. having been taken
（四）
1. _______ such heavy loss, he businessman didn‘t have the courage to go on.
A. Having suffered
B. Suffering
C. To suffer
D. Suffered
2. With no rain for three months and food supplies ______ out, the situation here is getting from bad to worse.
A. run
B. running
C. to run
D. to be run
3. Hill often attends public lectures at the University of London, chiefly _____ his English.
A. to improve
B. improving
C. to have improved
D. improved
4. Walking out of it with a ______ smile on his face, he turned ______ goodbye to his classmates in the classroom.
A. forcing; to say
B. forced; to saying
C. forcing; to saying
D. forced; to say
5. A remote –controlled bomb exploded outside a hotel yesterday, _______ at least 12 people.
A. having been injured
B. having injured
C. injuring
D. injured
6. It is said that Barbara‘s sister fell off her bicycle on her way to school, _______ in the left leg.
A. seriously damaging
B. hurting badly
C. breaking seriously
D. badly hurt
7. —What‘s the matter with Tim ?
—Oh. Tim‘s cellphone was left in a taxi accidentally, never _____ again.
A. to find
B. to be found
C. finding
D. being found
8. The car burns more fuel, but ______ all things into consideration, it‘s still a good car.
A. taken
B. having taken
C. taking
D. to take
9. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _____, we refused the offer.
A. not finishing
B. had not been finished
C. not having finished
D. not being finished
10. The earthquake ______ the tsunami (海滩) happened deep under the sea, _____ more than 200,000 people.
A. causing; killing
B. caused; killing
C. causing; killed
D. caused; killed
11. The man opened his eyes and moved his lips, as if _____ that he had something to tell the doctor.
A. saying
B. having said
C. to say
D. to have said
12. Though _____ natural resources, the area is well developed.
A. lacked
B. lacking of
C. lacking
D. lacked in
13. What worried me most was _____ to go abroad alone.
A. my not allowing
B. having not allowed
C. my being not allowed
D. my not being allowed
14. It is silly of me ______ all eggs in one basket. That was the worst mistake I‘ve ever made.
A. to put
B. to have put
C. putting
D. having put
15. My job was to wash bottles, which would then be filled with wine, or _____ the filled bottles in boxes.
A. to put
B. putting
C. having put
D. being put
答案与解析
（一）
1、A从题意看，get应与一动词构成―get+过去分词‖系表状态，而C项的lost与from又不能搭配，B、D 两项明显排除，故选A。动词与介词的习惯搭配运用也是需要掌握的基础知识中的一个重要内容，我们在培养新闻记者与理解能力的同进，还需要提高在交际中运用语言的准确性。
2、A题干中有一词already表明该支作已完成或已发生，故用完成式。四个选项均为同一动词，因此在词义上并无大的差异。应该通过分析题干句意，来考虑动词的不同非谓语形式的表达意思上的差别，而后做出选择。本句想要表达的意思是：河流已经遭受如引严惩的污染，现在要想清理也许太迟了。后面句子的动作发生在前面动词suffer行为之后，因此，所设空中应该选用表示―已经完成‖状态的ing分词的完成式——Having suffered(选项A)。选项B（Suffering）为现在分词的一般形式，用来表示与句中主动词同时进行或存在的情况：
Suffering heavy pollution…=The river is to suffer…（将会污染，现在也不能说too late）;以上两种情况均不能满足题干本身需要表达的基本句意，即：―it may now be too late to clean up the river‖。故B、C两项答案均应舍去。题干中already 也可起到重要的提示与限制作用。
