09考研强化班网络课堂写作
北京新东方学校王江涛
第一节考研写作总论
一、课程安排：
1、考研写作总论：复习计划、学习方法、大纲解读
2、段落写作：框架结构、启承转合
3、图画作文：大纲样题、05－08真题
4、应用文：书信、备忘录/报告、摘要、告示
二、复习计划：
（一）考前冲刺：
1、攻克词汇：
2、精研真题：94－08共15年真题
1）词汇：没有一个词汇不认识
2）选项：没有一个选项不了解
3）句子结构：没有一个句子结构不清楚
4）背诵：考研阅读经典文章
5）英译汉：
3、适当模考：09年1月
（二）时间分配：
1、14：00－14：15 写作A节
2、14：15－14：50 写作B节
3、14：50－16：00 阅读A节
4、16：00－16：20 阅读B节（新题型）
5、16：20－16：40 阅读C节（翻译）
6、16：40－17：00 完型填空
三、学习方法：
（一）提高实力：
1、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善（20大必背范文见附录）
2、默写：发现写作弱点
3、中译英：提高写作实力
4、写作：模仿
（二）掌握技巧：万能框架
四、大纲解读：考研写作两大黄金原则
（一）印象原则：书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰
2008真题：
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
Cooperation, team work, team spirit, help each other
（二）语言第一位、结构第二位、内容第三位：
1、语言：
1）基本正确
2）丰富多变（词汇＋句型）
2、结构：
1）段落结构：总分总结构
（1）主题句：1句，改写提纲
（2）描述或论证：2－3句
（3）小结：1句
2）评分标准：
（1）关联词：小作文3－5个、大作文5－7个
（2）同义替换：词汇＋句型
（3）代词替换：it, that, they
3、内容：观点/思维
附：考研写作大纲要求
（一）评价目标：
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：
1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；
2）遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
4）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。
（二）考试内容：
该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。
A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分10分。
B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160－200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。
（三）评分原则和方法：
1、虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同，但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据两节的不同考查要点，评分是会有不同的侧重点。
A节应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。
B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。
2、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有1－3分的调节分。
3、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160－200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。
4、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
5、如书写较差，以致影响读者理解，将分数降低一个档次。
第二节段落写作
一、考研论说文框架结构：3段，12句左右，160－250词，5－7个关联词（适可而止），5
－7个从句（多多益善）
（一）第一段：图画/表描述，3句
1、总体描述：人物/动物/事物＋动作＋环境，1句
2008真题：
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
Two disabled/handicapped young men are running/walking/striding forward/continuing their new journey on the ground/in the fields.
2、挖掘细节词、串连成句：1－2句
08:
Their tools/cruthces are left behind.
Two of their legs are bound together.
They are supporting each other with their firm hands.
独立主格结构：Crutches left behind and legs bound together, they are supporting each other with their firm hands.
3、文字说明/象征寓意：1句
1）The caption reads, “…”.
2）We are informed that “…”.
08:
The caption reads, “Y ou have only/merely one leg and so do I. Helping each other, we can travel all around”.
（二）第二段：意义阐释，5句
1、主题句：象征寓意，1句
2、论证：3句
1）因果论证：Cause and Effect
Lack ability, lack experience, advantages and disadvantages, fierce competition, pressure/stress, face difficulties and challenges
2）举例论证：Exemplification
successfully host the 29th Olympic Games
the successful launch of Chang’e NO. 1 lunar probe
Y ao Ming, Liu Xiang
3）联系现实：图画作文创作原则（以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为
群体，具体想为抽象）
2002：
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International”
In the essay you should
1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2.give your comments on the phenomenon.
Y ou should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume
Represent, symbolize, epitomize, be naturally associated with
3、小结：1句
（三）第三段：建议措施，4句
1、结论句：1句
2、针对双方提建议：2句
3、包装结尾、展望未来：1句
1)Only in this way can we solve the problem.
2)It is high time that we solved the problem.
评卷实例：2001年真题
Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone had his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2) give a specific example, and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
1、范文一：18分范文
It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is something common to us all. But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.
As is shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places. This tells us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp. It is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help very much. I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me very much because my help was needed very much. My help was like a lamp in dark places.
I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way, we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world.
考研写作七大高分技巧：
1）大量使用物称代词作主语
2）大量使用被动语态
3）大量使用定语状语
4）大量使用精彩从句
5）大量使用精彩句型
6）大量使用主系表结构
7）大量使用精彩词组
2、范文二：20分范文：
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings. Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love.
As is described in the picture, “love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties.
For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his life. Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.
So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don’t hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.
二、启承转合：
（一）启：启动观点、开篇点题
（二）承：观点承接、正面论证
1、First(ly), In the first place, First and foremost, Above all, On the one hand, For
one thing,
2、Second(ly), In the second place, Besides, In addition, What is more,
Furthermore, Moreover, On the other hand, For another
3、Third(ly), (The) Last but not (the) least, More importantly, Even worse,
（三）转：观点转折、反面论证
conversely, nevertheless, unfortunately, whereas, yet, instead, in/by
comparison/contrast, on the contrary
（四）合：文章结尾、合并归纳
As a result/consequence, Consequently, Accordingly, Thus, Hence, Generally/Briefly speaking,
第三节图画作文
一、大纲样题（2000年写作真题）：
Directions:
A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words.
B. Y our essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.
C. Y our essay should meet the requirements below:
1.Describe the pictures.
2.Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.
3.Suggest counter measures.
A Brief History of World Commercial Fishing
As is shown in the pictures, we can see that with the increase of commercial fishing, the number of fishes sharply decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing-boats.
The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease of
ocean resources. Owing to over-fishing, the number of fishes has obviously decreased. If we let this situation go as it is, we won’t know where fish is in the future. By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.
Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resources are vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I believe that we human beings can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a bright future.
写作练习五步骤：
1、读懂：十遍精读：
1）精彩词汇
2）精彩词组
3）精彩句型
4）句子结构：简单句（主干＋修饰成分）、从句、时态、冠词、主谓一致
5）段落结构：总分总，主题句＋论证（＋小结）
6）关联词：小作文3－5个，大作文5－7个
7）同义替换：词汇＋句型
8）代词替换：it, that, they
9）精彩观点：
10）原因建议：
2、造句：
3、大声朗读：
4、背诵：
5：运用：
05：
As is shown in the picture, we can see that with the rapid/speedy social and economic development, the number of the young/youth who financially support senior citizens sharply decreases. In the picture, there are four grown-up children who are playing a football match of caring the old. The caption reads, it is a “football game of looking after the elders”.
