硕士英语综合教程2
Unit 1
Human based Strategy
Text A Successful Organizations Put People First
→I. Background Information
1. Howard Schultz (born July 19, 1953) is an American businessman, and entrepreneur best known as the chairman and CEO of Starbucks and a former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics. Schultz co founded Maveron, an investment group, in 1998 with Dan Levitan. In 2006, Forbes Magazine ranked Schultz as the 354th richest person in the United States, with a net worth of $1.1 billion dollars.
2. W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. is a manufacturing company specializing in products derived from fluoropolymers. It is a privately held corporation headquartered in Newark, Delaware, with operations around the globe. Although best known as the developer of waterproof, breathable Gore Tex fabrics, Gore’s products are also used in a variety of industrial and consumer products, such as electronic signal transmission, diverse industrial applications and medical implants.
3. Hewlett Packard Company commonly referred to as HP, is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA. The company was founded in a one car garage in Palo Alto by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, and is now one of the world’s largest information technology companies, operating in nearly every country. HP specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise servers, related storage devices, as well as a diverse range of printers and other imaging products. HP markets its products to households, small to medium sized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumer electronics and office supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors.
4. Lincoln Electric is a company in Cleveland, Ohio, United States that manufactures arc welding equipment and consumables, plasma and oxy fuel cutting equipment and robotic welding systems. They are a worldwide leader in production of welding products and have subsidiary companies around the globe. It was founded in 1895 by John C. Lincoln with a capital investment of $200 to make electric motors he had designed. As of 2008, Lincoln Electric Holdings is listed as 820 among the Fortune 1000.
Lincoln Electric’s business model has been featured in many case studies by business schools around the world. Since 1975, eight cases have been written about Lincoln Electric by Harvard Business School.
Among Lincoln Electric’s subsidiaries is The Harris Products Group, which is a significant manufacturer of Welding Consumables, Gas Apparatus, and other Specialty Products. The Harris Products Group has manufacturing facilities in Georgia, Ohio, California, Poland, Mexico, and
Italy.
5. Starbucks Corporation is an international coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle Washington.
Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with over 17,800 stores in 49 countries, including over 11,000 in the United States, nearly 1,000 in Canada and more than 800 in Japan.
Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espresso based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, coffee beans, salads, hot and cold sandwiches and panini, pastries, snacks, and items such as mugs and tumblers.
6. Pike Place Market is a public market overlooking the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle, Washington, United States. The Market opened August 17, 1907, and is one of the oldest continually operated public farmers’ markets in the United States. It is a place of business for many small farmers, craftspeople and merchants. Named after the central street, Pike Place runs northwest from Pike Street to Virginia Street, and remains one of Seattle’s most popular tourist destinations.
→II. Language points
1. Astute managers have come to learn that their organization’s employees are its only true competitive advantage. (Para. 2) Clever managers have realized that their organization’s employees are its only advantage to compete with others.
astute: very clever and quick at seeing what to do in a particular situation, especially how to get an advantage
e.g. It was an astute move to sell all the shares just then.
2. But what’s far more difficult to emulate is a workforce made up of highly knowledgeable and motivated people. (Para. 2) But it is hard for an organization to obtain a workforce which is full of highly knowledgeable and motivated employees.
emulate: try to do sth. as well as sb. else because you admire them
e.g. She hopes to emulate her sister’s sporting achievements.
3. People first organizations empower their employees. (Para. 3) The organizations that put people first will invest their power to their employees.
empower: invest with power, especially legal power or official authority
e.g. The courts were empowered to impose the death sentence for certain crimes.
4. Organizations that put people first have a more dedicated and committed workforce. (Para. 4) Organizations that put people first have a more devoted and loyal workforce.
dedicated: wholly committed to a particular course of thought or action
e.g. She is dedicated to her job.
5. These employees are willing to put forth the extra effort—to do whatever is necessary to see
that their jobs are done properly and completely. (Para. 4) These employees are willing to exert their extra effort to their job, and try every means to ensure that their jobs are accomplished completely.
put forth: bring to bear; exert
e.g. At least put forth a semblance of effort when you scrub the floor.
6. Since its inception, it has been the Starbucks employees who have helped drive the success of the company. (Para. 8) Since the beginning, it was Starbucks employees who made the company become successful.
inception: the beginning of something
e.g. The club has grown rapidly since its inception in 1990.
7. But it was probably Howard Schultz who started the ignition. (Para. 8) But it was probably Howard Schultz who was the first manager to bring out his employees’ motivation for his company.
ignite: the original meaning is “start to burn”, but in this sentence it means “cause sth. to happen”
e.g. Hopefully, everybody will find something interesting to ignite their creativity.
8. A year after he joined the company a visit to Milan, Italy inspired Schultz to bring the Italian coffee bar concept back to Seattle and put it into action in a new Starbucks location. (Para. 9) After his visit to Milan, Italy, Schultz got the idea that bring the Italian coffee bar concept back to Seattle, put it into practice in a new Starbucks shop.
inspire: give sb. the idea for sth.
e.g. His paintings were clearly inspired by Monet’s work.
put into action: put sth. into practice
e.g. The new plan for traffic control is being put into action on an experimental basis.