选项D（Suffered）表示被动含义，因此也与句意不合，应能排除，但统计数据表明，错误选项中恰好该项干扰最大，误选比率为22.5%。这说明仍有相当一些考生没能掌握分词的基本意义与运用。
3、D tell是及物动词，后面要接宾语。因为在这个句子稻田后面没有宾语，所以要用动词不定式。双因为知道了一切发生在告诉真相之前，所以要用动词不定式的完成式。这句话的意思是：一定要把一切告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道了一切事情。
4、B appreciate 后接动名词作宾语。这句话的意思是：我真的喜欢和你一起在这个迷人的小岛上放松一下。
5、D本句考查祈使句的用法，祈使句为命令、建议、请求的句子。本句意为：请在进屋前先敲门。非谓语动词不可作谓语。
6、A该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当but前的句子中有实义动词do 的某种形式（do, does, did ,done）时，后接不带to有不定式；该语我谓语是could do nothing,要填动词原形admit.这句话的意思是：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。
7、B to devote sth. to后接动词作宾语。实际上，all he had作devote的宾语，共中he had是一个定语从句。这句话的意思是：利德先生决定用自己所有的一切为贫困儿童建造几所学校。
8、B if you can 是条件状语从句。如果把这个句子转为简单句———blood and many lives will be saved,就可以确定这是一个―祈使句+and‖的句型。
9、C for years是个重要的信息，因此用ing的完成式。
10、Ａ动词不定式作目的的状语，表示努力的目的。这句话的意思是：为了在国际市场上取得更大的份额，许多国有公司正努力使自己的产品具有竞争性。
11、Ａmean doing sth.意思是―意味着什么‖。mean to do sht.的意思是―打算做什么‖。这句话的意思是：在英国的某些地方，赶不上公共汽车意味着要再等一小时。
12、A complete与museum是动宾关系，要用过去分词completed 作状语，表示被动。这句话的意思是：当这座博物馆建成后，将在明年向公众开放。to be completed作目的状语，不与when连用。
13、C动词不定式to settled 作difficult problems定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settled 作定语表示已经解决的难题；现在分词的被动式eing settled作定语表示下在解决的难题。所提供的性境the newly—elected president is having a hard time 说明新任总统现在和将来都有难以解决的问题，所以要用to settle作定语。
14、D once begun=once the research is begun,句意；这个研究项目如此设计，一旦研究开始，将无法改变它。
本题考查考生对句义的衔接以及连词once之后非谓语动词形式的掌握情况。Once 或者其他词如when, while ,since 等引导状语从句时，如果从句主语与主句主语一致，可以省略其中的主语和 be动词谓语结构，本题所给句子的英文句意为：
The research is so designed that once it(=the research)is begun nothing can be done to change it . 也就是：…once begun nothing can be done to change it.
15、B第一个it是形式主语，whether引导的从句是主语从句。 Remain在这儿是半系动词，―有待于被看‖，所以应用不定式的被动式。句意：到国外走走对这老两口当然有好处，但他俩会不会喜欢这趟旅游尚不得而知。
本题设空处应为系动词remain的表语，句中使用了以it为形式主语的句式，设空之后的从句为真实主语。原句应理解为：Whether the old couple will enjoy a trip abroad remains ______.
remain 与其余三个选项所给出的非谓语动词形式都没有类似搭配用法。
（二）
1、B句子的主干是Prices…can be lower ,goods 和buy 关系为被动，表示通过电脑网上购买的商品，所以应选过去分词形式，构成的词组作定语。
2、A leave sb. /sb. doing 使……处于某状态，waiting作宾补。
3、A the manager是动词know逻辑上的主语，是主动关系。
4。D句意：我们跟踪的那个男人突然停了下来，看起来好像看看是不是走错了方向。As if表语从句的完整说法应是；…as if he wanted to see whether he was going in the right direction.
5、A 句意：Mr Smith听烦了乏味的演讲，读起了小说。下面这两个句子可帮助理解题干句：①Mr Smith was tired of the speech.②The speech was boring.
6、B smoking作主语补足语。注意并没有find sb .do sth.的说法。
本题设空处为if从句中主语（he=the cook）的补足语，结构较为复杂。原句可以转为复杂。原句可以转换为学生更为熟悉的主动语态结构：…if someone finds him ______in the kitchen.
谈及两个由不同的人施行的动作可以使用被宾语隔开的级阶动词（phase verb）,本题中我们需要分析的就是find和smoke 这样两个动作之间的关系。
7、D本题考查不定式的否定形式作宾语。句意为：老师请我们不要制造很大噪音。
8、D本句考查非谓语动词作状语。本句意为：如果给他一些时间，他定会成为一句优秀网球选手。根据句意及非谓语动词与主语的逻辑关系，很容易排除A B C三个选项。
9、D 此题考查的是interest的不同用法。动词interest表示―使……感兴趣‖；现在分词形式interesting表示―对……感兴趣‖，主语通常是人，。
10、C lead to导致后接名词，因此排除B项。小偷被抓，排除A项。D项表示将被抓住的小偷，显然不合意。更正式的说法应是：the thief‘s being caught.
