1. How to explain that I was not a proud owner seeking admiration for his vehicle, but a tourist who had broken down?
【译文】真不知道怎么说好呢？我又不是一个得意的车主，专门让人家欣赏我的车子来着，而是个路途中有了难处的游客。
2. It is actually very, very old and was not always as beautiful as it is now. It is not certain how the Earth began. Probably it began as a huge globe of gas and dust. The globe became smaller and denser. … Today the outer layer or crust is cool and hard, …
【译文】实际上，地球已经非常、非常古老了，它起初并不总像现在这样美丽。关于地球的起源，尚无定论。地球开始形成时，很可能是一个由气体和尘埃组成的巨大球体。地球变得越来越小，越来越密，……今天，地球的外层或地壳已经冷却硬化，……
3. Special equipment assures that the computers will not be disturbed by power interruptions that last less than two hours.
【译文】在停电两小时以内的情况下，有专门设备能保证计算机正常工作。
4. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.
【译文】那表情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是不满，不是嫌恶，也不是她原先准备应付的任何一种感情。
1. Promotions are wonderful but they must be deserved. And we deserve it, only if we serve the people.
【译文】提升是件好事。但必须是那些值得提升的人。而我们只有为人民服务才算得上值得。
【改后译文】提升是好事，但必须受之无愧。我们只有坚持为人民服务才能受之无愧。
2. It looks like it will be a mild, but rainy weekend.
【译文】看来天气温和，但周末有雨。
【改后译文】看来周末天气温暖，但有雨。
3. It emerged casually and as a byproduct of our conversation.
【译文】它偶然地冒了出来，就像我们谈话的副产品。
【改后译文】很随便地提到了它，就像是我们在谈话中顺便说说而已。
4. His air of self-assurance and somewhat lordly bearing would have frightened me, had it not been for his warm and hearty handshake.
【译文】他那自信的神气和略为高傲的派头就要使我害怕了，不过他和我握手的时候是那样热情，那样真挚。
【改后译文】他和我握手的时候是那样热情，那样真挚，要不然他那自信的神情和高傲的派头，我还真有点害怕呢。
5. Without his knowledge, the matchmakers were at work.
【译文】他自己还不知道，媒人却已为他工作了。
【改后译文】他自己还不知道，媒人却已为他穿针引线了。
6. I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line.
【译文】我的教育开始之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘和测深绳。
【改后译文】在我开始接受教育之前，就像这样一条船，没有罗盘，没有测深绳。
7. The best way is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal.
【译文】最好的办法就是要逐渐使自己关心更多的和不跟自己直接有关的事情。
【改后译文】最好的办法就是要逐渐使自己关心更多的事情，甚至关心那些跟自己无关的
事情。
8. The broker’s hour is not only crowded, but minutes and seconds are hanging to all the traps and packing both front and rear platforms. (O. Henry)
【译文】经纪人的时间不但是拥挤的，而且分分秒秒都在月台上挂皮带，打包。
【改后译文】经纪人不但很忙，而且每分每秒都没有空着，时间安排得非常紧。
9. He would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which has turned to ashes beneath his feet.
【译文】他一定会努力学习和工作，只要不再回到旧的生活里去——它已经在他的脚底下化为尘埃了——派他做什么工作都行。
【改后译文】他一定会努力学习，努力工作，让他做什么都行，只要不再回到旧的生活里去，旧的生活已经一去不复返了。
10. Good, better, best,
Never let it rest,
Till good is better,
And better best.
【译文】好，更好，最好，
别让它停歇，
等到好变成更好，
让更好变成最好。
【改后译文1】
好上要求更好，
只要目的定牢，
坚持努力不懈，
成功不会飘渺。
【改后译文2】
好上加好，
坚持不懈，
步步登高，
争取最好。
1.The sky turned to a tender pallet of pink and blue.
【译文】天空变成了一块由粉红色和蓝色构成的色彩柔和的调色板。
2. She had never let him know—never breathed a word.
【译文】她根本就没让他知道，从未透露过真情。
3.The president now is on a poverty tour.
【译文】总统目前正在访问贫困地区。
4. She doctored in the countryside.
【译文】她在农村当医生。
5. The old man carefully doctored the split in the cane chair.
【译文】老人仔细修补藤椅上的裂口。
6. The mayor of New York City is the Time magazine’s 2001 Person of the Year.
【译文】纽约市市长是2001年《时代》杂志的风云人物。
7. An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you’ve learnt from it, but Monsanto still has some learning to do.