The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the mistreatment of the elderly. Owing to selfishness, the number of adolescents taking care of the elder has obviously shrunk. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where the aged will be in the future. By that time, our society will suffer a great destruction.
Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to severly punish those ill-treating old people. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that repecting our parents is very vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our aged parents. Also I believe that we human beings can improve the present situation, and we will have a brighter future.
06:
As is shown in the pictures, we can see that with the rapid social and economic development, the number of the young who like/love/admire/adore/worship the
stars/superstars/famous people/heroes/celebrities/idols sharply increases. In one picture, there is a young man with Beckham’s name on his face. In the second/other picture, there is another young man who is doing Beckham’s hair/hairstyle/haircut.
The purpose of the pictures is to show us that due attention has to be paid to idolatry/idol worship/worship for the idols. Owing to fashion trend, the number of adolescents admiring celebrities has obviously risen. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where the juvenile will be in the future. By that time, our society will suffer a great destruction.
Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to encourage teenagers to improve themselves. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that traditional Chinese culture is very vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our youngsters. Also I believe that we human beings can improve the present situation, and we will have a brighter future.
07:
As is shown in the picture, we can see that with the rapid social and economic development, the number of the young who have confidence sharply decreases. In the goalkeeper’s mind, there are a huge goal and a little keeper. In the striker’s mind, there are a huge keeper and a little goal.
The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the lack of confidence. Owing to fierce competition, the number of adolescents possessing self-confidence has obviously shrunk. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where the juvenile will be in the future. By that time, our society will suffer a great destruction.
08:
As is shown in the picture, we can see that with the rapid social and economic development, the number of the young who help each other sharply increases. In the picture, there are two disabled young men who are running on the ground. The caption reads, “Y ou have only/merely one leg and so do I. Helping each other, we can travel all around”.
The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to cooperation. Owing to doting care, the number of adolescents helping each other has obviously shrunk. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where the juvenile will be in the future. By that time, our society will suffer a great destruction.
Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to encourage teenagers to help each other. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that team work is very vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our youngsters. Also I believe that we human beings can improve the present situation, and we will have a brighter future.
第四节应用文
最新大纲：
A节应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式
的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。
例：
2005：
Directions:
Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. Y ou decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
2006：
Directions:
Y ou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. Y ou should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words.
2007：
Directions:
Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
2008：
Directions:
Y ou have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1)make an apology,
2)suggest a solution.
一、书信格式：
（一）称呼
1、题目无人名：Dear Sir or Madam,
2、题目有人名：Dear＋人名,
（二）正文：3段、7句左右、100－120词、3－5关联词、3－5从句
1、第一段：1－2句
1）自我介绍
（1）工作人员：
05：I am a staff member from your company/corporation.
06：I am a staff member from Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd.
（2）学生：
I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the
Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.
2）写作目的：
（1）样题：I am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books.
（2）05：I am writing to inform you that I wish to resign from my current post/position.
2、第二段：3－6句
1）改写提纲一：1句
2）改写提纲二：1句
3）改写提纲三：1句
3、第三段：1－2句
1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）
（1）My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.
（2）Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you.
（3）I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.
2）期待回信：
（1）I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
（3）Y our prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
（三）落款
1、结尾客套Y ours sincerely,
2、签名：Li Ming
书写格式：
缩进式：段间不空行，每段首行缩进4个字母
二、课后复习：
1、通读教材、消化笔记：《2009考研英语高分写作》，王江涛编著，群言出版社
2、背诵、默写、中译英、写作：20大必背范文
3、总结框架、考前模考：2009年1月
三、应用文详解：
（一）书信：
1、大纲样题：订购信
Directions:
Y ou are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:
1)detailed information about the books you want,
2)methods of payment,
3)time and way of delivery.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing for information about test preparation materials for the IELTS test.
I wonder if you have a vocabulary book covering the words required for IELTS, as well as past examination papers with keys and model essays. Besides, how should I pay for these books—
—by cash, cheque, or any other means? If possible, I would like to use my credit card. Finally, how will these books be shipped and when is the approximate time I can receive them? The express mail is preferable if the additional charge is not much.
I would appreciate it if you would send me a reply at your earliest convenience.
Y ours sincerely,
Li Ming
2、求学信：
Directions:
Y ou want to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter to ask about the situation there as regards accommodation and fees, possible scholarsips, and what qualifications one needs for acceptance.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am a Chinese student who wish to apply for admission into your prestigious university. My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.
First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a bachelor’s degree from Beijing University, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements.Second, how much are the tuition fees?Although I intend to be self-supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students. Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation?
I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.
Y ours sincerely,
Li Ming
3、2005：辞职＋道歉信
Directions:
Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. Y ou decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
高分作文：
Dear Mr. Wang,
I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your magazine Design & Fashions. I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues. The experiences will be unforgettable throughout my life.
However, as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing. I find my present job doesn’t fall in with my previous training and strength. I therefore decide to quit this job for something else that may conform to my former preparation.
Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconveniences my leaving may occur.
Y ours truly,
Li Ming
4、2006：请求信
Directions:
Y ou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. Y ou should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words.
高分作文：
Dear Sir or Madam,
Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would like to contribute my bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area of your province.
I would be much grateful if you could help me seek out a girl who has just started schooling but whose family cannot afford her education. My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis till she finishes her secondary education. I would like to remit my donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.
Y ours truly,
Li Ming
5、2007
Directions:
Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
高分作文
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a student in this university who regularly comes to the library to spend my spare time. Generally speaking, the services you offer here are quite good; however, I have some suggestions for you to adopt. And I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration.
T o begin with, will you please prolong the time for reading? In the daytime, most of the students are having class, so they can’t come to the library. Moreover, some of the books on shelves are out of date. If you are so kind as to provide us some books such as the latest magazines, we will be greatly honored.
I really wish to have a more comfortable library. Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
7、投诉信：
Directions:
Y ou live in a room in college which you share with another student. Y ou find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting. He/She has parties in the room
and sometimes borrows your things without asking you.
Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. Y ou would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.
I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.
T o solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.
Y ours sincerely,
Li Ming
8、推荐信：
Directions:
One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers. Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post. With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of T singhua University several times.
Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record. Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua Middle School. What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children. This won him great popularity among his students.
Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised. I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.