11、B 完整的说法应是when the drug is taken acc ording to the directions,…。
12、A order sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事。句意：一位军方发言人强调，在开枪射击之前，所有的士兵都曾被命令过要发出明确的警告信号。
13、D catch sb.doing sth.正巧碰（抓住）某人做某事。
14、B to buy作anything 的定语。
15、C seat用作及物动词时，是―给某人座位，让人坐‖的意思，这一点与sit（不及物动词，坐）截然不同。句意：飞机着陆的时候，飞行员要求所有的乘客坐在座位上。这里可用sitting 代替seated.
（三）
1、C face sb. with sth.:( often passive,be faced with/by) to show someone has to deal with something bad or unpleasant.这里题干的主语为Arnold决定征求老板的建议。根据动词face的用法及句意可推断主句主语与face在逻辑上为被动关系，故排除A、B、D三项。
2、D 不定式作结果状语往往引出―出科意料‖的结果，暴风雨带来的危害显然不是意料之外的事情，故C项不对。本句这样表述可能更容易理解：The storm, having caused a lot of damage to this area ,left.或者：Having caused a lot of damage to this area, the storm left.显然，题干句的说法避免了―头重脚轻‖的现象。句意：这次暴雨给本地带来了很大危害后，停止了。
3、C本题考查分词短语。Generally speaking为分词作状语，意为―一般说来。‖
4、C 本题灵活考查分词作状语的用法。分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语一般与句子的主语一致。但当分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，分词要使用独立主格结构。根据分词没使用独立主格结构可以判断出句中分词watching的逻辑主语为指人的词，故淘汰A、B两项。虽然C、D两项句子中的主语都是指人的词，但D 项中作宾补的rings 应为原形动词，故淘汰D项，选择C项。
5、B本题考查分词作伴随状语。动词run与主句主语为主动关系，且表伴随，所以用running.
6、D 本题考查动名词作主语。A、B两项表示已完成的动作，而句意只是强调一个一般性的动作，因此淘汰A、B两项，又因原形动词在句意只构成祈使句。不能作句子的主语，因此淘汰C项。句意为：为参加应聘做好准备很有必要。
把回答的内容光焕发准备好大有帮助。
7、D本题材考查remember 后宾语动名词和宾语不定式用法的区别。在remember,forget,regert 动词后执着不定式表示将来的动作，而后接动名词时，表示已完成的动作。句意为：当警察向他询问时，他说他记得已到了晚会现场但没有离开。
8、B本题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意为：这次比赛的奖励为3万美元的奖金及已全额负清的去中国度假的费用。由句子结构可以分析出空格处的非谓语动词与后面的vacation toChina构成短语作expenses的后置定语。由play 与expense 构成动宾关系可淘汰A项，B项表被动完成，C 项表被动将来，D项表进行被动。根据句意选择B项。
9、A本题考查―with+宾语+补语―结构作伴随状语。由分析出空格处为补语成分需用非谓语动词而淘汰B、C两项。虽然A、D两项都可以作补语但两者所表示的时间不同，A项中的going on表示正在进行，而to go on表示将来的动作，又因是作伴随状语，因此选择A淘汰D项。
10、D it指的是the traffic rule，它与explain是被动关系，排除A、C。B项形式上就不对。这里应选D，have sth. done 使/让/请别人做某事的意思。
11、A本题学生容易误选答案B。五个感官系动词look ,sound, taste, feel, smell不用被动形式。
12、B risk=①expose( sb.oneself )to danger使（某人/自己）面临危险②accept the possibility of (sth.)甘愿承受可能发生的（某事）；risk后常跟ing形式作宾语，而不跟不定式，排除A、C项；此处无被动意义，故B正确。
13、A 主句主语the hot line 与put into use逻辑上为被关系，排除B、C、D项表示正在进行的被动与句意不符。句意：2004年4月投入使用的这条热线，是为居民修水管道而设的。
14、C此处用不定式表目的。句意：球迷们为了看一眼那些运动名星，在体育馆外等候了三个小时，这真是不可思议。
15、A本句考查非谓语动词的用法。句子的主语people与take 是主动关系，故排除B面及D项；?having taken 是ing 形式的完成式，表示这一动作发生在谓语动作之前，显然，此句中谓语sign up 与take 无先后关系，故排除C项。
（四）
1、A分词作状语。C项不定式表示将要发生的动作，不合题意，首先排除。当分词与主句的主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，状语用现在分词，排除D项。句意：这位生意人因先遭受了重大损失，继而失去了把生意进展下去的勇气。当分词的动作或状态先于主句谓语动词而发生时，应使用现在分词的完成式having done来表示，因此，排除B项。
2、B本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。Run out是不及物性质的动词短语，应用现在分词作宾补，过种过种中。句意：三个月没有下雨，食品也快用完了，这里的局势越来越严峻了。
3、A不定式表目的。这句话的意思是：Hill经常参加伦敦大学的公开课，主要为了提高英语水平。
4、D句意：当他强作欢颜走出教室时，他回头向教室里的同学道别。A forced smile(force a smile)强作笑颜；turn to 表示―向某人求助‖，―改变‖ 含义时， to 是介词，其后跟名词、代词或动名词。如:They can‘t make money out of sheep ,so they turn to keeping deer.但当turn 表示―回头做某事‖时，其后跟动词不定式，故选D。
高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese
（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that
高中英语语法详解：动名词 概念 动名词由动词原形+ING构成,是一种非谓语动词形式 相关知识点精讲： 1.作主语。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2.作宾语 a. 有些动词能够用动名词作宾语。例如： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成
imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。 b. 有些结构后面能够用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of be busy can't help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of burst out keep on insist on count on
高考英语语法复习讲义——动词 动词 1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 2) 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。 说明： 有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词， 例如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。) He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。) 3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)，缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明： 同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。 例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) 4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb) 例如：She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。 说明： 英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。 5)根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase) 例如：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义（9） 被动语态知识点整理总结 被动语态是中高考经常考的语法之一，也是日常口语和写作中必不可少的句子形式，今天笔者就带大家一起来学习它。 01 被动语态的概念 所谓被动语态是相当于主动语态而言的。如果主语是动作的执行者，那么我们就称其为主动语态，反之，如果主语是动作的承受者或动作的对象，那我们就称其为被动语态。如： 主: Many people speak Chinese. 被: Chinese is spoken by many people. 02 被动语态的结构 被动语态由"be＋及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来。下面通过speak来说明常见时态的被动语态：一般现在时 am/is/are＋spoken 一般过去时 was/were＋spoken
