硕士研究生读书报告
姓名：郜志栋
学科、专业：果树学
研究方向：果树生物技术
指导教师：温鹏飞
2012年12月12日
Advances in the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway Abstract: Flavonoids are secondary metabolites involved in several aspects of plant development and defence. They colour fruits and flowers, favouring seed and pollen dispersal, and contribute to plant adaptation to environmental conditions such as cold or UV stresses, and pathogen attacks. Because they affect the quality of flowers (for horticulture), fruits and vegetables, and their derivatives (colour, aroma, stringency, etc.), flavonoids have a high economic value. Furthermore, these compounds possess pharmaceutical properties extremely attractive for human health. Thanks to easily detectable mutant phenotypes, such as modification of petal pigmentation and seeds exhibiting transparent testa, the enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway have been characterized in several plant species. Conserved features as well as specific differences have been described. Regulation of structural gene expression appears tightly organized in a spatial and temporal way during plant development, and is orchestrated by a ternary complex involving transcription factors from the R2R3-MYB, basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH), and WD40 classes. This MYB–bHLH–WD40 (MBW) complex regulates the genes that encode enzymes specifically involved in the late steps of the pathway leading to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and condensed tannins.
Key words: bHLH, flavonoids, MYB, transcription factors, WD40.
Introduction
Flavonoid compounds are secondary metabolite s widely accumulated in vascular plants and to a lesser extent in mosses. They accumulate in all organs and tissues, at different stage s of development, and depending on the environmental conditions. Beside their multiple roles in plant development and adaptation to the environment, these molecules are of major interest for human nutrition and health . Indeed, they contribute to the organoleptic quality of plant-derived products (colour, taste, flavour, etc.), and, in addition, they have been shown to be beneficial to human health and in prevention of cell ageing. In grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries for instance, the flavonoid composition is essential for wine quality and conservation. Moreover, the regular consumption of red wine is thought to explain the ‘French pa radox’, whereby the French population suffers a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease in spite of a diet rich in saturated fat . The mechanisms involved have long been related to the presence of flavonoids and stilbenes in red wine.
Work achieved on model plants pinpointed the tight regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway during plant development. It is now established that the transcriptional regulation of the structural gene s is controlled by MYB and basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH ) transcription factors, together with WD40 proteins. Special attention has hitherto been devoted to MYB, as demonstrated by the reported publications. Herein, the recent advances in the knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid pathway are discussed, with a particular focus on bHLH transcription factors.
The MYB transcription factors
The first MYB transcription factors regulating the flavonoid pathway were identified in 1987
in maize, and comprised C1 and Pl1 (Purple leaf 1), in addition to P1. At that time, identification of C1 indicated that plant transcription factors were closely related to those of mammals, constituting a milestone in plant molecular biology. Indeed, C1 showed a significant homology with the vertebrate c-MYB proto-oncogene, derived from avian myeloblastosis virus and known to control cell proliferation and differentiation. MYB transcription factors are characterized by the so-called N-terminal MYB domain, consisting of 1 to 3 imperfect repeats of almost 52 amino acids (R1, R2, and R3). While the MYB domain is involved in DNA binding and dimerization, the C-terminal region regulates target gene expression (i.e. activation or repression). Plant MYB transcription factors bind different cis-elements, called MYB-binding sites (MBSs), and some MYB transcription factors show a certain flexibility of recognition. However, MYB transcription factors belonging to different species and regulating the same pathway, such as PA biosynthesis for instance, seem to bind the same motif. MYB transcription factors regulating the flavonoid pathway have been widely investigated and identified in crop, ornamental, and model plants (Table 1). Most of them present two R repeats (R2R3 MYB proteins), and belong to subgroups 1-7 of the classification of Stracke et al. (2001). Regulators of the PA and anthocyanin pathways display the [D/E]Lx2[R/K]x3Lx6Lx3R motif necessary for interaction with bHLH transcription factors in their R3 repeat, while MYB transcription factors governing flavonoidl biosynthesis exhibit the SG7 [K/R][R/x][R/K]xGRT[S/x][R/ G]xx[M/x]K and the SG7-2 ([W/x][L/x]LS) motifs in their C-terminal end. Nevertheless all regulators of the flavonoid pathway do not fit this classification perfectly. In potato, a single domain MYB protein, similar to soybean MYB73, is 44 times more expressed in purple flesh compared with white flesh, suggesting a role in the control of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Most of the MYB transcription factors characterized to date control only one branch of the flavonoid pathway. Specific regulators of the anthocyanin pathway have been identified in petunia, Arabidopsis, strawberry, grapevine, tomato, potato, tobacco, and pear, to name a few. Among them, the R3 AtMYBL2 is an anthocyanin repressor, and the R2R3 AtMYB60 inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in lettuce. Extensive protein sequence alignments of 134 MYB transcription factors regulating the anthocyanin pathway revealed conserved residues in the R3 repeat (arginine, valine, and alanine) of dicots, as well as a short conserved motif ANDV. In addition, the [R/K]Px[P/A/R]xx[F/Y] motif has been identified in the C-terminal region of these anthocyanin-regulating MYBs.