9. It was a new foray for the company which previously had only provided freshly roasted beans for sale. (Para. 9) It was an initial attempt for Starbucks, because it had only sold freshly roasted beans before.
foray: a venture or an initial attempt, especially outside one’s usual area
e.g. It is the company’s first foray into the computer market.
10. At the store level, Starbucks has been successful in bucking the norm at most retail service environments where employee turnover is high and competence or enthusiasm is waning. (Para.
12) At the store level, Starbucks has succeeded in resisting the standard set by the general retail service environments. At that time, most retail companies were having a workforce which had a high amount of transaction but a low ability and interest in their work and company.
buck: resist or oppose sth.
e.g. One or two companies have managed to buck the trend of the recession.
competence: the ability to do sth. well
e.g. If you try to handle a situation beyond your professional competence, you run the risk of making the situation worse.
enthusiasm: great excitement for or interest in a subject or cause
e.g. The news was greeted with a lack of enthusiasm by those at the meeting.
wane: the act or process of gradually declining or diminishing
e.g. Her enthusiasm for the whole idea was waning rapidly.
11. Often it is the barista who is the impetus for a change simply because he or she is the one on the front line dealing with customers on a daily basis. (Para. 17) The barista (a person who makes and serves coffee in a coffee bar) is the impelling force that makes Starbucks change. The reason is simple. Because he or she is the one who always gets in touch with the customers in their daily service.
impetus: sth. that encourages an activity to develop more quickly
e.g. His articles provided the main impetus for change.
12. Starbucks also distributes annual Bean Stock reports to all partners and the company publishes Pinnacle, a newsletter that spotlights company performance as well as the activities of individual partners company wide. (Para. 18) Starbucks also passed out Bean Stock reports to all employees and the company published a printed report named Pinnacle to all its employees which was focused on the company performance and the activities of individual employees. spotlight: focus attention on
e.g. The program spotlights serious financial problems in the health service.
13. Starbucks partners are always on the go. (Para. 19) Starbucks employees are always very active and busy.
on the go: be very active and busy
e.g. Having four children keeps her on the go.
14. The icing on the cake is sales growth of 65 percent a year over the last years while net income skyrockets by 70 to 100 percent a year. (Para. 21) Compared with last years, the sales growth of the icing on the cake (a kind of cake) is 65 percent a year. Whereas the gross income suddenly increased by 70 to 100 percent a year.
skyrocket: rise or cause to rise rapidly and suddenly
e.g. Discovery of oil here has skyrocketed land values.
→III. Key to the Exercises
1. Reading Comprehension
a. Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the statement from the text.
(1) B(2) C(3) A(4) A(5) B
b. Fill in the blanks with the information you’ve learned in the text.
(1) they value cultural diversity; they are family friendly; they invest in employee training; they empower their employees
(2) their employees; Howard Schultz
(3) cultural and technical aspects; coffee knowledge, product expertise, customer service and interpersonal skills
(4) full health and dental coverage, vacation, and participation in the company wide stock plan called Bean Stock
(5) self managed work teams; cross functional teams
2. Vocabulary
a. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have learned in the text.
(1) astute(2) ignite(3) enthusiasm(4) turnover
(5) transaction(6) interact with(7) come into contact with(8) empower
(9) superior(10) drop out
b. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.
(1) B(2) D(3) A(4) C(5) B(6) A(7) D(8) B(9)C(10) A
3. Cloze
Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the form where necessary.
(1) motivated(2) selecting(3) retain(4) relied
(5) differentiated(6) recruited(7) adaptability(8) prospective
(9) require(10) efficiently(11) comprehensive(12) challenge
(13) survived(14) rate(15) tripled(16) generous
(17) financial(18) reveal(19) premium(20) morale
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) The fascination generated by exploration will inspire our young people to study math, science and engineering, and create a new generation of innovators and pioneers.
(2) Upon returning to England, he employed the favorable media attention as a launching pad for his foray into politics.
(3) Owning to the nature of every growing business, you will need to be on the go constantly, and also be on the go prepared to work shift work, including nights and weekends.
(4) In Australia, gasoline prices have retreated, although falls have been limited because of the weakness of the Australian dollar against its American counterpart.
(5) The Asian economy has presented a positive trend. Some countries have overcome the impact of the financial crisis and revived development. Asia has once again become the spotlight of global economic growth.
(6) China’s accession to the WTO can promote not only the development of Chinese economy,
but also that of the world economy and will inject new impetus into the progress of Asian economy and world economy.
(7) The growing quantity of information, couple with the development of technologies, erable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.