一般将来时 will/shall be＋spoken 现在进行时 am/is/are being＋spoken 过去进行时 was/were being＋spoken 现在完成时 have/has been＋spoken 过去完成时 had been + spoken 03 被动语态的执行者 被动语态的执行者一般以by+人/物来引出。如果没有执行者或没必要说出执行者，则可以省略这部分。如： Some computers were stolen last night. 无法确定执行者，因此无by结构。 The glass was broken by Mike.
执行者是Mike，所以这里用by引出。 04 含有情态动词的被动语态 用“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”结构。 如： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. 05 特殊情况主动变被动 make/let+sb+do变为被动要还原to。如： He made the boy work for two hours a day. The boy was made to work for two hours a day. 双宾语结构的物做被动语态主语时，后面要还原出介词。如：Jack gave Peter a present just now. A present was given to Peter just now. 巩固练习 1. The flowers were so lovely that they ______ in no time. A. sold B. had been sold
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第０１章名词性从句 第0２章“Iｔ”用法及其句型与固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中得省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第０8章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第１1章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用得句子叫名词性从句(Ｎｏun Cｌaｕsｅs)。名词性从句得功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同得语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句、一. 主语从句 主语从句就是在复合句中充当主语得从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语与ｉt引导强调句得比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要就是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句得连接词没有变化、而i ｔ引导得强调句则就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调得就是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/ｗｈｏｍ、例如: ａ) It isａpitｙｔhaｔyoｕｄidn’t go ｔo seｅｔhｅｆilm.您不去瞧那场电影真可惜。 b) It doeｓn’tｉntereｓt me whethｅrｙou sｕｃceed or not、我对您成功与否不感兴趣、 c) Ｉｔisｉn thｅｍoｒnｉng thaｔｔｈe ｍurder took place. 谋杀案就是在早上发生得、(强调句型) d) Ｉt is Joｈn tｈat broke ｔｈeｗｉｎdow。就是Joｈn打碎得窗户。(强调句型) 2、用ｉt 作形式主语得结构 (1)It is + 名词＋从句 It is ａfaｃt tｈat…事实就是… Ｉt ｉs an honor ｔhat …非常荣幸 It ｉｓｃommon knowlｅdge ｔhat …就是常识 (2)Ｉt is + 形容词+从句 It is naturａl thａt…很自然… It ｉｓstrａｎｇe that…奇怪得就是…(3) It ｉｓ＋不及物动词+ 从句 Ｉｔｓｅems thａｔ…似乎… Ｉt ｈappeneｄthat…碰巧… Iｔappeaｒs that…似乎…
高中英语语法之动名词 一、含义 动名词兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式为v-ing, 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动名词的时态和语态的基本形式：（以write为例） 注意：动名词的否定形式是：not writing 二、动名词的基本用法 １．用作主语---常表抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。 Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with fire is dangerous. Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 注意： ①不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别： 不定式作主语时经常表示具体的、 ．．．动作，而动名词 ．．．．一次性 作主语时经常表示抽象动作或习惯性动作。
Getting up early is a good habit. To get up early this morning made me sleepy. ②动名词作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。 It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用); It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣); It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收） It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 说服这样一个人加入我们当中来是浪费时间。 2. 作宾语 ①作某些及物动词的宾语 常见的动词有：advise，avoid，delay，escape，excuse，enjoy，consider，finish，deny，fancy，keep，mind（在乎）postpone，pardon，practise，suggest，imagine等。 need，want，require后接动名词，表示被动意义。 如：Would you mind opening the door？请你把门打开好吗？ Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。 ②作介词的宾语 He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。 On arriving at the airport，I saw my mother standing in the