【译文】失败的代价虽然昂贵，然而只要你能从中汲取教训，那也是一笔财富。不过，曼
山托公司仍然需要总结教训。
The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society —the real foundation on which rise legal and political superstructures and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political and spiritual processes of life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness. (Karl Marx: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy)
这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构，即有法律的和政治的上层建筑建立其上，并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。不是人们的意识决定人们的存在，相反，是人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。
（卡尔·马克思《政治经济学批判》）
1. We greatly appreciate your kindness.
【译文】我们非常感谢你的好意。
2. Do you appreciate the difficulties involved in this undertaking?
【译文】你是否意识到担任这项工作可能遇到的困难?
3. We all appreciate a holiday after a year of hard work.
【译文】我们全部体会到假日的乐趣。
4. He can appreciate classical music.
【译文】他能够欣赏古典音乐。
5. His failure to answer question made the police suspicious.
【译文】他不回答这一问题引起了警方的怀疑。
6. Man is extending his eyes with radar.
【译文】人(人类)借助于雷达扩大视野。
7. It cost him a sight of trouble.
【译文】这给他招来一大堆麻烦。
8. The instrument is of great interest, involving as it does a new principle of work.
【译文】该仪器由于涉及新的工作原理而具有意义。(as it does是个短语，意思是“实际上”，在句子中作状语)
9．On the evening of December 12, 1944, a host of German generals, the senior field commanders on the Western front, were called to Rundstedt’s headquarters, stripped of their side arms and briefcases, packed into a bus, driven about the dark, snowy countryside for half an hour to make them lose their bearings, and finally deposited at the entrance to a deep underground bunker which turned out to be Hitler’s headquarters at Ziegenberg near Frankfurt. There they learned for the first time what only a handful of the top staff officers and army commanders had known for more than a month: the Fuehrer was to launch in four days a mighty offensive in the West. (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)
【译文】1944年12月12日晚上，西线的一批德军将领，都是战地高级指挥官，奉召到伦斯德司令部去。他们交出了随身携带的武器和公文箱包，被推进一辆大轿车里，在乡间黑黝黝的雪地里坐了半小时的车，弄得晕头转向，最后给卸在一个很深的地堡的入口处，原来这是希特勒在法兰克福附近的泽根堡大本营。到了那里，他们才初次听到了只有极少数
最高级参谋和司令员在一个多月以前就已知道的事情：元首准备要在四天后在西线发动一场强大攻势。
10．Your Grace shall understand, that at the receipt of your letter I am very sick: but in the instant that your messenger came, in loving visitation was with me a young doctor of Rome; his name is Balthazar. I acquainted him with the cause in controversy between the Jew and Antonio the merchant: we turn’d o’er many books together: he is furnisht with my opinion, which, better’d with his own learning, — the greatness whereof I cannot enough commend, — comes with him, at my importunity,to fill up your grace’s request in my stead. I beseech you, let his lack of years be no impediment to let him lack a reverend estimation; for I never knew so young a body with so old a head. I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his commendation. (Shakespeare: The Merchant of V enice)
【译文】尊翰到时，鄙人抱疾方剧；适有一青年博士鲍尔萨泽君自罗马来此，致其慰问，因与详讨犹太人与安东尼奥一案，遍稽群籍，折衷是非，遂恳其为鄙人疱代，以应殿下之召。凡鄙人对此案所具意见，此君已深悉无遗；其学问才识，虽穷极赞辞，亦不足道其万一，务希勿以其年少而忽之，盖如此少年老成之士，实鄙人生平所仅见也。倘蒙延纳，必能不辱使命。敬祈钧裁。（朱生豪译）
1——5：C,C,C,C,C 6——10：C，A，B，C，B 11——15：B，C，C，B，A
1) The editor praised his paper and suggested only one change.
【译文】编辑赞赏他的论文，仅在一处建议改动。
2) He knows no more life than the child unborn.
【译文】他天真烂漫，对人情世故一无所知。
3) It is beyond the power of medicine to cure him.
【译文】他的病非药力所能治愈。
4) While this may be an exaggeration, there is a bit of truth in it.
【译文】此话虽然夸张，却也有几分可信。
5) It’s been scientifically proven that frequent kissing stabilizes cardiovascular activity, decreases high blood pressure, cholesterol and overall makes one’s life better.
【译文】科学已经证明常接吻可使心血管活动保持稳定，降低高血压、胆固醇，全面改善人的身体状况。
6 ) The expansion of the higher education system has turned universities from institutions for the elite to ones for the masses.
【译文】大学扩招后，大学教育便从以往的精英教育变成普及教育。
7) Brilliant young scholars or inventive industrial geniuses are hampered in technical research because th ey hesitate to disagree with their “superiors”.