Y ours sincerely,
Li Ming
9、感谢信：
Directions:
After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by another person. Write a special letter to express your thanks.
Dear Xiaoqiang,
I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident
the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.
If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid,I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.
Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach.If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.
Y ours sincerely,
Li Ming
（二）备忘录/报告：
1、备忘录：上级对下级或同级之间的半正式书信
2、报告：下级对上级的正式书信，包括调查报告和工作总结
3、与书信的区别：
1）格式不同：日期、称呼、落款、主题
2）写法不同：三点提纲各写一段
Directions:
Y ou are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s trai ning on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.
Date：January 20, 2008
To：Percy Shelley, Vice President
From：Li Ming, President
Subject：Computer Training of the Staff
As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.
I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.
Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.
（三）摘要：
1、不超过原文三分之一，可少不可多，一般四分之一至五分之一
2、不要评论，不要照抄
3、改写每段首尾句
Directions: Write a summary of the following essay.
A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we
are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the information of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship. It is obvious not the ideas themselves that are dear to us, but our self－esteem, which is threatened. We are by nature stubbornly pledged to defend our own from attack, whether it be our person, our family, our property, or our opinion. We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished. In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.
Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing. We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us to seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them. The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.
参考答案
A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong. We may have been heedless in their information, but our self-esteem will not permit us to change. We may have to give up, but we are not convinced. We do not study the origin of our beliefs; we believe as we have been accustomed to believe, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do.
参考译文
原文：
当有人质疑我们的信仰或观点时，激发了我们的第三种思维。有时我们发现自己没有任何抵制或强烈的感情就改变了想法，但如果有人说我们错了，我们就会憎恨这种诋毁，并且变得强硬起来。我们难以置信地忽视关于我们信仰的信息，但当有人谋求剥夺我们的信仰时，我们就会充满难以抑制的激情。显而易见，并非这些信仰自身对我们亲切，而是我们的自尊受到了威胁。我们自然而然地顽固发誓捍卫自己免受攻击，无论是我们的个人、家庭、财产还是观点。我们可以屈服，但我们很少承认自己被彻底击败。至少在智力领域，没有胜利，只有和平相处。
我们很少有人去费力研究我们所珍爱的信仰的根源。实际上，我们非常自然地厌恶这样做。我们喜欢继续相信我们已经习惯于当作真理的观点，并且当有人对我们的任何观点出现怀疑时，忿恨导致我们寻求坚持信仰的每个理由。而其结果就是我们大多数所谓的推理就在于发现支持我们继续已有信仰的论证，一如从前。
摘要：
当有人说我们的信仰或观点错误时，就会产生第三种思维。我们可能一直忽视这些信仰，但我们的自尊将不会允许我们有所改变。我们也许不得不放弃，但我们并不折服。我们并不研究自己信仰的起源，而只是相信我们习惯相信的，同时我们寻求继续这种信仰的论证，一如从前。
（四）告示：notice, announcement, bulletin, poster
Directions:
The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:
1) the purpose of the contest,
2) time and place of the contest,
3) what is required of the candidates,
4) details of the judges and awards.
Y ou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.
Chinese-Speaking Contest
January 20, 2008 T o improve students’ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (27 January) at the Students’Auditorium. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before T uesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.
The Students’ Union
Department of Chinese Language and Literature
羽泉《爱自己》：
最孤独的时候，不会有人来陪伴你；
最伤心的时候，也没有人来安慰你；
只有你自己，经历着一些必经的经历；
只有你自己，才能回答一些生命中的难题！
相信自己！永不放弃！谢谢大家！再见！
附：20大必背范文
一、大作文：
1、2002：
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International”
In the essay you should
1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2. give your comments on the phenomenon.
Y ou should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume
The picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears ribbons, necklaces and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group. Undoubtedly, the costume has added oriental charm/glamour to her beautiful look/appearance/features.
What the picture conveys goes far beyond only/merely a new fashion trend.Instead, it carries cultural meanings/implications as well. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to mysterious Chinese culture indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared internationally. In other words, a nation’s unique/distinctive culture can become international through worldwide economic and cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization become irresistible,the increasing cultural exchanges can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship.
It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture for those ideas from the other cultures, controversial or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world in the long run. Nevertheless, when we are confronted with a different culture,we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side.Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.
2、2003：
Directions:
Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following
1.describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning
2.point out its implications in our life.
The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances. As is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse that shelters it from the threatening lightening and storm. With proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the flower is growing in full bloom. On the contrary,when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers, with the petals cast about on the grounds.
T o begin with,the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand the test of the storm, yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society; the greenhouse epitomize s parents’ doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality. Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.
Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to be more independent in life. On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world.
3、2006
Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should 1）describe the photos briefly;
2）interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,
3）give your point of view.
Y ou should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
图一：把崇拜写在脸上。图二：花300元做个"小贝"头。
注：Beckham（贝克汉姆）：英国足球明星。
As is vividly depicted in the photos above, Beckham, the smart British football superstar, is enjoying a striking popularity among the adolescents. In the first picture, Beckham’s name appears on a young man’s face. The caption indicates that worship for the idol is written on the face. In the second photo, another young man is doing Beckham’s chic hairstyle in a barbershop. We are informed that he is spending 300 yuan imitating his idol’s haircut.
Undoubtedly, the pictures have subtly reflected the social phenomenon that idol worship is prevalent among the teenagers nowadays.Beckham represents the image of sport hero whose handsome appearance and unparalleled football skills are passionately adored by all the sports fans. Likewise,several teenage girls won their fame overnight in The 2005 Super Girl Contest in China, which provoked nationwide noisy debates on the value and harm of admiring these idols.Briefly speaking, young people are inclined to idolize the people who excel in appearance, intelligence or talent.
Hence,idolatry, the thought-provoking social phenomenon, is a double-edged sword which can exert profound influence on the growth of young people. If we simply worship the idols by imitating their hairstyles or pursuing fashions unreasonably, the obsession will certainly waste us a great deal of money or time, endangering the efficiency of our work. On the contrary, we will lead a positive and fruitful life if we endeavor to improve ourselves by bridging the gap between our models and us. Accordingly, the latter attitude should be adopted to direct our way of life.