语法总结全集 名词和主谓一致 一、名词的分类 英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1．可数名词 可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。 可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词，只要在单数名词之后加“s”，“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen。 有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works。 此外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等。 英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren。2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law。3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers。 2．不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加a/an，或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量，单复数表现在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper。 在有些情况下，不可数名词也可用a/an，表“一种”、“某种”的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper。 有时为了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加“s”，如sands，ashes，waters等。 但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不可加“s”，如weather，information，等。 3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词 英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等。 4．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组 跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many。 跟不可数名词连用的如：little, a little, much。 可数与不可数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of。 二、主谓一致 1．通常被看作单数的主语部分 1）不定式、动名词和主语从句。 eg.. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. What he said was different from what he did. 2）表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。 eg. Twenty years is quite a long time. 10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira. 300 dollars is too much for this old coin.
高中英语语法大全之形容词和副词 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 （错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill. （错）She is an afraid girl. （对）The girl is afraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词 1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错）She sang lovely. （错）He spoke to me very friendly. （对）Her singing was lovely. （对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 用形容词表示类别和整体 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building
第6章动词的-ing形式 动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。 一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类 与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。 A.动词-ing形式的一般式 1. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 2. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。 She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking. 她倾听她邻居的讲话。 3. 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。 B. 动词-ing形式的完成式 动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。 I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 注意： 在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. ) C. 动词-ing形式的被动形式 动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。 1．一般式的被动形式 The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问
高中英语语法讲义-----定语从句 概念 1,定语：修饰限定人或物的成分。a cute girl , the pen on the desk . The boy sitting here is my student. The book bought yesterday is popular. 2,定语从句：修饰限定人或物的句子. The boy who is sitting here is my student. The book which was bought yesterday is popular 3,先行词：被定语从句修饰的人或物—the boy / the book. *注意词组---the old man under the tree(指人) 4，关系词：代替先行词引导定语从句的词（关系代词和关系副词）---who / which. I, who am 48, teach you English. 5,限定性定语从句：从句紧跟在先行词后译为一句话。 6,非限定性定语从句：主句从句逗号分开，译为两句话。既可对某个先行词也可对整个主句进行补充说明 （不用that）。 You have been admitted to a top university , which has made your parents excited. 限定性定语从句： 在从句中所做成分关系词 先行词指人：1，主语who/ that 2, 宾语whom/ who/ that/--- 3, 定语（某人的）+ n whose I have a friend. 1, He works in Wuhan.-----I have a friend who / that works in Wuhan. 2, I love him -----I have a friend ( whom/ who/ that ) I love. 3,His name is Ray.----I have a friend whose name is Ray. *当做介词宾语且和介词一起引导从句时：介词+ whom（人）/which （物）+从句。不能省略！ The girl is Lily. You talked with her.---The girl (whom/who/that) you talked with is Lily. ---The girl with whom you talked is Lily. 在从句中所做成分关系词 先行词指物1，主语which/ that 2, 宾语which / that / --- 3, 定语（某物的）+ n whose * whose + n = the+ n of which / of which the +n . 4，状语时间when =介词+ which 地点where= 介词+ which * 从句完整 the reason why = for which I have a flat . 1, It lies on the 5th floor.---I have a flat which / that lies on the 5th floor. 2, I bought it in 2006.----I have a flat (which / that) I bought in 2006. 3, Its door faces to the south.---I have a flat whose door(the door of which/ of which the door ) faces to the south. 4,We’ve lived in it for about 11 years---I have a flat (which / that)we’ve lived in for about 11 years. / in which we’ve lived for about 11years. / where we’ve lived for about 11 years.(we’ve lived为SVi完整) I’ll remember the day __when__ we had a good time together.(从句完整)