(8) The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he does, whoever he is.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
It’s actually pretty natural, and almost unavoidable, for managers to form expectations of their workers. Research has found that in an organization, our expectations of others can be tied directly to productivity, profitability, and yes－motivation! If you have high expectations of your employees, you will possess a powerful and effective tool for improving performance and motivation within your organization.Performance is often a matter of expectations. Managers and supervisors form expectations of others, which then influence how they interact with those people. If you don’t expect much from your employees, they will sense that and perform poorly. Why? Because your expectations of them affect their desire to do well. The point is that people naturally try to live up to our expectations of them, or live down to them, whatever the case may be. So expect the best from your employees and don’t be surprised if that’s exactly what you get!
b. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
哪些做法才能区分以人为本的公司呢？我们至少可以列出四条：第一，它们重视文化的多样性。他们根据年龄、性别和种族积极寻求一支多元化的员工队伍。第二，它们具有家庭氛围。公司通过为其员工提供灵活的工作时间以及现场托儿服务设施等帮助员工平衡工作和个人职责之间的关系。第三，它们对员工培训进行投资。这些公司花费巨资以确保员工的技能水平始终保持最新状态。这不仅确保员工可以处理该公司的最新技术和工艺，而且还使这样的员工极具市场竞争力。第四，以人为本的公司将权力下放给员工。它们将权力和义务下放到公司的最底层。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
(1) 首先,如果你把他们安排在那些既能够体现他们自身价值同时又对公司发展有利的岗位上,他们将会更加愿意展现出自己最棒的一面。
(2) 如果你想激励员工让他们尽最大努力完成自己的工作,如果你想让他们成为公司最有价值的资产,那就让他们有公司的主人的感觉吧。
(3) 你作为领导应该知道员工积极性与其工作表现之间有直接的联系。事实上,这种联系取决于你公司的文化以及公司文化灌输给员工的热情。
(4) 员工能提出越多关于自己工作的想法,也越有可能接受你的看法。
(5) 只有当员工像老板进行投资那样决定投入自己的能力和精力的时候,他们才是真的“认同”,因此请给员工参与制定绩效标准的机会。
Text BDesigning Cities for People
Key to the Exercises
a. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.
(1) end up with(2) overwhelming(3) espouse(4) unprecedented
(5) be identical to(6) revive(7) deprived of(8) deemed
(9) rely on(10) bias
b. Complete the sentences with the information given in the text.
(1) the ratio of parks to parking lots
(2) 150 million people; 2.8 billion people; more than half of us are living in cities
(3) what could be done for who did not own cars
(4) they are the only places where people meet as equals
(5) an alternative transportation system; inexpensive and commuter friendly
(6) “biophilia hypothesis”; deprived of contact with nature; a measurable decline in well being
(7) budget allocations for transportation; heavily biased toward; highways and streets; shifting resources from roads and highways; urban transit and bicycle support facilities
(8) concentrate fiscal resources; the small fraction of their people who own cars
(9) functional and affordable; making them attractive, even cultural centers
(10) redesign communities; the centerpiece of urban transport; pedestrian and bicycle friendly
c. Decide whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE according to the text.
(1) F(2) T(3) F(4) F(5) T(6) F(7) T(8) F(9) F(10) F
Unit 2
Higher Education
Text AThe Long Haul Degree
→I. Background information
1. The Modern Language Association of America (MLA) is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to “strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature.” It has “30,000 members in 100 countries,” primarily
academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature. Although founded in the United States, with offices located in New York City, the MLA’s membership, concerns, reputation, and influence are international in scope.
The MLA was founded in 1883, at The Johns Hopkins University, as a discussion and advocacy group for the study of literature and modern languages (that is, all but classical languages such as ancient Latin and Greek).
The officers of the MLA are elected by its members. The 2009 president was Catherine Porter, professor emerita of French at the State University of New York at Cortland.The president for 2010 is Sidonie Smith, Martha Guernsey Colby Collegiate Professor of English and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan.The MLA is governed by an Executive Council, elected periodically by its members.
2. Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746‐16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and as the first of the moderns. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown, and through his works was both a commentator on and chronicler of his era. The subversive and imaginative element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet and Picasso.
3. Saturn Devouring His Son is the name given to a painting by Spanish artist Francisco Goya. It depicts the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus (in the title Romanised to Saturn), who, fearing that his children would overthrow him, ate each one upon their birth. It is one of the series of Black Paintings that Goya painted directly onto the walls of his house sometime between 1819 and 1823.
Saturn Devouring His Son, a disturbing portrait of the god Saturn consuming one of his children, was one of six works with which Goya decorated the dining room. According to Roman myth, it had been foretold that one of the sons of Saturn would overthrow him, just as he had overthrown his father, Caelus. To prevent this, Saturn ate his children moments after each was born. His wife Ops eventually hid his sixth son, Jupiter, on the island of Crete, deceiving Saturn by offering a stone wrapped in swaddling in his place. Jupiter eventually supplanted his father just as the prophecy had predicted.
4. The “marketplace of ideas” is a rationale for freedom of expression based on an analogy to the economic concept of a free market. The “marketplace of ideas” belief holds that the truth or the best policy arises out of the competition of widely various ideas in free, transparent public discourse, an important part of liberal democracy. This concept is often applied to discussions of patent law as well as freedom of the press and the responsibilities of the media. More recently the term has come into use by educators in higher education who have linked the concept to academic freedom.