【译文】才华横溢的青年学者、创造发明天才因为不愿与“师长”唱对台戏，而在科研上裹足不前。
8) We alone do good to our neighbors not upon a calculation of interest, but in the confidence of freedom and in a frank and fearless spirit. (Thucydides: History)
【译文】惟有我们乐于助人，但不计私利得失，而是出于自觉自愿，慷慨无畏。
9) I am disgusted she saw the man as a reminder to lock her doors. I wonder if he noticed us doing so. I wonder how it feels when people lock their doors at the sight of you.
【译文】我很讨厌她一看见那人就锁上车门的举动。我不知道那人是否注意到了我们的这一做法。真不知道当别人一看到你时就把车门锁上，那会是一种什么样的感觉。
10) Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of
others, and still remains a greater slave than they. … To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man, to surrender the rights of humanity and even its duties. For him who renounces everything no indemnity is possible.
【译文】人天生是自由的，可处处受到约束。那种自以为给别人当主子的人，反倒比别人更是奴才。……放弃自己的自由，就是放弃自己做人的资格，放弃人的权利，甚至于是放弃自己的义务。一个人放弃了一切，是不可能有任何东西作补偿的。
1）What WTO Accession Means for China (入世对于中国的意义)
I n this new age of globalization , China’s leadership has decided to seek globalization’s benefits and accept its risks. The decision to join the WTO, and to accept the disciplines and rules that lie at its heart, is the latest important step enabling China to navigate globalization’s currents. Therefore, I am proud that my colleagues and I had the opportunity last year, shortly after assuming office, to take the lead in driving to complete China’s admission to the WTO after the process had been stalled fo r a year and half. As a WTO member, China is supposed to greatly reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers. It will need to improve protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. It needs to allow companies engaged in telecommunications, computer services, banking, securities, insurance, freight forwarding, and wholesale and retail distribution to invest in China, providing services of value and spurring domestic competition. China has agreed to transform its system of laws and regulations through transparency, opening rules to comment before promulgation and to court review afterward. As a result, China’s membership in the WTO will mean lower prices, greater consumer choice, greater enterprise efficiency, enhanced productivity, higher wages, new jobs, and more opportunity.
【译文】在这个全球化的新时代，中国领导人决定寻求全球化的益处，并承受其带来的风险。加入世贸组织并且接受作为其核心的行为准则和各项规则，这个决定是中国顺应全球化潮流所迈出的最为重要的一步。因此，我引以自豪的是，我的同事和我本人在去年刚上任不久的首要工作就是，在中国入世进程停顿了一年半之后，致力于完成这项工作。作为世贸组织的成员，中国应当大幅降低关税和非关税壁垒，应当加强实施对知识产权的保护，应当允许（外国）公司投资于中国的电信、计算机服务、银行、证券、保险、货物转运以及批发与零售业，以提供各种重要的服务，推动国内竞争。中国已经同意通过提高透明度来进行法律制度改革，其法规在颁布实施前要进行公示，听取意见，实施后要接受法院检验。其结果是，中国成为世贸组织成员后将带来的好处是：物价下降，消费者有更多的选择，企业效益增大，生产率提高，工资上涨，就业机会增多，机遇也越来越多。
2）I Have a Dream(Martin Luther King)
This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With his faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, “Free at last! free at last! thank God almighty, we are free at last!”