1. 名词性从句考点 1、引导词 that 与 what；that 与 whether； if 与 whether；what 与 how等的区别； 2、名词性从句的时态和语序问题； 3、名词性从句的语气问题； 4、同位语从句与定语从句的比较区别。 3. I really appreciate _____ to relax with you on this nice island. 01 上海 A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time B 仅带动名词作宾语的动词为：admit appreciate avoid delay enjoy escape excuse prevent finish imagine mind practise resist risk suggest stand forgive keep allow advise permit forbid 但如果在 allow advise permit forbid 后提到有关的人，就只能用 不定式作宾补。在动词 want, need, require, demand 等词后加动名词作宾语 时表示被动意义，相当于 to be done。 4. --- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. --- Well, now I regret _____ that. 95 N A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 5. --- Let me tell you something about the journalists. --- Don’t you remember _____ me the story yesterday? 99 上海 A. told B. telling C. to tell to have told 6. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _____ for another hour. 02 上海春季 A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting D B A 特别注意带不定式和动 名词作宾语时意义不同的动词： remember, forget, regret, try, go on, mean, miss, stop 7. How about the two of us ___ a walk down the garden?
高中英语语法讲义————特殊句式 倒装句 通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。 一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。 1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Out rushed the children laughing loudly. Away flew the plane. 2.such 位于句首。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sci entist. 注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前 1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends; so do I. 2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。 Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy. 3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He di dn’t make a single mistake. 4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only if you work hard will you be admitted to a top university. 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood Such progress did he make that he won much respect. 三．形式倒装：在语法上称为前置。只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! =How interesting a talk they had! 2.the+比较级.....,the +比较级.....句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 3.whatever+ n.或however+ adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句 Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 4,as / though引导让步状从，表语、状语、含情态动词的谓语提前，表语为单数名词提前不用冠词。 Young as /though he was, he was successful. Child as /though he is, he knows much.
XX高中英语语法大全动名词 出guo高考频道在考试后及时公布各科高考试题答案和高考作文及试卷专家点评，请广大考生家长关注。时光飞逝，暑假过去了，新学期开始了，不管情愿与否，无论准备与否，我们已走进高三，走近我们的梦!祝愿决战xx高考的新高三学员能倍加努力，在xx年高考中也能取得优异的成绩。动名词 一、动名词作主语 1. 一般置于句首： Reading English is easier than speaking it. 2. 有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。 It will be nice seeing them again. 这类句子结构常见的还有： 1) It’s no use…;It is no use crying over spilt milk. 2) It's no good…;It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first suess. 3) Is it any good…? Is it any good trying to exp1ain? 4) It's a waste of time…;It's a waste of time arguing about it. 3. 动名词还可以在There is no?句子结构中做主语： There is no asking him to e now.He is busy. 这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do? 二、动名词作表语 连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语：
Grammar —Adverbial Clause 状语从句 定义：用“引导词 +陈述语序”作状语 状语：修饰动作，把句子“壮大” He speaks English well .（方式状语） The sun rises i n the east and sets in the west .（地点状语）九种状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、方式、目的、条件、让步、比较Ilove you you love me (1)when —时间状语 (2)where —地点状语 (3)because —原因状语 (4)so —结果状语 (5)as —方式状语 (6)inorderthat —目的状语 (7) I will love you if you love me. —条件状语 (8) I won ’ t love you even if you love me. —让步状语 (9)more than —比较状语 意思不同，形式不同，形意相关 I read English loudlyin the open airevery morning.
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Grammar —Adverbial Clause 方式状语地点状语时间状语 用从句形式当状语，即状语从句 (一)时间状语从句引导词 till, until A until B ： A 一直延续到 B 出现或发生就停止 I sleptuntilnoon. I didn ’ t go to bed until midnight. I entered the room until 6:30. I didn ’ t enter the room until 6:30. as soon as, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly no sooner ? than, hardly ? when, scarcely ? when(结合倒装句 ) before, after, 完成 +since( 自从 )+过去时间 --what was the party like? --Wonderful. It ’ s yearsI enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. before C. when D. since