Regulators of PA biosynthesis have been identified in Arabidopsis, grapevine, leguminous plants, persimmon, and poplar. More recently, MYBs regulating the flavonol branch have also been identified in Arabidopsis and grapevine. As already mentioned above, MYBs generally regulate only one branch of the flavonoid pathway. In grapevine for instance, overexpression of VlMYBA1-2 in hairy roots induced only expression of structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport. Likewise, ectopic expression of VvMYBPA1 and VvMYBPA2 in grapevine hairy roots exclusively activated genes encoding enzymes of the PA pathway such as anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. Despite this highly specific function, some MYB transcription factors may play different roles. Over-expression of VvMYB5b in tomato affected both phenylpropanoid and carotenoid metabolism. The single R3 repeat CAPRICE (CPC) is known to regulate epidermal cell fates such as trichome and root hair formation in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, CPC inhibits anthocyanin accumulation in homologous and heterologous hosts, by competing with R2R3 MYB transcription factors regulating the
flavonoid pathway. Since CPC does not bind to DNA, it is likely that this transcription factor interferes by interacting with bHLH partners, as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid assays.
In summary, many recent studies, together with the analysis of new plant genomes, suggest that primary protein structures and biological functions are correlated within MYB subgroups that are conserved between divergent species. This is especially true for MYB transcription factors regulating the flavonoid pathway, where specific motifs and conserved residues have been identified in anthocyanin (Lin-Wang et al., 2010) and flavonoid regulators. However, the biological functions of the consensus motifs present in the C-terminus of the proteins are just beginning to be investigated. It would be of great interest to determine if these specific motifs can provide the specificity for a MYB transcription factor to regulate a given branch of the flavonoid pathway, by modulating interactions with DNA and/or with protein partners such as bHLH and/or WD40 proteins.
The WD40 proteins
WD40 or WDR (WD repeat) proteins are involved in many eukaryotic cellular processes including cell division, vesicle formation and trafficking, signal transduction, RNA processing, and regulation of transcription. They notably participate in chromatin remodelling, through modifications of the histone proteins, and can thus influence transcription.
WD40 proteins are characterized by a peptide motif of 44-60 amino acids, typically delimited by the GH dipeptide on the N-terminal side (11-24 residues from the N-terminus) and the WD dipeptide on the C-terminus). This motif can be tandemly repeated 4-16 times within a protein, with a large majority of Arabidopsis WD40 proteins exhibiting 4 or more WD repeats. WD40 proteins are not thought to have any catalytic activity (DNA binding or regulation of expression of a target gene), but rather seem to be a docking platform, as they can interact with several proteins simultaneously. Only Arabidopsis TTG1 (Transparent Testa Glabra 1) was clearly demonstrated, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, to bind the promoter of AtTTG2, a gene encoding a WRKY transcription factor mainly involved in trichome patterning.A small number of WD40 proteins involved in the regulation of the flavonoid pathway have been identified so far (Table 1), and include petunia AN11, Arabidopsis TTG1, perilla PFWD, maize ZmPAC1, Medicago trunculata MtWD40-1, and grapevine WDR1 and WDR2. These WD40 proteins appear to be highly conserved among species. Indeed, PFWD and PhAN11 show 81.3% identity, whereas PFWD and AtTTG1 share 77.8% identity. The WD40 protein family seems to be less expanded than the the MYB or bHLH families, since MtWD40-1, AN11, and PAC1, are single-copy genes.