Louis Menand’s The Marketplace of Ideas manages to do many things in four short essays—describe the changing self conception of the university, identify the difficulties behind curricular reform, and analyze the anxieties of humanities professors. But the book’s chief accomplishment is its insistence that what we take for academic crises are probably just
academic problems, and they are ours to solve.
5. A “blue ribbon” task force, or committee, is generally a group of people brought together to solve or advise on some important topic. Traditionally, the members of this group are prominent people, usually experts in the topic under consideration. The term derives from the concept of a “blue ribbon” being awarded at fairs and contests for either a winner or an outstanding achievement in some contest. Thus, a “blue ribbon” committee is one specifically chosen to be made up of outstanding members (usually those who have significant academic, social, political, or industry notoriety on their field).
6. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.
James Bowdoin, John Adams, and John Hancock founded the Academy in Boston during the American Revolution. Their objective, as stated in its charter, was to “cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people.” They were joined by Robert Treat Paine and 58 local community leaders to charter the organization in 1780. Other prominent men soon joined, and early members included Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.
The modern Academy is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts in a building designed by Kallmann McKinnell and Wood. It sponsors conferences, organizes research projects, and publishes a quarterly journal, D dalus. The Academy has approximately 4,000 fellows and 600 foreign honorary members. About 200 Nobel Laureates are included in the membership.
7. The National Science Foundation (NSF) is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about US $6.87 billion (fiscal year 2010), the NSF funds approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States’ colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing.
The NSF’s director, deputy director, and the 24 members of the National Science Board (NSB) are appointed by the President of the United States, and confirmed by the United States Senate. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day to day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. The current NSF Acting Director is Dr. Cora B. Marrett. The NSF was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. Its stated mission is: To promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; and to secure the national defense.
8. The Council of Graduate Schools’ (CGS) mission is to improve and advance graduate education in order to ensure the vitality of intellectual discovery. CGS accomplishes its mission through advocacy, innovative research, and the development and dissemination of best practices.
Supporting graduate education is critical to achieving the highly skilled workforce needed for the U.S. to compete effectively in the 21st century global economy.
→II. Language points
1. What some of those Ph.D. recipients may not realize is that they could spend another nine years, or more, looking for a tenure track teaching job at a college or university—without ever finding one. (Para. 1) Some of those students who have received Ph.D. may not realize that they could spend another nine years, or more, looking for a status of permanent teaching position at a college or university—it’s very hard for them to find one.
tenure: the status of holding one’s position on a permanent basis, granted to teachers, civil service personnel, etc. on the fulfillment of specified requirements
e.g. They are directly elected by the electorate rather than by councilors in the majority group and have a four year tenure.
The Department is composed of 19 tenure track faculty, several adjunct faculty and approximately 60 graduate students.
2. As the recession has downsized university endowments and departments, the sense of crisis that has surrounded graduate education for more than a decade has sharpened. (Para. 2) As the economic recession has reduced funds or property donated to universities, the sense of crisis that has been closely associated with graduate education for more than a decade has become strong.
3. A graduate school Cassandra, Dr. Pannapacker calls the graduate apprenticeship system bankrupt and warns students against the heartbreak of pursuing a Ph.D. (Para. 3) Dr. Pannapacker who is a graduate school predictor argues that the graduate apprenticeship system has failed completely, and warns students against the disappointment of pursuing a Ph.D.
4. ..., but they have a longer haul ahead. (Para. 4) ..., but first and second year Ph.D. students in English literature spend longer time on getting a degree toward the future.
haul: the act of pulling with effort or force; pull
e.g. It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.
5. Doctoral students are expected not only to master a wide swath of material to pass general and oral exams, but to produce a nearly book length dissertation of original research that, ... (Para. 4) Doctoral students are required not only to master a wide range of material to pass general and oral exams, but to create a nearly book length dissertation of original research that, ...
6. ..., depending on the subject, may ultimately sit on a shelf as undisturbed as the Epsom salts at the back of the medicine chest. (Para. 4) ..., depending on the subject, may ultimately be useless as undisturbed as the brand of the Epsom salts, a medicine used as a cathartic and as an agent to reduce inflammation, pasted at the back of the medicine chest.
7. These students must earn their keep by patching together a mix of grants and wages for helping to teach undergraduate courses—a job that eats into research time. (Para. 4) These students must earn their living expenses by gathering together a mix of grants and wages for helping to teach undergraduate courses—a job that wastes part of their research time.
eat into: consume a part of sth.
e.g. Her extravagance ate into her husband’s inheritances.
8. This system of financing is partly responsible for the absurdly long time it can take to get a degree in the humanities, ...(Para. 5) The absurdly long time graduate students spend on a degree in the humanities is partly because of this inefficient system of financing,...
9. In the United States, given that most students take time off, nearly a dozen years can pass between receiving a B.A. and Ph.D. (Para. 6) In the United States, considering most students taking breaks from their study, it takes nearly a dozen years from receiving a B.A. to getting a Ph.D.