4、2007：
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) support your view with an example/examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
新东方恋练有词考研英语词汇 案场各岗位服务流程 销售大厅服务岗： 1、销售大厅服务岗岗位职责： 1)为来访客户提供全程的休息区域及饮品; 2)保持销售区域台面整洁; 3)及时补足销售大厅物资,如糖果或杂志等; 4)收集客户意见、建议及现场问题点； 2、销售大厅服务岗工作及服务流程 阶段工作及服务流程 班前阶段1）自检仪容仪表以饱满的精神面貌进入工作区域 2）检查使用工具及销售大厅物资情况，异常情况及时登记并报告上级。 班中工作程序服务 流程 行为 规范 迎接 指引 递阅 资料 上饮品 （糕点） 添加茶水 工作 要求 1）眼神关注客人，当客人距3米距离 时，应主动跨出自己的位置迎宾，然后 侯客迎询问客户送客户
注意事项 15度鞠躬微笑问候：“您好！欢迎光临！”2）在客人前方1-2米距离领位，指引请客人向休息区，在客人入座后问客人对座位是否满意：“您好！请问坐这儿可以吗？”得到同意后为客人拉椅入座“好的，请入座！” 3）若客人无置业顾问陪同，可询问：请问您有专属的置业顾问吗？，为客人取阅项目资料，并礼貌的告知请客人稍等，置业顾问会很快过来介绍，同时请置业顾问关注该客人； 4）问候的起始语应为“先生-小姐-女士早上好，这里是XX销售中心，这边请”5）问候时间段为8:30-11:30 早上好11:30-14:30 中午好 14:30-18:00下午好 6）关注客人物品，如物品较多，则主动询问是否需要帮助（如拾到物品须两名人员在场方能打开，提示客人注意贵重物品）； 7）在满座位的情况下，须先向客人致歉，在请其到沙盘区进行观摩稍作等
待； 阶段工作及服务流程 班中工作程序工作 要求 注意 事项 饮料（糕点服务） 1）在所有饮料（糕点）服务中必须使用 托盘； 2）所有饮料服务均已“对不起，打扰一 下，请问您需要什么饮品”为起始； 3）服务方向：从客人的右面服务； 4）当客人的饮料杯中只剩三分之一时， 必须询问客人是否需要再添一杯，在二 次服务中特别注意瓶口绝对不可以与 客人使用的杯子接触； 5）在客人再次需要饮料时必须更换杯 子； 下班程 序1）检查使用的工具及销售案场物资情况，异常情况及时记录并报告上级领导； 2）填写物资领用申请表并整理客户意见；3）参加班后总结会； 4）积极配合销售人员的接待工作，如果下班时间已经到，必须待客人离开后下班；
2014考研英语一大小作文真题 新东方在线 2014考研于1月4日开始，新东方在线网络课堂考研辅导团队力邀名师第一时间对真题进行深度解析，以下是新东方在线考研英语辅导团队为大家总结的英语一大小作文真题，供广大考生参考。 英语一大作文 Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly. 2) interpret its intended meaning ,and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points) 英语二小作文 51. Directions:
Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students' physical condition. You should include the details you think necessary. You shoud write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.(10 points) 更多相关考研备考指导，请登陆新东方在线官方网站：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6b9193609.html,
名师教你对付2011年考研英语写作技巧作者:福州新东方编辑来源:福州新东方 时间:2010-10-15 关键词:考研点击:18 2011年考研英语大纲出炉了，仔细对 照与分析，就会发现与去年的无大区别。在写作要求上，还是分有大小作文两项。其实，这样的分类是出于文章的文体和篇幅长短不同而设计出来的。它们包含了天下所有文章的类型，所以现在不可能有变化，以后也不会有变化。要有变化，就是取消某项或全部取消，或字数要求有所变化。 学会如何写各类文章，以及掌握考试技巧，以不变应万变，才是对付研究生英语复习与考试更根本的决策。 对付小作文的不变妙招 1. 了解哪些内容可能用到应用文。 可能用的应用文的有：信件、通知、邀请、致谢、答复、询问、申请、应聘、推荐、慰问、请假等。以上的分类也只能说是大概，因为有的时候，有的内容是交叉的。例如，用信的形式请假或慰问。 2. 掌握各种应用文的格式。 虽然应用文因内容不同，在格式上有所不同，但最基本的形式是信件格式所以，掌握信件格式是尤为重要的。 传统信件格式是： 在第一行的右边写上日期，第二行的左边写上Dear某某某，第三行开始是信的内容。内容结束后，另起一之两行，在右下方写上sincerely yours，yours sincerely这样的话语，再下一行写上自己的名字。请看下面的图示： August 1, 2011 Dear Sir, Sincerely yours,
Li Ming 这种格式在当今的现实当中，特别是在email当中，内容也可以顶头写，包括sincerely yours和名字，但不同内容之间是要隔上一行的。信的内容中，如果有两 段以上，也要隔行。 注意事项： （1）如果月在前，是美国写法；如果日在前，是英国写法。建议采用美国写法 。因为英国人要用的话，喜欢采用01/08/2011。月名不要采用简写形式，用全拼法 。年后面不要加逗号或句号，甚至随意落笔一点。 （2）月与日之间没有逗号。 （3）Dear某某某之后，要用逗号，不用冒号。 （4）sincerely那行后面也是，只能用逗号。如果采用顶头写的方式，一般 dear行和sincerely行后面的逗号都需要去掉。由于考试卷子空间有限，建议还是采 用传统的写法。 （5）落款后面没有标点。 （6）信通常分为公函和私信。私信的语言可以随便，但公函则要正规。作为考 试项目，当然以公函形式为多，所以语言尽量正规，不要用缩写（除了Mr和Mrs之外）。不要用口语。如果你分不清口语与书面语之间的差异的话，就采用语法完整的 句子。 3. 掌握各种应用文一定的套话。由于设计到的内容较多，所以在此省略列举。 对付大作文的不变妙招 1. 备考期间，最好以过去的全真试题为复习媒介。这样做不仅仅能够帮助考生 了解和把握英语考试的水准，而且还能为写作提供优秀的范文以及优美的句式。虽
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 外贸英语写作试题 课程代码：00097 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Part One: Questions 1-20 Directions: There are 20 sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. （在下列各题中选择一个最佳答案填空。）20% 1. It is requested that shipment ______ before the end of this month. A. is effected B. be effected C. should effect D. effects 2. ______ your letter of March 5, we are pleased to inform you that the L/C has been received. A. Replying to B. Replying for C. Replied to D. Replied for 3. We cannot see any possibility of business ______ your price is too high. A. though B. while C. since D. that 4. We are extremely sorry about this delay, ______ you will realize was due to circumstances beyond our control. A. that B. what C. if D. which 5. The sellers must pack the goods as ______ in the contract. A. stipulated B. stipulating C. stipulate D. stipulates 6. Generally speaking, a growing demand can result ______ increased price. A. from B. in C. for D. with 7. We are looking forward to developing together with friends at home and abroad and ______ a glorious future. A. build up B. building up