WD40 proteins, regulating the flavonoid pathway, such as TTG1, can control many other physiological processes, such as trichome and root hair determination and seed mucilage production, and are accordingly expressed in tissues both accumulating and not accumulating flavonoids. In petunia, an11 mutants show a reduced anthocyanin content in the corolla. Disturbance of petal coloration is attributed both to a reduction in the expression of flavonoid structural genes and to a modifica?tion of the vacuolar pH, indicating that AN11 is involved at least in the regulation of these two metabolic events. In Medicago truncatula, MtWD40-1 mutants are deficient in accumulation of mucilage, and the synthesis of PAs, flavonols, anthocyanins, and benzoic acid in seeds, but only in PA synthesis in flowers, and finally they show no modification of epidermal cell fate. MtWD40-1 mutants show a strong reduction of the expression of flavonoid structural genes, whereas overexpression of MtWD40-1 in M. truncatula hairy root does not
induce PA accumulation.
Altogether, these data clearly indicate that WD40 proteins can be involved in various physiological and metabolic events, but also point to the fact that the underlying regulatory mechanisms of these events require the presence of additional partners.
The MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex
Although flavonoid subgroups are derived from the same biosynthetic pathway, they accumulate differentially in plant organs and tissues, depending on the developmental stage and the environmental conditions, since they fulfil different biological functions. Thus, their distribution implies an accurate spatial and temporal regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, requiring a specific combination of transcription factors. The involvement of a ternary complex formed by proteins from the bHLH, MYB, and WD40 families, the MBW complex, has been clearly demonstrated in Arabidopsis and petunia.
The MBW complex is highly organized, and each subunit fulfils a specific function such as binding to DNA, activation of expression of a target gene, or stabilization of the transcription factor complex. The interaction between members of the MBW complex may determine the sub- cellular localization of the complex itself. For instance, bHLH-WD40 interaction seems to be necessary for trans-location of the WD40 proteins into the nucleus. Indeed, the PFWD-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein is localized in the cytosol when expressed alone, and co?expression of PFWD and MYC-RP in onion cells allows PFWD transport to the nucleus (Payne et al., 2000; Sompornpailin et al., 2002). Similar results have been described in petunia, where AN11 has also been localized in the cytosol. Likewise, in tobacco leaves infiltrated with the grapevine WDR1, the encoded protein is localized either in the cytosol or in the cytosol and nucleus depending on the observed cell, while VvMYCA1 is localized in both cellular compartments. Moreover, within the nucleus, members of the MBW complex can influence each other’s accumulation. In Arabidopsis ttg1 and gl1 mutants, GL3-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is partitioned to the nucleus, but is unevenly distributed into speckles, indicating that TTG1 and GL1 transcription factors are required for the proper subnuclear distribution of GL3
Using knockout mutants and overexpression experiments, two MBW complexes have been clearly identified so far and described in Arabidopsis and petunia, namely TT2/ TT8/TTG1 (Transparent Testa 2/Transparent Testa 8/ Transparent Testa Glabra 1) and AN2/AN1/AN11 (Antho?cyanin 2/1/11), respectively.
In Arabidopsis, the MBW complex TT2/TT8/TTG1 regulates PA accumulation in the seed coat, whereas the GL1/GL3- EGL3-TT8/TTG1 (Glabrous 1/Glabra 3-Enhancer of Glabra 3-Transparent Testa 8/Transparent Testa Glabra 1) complex controls trichome initiation and formation. A physical interaction between TT8 and TT2, as well as between TT8 and TTG1, has been demonstrated using yeast two-hybrid experiments. In addition, TTG1 can also directly interact with TT2 or the trichome regulator GL1, but without showing any obvious catalytic activity. Thus, it has been proposed that TTG1 may act as a bridge to stabilize the MBW complex. As described above, the ttg1 mutant phenotype indicates that TTG1 is involved in several physiological responses. bHLH proteins TT8, GL3, and EGL3 also show partially overlapping functions (Zhang et al., 2003). Consequently, the target gene specificity of the MBW complex seems to be conferred by the MYB protein. Indeed, PAP1/PAP2 (Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1/2), TT2, GL1, WER (WEREWOLF), and AtMYB61 regulate anthocyanin
accumulation in seedlings, PA biosynthesis in seed teguments, trichome formation, root hair initiation, and mucilage production in seed teguments, respectively. Except for TT2, none of its closest homologues (PAP1, PAP2, WER, and AtMYB111) could activate the AtBAN pro?moter (BAN encodes an anthocyanidin reductase). In contrast, TT2 could interact either with TT8, EGL3, or GL3 to increase BAN activity significantly.
Rather than participating in the specific recognition of a target gene promoter, WD40 proteins are more likely to enhance gene activation. Dissection of the AtBAN promoter revealed that a fragment of 86 bp, including an MBS and a G-box at a distance of 36 bp, is sufficient to drive expression of the uidA reporter gene specifically in PA- accumulating cells. If the TT2-TT8 dimer can bind to the BAN promoter in yeast and activate it in planta, co-expression of TT2, TT8, and TTG1 in Arabidopsis protoplasts activates the BAN promoter almost four times more than the TT2-TT8 double transformation.