10. About half who enter a humanities doctoral program drop out along the way. (Para. 6) About half graduate students who enter a humanities doctoral program leave universities without finishing their programs along the way.
drop out: leave school or an educational program prematurely
e.g. She dropped out of school to become a waitress.
11. ..., “Put in less personal terms, there is a huge social inefficiency in taking people of high intelligence and devoting resources to training them in programs that half will never complete and for jobs that most will not get.”(Para. 7) ..., “from a broader perspective, it is very wasteful for the society to take people of high intelligence and devote educational resources to training them in education programs, which half of students will never complete, and for jobs that most students will not get.”
12. ..., resuscitated a proposal that had been swirling around blue ribbon task forces and educational panels for years: .... (Para. 8) ..., reconsidered a proposal that had been suggested repeatedly by blue ribbon task forces and educational panels for years: ....
resuscitate: bring (sb./sth.) back to consciousness
e.g. About two hours later, Tom collapsed for the second time. We requested a doctor to resuscitate him again.
13. Aside from shortening the Ph.D. process, she argues, this would make scholarship less arcane and more relevant. (Para. 8) In addition to shortening the Ph.D. process, she argues, broadening the range of research options would make scholarship less difficult and more relevant. arcane: understood by only a few
e.g. Given Oxford’s status as an international research institution, tutors can often be found in quite arcane subject areas.
14. Dr. Wheeler attributes the protest to general discontent as much as specific employment issues. (Para. 9) Dr. Wheeler thinks the protest of graduate students at the University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign was caused by general dissatisfaction with their waived tuition and specific employment issues.
15. Graduate programs have since added more stringent requirements, ... (Para. 10) Graduate programs at American universities have added more strict requirements since 1969, ... stringent: rigidly controlled, enforced, etc.; strict; severe
e.g. There are fairly stringent conditions attached to the provision of affordable housing in the village.
16. The job problem has been brewing for years. (Para. 11) The job problem has been developing for years.
17. The end of mandatory retirement and the increase in the use of part time and adjunct faculty meant there were many more exceptionally qualified job seekers than jobs. (Para. 12) Influenced by compulsory retirement and the increase in the use of part time and adjunct faculty, the number of unusually qualified people who were looking for a job was far larger than that of jobs.
18. The current recession has only exacerbated the problem, with many institutions imposing hiring freezes or layoffs. (Para. 12) The current recession has only made the problem sharper, and many institutions are forced to stop hiring new teachers or even dismiss their employees. exacerbate: make (pain, disease, a situation) worse
e.g. They also believe these policies prevent willing and healthy members of the community from giving blood and exacerbate the current blood shortage.
19. ..., half of the faculty members in English and foreign languages—more than any other department—are not on a tenure track. (Para. 13) ..., half of the faculty members in English and foreign languages—more than any other department—are appointed as a teacher temporarily.
20. ..., the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the humanities—the pool of fields that generally include languages, history, philosophy, music, drama and archeology—has actually dipped in the last few years, ... (Para. 14) ..., the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the humanities—a number of fields that generally include languages, history, philosophy, music, drama and archeology—has actually decreased in the last few years,...
21. If enrollment drops too low, there may not be enough students to justify courses in specialized areas. (Para. 15) If graduate’s enrollment drops too low, there may not be enough students to prove that courses offered in specialized areas are reasonable.
22. Dr. Wheeler would like to reverse that practice, at least. (Para. 17) Dr. Wheeler would like to change around that practice completely, at least.
23. Dr. Pannapacker has rebuked graduate schools for perpetuating a culture in which unattainable academic careers are portrayed as the only worthwhile goal, ... (Para. 18) Dr. Pannapacker has sharply criticized graduate schools for extending a culture in which academic careers that can’t be achieved are described as the only worthwhile goal, ...
rebuke: criticize sharply
e.g. I felt his pain and did not rebuke him for the pain he gave my wife and children. perpetuate: cause (sth.) to continue
e.g. The question for them is, “ Are you prepared to be inclusive—or will you perpetuate the inequality your actions have produced?”
24. ... and for failing to level with students about their true prospects. (Para. 18) ... and Dr. Pannapacker has blamed graduate schools for failing to tell students about their true prospects. level with sb.: (infml) speak or deal with sb. in an honest and frank way
e.g. He advised the suspect to level with the authorities.
25. “They socialize students into believing they can’t leave academe or shouldn’t, which is why they hang on year after year as adjuncts, rather than pursue alternative careers.” (Para. 19) “Graduate schools make graduate students accept the belief that they can’t leave academe field or shouldn’t, which is the reason why these graduate students are persistent, and refuse to stop year after year as adjunct faculty, instead of pursuing other careers.”
26. As the number of tenure track jobs shrink, Ms. Stewart of the Council of Graduate Schools says, the profession needs to address these failings. (Para. 21) Ms. Stewart of the Council of Graduate Schools thinks that as the number of tenure track jobs reduces, educational authority needs to tell the truth about these failings to the public.
shrink: become reduced in amount or value
e.g. This year, we predict that Hong Kong’s economic growth will shrink by 4%.