【译文】这就是我的希望。这就是我带回南方的信念。怀着这个信念，我们能够把绝望的
大山凿成希望的磐石。怀着这个信念，我们能够将我国种族不和的喧嚣变为一曲友爱的乐章。怀着这个信念，我们能够一同工作，一同祈祷，一同奋斗，一同入狱坐牢，一同为争取自由而斗争，因为我们知道我们终将获得自由。我们使自由之音响彻千家万户，响彻每个州郡城池，就会促使那个日子尽快到来。到了那一天，上帝的一切儿女，无论黑人、白人、犹太人、非犹太人、基督教徒和天主教徒都将携手同唱那首古老的黑人圣歌：“我们终于获得了自由！终于获得了自由！感谢全能的上帝，我们终于获得了自由！”
第四章翻译的技巧 Skills in Translation .课堂互动2：翻译句子（参考译文） 1.The sky turned to a tender pallet of pink and blue. 【译文】天空变成了一块由粉红色和蓝色构成的色彩柔和的调色板。 2. She had never let him know—never breathed a word. 【译文】她根本就没让他知道，从未透露过真情。 3.The president now is on a poverty tour. 【译文】总统目前正在访问贫困地区。 4. She doctored in the countryside. 【译文】她在农村当医生。 5. The old man carefully doctored the split in the cane chair. 【译文】老人仔细修补藤椅上的裂口。 6. The mayor of New York City is the Time magazine’s 2001 Person of the Year. 【译文】纽约市市长是2001年《时代》杂志的风云人物。 7. The girls all like Bob because he is a football captain. Nothing succeeds like success. 【译文】所有的女孩子都喜欢鲍伯，因为他是个足球队长。有本事又有人缘。 8. An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you’ve learnt from it, but Monsanto still has some learning to do. 【译文】失败的代价虽然昂贵，然而只要你能从中汲取教训，那也是一笔财富。不过，曼山托公司仍然需要总结教训。 9．In the social production which men carry on they enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond to a definite stage of development of their material powers of production. 【译文】人们在自己生活的社会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以其意志为转移的关系，即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。 The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society —the real foundation on which rise legal and political superstructures and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. 【续】这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构，即有法律的和政治的上层建筑建立其上，并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。 The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political and spiritual processes of life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness. (Karl Marx: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy) 续】物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。不是人们的意识决定人们的存在，相反，是人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。 （卡尔·马克思《政治经济学批判》） 10. There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful appearance than in the month of August. Spring has many beauties, and May is a fresh and blooming month；but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields and sweet-smelling flowers —when the recollection of snow, and ice, and bleak winds, has faded
汉英翻译教程
第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考： 翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词（Diction）、转换（Conversion）、增补（Amplification）、省略（Omission）、重复（Repetition）、替代（Substitution）、变换（Variation）、倒臵（Inversion）、拆离（Division）、缀合（Combination）、阐释（Annotation）、浓缩（Condensation）、重组（Reconstruction），以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换，也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难，归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此，对比、分析和归纳这些差异，便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译，也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性，在进行交际时，能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能，《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某