In petunia, the AN2/AN1/AN11 complex controls anthocyanin biosynthesis in the corolla, mainly by regulating DFR and CHSJ expression. Similarly to AN1, AN11 is involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the corolla, but also regulates the vacuolar pH in petal limb cells and the morphology of the seed epidermal cells. However, AN2 does not affect these traits and exclusively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis, while a second MYB transcription factor, PH4, controls the vacuolar pH. Again, these results are consistent with the specificity of MYB transcription factors. Removal of the AN1 C-terminal end only affects vacuolar pH and morphology of the seed coat cells, indicating that this domain is a domain which interacts with different MYB partners.
Flavonoid biosynthesis, at least in Arabidopsis, appears to be regulated only by MYB transcription factors that do not exhibit a motif for interaction with bHLH proteins in their R3 repeat. Indeed, AtMYB11, AtMYB12, and AtMYB111 activate on their own the CHS, CHI, F3H, and FLS promoters, but neither DFR nor UFGT. In grapevine, VvMYBF1 regulates VvFLS1 (Flavonoid Synthase 1) expression without the need for a bHLH partner, and can complement Arabidopsis myb12 mutants. Surprisingly, co-expression of ZmC1 and ZmLc driven by the fruit-specific E8 promoter in tomato led to a 60-fold increase in the flavonoid kaempferol level in the flesh, while plants transformed with each transcription factor independently showed no significant accumulation of flavonoids compared with wild-type plants. In maize, ZmFLS1 expression is controlled by the anthocyanin promoting the MYB-bHLH dimer C1/PL1 + R/B or by the phlobaphene promoting MYB P1. These results indicate that, depending on the plant species, regulation of the flavonoid pathway may differ, and involves either a MYB transcription factor alone or a MYB-bHLH dimer.
Transcriptional regulation of the regulators
Besides governing the expression of flavonoid structural genes, the members of the MBW complex also regulate their own expression in a complex circuit. TT8, for instance, interacts with TTG1 and MYB transcription factors such as TT2 or PAP1 to regulate its own transcription. Other MYB-bHLH dimers, such as PAP1/GL3, can regulate TT8 expression, as shown by yeast one-hybrid experiments and confirmed in planta. In petunia, the MYB proteins AN2 and AN4 specifically regulate AN1 expression, without influencing JAF13. In grapevine, VvMYC1 regulates its own expression by interacting with the MYB PA regulator VvMYBPA1. In gentian flower petals, GtMYB3 may control GtbHLH1 expression as well. In addition to bHLH, MYB
proteins can also control their own expression. In red-fleshed apples, MYB10 binds to and transactivates its own promoter. Indeed, in these red varieties, a minisatellite located in the promoter region of MdMYB10 constitutes an autoregulatory element, comprising five direct tandem repeats of a 23 bp motif, each one predicted to contain an MBS.
In these intricate loops, it can also be noted that ttg1 mutants can be complemented with varying degrees of efficiency by MYB transcription factors such as GL1, or bHLH proteins such as ZmR or GL3, which allow restoration of trichome formation. These results indicate that WD40 proteins act upstream of MYB and bHLH, and are also observed in Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) flowers, where InbHLH2 expression is reduced in InWDR1 mutants. In an11 mutants, DFR activity is restored only by AN2 and not AN1 overexpression, indicating that AN11 may act upstream of AN2. However, the AN2 transcript level is identical in wild- type and an11 plants, indicating that AN11 could be involved in the post-translational control of AN2.
The complexity of the regulation of the MYB/bHLH network is also revealed by the transcriptomic analyses of plants from various species overexpressing a MYB transcription factor controlling the flavonoid pathway. In Gerbera callus and stamens overexpressing GMYB10 and strongly pigmented, a MYB transcription factor exhibiting a repressive motif similar to that of the V. vinifera C2 MYB protein is in turn overexpressed. Expression of this C2 repressor is also induced in grape roots overexpressing the specific anthocyanin regulator VlMYBA1, as well as in roots of grapes overexpressing the specific PA regulator VvMYBPA2. It is interesting to note that, in both cases, no significant change of bHLH or WD40 gene expression levels has been observed.