In a larger sense, however, they shrink to insignificance when overlaid on the modern urban battlefield.
→III. Key to the Exercises
1. Reading comprehension
a. Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the statement from the text.
(1) B(2) A(3) C(4) A(5) B
b. Fill in the blanks with the information you’ve learned in the text.
(1) graduate students spend much longer time getting a degree; it’s hard for them to look for a tenure track teaching job at a college or university
(2) a president of the Council of Graduate Schools; the system of financing in America
(3) that graduate programs have added more strict requirements; that expectations for what a degree holder is supposed to have accomplished have radically increased
(4) improve the quality of education; increase the demand for more tenured faculty members over time
(5) graduate schools socialize students into believing they can’t leave academe or shouldn’t
2. Vocabulary
a. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have learned in the text.
(1) recipient(2) apprenticeships(3) dissertation(4) tenure(5) adjunct
(6) mentor(7) perpetuate(8) unattainable(9) taint(10) shrunk
b. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.
(1) B(2) C(3) A(4) C(5) C(6) B(7) D(8) A(9) B(10) A
3. Cloze
Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the form where necessary.
(1) limited(2) program(3) in(4) receiving(5) found
(6) but(7) between(8) closed(9) While(10) practice
(11) grind(12) often(13) among(14) which(15) opportunities
(16) enrollment(17) who(18) turn(19) other(20) like
4. Translation
a. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Rising oil prices are typically negative for corporate profits since they boost expenses and eat into consumers’ discretionary income.
(2) And it follows from this, Hobbes believes, that the sovereign has the right to decide what opinions, what books, what ideas are conducive to peace and which ones aim simply to stir up war and discontent?
(3) Researchers in Germany say that a cancer fighting substance found in hops could be enhanced to brew a special anti cancer beer.
(4) A fabled bird, identified with the kingfisher, was supposed to have the power to calm the wind and the waves while it nested on the sea during the winter solstice.
(5) Bicyclists often ride as though two wheeled vehicles are exempt from all traffic laws.
(6)The instructor should not rebuke the girl student for her small mistake in front of all classmates. Given that she is inexperienced, she has done a good job.
(7) From a broader perspective, higher attrition rate would affect the development of the industry as a whole. So the necessity is to shorten the apprenticeship.
(8) I have to level with you because I don’t want any misunderstanding between us, so how can you justify spending so much money?
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
The error—the heresy—is to think that the entire purpose of education is to get you a better job: that the entire function of an individual life is to make as much money as possible. No one said to me, read Finnegans Wake and you’ll make a bloody fortune; that’s the whole point of reading the damn thing. It’s a terrible shame, and I feel horribly sad for the people who must go through it all, carrying the burden of economic expectation rather then the spirit of exploration and adventure. We were all too busy trying to suss out the meaning of life to be sidetracked by such side issues as careers, until the time came to meet reality head on. That hasn’t stopped a number of old university friends from being conspicuously successful. Therefore, the purpose of education is supposed to make you rich, not wealthy.
b. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
比如,英语文学专业一年级和二年级博士生可能不会面对像他们的医学和法律学院的同伴那样令人头疼的课程负担或者以不正当手段进行的竞争,但是以后有更持久而艰苦的工作等待着他们。博士生不仅被要求掌握一系列广泛的知识,而且要在本研究领域撰写一本几乎像书一样厚的学位论文,依据学科的不同,有的可能最终被搁置一旁,就像埃普索泻盐的商标被贴在药箱的后面一样泰然自若。这些学生必须通过拼凑各种补助金和工钱来获得他们的生活费用,这些工钱是他们帮助教授本科生的课程所赚取的,但也占用了他们的研究时间。三年级的医学专业学生因为在医院的轮流值班而累得两眼模糊,但干这种工作至少是在为取得学位而努力。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
(1) 如今, 越来越多的高等教育机构开设的专业课程, 看上去就像通向诱人工作的捷径: 你可以研究体育或是新闻学, 或是电视, 或是流行音乐, 甚至时尚, 上帝啊。
(2) 今天的“可持续性教育”则并不仅限于在本地进行,还拓展到了全世界——它是一个由各种合作性项目组成的网络,这个网络超越政治界限,让儿童和成年人都参与进来,使人们的需求与环境相协调。
(3) 美国教育的崛起在很大程度上指的是公共教育的兴盛——而过去30年里,有一种观点始终在美国的政治舞台上唱主角,那就是政府的所有开支都是在浪费纳税人的钱。
(4) 最近我对于教育的目的进行了相当多的思考,因为这周五我的母校布里斯托尔大学将授予我“名誉文学博士”学位, 对此, 我的朋友们, 特别是在大学期间就认识我的朋友们感到既惊讶, 又好笑。
(5) 即便没有当前这场经济危机的影响,单就美国难以把那些经济拮据的学生留在学校而言, 人们也完全有理由预见,美国在这类排名中会进一步下滑。
Text BBritain’s Universities: Funding Excellence
Key to the Exercises
a. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.