Word List 1 challenge n.挑战(书);艰巨任务,难题 v.向…挑战 furnish v.供应,提供;装备,布置establish v.建立,设立;安置,使定居intellectual n.知识分子 a.智力的，理智的，有理解力的qualification n.资格,合格;限定,条件;合格证worthy a.(of)值得…的,配得上…的;有 价值的 appearance n.出现，露面；外表；(在会议等) 作短暂露面 aspect n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的) 方面 liquid n.液体 a.液体的,液态的 sword n.剑，刀 lad n.男孩；少年；男青年；小伙子apply vi.(以书面形式)申请；请求 vt.应用；实施 exterior a.外部的,外面的 n.外部 preference n.(for,to)偏爱,喜爱;优惠;优先 选择 elbow n.肘，(衣服的)肘部 vt.用肘推，用肘挤discipline n.纪律,学科 terrific a.极好的,非常的,极度的thrill n.一阵激动(恐惧) v.激动；(使)毛骨悚然 flu n.(influenza)流行性感冒replacement n.取代,替换,替换物,代替物edition n.版次, 版本,（出版形式）triumph n.胜利,成功v.得胜,战胜hostage n.人质 loaf n.一个面包 applicable a.可应用(实施)的；适当的,合适的 motion n. 运动，提议 diploma n.毕业文凭,学位证书dragon n.龙 contrast n.对比，对照vi.形成对比
2018年考研英语一小作文解析 齐祯 2018年考研英语小作文基本上延续了往年难度基本不变的趋势，本文将对2018年考研英语一的小作文部分作出详细解析。真题如下： Write an email to all international experts on campus, inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email, you should include the time, place an other relevant information about the ceremony. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead (10 points). 本年度考研英语一小作文与往年真题的命题趋势基本一致，难度保持不变。与上一年2017年考研英语一的小作文考察体裁相同，今年的小作文仍然考察的仍然是最传统的体裁信函，也是历年真题作文中出现率最高的体裁。多数考生对信函的准备最为充分，只要将历年考察过的真题严加练习，信函的出现对各位考生来说应是最大的福音；另外，2018考研英语一小作文虽然考察到了信函，但并未考察新的类型的信函即历年真题未出现过的信函类型，根据对题干的解读，这已经是继2013年之后，考研英语一里面第二次考到邀请信，历年真题的复习、分析、精析是多数考生在准备考研作文的过程中的必经之路，只要做过2013年考研英语一小作文真题，2018年考研英语一的小作文也基本相似。综上所述，今年考研英语一的小作文对于多数考生来说并不算难，应该能够熟练地在考场上迅速完成。 小作文与大作文比唯一的难度在于：题干中的全部有效信息都以英文的内容和形式给出，所以对考题信息的详细解读是考研小作文解题的重中之重。相比之下，本次邀请信的题干内容相对于去年难度略高，但只要能抓到最关键的审题词，个别细节词汇对写作本文基本没有影响。所以对2018年考研英语一小作文的难度，仍可定为中等难度。对于基础偏弱的考生来说，在解题过程中，审题关键词是最为重要的环节。 本文将从题干分析、信函格式、正文部分、计分要点四部分对2018年考研英语一的小作文真题进行详解，供各位考生参考。 一、题干分析 如上所述，小作文解题的首要环节、最关键的环节也是难度最高的部分当属审题环节。与大作文相比，小作文没有直观的图画或图表来反映对应的内容或主题，写作的背景信息、内容要求、形式要求都以纯英文形式都放入了题干中，对于基础薄弱、单词量低的考生来说，如果不能理解清楚出题人的意思，便无从下笔；或者部分的关键词读不懂，一步走错满盘皆输，将小作文写跑题。 2018年考研英语一小作文的题干整体难度中等，考生只要将文章的方向、宏观内容和大意判断到位即可，而不是将小作文的题干全文翻译。分析历年小作文考察过的真题可得出，小作文题干部分存在着严格的结构和内容，即以模板形式做出，通常情况下小作文的英文题干分为背景信息、内容要求和形式要求三部分，定位的关键环节在前两部分，在这两部分中，如果能寻找和判断出关键词，则基本上可以完成小作文。通过对考研小作文题干词汇和审题信息的积累，以及历年真题的分析和前期准备，做到这一点基本不难。以下部分为2018年考研英语一小作文真题的审题关键词解析： 第一部分：背景信息。背景信息在整个读题环节中，相对难度最高。但2018年考研英语一小作文没有直接给出背景信息，而是直接糅合在了内容要求部分，由此身体的难度就相对降低了许多。 第二部分：内容要求。该环节是考生写书信的基本信息，不但包含写信的目的和写信的内容，同样也包含格式部分即称呼与落款。
第一章 考研翻译基础知识 一翻译的定义 二翻译的标准和翻译的方法 三翻译的基本过程 四考研翻译的核心解题策略 第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法 一词义选择和词义引申 二词性转换 三增词法 四省略法 第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法 一名词性从句的翻译 二定语从句的翻译 三状语从句的翻译 四被动结构的翻译 第一讲翻译的定义 翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。 考研翻译简介 （一）考研翻译考查内容和形式 根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。如： （二）考研翻译的评分标准 根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下： 5个小题，每题2分，共10分。 ·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。 ·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。 ·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。 （三）考研翻译今年考题特点和内容 根据对大纲和最近十几年来考研翻译已经考过的真题的分析，我们发现考研翻译具有如下明显的特点。 首先，考研翻译的短文内容大多是涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。其体裁基本上是议论文。如： 1990年：人的性格和行为分析 1991年：能源与农业
＊Have a try Directions: Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Your essay must meet the requirements below. 1. Write out the message conveyed by the graph. 2. Make an analysis of the strange phenomenon 3. Give your comments 1, 第一句：描述图表，指明变化或不同 ①审题：分析深层含义（要求：）；尤其仔细分析说明性文字 （同学们，我们来观察下这个图表。正如上面两张曲线图所示，从1990年到1995年蛋类的平均价格不断上升，并且其需求量也相应增加。曲线图还表明，从1995年到2000年期间蛋类价格下降，而且需量也下降。这种现象是很奇怪的并值得研究。根据市场经济法则，需求量增加会引起价格上涨。也就是说，当价格上升时，需求就下降，而当价格回落时，需求就增加。但是现在的现实恰好相反。 产生这种奇怪的现象的原意是很明显的。从1990年到1995年期间随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展，人民的收入，其中包括工资、奖金和各种补贴迅速增加。虽然蛋类价格的需求量也急趋增加。另一方面，当蛋类的需求达到某一点时，需求量就停止上升，因为人们开始把越来越多的钱花在衣着、娱乐和国内外的旅游上。普遍认为，从1995年到2000年旅游开支占我国人民总消费量的很大一部分。因此，同期蛋类需求量的下降也似乎是合理的。 我的看法是，由于家禽养殖业的不断发展，蛋类价格很可能下降，因为对蛋类的需求有限，消费量的下降也是必然的。） ②描述数据，要抓重点。 ③要考察有几个变量。2个变量：蛋类价格和需求量 ④套用模板，组成第一句 As is shown by the two graphs above, the average price of eggs was on the rise from 1990 to 1995 and the demand for them increased correspondingly. The graphs also indicate that during the period from 1995 to 2000 the price eggs declined, and so did the demand.