To conclude, a tight autoregulation of the MBW network does not appear systematic. In maize, PAC1 (WD40), R (bHLH), and C1 (MYB) seem to be independently regulated. In apple as well, MdMYB10 does not seem to regulate MdbHLH3 and MdbHLH33 expression. prospect
Given the particular attention devoted to health and disease prevention through a balanced diet including natural products, flavonoids appear as possible nutraceuticals widely distributed in vegetables and fruits. In this context, an important research effort is currently underway to understand the biosynthetic pathway and the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis in various plant species. If the pathway itself is now quite well understood, its regulation appears to be under a hierarchy of complex events, which are slowly being deciphered. The identification of new transcription factors involved in flavonoid biosynthesis should be conducted together with the investigation of the parameters controlling their expression. Modulating the expression of target transcription factors through cultural practices or adequate environmental conditions in order to modify flavonoid contents in plants may provide a good opportunity to avoid genetic engineering. Likewise, determining the endogenous factors which trigger the expression of the regulatory genes can be another path to follow. Finally, investigating the allelic variability between cultivars of the same plant species is likely to allow the use of these transcription factors as molecular markers of the fruit/vegetable quality.
References
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Aharoni A, Ric De Vos CH, Wein M, Sun Z, Greco R, Kroon A, Mol JNM, O’Connell AP. 2001. The strawberry FaMYBI transcription factor suppresses anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in transgenic tobacco. The Plant Journal 28, 319-332.
Bogs J, Downey MO, Harvey JS, Ashton AR, Tanner GJ, Robinson SP. 2005. Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucanthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves. Plant Physiology 139, 652-663.
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骑缝章分两种，一种是盖有许多页纸的文件时,为了避免有人换掉其中几页纸又不想每页都去盖章,而把文件几页纸张的边缝连在一起盖章（我要用的应该是这个）。还有一种是在一张可以分成两半，留下底根的的介绍信上盖章，一个章盖在撕下的正本介绍单位落款处，一个章盖在将要撕开在地方，撕开后介绍信上有一半，底根上有一半，以防假冒。前一种应该叫paging seal,后一种才叫a seal on the perforation。 Instruction 1. the report is invalid when there is no ‘special stamp for inspection report’ or inspection organization stamp. -----报告无‘检验报告专用章’ 或检验单位公章无效。 2. The report copy is invalid when there is no ‘special stamp for inspection report’ or inspection organization stamp. ――复制报告未重新加盖‘检验报告专用章’或检验单位公章无效。 3. The report is invalid when there is no auditor and certifier’s signature. ――报告无审核、批准人签章无效。 4. The aultered report is invalid. ――报告涂改无效。 5. Telling the inspection organization in 15 days since you receive the report when you don’t agree, otherwise it is not accepted. ――对检验报告若有异议，应于收到报告之日起十五日内向检验单位提出，逾期不予受理。 6. The entrust inspection is responsibility for the received sample only. ――委托检验仅对来样负责。 未经本中心许可本报告不得用于任何广告宣传和成果鉴定，本报告部分复印无效。 ――The report could not be used f or any advertisement and evaluation. ------The part report copy is invalid. 国家汽车质量监督检验中心National Quality Control & Inspection Center for Automobiles 希望对大家有用. 一>质量检验报告单----Quality Inspection Report 一般包括: 1.日期----Date 2.检验员---Inspector 3.产品名称---Item Description 4.产品编号---Part Number/PT.NO 5.检验数量---Quantity Inspected 6.客户定单号---P.O.NO 7.发现问题详述:----Discrepancies found(一般与检验标准对照,列出不符合标准的差异) 8.不合格数量:Reject Number
英语读书报告范文 there is no standard form for a book report. however, every book report should contain the following four parts: 1. identification. give the title and author’s name. if the book is one with which your readers may not be familiar, identify it further. give the name of the publisher, the place and year of publication, the price, and the number of pages. later to relocate quotations or other information. 4. evaluation. your opinion is the most important part of the report. it may be either your immediate reaction to the book or a judgment based on further study. in either case, your opinion impression of the material after you have finished the book. writing book reports can be a valuable exercise in clear thinking and precise writing. it also gives you the opportunity to improve your writing and to develop a style of your own. *** 题目统一为: a book report of thirty-nine steps 内容的四个部分可以成四个段落写，不能出现1，2，3，4字样；英文中没有书名号, 每 个词用大写就可以或再加上下划线表示， 不用引号; 省略号为三点； 常见的表达法：简写本 simplified version/abbreviated version 故事大意如下 the gist of the story is as follows 主人公 leading role/leading character/hero/heroine 以……为背景 it is set on the eve of…/it is set on the background that… sample 1 a book report of the black tulip by li minli, class 5, 2005 the black tulip is a novel written by alexandre dumas pere, simplified by micle wester, and was published by shanghai translation press in 1983. the story is set in the 17th century in holland when fierce political conflicts