(1) launch(2) chip in(3) jostling(4) rival(5) inaugurated
(6) levy(7) endowed(8) boasts(9) amount to(10) derived
b. Complete the sentences with the information given in the text.
(1) at least $2.5 billion
(2) fund raising
(3) institutions across the European Union
(4) six times more private investment
(5) modest; roughly $6,000 per student
(6) finding former students; the increase
(7) overseas research universities; top 50 universities
(8) professions outside academia
(9) a company; a corporate board
c. Decide whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE according to the text.
(1) F(2) F(3) F(4) T(5) F(6) F(7) F(8) T(9) F(10) F
Unit 3
Cyberspace Network
Text ABattling the Cyber Warmongers
→I. Background Information
1. Kevin Poulsen: Kevin Lee Poulsen (born 1965 in Pasadena, California, U.S.) is a former black hat hacker. He is currently a senior editor at Wired News. Before segueing into journalism, he had a notorious career in the 1980s as a hacker whose handle was Dark Dante. He worked for SRI International by day, and hacked at night. During this time, Poulsen taught himself lock picking, and engaged in a brash spree of high tech stunts that would ultimately make him one of America’s best known cyber criminals. Among other things, Poulsen reactivated old Yellow Page escort telephone numbers for an acquaintance that then ran a virtual escort agency.
2. Jonathan James: He was an American hacker who was the first juvenile incarcerated for cybercrime in the United States. The South Florida native was 15 years old at the time of the first
offense and 16 years old on the date of his sentencing. He died on May 18, 2008, of a self inflicted gunshot wound.
3. Kevin Mitnick: He is a computer security consultant and author. In the late 20th century, he was convicted of various computer and communications related crimes. At the time of his arrest, he was the most wanted computer criminal in the United States.
4. Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy”. In practice, it refers to the advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country’s national interests, and colloquially to excessive bias in judging one’s own country as superior to others—an extreme type of nationalism.
5. bomber gap: 指冷战时期,美国故意渲染苏联部署了一种喷气动力战略轰炸机而对美国形成“非对称优势”而争取军费发展美国空军战略轰炸力量的借口。
6. Ed Murrow 美国著名的广播和电视广播员,他帮助创立了现代新闻广播,也是美国电视新闻业的教父级人物,他最为人称道的是1945年在其主持的see it now节目中对当时盛行的麦卡锡进行无情的抨击,最终导致麦卡锡主义倒台。
→II. Language Points
1. A recent simulation of a devastating cyberattack on America was crying for a Bruce Willis lead:
A series of mysterious attack crippled much of the national infrastructure, including air traffic, financial markets and even basic email. (Para. 1) A recent imitation of a ruining cyberattack on America was in great need of Bruce Willis lead: many mysterious attacks deprived the efficiency of much of the national infrastructure, including air traffic, financial markets and even basic email.
simulation: imitation or pretence
electronic simulation 电子模拟; simulation error 模拟误差; field simulation 现场仿真
e.g. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method.
cripple: deprive of strength or efficiency; make useless or worthless
e.g. A team leader must have the courage to intervene on the team’s behalf when obstacles that might cripple or demoralize the team arise.
2. The simulation—funded by a number of major players in network security, organized by the Bipartisan Policy Center, a Washington based think tank, and broadcast on CNN on a Saturday night—had an unexpected twist. (Para. 2) The imitation of the cyberattack—funded by a number of major players in network security, organized by the Bipartisan Policy Center, a Washington based think tank, and broadcast on CNN on a Saturday night—had been dishonest to the truth unexpectedly.
3. The past few months have been packed with cyber jingoism from former and current
national security officials. (Para. 3) The past few months have been filled with the notion that many former and current national security officials regard their cybers are superior to others’.
4. The murky nature of recent attacks on Google—in which someone tricked a Google employee into opening a malicious link that eventually allowed intruders to access parts of Google’s password managing software, potentially compromising the security of several Chinese human rights activists—has only added to public fears. (Para. 4) The gloomy nature of recent attacks on Google—in which someone tricked a Google employee into opening an evil link that eventually allowed intruders to access parts of Google’s password managing software,—has only increase public fears.
murky: gloomy
e.g. The voice coming from the radio was too insistent, the city too incomprehensible, and the driver’s murky gaze from behind his yellow glasses too unpredictable.
trick sb.into: deceive, swindle
e.g. He tricked the poor girl into marrying him by pretending that he is rich.
5. Google should be applauded for going on the record about the cyberattacks; most companies prefer to keep quiet about such incidents. (Para. 5) Google should be praised for the increased number of cyberattacks; most companies would like to keep quiet about such incidents.
be applauded for: express approval /agreement/praise/appreciation of
e.g. The president was applauded for his strong support of the bill.
6. Given the previous history of excessively tight connections between our government and many of its contractors, ...(Para. 7)
given: 考虑到
e.g. Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.