考研英语词汇词根+联想记忆 第一部分通过词缀认识单词 （常用前缀一） 1、a- ①加在单词或词根前面，表示"不，无，非" acentric 无中心的（a+centric中心的） asocial 不好社交的（a+social好社交的） amoral 非道德性的（a+moral道德的；注意：immoral不道德的）apolitical. 不关政治的（a+political政治的） anemia 反常的（a+nomal正常的+ous） ②加在单词前，表示"在…，…的" asleep 睡着的（a+sleep睡觉） aside 在边上（a+side旁边） ahead 在前地（a+head头） alive 活的（a+live活） awash .泛滥的（a+wash冲洗） 2、ab-,abs-加在词根前，表示"相反，变坏，离去"等 abnormal 反常的（ab+normal正常的） abuse 滥用（ab+use用→用坏→滥用） absorb 吸收（ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉） absent 缺席的（ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席的） abduct 诱拐（ab+duct引导→引走→诱拐） abject 可怜的（ab+ject抛→抛掉→可怜的） abstract 抽象的；心不在焉的（abs+tract拉→被拉开→心不在焉）abstain 戒绝（abs+tain拿住→不再拿住→戒绝） abscond 潜逃（abs+cond藏→藏起来→潜逃） abscind 废除（abs+cind剪切→切掉→废除） abscise 切除（abs+cise剪→剪掉→切除） abstinence 节制；禁欲（abs+tin拿住+ense→不在拿住→戒除，禁欲） 3、ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前，表示"一再"等加强意 accelerate陪伴（ac+company伙伴→陪伴） accentuate加速（ac+celer速度→一再增加速度） accomplish强制（ac+cent唱歌→一再唱出→强调） accumulate积累（ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累）accustom使习惯（ac+custom习俗→习惯习俗） addict上瘾，入迷（ad+dict说→一再说起→对……入迷）additive上瘾的（addict的形容词） adduce引证，举例（ad+duce引导→一再引导→举例说明）affable亲切的（af+fable说话→不断可以说话→亲切） afford买得起（af+ford拿出→一再拿出{钱}→买得起） affirm肯定（af+firm坚定→肯定） aggression侵略，进攻（ag+gress走+ion→一再往前走→进攻）aggrandize扩大（ag+grand大→一再大→扩大[权力]等）aggravate恶化（ag+grav重+ate病加重） announce通告（an+nounce通知→通告） appal使震惊（ap+pal白色→[脸]变白→受惊）applause鼓掌（ap+pease赞扬→一再赞扬→鼓掌） appreciate欣赏（ap+reci价值+ate→一再给价→欣赏） appoint指定，任命（ap+point指→指定） arrange安排（ar+range排列→安排） arrest逮捕，阻止（ar+rest休息→不让动→逮捕） arrive到达（ar+rive河→到达河边→达到目标） assault进攻（as+saul跳→跳起来→进攻） assiduous勤奋的（as+sid坐+uous→一再坐着[学习] →勤奋）assist帮助（as+sist站→站过来→帮助） associate联合，结合（as+soci社团+ate→结成团队→联合）assimilate吸收；同化（as+simil相同+ate→成为相同→同化）assure肯定；确信（as+sure确定→一不再确定→肯定） attach附上；依恋（at+tach接角→接触上→附上） attain达到；获得（at+tain拿住→获得） attend（at+tend关心→关心到了→出度） attract吸引（拉→拉过来→吸引） attest证实（at+test试验→一再试验→证实） 4、ad-加在在单词或词根前，表示"做…，加强…" adapt适应（ad+apt能力→有适应能力） adept熟练的（ad+ept能力→有做事能力→熟练的） adopt收养；采纳（ad+opt选择→选出来→采纳） adhere坚持（ad+here粘→粘在一起→坚持） adjacent邻近的（ad+jacent躺→躺在一起→邻近的） adjoin贴近；毗连（ad+join参加→参加在一起→贴近）administrate管理；执行（ad+ministr部长+ate→做部长→管理）admire羡慕（ad+mire惊奇→惊喜；羡慕） adumbrate预示（ad+umbr影子+ate→[将来的]影子出现→预示）adjust调整（ad+just+正确→弄正确→调整） adventure冒险（ad+venture冒险） admonish告诫，警告（ad+mon警告+ish→一再警告） advent来临，来到（ad+vent来→来到） 5、amphi-表示"两个，两种" amphibian两栖动物（amphi+bi生命+an→两个生命→两栖动物）amphicar水陆两用车（amphi+car车→两用车） 6、an-在词根前，表示"不，无" anarchism无政府主义（an+arch统治+ism→无统治→无政府主义）anharmonic不和谐的(an+hamonic和谐的→不和谐的) anechoic无回声的（an+echo回声+ic→无回声的） anonymous匿名的（an+onym名字+ous→匿名的） 7、ana-表示"错误，在旁边，分开" analogy类比；类似(ana+logy讲话→再旁边讲→讲一样的东西→类似) analogous类似的（analogy的形容词） analysis分析（ana+lysis分开→分开来→分析） 8、ante-表示"前面，先" antedate提前写日期；先于，早于（ante+date日期→提前写日期）anterior前面的（ante+erior[…的] →前面的）
【具体谈谈技巧——语言技巧】 以下主要针对看图作文！ 1，建议文中，要有多种语法现象，不能简单地只有简单句和定语状语从句。要明确一点的是，即使您的语法不是很过关，也不要紧，只要您能够会用套话就可以啦，呵呵~建议文中有感叹句，反问句，强调据，倒装句，状语从句，排比句，和强调结构。比如: 看图作文，what a *** picture！ 反问句，在论述现象的段尾加上一句，can‘t we improve the situattion？ 在用于否定句的时候，可以将don’t写为do not，当然，不能每处都这样用，否则就没有意义了。 倒装，only in this way或者only by doing this 排比，make sth adj，adj and adj，用三个相近的形容词。 2，词汇和词组要多变！ 我认为，主要是在两方面， a，同义词的替换，比如，picture和cartoon等，如果这种词第二次出现就用cartoon替换掉，第三次出现就用drawing替换掉 b，同义词组，比如a number of n等于 n.+in growning number（不太确定啦！） 3，对于意思的表达要尽量的简单，否则是给自己带来难度。也就是说谈一些大家都明白的道理，而不要过分的谈一些逻辑很清晰的话，我所说就是大道理，比如老人不被儿女赡养，这些儿女就得不到社会和朋友的尊重，是非常简单描述的，而不要说其他难于表述的话。 