prevailed while the society rioted. in this story, cornelius van baerle being so crazy about tulips tries to grow a black tulip without any other color on it at all in order to gain quite a substantial sum of money offered to the winner. however, boxtel, a man living in the next door, also has a crush on the money. he then supervises every movement of cornelius secretly for fear that cornelius may grow better tulips than his own. besides this, he also carries out many surreptitious activities to destroy cornelius’ tulips by all means. once a while, he accuses cornelius of harbouring letters that might be harmful to the government so that cornelius is sent to the prison without giving provocation. this nearly causes him to death. even here, cornelius manages to grow tulips with the help of rosa, the daughter of the prison-keeper. but unfortunately, their first black tulip is stolen by boxtel. it’s rosa who proves the truth and saves coenelius by
The Reading Report of Vanity Fair Student number: 1.The author: Thackeray William Makepeace was an English journalist, novelist, famous for his novel VANITY FAIR (1847-48), a tale of middle-class families in London. Most of Thackeray's major novels were published as monthly serials. Thackeray studied in a satirical and moralistic light to describe middle-class English life .He was once seen as the equal of his contemporary Dickens. William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta in 1811. His parents returned to England in 1817 and Thackeray was educated at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cambridge. His father was an officer of the East India Company. When he was 4 years old, his father died and a wealthy merchant became his stepfather who always moved in polite society. However, Thackeray became addicted to gambling and left Cambridge in 1830 without a degree and heavily in debt. And then he began writing. Thackeray moved to Paris where he became the French correspondent for the radical newspaper The Constitutional. When The Constitutional ceased publication, Thackeray moved back to England and began
Enlightenment of the Economic Naturalist in Search of Explanations for Everyday Enigmas. 陈志奇I61214054 Last year, one of my friends gave me a book, which was about economic naturalist. One raining day, I picked up this book out of curiosity, and began to enjoy it. The book is most interesting one I have ever learned. Robert H. Frank who is the author of the book is the Henrietta Johnson Louis Professor of Management and Professor of Economics at Cornell University's Johnson Graduate School of Management. His "Economic Scene" column appears monthly in the "New York Times." His previous books include "The Winner-Take-All Society" (with Philip Cook), "Luxury Fever," and "Principles of Economics" (with Ben Bernanke). Frank's many awards include the Apple Distinguished Teaching Award and the Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought. He lives in Ithaca, New York. Why do the keypads on drive-up cash machines have Braille dots? Why are round-trip fares from Orlando to Kansas City higher than those from Kansas City to Orlando? For decades, Robert Frank has been asking his economics students to pose and answer questions like these as a way of learning how economic principles operate in the real world-which they do everywhere, all the time. Once you learn to think like an economist, all kinds of puzzling observations start to make sense. Drive-up ATM keypads have Braille dots because it’s cheaper to make the same machine for both drive-up and walk-up locations. Travelers from Kansas City to Orlando pay less because they are usually price-sensitive tourists with many choices of destination, whereas travelers originating from Orlando typically choose Kansas City for specific family or business reasons. The Economic Naturalist employs basic economic principles to answer scores of intriguing questions from everyday life, and, along the way, introduces key ideas such as the cost-benefit principle, the “no cash on the table” principle, and the law of one price. This is as delightful and painless a way to learn fundamental economics as there is. Commonplace book, professor frank from reality and neglected life phenomenon, first put forward a series of seemingly simple but suddenly unexpectedly let us hard to answer