第一章 一、概述 1.（1）英语：是语法型，重语法结构，注重以形显意，靠关联词，用显性连接 （2）汉语：是语义型，重语义结构，通过逻辑纽带或语序间接地表现出来，隐形连接。 2.英语的形式接应手段：除关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词之外，还有若干连词和为数众多的介词。英语的句子通常均有各种关联词来表示多种语法关系。 3.翻译特点（意合与形合）： （1）英语译为汉语：形合转为意合类似松绑（注意汉语意合表现力、句法特点） （2）汉语译为英语：意合转为形合类似（注意符合英语句法结构），要求上下文中语义搭配合乎事理，强调的是语言结构内部意义关系的“意合”，即造句注重意念连贯，具体表现是关联词的大量省略，很多成分也经常隐去。 4.关于形合与意合的说明：虽然英语和汉语句法中有形合与意合的 特征以及两者相互转换的必要，但不能由此推断英语中的形合结构必须一律转换为汉语的意合，或汉语的意合一律转成英语的形合。因为每一种语言都有自身的伸缩性，形合与意合两种句法在英语和汉语中同样是存在的，只是在汉语中意合更为普遍，而英语中形合更为普遍。 二、例句 1.形合到意合的转换： （1）I may be wrong and you may be right,and by an effort ,we may be nearer to the truth.也许我是错的，你是对的。我们做出努力，就会更接近真理。 (2)Now there is in America a curious combination of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living and genius delight in what one is able to accomplish with one’s own hands.现在美国有一个奇特的现象：一方面人们为上升到不在需要靠体力劳动谋生的地位而感到自
How to explain that I was not a proud owner seeking admiration for his vehicle, but a tourist who had broken down 如何解释,我不是一个骄傲的主人寻求佩服他的汽车,但游客坏了吗 Special equipment assures that the computers will not be disturbed by power interruptions that last less than two hours. 特种设备确保计算机就不会被打断,力量持续不到两个小时。 It is actually very, very old and was not always as beautiful as it is now. It is not certain how the Earth began. Probably it began as a huge globe of gas and dust. The globe became smaller and denser. Today the outer layer or crust is cool and hard, 它实际上是非常非常老的,并不总是像现在这样美丽。这都是不确定的地球就开始了。可能起源于一个由气体和尘埃组成的庞大球体。地球变得更小且致密。今天的外层或地壳是凉爽且硬, It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, not horror, nor any of the other emotions that she had been prepared for. 那表情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是不满，不是嫌恶，也不是她原先准备应付的任务一种感情。 Modern geology has for its aim the deciphering of the whole evolution of the earth from the time of the earlier records that can be recognized in the rocks to the present day. 当代地质解释为其目标的整体演化的地球早期的时间记录,可以识别岩石到当代。 1. Promotions are wonderful but they must be deserved. And we deserve it, only if we serve the people. 【译文】提升是件好事。但必须是那些值得提升的人。而我们只有为人民服务才算得上值得。 2. It looks like it will be a mild, but rainy weekend. 【译文】看来天气温和，但周末有雨。 3. It emerged casually and as a byproduct of our conversation. 【译文】它偶然地冒了出来，就像我们谈话的副产品。 4. His air of self-assurance and somewhat lordly bearing would have frightened me, had it not been for his warm and hearty handshake. 【译文】他那自信的神气和略为高傲的派头就要使我害怕了，不过他和我握手的时候是那样热情，那样真挚。 1 / 6
第4章翻译的文采篇 4.1复习笔记 一、各家观点 1.傅雷：“神似”。“理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作” 2.思果：“翻译为重写”。不会写中文而要把外文译成中文，等于没有米还要煮饭。这都说明了翻译和写作的密切关系和重要性。 3.鸠摩罗什：注重译文语言的精美，“天见人，人见天”在言过质，“人天交接，两得相见。” 4.严复：“信、达、雅”他的译文“言之无文，行之不远”，被认为“足与周秦诸子相上下”。 5.林纾：译笔精湛，颇具马、班、韩、柳的神韵和传统文学的风采。林纾具有深厚的古文素养，因此具有无与伦比的写作才华，写就了中国翻译史上精彩的译文。林纾能以自己的“文心”洞悉西方文学作品的“文心” 6.许渊冲：翻译的“优势论”、“竞赛论”。强调如何把译文写得更好，甚至可以超越原文。 7.辜正坤：强调英译汉中注重译文文采的必要性和重要性。 (1)汉语：描写性特强的语言；汉语多华丽修饰语,汉语言文字先天地就在艺术表达上更富于表现性，更具美感性。 (2)英语：逻辑性特强的语言，印欧语要少华丽修饰语。 (3)英译汉——简→繁；归化还原增色法：可近似程度地将英语的本色罩上汉语的浓妆。汉译英——繁→简；归化还原减色法：可近似程度地将汉语的华丽色彩淡化为英语本色。
“归化还原增色法”:译者根据原语作品和译语作品所处时代、区域、读者对象、翻译目的、审美需求等若干因素，灵活地采取使译入语更加生动、富于文采的译法。 二、如何达到译文的文采性 1.对原文深刻的洞察理解，要体现原文的风格。要准确、流畅地表达原文作者的思想，使读者发生兴趣，能够理解和接受。 2.文采来自译者较高的艺术修养，即译者的文才、才华。 (1)译者掌握各种表达方式、表现技巧的能力； (2)译者遣词造句、修辞达意的能力； (3)文采：译文的语言经过修饰，能切当地、艺术地表达思想感情，富有美感 (4)文采的主要特点：艺术表达力强，具有审美效应，是增强译文感染力的重要因素。 3.积累语言材料 (1)语言材料主要指词汇。词汇丰富是语言丰富的一个重要标志。有了丰富的词汇，遣词造句才能得心应手，左右逢源；提笔行文，才会随意生姿。 (2)向优秀作品学习语言。现代的、古代的、中国的、外国的经典作品。精美的成语、典故、警句、妙语，都能丰富我们的语言材料，增添我们写作、翻译的文采。 4.要善于锤炼语言 (1)分寸感：译者的语言灵敏度强，能够精细入微地辨别词义，恰如其分地运用语言。 (2)准确：准确是文采的前提，是掌握分寸感的具体表现。 ①语言准确，首先用词要求准确。准确地区分词语的感情色彩，选用词语要褒贬恰当。 ②句式准确。语言的句子形式多种多样，不同的句式有不同的表达效果。 a.长句严密、精确、细致；短句简洁、明快、有力；
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲 （英文名称E-C Translation: Theory and Practice） 一、课程说明 课程编码 22110280 课程总学时 32 周学时 2 学分 1.5 课程性质专业必修课适用专业英语专业1、教学内容与学时安排（见下表）： 教学内容与学时安排表