总之，我是在抛砖引玉，希望各位多谈一些这样的话题和经典的套句，哪怕是增加字数也好，还有就是我们并不推荐那些对作文写作有较好把握的网友写这种模版作文，所以这个帖子只是针对部分网友。但是即使您不认可，我相信您也会从其中找出适合自己的增加字数的好句子，呵呵~~ 【具体谈谈技巧——英语的作文必需要强加联系，建议在作文中多加强以下内容】 1，段落安排（最新的2010年考研的作文体例，土纸并不太清楚，如果不对，请各位朋友见谅，希望能够汲取有价值的信息，土纸就不枉发这么多的新内容了） 无论大作文还是小作文，一般采取3-4段，总字数除以10或者12、13，一般是需要写的所有句子总数。对于重点写作的第二段（3段制）或者第三段（4段制），需要写的句子自然要多一些。对于第一段，建议不超过2句，最多不要超过三句，如果一句话那就更好了。例如，大作文，看图，第一段可以是一个感叹句，what a ◎◎ picture！ 第二段，表达自己的观点和看法；……等等，我就不赘述了。 2，句子安排 建议重点段落，长段落，利用长短句来构造段落结构，更直白点讲，长句式和短句式交错，长句式一般是从句，短句式可以是简单的主谓宾结构。 3，语法在作文中的重要作用 建议作文中，多利用语法现象体现英语写作的文采。一般来讲，语法是与句子结合使用的。对于长句式，多采用从句，这里可以利用虚拟语气，形式主语，倒装等。 对于短句式，建议使用强调句，双重否定居，插入语等。对于强调句，土纸强烈推荐一种强调句，对于实意动词做谓语的句子，如果想要强调，表达强烈的主观意愿，肯定句使用do +V动词，否定居采用do +not+V动词，进行这种助动词强调。 插入语，一般比较常用的是，主语 +，+ I think + ，+谓语等。 建议句子中利用不同的简单句，尤其建议使用疑问句，这个要多多练习，其实也不难使用。疑问句可以在一段之末，作为起承转合之用，下一段利用一个回答，起到承接。 其实语法现象很多，只要善于使用从句(建议状语从句一次，定语从句不超过三次，条件从
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 外贸英语写作试卷 (课程代码00097) 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题l分。共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出. 1.Proposals submitted by were considered. A.her and me B.her and I C.she and I D.she and me 2.Mr.Steward is the one we have selected as supervisor. A.whoever B.which C.whom D.who 3.The training section of this company consists ten staff. A.of B.in C.for D.with 4.The news I heard from my family quite good. A.being B.was C.were D.are 5.Did you go on many ski trips this year? No, . A.not much B.quite less C.very little D.very few 6.Around the world, there may be a million earthquakes in a single year. A.as many as B.so many as C.as much as D.so much as 7. the car seems to be his main hobby. A.Wash B.Washing C.Washed D.To wash 8.Andrew does the work than Paul. A.more slowly B.more slow C.slower D.much slow 9. you take your medicine. you will feel. A.The sooner...better B.Sooner...the better C.Sooner...better D.The sooner...the better 10.George knew he could improve the way of marketing. A.how that B.which C.how D.how to 11.All the report should be complete, concise, and . A.accurate B.accuracy C.writing accurately D.written accurate 12.You can get the loan you offer good security. A.unless B.if C.but D.and 13.Mr.Baron is anxious the big project. A.of winning B.winning C.win D.to win 14.I know he spends as much time reading books as . A.exercises B.doing exercises C.do exercises D.does exercises 15.You were supposed to stay in your seats, keep your eyes on your work, to
新东方考研英语词汇记忆群 词汇记忆组群91： character n.①[U]性格，品质②[U]性能③[C]人物，角色④[C]字符，（汉）字characterize vt.表示……的特征，描述……的特征characteristic a.特有的，独特的；n.[C]特征 peculiar a.①特殊的，特有的②奇异的，古怪的 peculiarity n.①独特之处，特色②奇怪，古怪 special a.①特殊的②专门的③附加的，额外的 especially ad.特别，尤其specialist n.[C]专家 specialty n.[C]①专业，专长②特性，特质 specialize vt.(in)专门研究，专攻，专业化 specific a.①特有的，特定的②具体的，明确的 sepcification n.[C]①详述②(pl.)规格，说明书 specify v.指定，详述species n.（物）种，种类 spectacle n.①(pl.)眼镜（比glasses正式）②[C]壮观，奇观 spectacular a.壮观的，引人入胜的；n.[C]壮观的演出 spectator n.[C]观众，旁观者prospect n.前途，前景 expect vt.①期望，预期②料想，认为 expectation n.[C]期待，预期 speculate vt.①思考②投机③推测 aspect n.①样子，外表②方面inspect vt.①检查②视察 respect vt.n.尊敬，尊重；n.(pl.)敬意，问候 respectable a.①可敬的，高尚的②体面的，正派的 respectful a.充满敬意的，有礼貌的 respective a.各自的，各个的 irrespective a.不考虑的conspicuous a.显眼的，明显的 suspicion n.怀疑，猜疑 suspicious a.①（主动意义）多疑的，疑心的②（被动意义）可疑的suspect vt.①怀疑②觉得，猜想；n.[C]可疑分子，嫌疑犯 doubt v.n.怀疑，疑虑 doubtful a.①怀疑的②可疑的 dubious a.①(of, about)犹豫不决的，无把握的②（值得）怀疑的duplicate n.复制品，副本； a.①复制的②双倍的；vt.①复制②使翻倍double a.两倍的，成双的；v.（使）加倍，翻一番；n.两倍couple n.①夫妇②对，双；vt.连接，结合 pair vt.成双，配对；n.①一对，一双，一副②夫妇，情侣 词汇记忆组群92： abstract a.①抽象的②深奥的；n.摘要，提要；v.提（抽）取 contract n.[C]合同，契约；v.①缩短，缩小②缔结 distract vt.①分散（注意力等）②迷惑，弄昏 extract vt.①取出，拔出②榨取，提取；n.摘录 extraction n.抽出，拔出 retract v.①缩回，缩进②收回，取消