篇一：英文读书报告撰写格式 英文读书报告撰写格式 1．字体均为times new roman 报告题目为3号黑体居中 学生姓名、专业班级、学号、正文及参考文献均为小4号 双倍行距 3．报告第一页第一行应为：报告题目 第二行靠右应为：学生姓名、专业班级、学号 附： 英文读书报告写作知识 the book report 1. three main parts of a book report generally speaking, a book report consists of the following three main parts: ? information about the author and his times ? a summary of the book a description of the author’s times should be given together with a brief account of his life. it should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book. to make these things clear, the writer perhaps needs to read some reference material, such as biographies of the author and histories of the period described in the book. 2. writing of the book report 1) the summary of the book should be self-contained, clear, and easy to understand. above all, it should be objective. 3) the summary of a novel or a play is usually written in the present tense, while that of nonfiction, in the tense of the original work: for example, the past tense should be used for a history, and the present for a scientific work. 篇二：英语读书报告要求及范文(1) 英语读书报告格式要求范文 there is no standard form for a book report. however, every book report should contain the following four parts: 1. identification. give the title and author’s name. if the book is one with which your readers may not be familiar, identify it further. give the name of the publisher, the place and year of publication, the price, and the number of pages. writing book reports can be a valuable exercise in clear thinking and precise writing. it also gives you the opportunity to improve your writing and to develop a style of your own. 注意： 题目统一为: a book report on 英文书名（斜体），标题居中，正文两端对齐； 内容的几个部分可以成若干个段落写，但不能出现1，2，3，4序号字样； 英文中没有书名号, 书名斜体；注意其他英文标点符号使用及字母大小写的规范；字体
英文读书报告(BOOK REPORT)的格式 1. Introductory Paragraph The first sentence should state for which instructor and class the book-report is being written. The second sentence should state the title of the book and the author's name. The third sentence should tell how many pages the book has and the name of the publisher. The fourth sentence can state basic bibliographic information about the book. Bibliographic information means not only the author and title but also what company published the book, what year it was published in and any other relevant information such as the edition and if the book has been translated, simplified or abridged. (see copyright page and the back of the title page.) The next sentence should state the reason(s) you decided to read this book. Why did you choose this particular book? Typical reasons might be: o You like the author. o You like this type of book (i.e. mystery, western, adventure or romance, etc.). o Someone recommended the book to you. o It was on a required reading list. o You liked the cover. These reasons do not have to be complex. Most people choose the books they read because they like the author or somebody recommended it to them. If you chose the book because you like the author, then state why you like that author. An optional sentence can be used if the cover (back cover) of the book gives you any additional information then add a sentence with that information. o Was the book a best seller? o Are there X million copies in print? o Did it win any major awards? 2. Main Character(s) Paragraph
The Analyze of Hamlet Abstract: the king of Denmark passed away and his wife married his brother who is the king now a few days after the funeral. The prince Hamlet is told that his father was killed by a viper until one night he met the old king’s spirit who told him that his uncle is the murderer. So he decides to revenge. He could have many chances to kill his uncle, but he always heisted to do it. At last, in the duel with his girlfriend’s brother, he sees through his uncle’s trickery and kills him. Key words: revenge, hesitation, humanism The most distinct temperament of the leading character Hamlet is hesitation. Hamlet makes his decision to revenge for his father after meeting the spirit, and he could have many chances to kill the murderer, but he always heisted to do it for some reasons. “to be or not to be, that is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer. The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them, to die to sleep no more. And by a sleep to say we end the heartache, and the thousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to”. These words embody his hesitation well. After he met with his father’s spirit, he starts to suspect whether the words of a ghost should be trusted, and what if his father’s spirit is from a devil who wants to fool him and set him up. His uncle is a king with a lot of bodyguards around everyday, so it is difficult to kill him. And what makes him more hesitating is that his mother has married his uncle, and if he kills the king, she will cry her heart out. Hamlet loves his mother so much that he doesn’t want to see his mother heartbroken. His hesitation and depression torture him everyday, until one day, he invited a drama group into the palace to perform for the king and queen. He himself made the playbook about how the old king was killed, and when his uncle watched the play, Hamlet noticed his uncle was extremely nervous which makes him sure that his uncle is the murderer and he must fulfill his promise to kill him. On the way to his mother’s room, he saw the murderer is alone. He took out the sword, but his hesitation made him put his sword back again. If he didn’t hesitate to kill his uncle, he would not die in the duel, and his mother, Ophelia and laertes will not die without his hesitation. His character leads to the tragedy.