2、课程教学目的与要求： 本课程是高等学校英语专业三年级学生开设的一门专业必修课。它是理论与实践相结合的一门课程，其主要目的在于使学生具备笔头英汉翻译的基本能力。通过介绍各类文体语言的特点、汉英两种语言的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法，使学生掌握英汉翻译的基本理论，掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英译汉的能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅，翻译速度达到每小时250-300字。 3、本门课程与其它课程关系： 本课程为英语专业本科三年级学生开设。学生在修该课程之前已修完综合阅读，综合英语，语法学，词汇学，英美文化等课程，这些课程都为学生修该课程奠定了扎实的语言基础。该课程又是学生综合英语语言运用能力的体现和反映，它的开设不仅能提高学生的翻译能力，而且它与英美文学，语言学，口译，高级英语等都能帮助学生进一步提高他们的综合英语语言运用能力。 4、推荐教材及参考书： 教材采用孙致礼编著的《新编英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社（2003年4月第1版）教学参考书 Baker, Mona. 2001. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Bassnett S, Lefevere A. 2001. Constructing Cultures: Essays On Literary Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Brown Gillian & Yule George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000 Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Hatim B. 2001. Communication Across Cultures:Translation Theory and Contrastive Text
高等教育自学考试冲刺模拟试卷一 （英语专业） 英汉翻译教程（三） Part One I.Multiple Choice Questions （30 points, 2 points for each）A. Directions: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1.For Britain our membership of the European Union and the World Trade Organization has brought this home. A.对英国来说，我们的欧盟成员和世界贸易组织成员身份把这带到了家。 B.对英国来说，我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织把我们送到了家。 C.对我们英国来说，我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织的经历使我们对这一点深有感触。 D.对我们英国来说，我们的欧盟成员和世界贸易组织成员身份使我们如鱼得水。 2.So now he contrived an eager, ingratiating smile, which he bestowed on Mr. Squires. A.因此他就装出急切的、迷人的笑，并投向史奎尔先生。 B.因此他就装出殷切的、拍马的笑，并把这笑赠予史奎尔先生。 C.因此他就对史奎尔先生装出一副殷勤、讨好的笑脸。 D.因此他就给史奎尔先生设计了一副殷勤、讨好的笑脸。 3. People disappear in that river every year, one of the policemen said to me that afternoon, half in dismay, half in frustration. A. 这条河里年年都有人消失，”当天下午警察中的一个以一种无可奈何的神气沮丧地对我说。 B. 这条河里年年都要死人，”当天下午一个警察半是沮丧，半是失意地对我说。 C. 这条河里年年都要死人，”当天下午一个警察以一种无可奈何的神气沮丧地对我说。 D. 年年都有人消失在这条河里，”当天下午警察中的一个半是沮丧，半是失意地对我说。 4. As recently as the early 1960s, the phrase environmental law ” would probably have produced little more than a puzzled look, even from many lawyers.
翻译理论与实践课作业 天津科技大学外语学院 作业一：字词的翻译 一、词的理解 1.一词多义： wet She had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. If you think I am for him, you are all wet. She wet her pants at the news. State state and revolution, state of the union the united states. 3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化 Every life has its roses and thorns. She stood there chewing over the strange thing. The engine sounds good. At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 4.词的褒贬：comment Alice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment. But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms. He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ? 5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。Through；free He slept the night through. There is a through train to Beijing. Through this way, they finished the task. She is free with her money. I made her free of my library. 二、词义的表达 1.直译法 dark horse Hot dog Forbidden fruit 暴发户半边天红卫兵 2意译法 blue jacket the yellow leaf Wet blanket 炒鱿鱼下海白拿 3.直译意译结合法 the apple of one’s eye as dull as a goose Once in a blue moon as cool as a cucumber Black sheep as timid as a rabbit 4.音译法
第10单元演讲（Speeches） 10.1 复习笔记 翻译理论选读 一、 A New Concept of Translating by Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. T aber Each language has its own genius.1 In the first place, it is essential to recognize that each language has its own genius. That is to say, each language possesses certain distinctive characteristics which give it a special character. 尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)博士是美国圣经学会翻译部主任。他不仅在美国主持《圣经》的英译工作，还在世界各地指导许多其他语言的翻译工作。 奈达认为，过去人们在翻译过程中过于重视与原文在形式上保持一致，而他主张着重考虑读者对译文的反应，应使译文的读者和原文的读者产生同样的感受。 关于原语，就《圣经》而言，也就是希伯来语和希腊语，奈达认为它们也不过是工具，被人们用来表达《圣经》里包含的意思而已。 关于译语，奈达认为每一种语言都有自己的特点，在构词法、语序、句子结构、谚语诸方面各不相同。各个民族的文化背景不同，对各自的语言也产生不同的影响。译者不必因为译语缺少某种表达方式而抱怨；相反地，他应该尊重这一语言的特点，最大限度地发挥其潜