新东方考研英语辅导笔记 阅读理解部分 一、阅读文章 1．来源：西方的报刊杂志 2．文体：议论文，说明文，记叙文，应用文 3．历年考题：多为社会科学，自然科学，人文科学 4．大纲 5. 时间分配: 难度系数40%至50%,平均每篇17-18分钟,其中解题用10分钟(每题2分钟),把时间充分用到解题上,文章读出大概,题目仔细推敲 6． key word: ①Close reading, ②阅读四步走③48精读击破法 ① Close reading: 第一、精读要达到：首先，分析文章，对题目中的四个选项要做分析。正确的选项要做分析，错误的选项也要做分析。其次，把文章中的单词要背会、要全部熟悉掌握。长句子要摘取下来背诵，翻译。对于重点文章，有时需要背诵全文。 第二、如何精读48篇文章：首先是单词量；其次是难句；最后是解题思路。 第三、对于文章则可以多角度的读，题目也可以多角度的分析。 ②48精读击破法复习方式：以点代面，切忌题海战术！ 第一、精度的角度。首先是单词量；其次是对阅读中的长句、难句进行分析；最后要对题目进行分析。 第二、泛读的目的。第一是增强背景知识；第二是锻炼抓住文章中心的能力。 第三、建议要读以下三本杂志：Time, Newsweek, Economist. 二、阅读四步走：（宏观与微观的结合） 1.扫描题干,划出关键词(不要看选项) 结合题干，可以把握文章的脉络，以便有目的性的阅读文章。 2．通读全文，抓住中心（7、8分钟） 1) 通读全文。要点：①首段②其他各段的段首段尾句和转折处（各个题目往往出现正确答案，英文逻辑性强，重点放开头结尾 2) 抓住中心。阅读后，用一分半中时间思考①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？②文章中有无提到核心概念？③作者大致态度是什么？ 3．仔细审题返回原文（审题，题干中蕴含陷阱或不细心，影响答题方向） 定位原则：1) 通常是由题干出发，寻找关键信息。大写字母，地名，时间，数字等。 2) 自然段定位原则：出题顺序与行文的顺序是大体一致的。目的都是缩小范围。4．重叠选项，得出答案。重叠原文à即对照原文。必须要返回原文，对照选项，排除确定。
绝密★考试结束前 全国2020年10月高等教育自学考试 外贸英语写作试题 课程代码:00097 1.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂二写在答题纸上三 2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称二姓名二准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上三 选择题部分 注意事项: 每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑三如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号三不能答在试题卷上三 一二单项选择题:本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分三在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的,请将其选出三 1. I had a very good weekend at my uncle’s.” Oh,really? ” A.That will do. B.Cheer up! C.It’s a pleasure. D.Glad to hear that. 2.We can give you a lift to the post office.We are going that way . A.nearly B.either C.anyway D.however 3.Bob made a mistake but I don’t hold against him.We all make mistakes. A.one B.it C.this D.that 4.Put your seat belt on.The plane will be in a few minutes. A.taking off B.taking away C.taking up D.taking down 5.John thought I was blaming him, in fact,I was blaming myself. A.as B.whether C.unless D.while 6. Do you hear someone knocking at the door?” Yes,I did.I heard him three times.” A.knocking B.knocked C.being knocking D.knock 7.Peter,John and Tom each . A.say they came first B.says they came first C.says he came first D.say came first
Word List 16 weary a.疲倦的，令人厌烦的vt.使疲倦，使厌倦 directly ad.直接地，径直地；马上，立即 industrial a.工业的；产业的 spectacular a.壮观的；引人注目的；n.壮观的演出 scar n.疤 sympathise vi.同情，体谅；共鸣，同感 refresh vt.（使）精神振作，（使）精力恢复 degenerate vi.衰退，堕落，蜕化n.堕落者 imitation n.模仿，仿效；仿制；仿造品 persevere vi.(in/at)坚持 import vt.进口，输入；n.进口输入；进口商品，进口物资；要旨，含义；重要性 instance n.例子，事例，例证 affection n.爱，慈爱；感情；影响 probable a.很可能的；大概的；有希望的 compromise vi.妥协，折衷；n.妥协，折衷 export v.输出，出口；n.输出出口；出口商品 invaluable a.非常宝贵的，无价的 organic a.器官的；有机的；有机体的 underlying a.含蓄的；潜在的；根本的；在下面的 maiden n.少女，未婚女子a.首次的，初次的 gasoline n.汽油 auction n./vt.拍卖 state n.状态，情况；国、州；vt.陈述，说明；规定 Bible n.圣经 equivalent a.相等的，等价的，等值的n.相等物，等价物，等值物；对应词 pretext n.借口，托词； chess n.棋 eligible a.有条件被选中的，有资格当选的；合格的 liquor n.酒，烈性酒 hell n.地狱，阴间；苦境，极大痛苦 lid n.盖，盖子 characteristic a.特有的，独特的n.特征，特性 literally ad.照字面意义；逐字的；确实地，真正地 downward a.向下的ad.向下，往下 frontier n.国境，边境，边陲；尖端，新领域 dusk n.黄昏，薄暮 serial n.连续剧；连载故事a.连续的，按顺序排列的 reward n.(f0r)报酬，赏金，奖赏；vt.酬劳，报答；奖赏 garment n.（一件）衣服 grope vi.暗中摸；探索，搜索 candy n.糖果