飘的英文读书报告记录(共5篇)
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3 篇一:飘 英文读书报告 tomorrow is a new day reading on gone with the wind another day. gone with the wind has a very significant position in our society. we feel america is an incredible and strange country, but gone with the wind uncovers her too softhearted veil, making people see many things that dirty and glorious are coexisted. it also has a special significance to adolescents. this novel became famous overnight as soon as it published. this novel which reached a length of 1000 pages shocked american. the movie gone with the wind was adapted from this novel. the movie made the novel even more famous. it is quite worth reading. 篇二:《飘》读书笔记 《飘》读书笔记 《飘》 是美国作家马格丽特 . 米歇尔所著 , 作者以美国南北战争为背景 , 写乱世中佳人的命 运,写飘然而逝的美国南方文化。 小说中的主人公思嘉总是追求着自己得不到的东西。她对于一切好奇的都想知道都想得 到。她在困境中不屈服于命运,勇于抗争,追求自己想要的生活。 她爱的艾希礼喜欢制造种种颜色鲜明的梦让自己在梦的世界里活动,他不愿回到现实中 来,对人生冷眼相待,不乐观也不悲观。现实中的希礼是懦弱的无能的,就像瑞德说的,艾 希礼是个君子, 只是生在了一个和他格格不入的时代。 他还是用旧世界的游戏规则生活。 爱 他的瑞德是一个对现实有清醒认识的人。他和艾西礼是唯一真正了解战争结果的人。但是不
外贸产品质检报告英文 版 Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】
C H A I N TRANSMISSION Inspection Report Conveying chain P- 80 Date of Inspection:2015/7/16 Description of Product: Product Drawing Pitch: 80mm Packaging: 40 pitches per section, totally 37 ections and 20 pitches per section, totally 1 ections 19 sections in one box, totally 2 boxes. Inspection1: The Size
Inspection 2:Hardness The requirements of the hardness
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Inspection 3:Packing 40 pitches per section, totally 37 ections and 20 pitches per section, totally 1 ections. Box size:100×100×100cm (2 boxes) How it packs:
Inspection 4:Loading Add res s:Z A la Noy ere e 3-
英文读书报告撰写格式 1．字体均为times new roman 报告题目为3号黑体居中 学生姓名、专业班级、学号、正文及参考文献均为小4号 双倍行距 2．打印纸张规格：用a4纸单面打印。 3．报告第一页第一行应为：报告题目 第二行靠右应为：学生姓名、专业班级、学号 接下来是正文；参考文献在正文之后。 4. 报告字数为1000---1500字。 附： 英文读书报告写作知识 the book report 1. three main parts of a book report generally speaking, a book report consists of the following three main parts: ? information about the author and his times ? a summary of the book a description of the author’s times should be given together with a brief account of his life. it should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book. to make these things clear, the writer perhaps needs to read some reference material, such as biographies of the author and histories of the period described in the book. 2. writing of the book report 1) the summary of the book should be self-contained, clear, and easy to understand. above all, it should be objective. 3) the summary of a novel or a play is usually written in the present tense, while that of nonfiction, in the tense of the original work: for example, the past tense should be used for a history, and the present for a scientific work. reading report for extensive reading course （times new roman一号加粗居中） （分两行，reading report单独一行，中间空一行） （上端空三行，中间空四行） number： term： name： date: times new roman, 四号，居中，两端对齐，段前0.5) title (times new roman, 四号，居中，加粗) (title 与body之间空一行) body（1000字以上） (正文每段缩进四个字符，小四，行距1.5，times new roman) 2011—2012—2英语阅读（4）期中作业 班级英语1103班姓名田小星学号 1101901307 成绩篇三：英语读书报告要
A Reading Report of The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804—May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. He was a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation’s colonial history. His four major novels were written between 1850 and 1860, and they were The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun. The story took place in Boston about 200 years ago. It narrated love affairs between three persons. They were Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth. Roger was an old misshapen man and a doctor. Hester was his wife, but she did not love him at all. Two years ago, Hester was sent alone across the ocean by Roger. However, Roger did not show up thereafter. While waiting, Hester fell in love with another man, Dimmesdale, who was a young minister and had a high position among ministers and was highly respected among his people in town. Hester and Dimmesdale loved each other, but their love was forbidden in that time. It was sinful because they committed adultery. And the secret was finally discovered because of Hester’s pregnancy. Due to this, Hester was punished by society with a letter A on her chest, which was considered as an evil and a shame. However, Hester refused to tell the name of the father even when she was asked to stand on the scaffold. And she chose to bear all the shame and punishment by herself. At the same time, Roger Chillingworth appeared and tried to take revenge on the adulterer. As time goes on, Hester’s daughter, Pearl was seven years old. And Roger became a real devil. He pretended to live with Dimmesdale to treat his disease. Actually, he just wanted to revenge him. Finally, Dimmesdale was weaker and weaker. In the end, Dimmesdale told the truth to the folks on the scaffold that he was Pearl’s father, and then he died. Roger also died after one year because the revenge took his all energy and strength. Hester then lived alone in her cottage far away from the city by herself. Pearl became a rich woman and lived in a happy life. When Hester died, she was buried next to Dimmesdale. The two shared a single tombstone, with a deep colored letter A shining