力，以找出适当的表达方式。他的结论是，要想使译文保持原作的内容，就必须在形式上有所改变。 word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, techniques for linking clauses into sentences, markers of discourse,2 and special discourse types of poetry, proverbs, and song. Each language is rich in vocabulary for the areas of cultural focus, the specialties of the people, e.g., cattle (Anuaks in the Sudan), yams (Ponapeans in Micronesia), hunting and fishing (Piros in Peru), or technology(the western world). Some languages are rich in modal particles.3Others seem particularly adept in the development of figurative language, and many have very rich literary resources, both written and oral. To communicate effectively one must respect the genius of each language. Rather than bemoan the lack of some feature in a language, one must respect the features of the receptor language4and exploit the potentialities of the language to the greatest possible extent. Unfortunately, in some instances translators have actually tried to “remake” a language. For example, one missionary in Latin America insisted on trying to introduce the passive voice of the verb into a language which had no such form. Of course, this was not successful. One must simply accept the fact that there are many languages which do not have a passive voice. They merely choose to report actions only as active. Rather than force the formal structure of one language upon an- other, the effective translator is quite prepared to make any and all formal changes5 necessary
英汉翻译教程— 张培基编著上海外语教育出版社 绪论 翻译:是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。 第一章我国翻译史简介 时间 翻译活动备注西汉哀帝 到中国口传一些简短的否经经句还谈不上佛经的翻译东汉恒帝建和二年始 译《安般守意经》等30多部佛经安息(波斯)人支娄迦谶译10多部佛经译笔生硬读者不易看懂，直译意译出现支亮支谦 译175部佛经主持设译场，《鞞婆沙》不懂梵文严格直译 《金刚经》《法华经》《维摩经》《中观论》《十二门论》《百论》等三十余卷 主张音译，倡译者署名，“天然西域之趣”南北朝《摄大乘论》等49部经论 应梁武帝聘1.“诚心爱法，志愿益人，不惮久时” 2.“襟抱平恕，器量虚融，不好专执” 3.“耽于道术，谵于名利，不欲高炫”北宋 派人西去求经，开封太平兴国寺内兴修了译经院南宋 明 清 欧几里得的《几何原本》《测量法义》与利玛窦(意)合译《茶花女遗事》《黑奴吁天录》《块肉全生述》不懂外文，口述笔译，160多部文学作品《王子复仇记》《拟投翻译书院议》“善译”《马氏文通》作者赫胥黎《天演论》“信达雅”亚当斯密《原富》 孟德斯鸠《法意》斯宾塞尔《群学肄言》 《毁灭》《死魂灵》“一当然力求其易解，一则 保存着原作的风姿”1.党领导下系统进行 2.质量大大提高 3.批评与自我批评 4.外译汉，汉译外 翻译标准日趋统一人物伊存安世高明代万历 年间到清代 “新学”时期严复苻秦鸠摩罗什玄奘 古代翻译界巨星 马建忠 林纾过些时候 (月支派）竺法护 “三支”“既须求真，又须喻俗”即“忠实，通顺”印度求经、组织译场、梵汉(75部1334卷)、汉梵(老子著作的一部分)首向外介绍汉著 新中国成立 管主八公布查布徐光启梵文造诣深释道安真谛对待翻译工作严肃 我五四近代翻译分水岭实叉难陀 义净 宋太祖拔合思巴智光鲁迅瞿秋白元 不空隋到唐记载中见不到一部译经释彦琮
is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile? 我认为，如果一个人思路不清，他写文章也困惑，如果他喜怒无常的文章就会荒诞不经;如果他思想敏捷，和能，由眼前的事情，他将一百件事情，除非他有很大的自我控制、负荷在文章中隐喻和明喻。 I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavour to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years? 我真诚地希望你的祝贺将相媲美的集体努力追求公正和实际解决问题的困扰，联合国己经多年了。 Culture to him, as to the Orientals3 with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts. 文化，在东方人，和他一起住这么多，深深同情的事情，是灵，可以不可以通过衡量物质进步、或,即使是艺术。 With Asia s economic meltdown rattling the Beijing leadership, Zhu and his colleagues now have a powerful argument that China must get its own house in order to prevent meddling by the International Monetary Fund or other outsiders?(China: Zhu is Taking a Broom to the Bureaucrats 与亚洲经济危机年代震动了北京的领导下，朱和他的同事们现在有一个强有力的论点，中国必须得到它的自己的房子为了防止干涉国际货币基金组织或其他外人。(中国:朱正在一个扫帚官僚扌宜权 that woman walks the streets? 那个妇女常在那些街上走 Bill is taking his bird to the pictures tonight. 比尔今晚带着他的女朋友去看电影。 He is not so ill but that he can come to school ?