7. Both Messrs. McConnell and Clarke—as well as countless others who have made a successful transition from trying to fix the government’s cyber security problems from within to offering their services to do the same from without—are highly respected professionals and their opinions should not be taken lightly, if only because they have seen more classified reports. (Para.
8) There are numerous professionals like both Messrs. McConnell and Clarke, who have made a successful transition from trying to secure the government’s cyber security problem within the qovemment to by offering service from without. They are respected greatly and their opinion should be taken seriously if only because they have seen more officially secret report. classified: It is something officially secret and allowed to be known by only a few people connected with the government or military.
classified data 分类数据,密级数据; classified matter 保密文件; classified ads 分类广告
e.g. The veteran spy was arrested Sunday evening just after leaving a package of classified documents for his Russian handlers at a designated “dead drop” in suburban Virginia.
8. Back then, those working in weapons labs and the military tended to hold more alarmist views than many academic experts, arguably because the livelihoods of university professors did not depend on having to hype up the need for arms racing. (Para. 9)
hype up: make something sound more interesting or more impressive than it is
e.g. Generally speaking, in advertising some terms are often used as hyperbole that is superlative to hype up a product.
9. Today’s hype, he says, leads us to believe that “we need to develop an offensive capability in order to defend against an attack that isn’t coming—it’s the old ‘bomber gap’ all over again: a flimsy excuse to militarize.” (Para. 10) Today’s boast on the cyberwar makes us believe that it is necessary for us to develop an aggressive ability so as to defend against an attack that is not coming, which is the same as the “bomber gap” and has probably not enough reason to be used in military.
10. The truth is, not surprisingly, somewhere in between. There is no doubt that the Internet brims with spamming, scamming and identity fraud. (Para. 12)
brim: be completely full
e.g. He was brimming with ideas and excitement.
spamming: junk mails
11. But just as it is wrong to conclude that the amateurization of media will bring on a renaissance of high quality journalism, so it is wrong to conclude that the amateurization of cyberattacks will usher in a brave new world of destructive cyberwarfare. (Para. 13) It’s wrong to conclude that the amateurization of media will bring on a revival of high quality journalism. It is the same mistake to conclude that the amateurization of cyberattacks will bring a brave new world of destructive cyberwarfare.
usher in: introduce, bring
to usher in a new era 开创新的历史纪元; usher in a new lifestyle 带来崭新的生活方式
e.g. The French revolution ushered in a new age.
12. Such options were already on the table—even though they appear to have been used sparingly—during a number of recent wars. (Para. 14)
sparing: in small quantities
e.g. Health officials are recommending a more sparing use of antibiotics.
13. When in 2008 the U.S. military decided to dismantle a Saudi Internet forum... (Para. 15) dismantle: take apart into its constituent pieces
e.g. Nowadays, many bikes are the combination type that you can dismantle when not in use.
14. ...it inadvertently caused disruption to more than 300 servers in Saudi Arabia, Germany and Texas. (Para. 15)
inadvertent: without intention (especially resulting from heedless action)
e.g. Unfortunately, I made an inadvertent remark about Lucy’s failure while she was present.
15. What is worse, any major re engineering of the Internet could derail other ambitious initiatives of the U.S. government especially its efforts to promote Internet freedom. (Para. 20) What is worse, any big adjustment of the Internet could cause other ambitious initiatives of the
U.S. government against their intentions, especially its efforts to promote Internet freedom. derail: cause to run off the track
e.g. In the end, despite a last minute effort to derail the bill, that is exactly what happened.
16. But it’s through rational deliberation, not fear mongering, that we can devise policies that will accomplish this. (Para. 21) But it’s through reasonable discussion, not fear making and spreading, that we can create policies to make Internet more secure.
monger: sell or offer for sale from place to place
friction monger 制造摩擦者; rumor monger 造谣者; The Monger 大买卖
e.g. Especially after the Opium war, under the protection of unequal treaties, opium monger imported more and more opium, which made them run wild.
→III. Key to the Exercises
1. Reading Comprehension
a. Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the statement from the text.
(1) A(2) C(3) B(4) C(5) A
b. Fill in the blanks with the information you’ve learned in the text.
(1) infrastructure, including air traffic, financial markets and even basic email;incompetent, indecisive and confused
(2) if the world’s most innovative technology company can not protect its computers from degital aggressions, we can not expect to be protected by the government
(3) they have responsibility to povide some hard evidence to support their claims
(4) spamming, scamming and identity fraud, which are the inevitable casts of democratizing access to multi purpose technologies
(5) not a question of national security but a question of basic government incompetence
2. Vocabulary
a. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have learned in the text.
(1) derail(2) hype(3) spamming(4) nascent(5) simulate
(6) parlance(7) weaponry(8) unplug(9) hostage(10) civilians
b. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.
(1) D(2) B(3) A(4) C(5) C(6) B(7) A(8) C(9) D(10) A
3. Cloze
Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the form where necessary.
(1) attack(2) disruption(3) described(4) assaults(5) traced