英汉互译教程总复习 1．Joint military exercises have increased in the region, to the detriment of trust between countries. 联合军事演习在本地区有增无减，不利于国家间建立信任。 2．This old man gets up and goes to bed with the sun everyday. 这位老翁每天黎明即起，日落而息。 3．A nearby object falling into a black hole is never heard of again. 附近的天体一旦落入黑洞，就会销声匿迹。 4．我们应该抢时间赶任务。 We should work against the clock. 5.These hospital expenses made inroads on my savings. 这些住院费耗掉了我大部分积蓄。 6．They killed a bottle of Kaoliang between them. 他们二人对酌，把一瓶高粱酒喝得一干二净。 7．When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. 一拿起书本，他们可都成了睁眼瞎了。 8．Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 9．人们笑贫不笑娼。 People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes. 10. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market. 昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。 11．They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼着命地逃跑。 12．People were born survivors. 人的生存能力是与生俱来的。 13．这个环境工程是个“民心工程”。 The environment-friendly project is a “popularity-winning” project. 14. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功夫不可。 The mastery of a language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 15. 会议开得冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。 The meetings were marked by such absence of living discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up. 16. They pay lip-service to education but don’t work for better schools. 他们口惠而实不至，口口声声支持教育，却又不肯为改善学校条件做一些实际工作。 17．Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade. 失业人数高居不下，已经十多个年头了。 18．有些厕所似乎仍是这次卫生大扫除活动的死角。 Some toilets seem immune to the clean-up campaign. 19. 这个摊贩叫卖道：“快来买呀，过了这村可没这个店啦。” The street peddler hawked, “Now or never!” 20. Why carry coals to Newcastle? 何必多此一举？ 21．You’re just teaching your grandmother how to suck eggs. 你这是在班门弄斧。 22．His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. 主人对他的冷淡使他更加不自在。 23．I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.
《英汉翻译教程》 第一章总论 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。 （张培基等1983） 我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有―象胥‖（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到―译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。‖这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。 （罗新璋1984） 一、关于翻译 何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是―把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来‖。根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，―翻译‖这个中性术语是指将一种语言（―原语‖）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（―目的语‖）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：―将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。‖（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。 翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。中国加入WTO后，翻译的重要作用就更是不可忽视。经济竞争是在交际中进行，而没有翻译在场，交际就很难进行，交际不成，生意就做不成。因此，翻译的作用，再怎么强调也不过分。 关于翻译的种类可以从下面几个角度来划分： （１）从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类。 （２）从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译、手势翻译和机器翻译。
《英汉翻译教程》翻译理论·固定短语·单元小结一卷通Unit 1 Stories 译学点滴：翻译的标准 译学点滴：怎样读懂原文 Unit 2 History 译学点滴：把握全篇而后译 译学点滴：“Readability” Unit 3 Geography 译学点滴：提高文字水平无止境 译学点滴：用知识武装自己
Unit 4 Economy 翻译理论简介：佛经翻译鸠摩罗什1对佛经贡献 2 翻译倾向 玄奘1对佛经贡献 2主张 翻译理论简介：严复与“信、达、雅”严复1翻译标准 2 《天演论》及其他译作 翻译理论简介：林纾1《巴黎茶花女遗事》及其他译作 2在中国文学发展史上的作用 3钱中书对林译的评论 Unit 5 Culture 翻译理论简介：鲁迅与1译作概述 2对翻译工作的态度 3主张宁信而不顺，凡是翻译，必须兼顾2面 一当二当瞿秋白与鲁迅关于翻译的通信 翻译理论简介：郭沫若与1关于理想翻译的论述 2 主张“翻译工作者必须有” 茅盾1主张“直译，同时保留” 2 1954年关于文学翻译的论述
Unit 6 Literature (1) 翻译理论简介：傅雷1对于翻译工作的态度 2主张“重神思不重形似” 翻译理论简介：关于风格1 周洵良关于风格的论述 2 周洵良对“雅”的解释“”翻译理论简介：王佐良1关于直译与意译的论述 Unit 7 Literature (2) 翻译理论选读：(1) Cicero西塞罗《论演说术》 (2) Saint Jerome 哲罗姆《论最优秀的翻译》 翻译理念选读：Tytler’s Three Principles泰特勒《论翻译的原则》我国对泰特勒三原则的介绍和评论 Unit 8 Popular Science 翻译理论选读：不应该这样翻译马克思的著作恩格斯 翻译理论选读：确切翻译的原则费道罗夫《语言和翻译》