当前位置:文档之家› cost accounting chapter 20

cost accounting chapter 20

cost accounting chapter 20
cost accounting chapter 20

Cost Accounting, 14e (Horngren/Datar/Rajan)

Chapter 20 Inventory Management, Just-in-Time, and Simplified Costing Methods Objective 20.1

1) Which of the following industries would have the highest cost of goods sold percentage relative to sales?

A) computer manufacturers

B) retail organizations

C) drug manufacturers

D) The percentage will usually depend on the success of a particular company.

Answer: B

Diff: 2

Terms: inventory management

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

2) The costs of goods acquired from suppliers including incoming freight or transportation costs are:

A) purchasing costs

B) ordering costs

C) stockout costs

D) carrying costs

Answer: A

Diff: 2

Terms: purchasing costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

3) The costs of preparing, issuing, and paying purchase orders, plus receiving and inspecting the items included in orders is:

A) purchasing costs

B) ordering costs

C) stockout costs

D) carrying costs

Answer: B

Diff: 2

Terms: ordering costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

4) The costs that result from theft of inventory are:

A) shrinkage costs

B) external failure costs

C) stockout costs

D) costs of quality

Answer: A

Diff: 2

Terms: shrinkage

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

5) The costs that result when a company runs out of a particular item for which there is a customer demand are:

A) shrinkage costs

B) shortage costs

C) stockout costs

D) EOQ estimation costs

Answer: C

Diff: 2

Terms: stockout costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

6) The costs that result when features and characteristics of a product or service are NOT in conformance with the specifications are:

A) inspection costs

B) costs of quality

C) purchasing costs

D) design costs

Answer: B

Diff: 2

Terms: stockout costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

7) The costs that result when a company holds an inventory of goods for sale:

A) purchasing costs

B) carrying costs

C) opportunity costs

D) interest costs

Answer: B

Diff: 2

Terms: stockout costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

8) Quality costs include:

A) purchasing costs

B) ordering costs

C) stockout costs

D) prevention costs

Answer: D

Diff: 2

Terms: quality costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Reflective thinking

Answer the following questions using the information below:

The following information applies to Labs Plus, which supplies microscopes to laboratories throughout the country. Labs Plus purchases the microscopes from a manufacturer which has a reputation for very high quality in its manufacturing operation.

Annual demand (weekly demand=1/52 of annual demand) 20,800 units

Orders per year 20

Lead time in days 15 days

Cost of placing an order $100

9) What is the reorder point?

A) 1,040 units

B) 857 units

C) 1,560 units

D) 2,080 units

Answer: B

Explanation: B) 20,800/52 = 400/7 = 57.14 daily demand × 15 = 857.1

Diff: 2

Terms: reorder point

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

10) Retailers generally have a high percentage of net income to revenues.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Retailers have a low percentage of net income to revenues.

Diff: 2

Terms: inventory management

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

11) Inventory management is the planning, organizing, and controlling activities that focus on the flow of materials into, through, and from the organization.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 2

Terms: inventory management

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

12) Purchasing costs arise in preparing and issuing purchase orders, receiving and inspecting the items included in the orders, and matching invoices received, purchase orders, and delivery records to make payments.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Ordering costs arise in preparing and issuing purchase orders, receiving and inspecting the items included in the orders, and matching invoices received, purchase orders, and delivery records to make payments.

Diff: 2

Terms: purchasing costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

13) The opportunity cost of the stockout includes lost contribution margin on the sale NOT made plus any contribution margin lost on future sales due to customer ill will.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 2

Terms: stockout costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

14) Carrying costs arise when an organization experiences an ability to deliver its goods to its customers. Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Carrying costs arise when an organization holds its goods for sale.

Diff: 2

Terms: carrying costs

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

15) Shrinkage is measured by adding (a) the cost of the inventory recorded on the books in the absence of theft and other incidents just mentioned, and (b) the cost of inventory when physically counted. Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Shrinkage is measured by the difference between (a) the cost of the inventory recorded on the books in the absence of theft and other incidents just mentioned, and (b) the cost of inventory when physically counted.

Diff: 2

Terms: shrinkage

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

16) Shrinkage costs result from theft by outsiders, embezzlement by employees, misclassifications, and clerical errors.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 2

Terms: shrinkage

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

17) All inventory costs are available in financial accounting systems.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Opportunity costs are rarely recorded in formal accounting systems and they are often a very significant cost component.

Diff: 2

Terms: shrinkage

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

18) Sharing inventory data throughout the supply chain leads to more "rush" orders occurring. Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Sharing inventory data throughout the supply chain leads to fewer "rush" orders occurring. Diff: 2

Terms: inventory management

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

19) Managing inventories to increase net income requires companies to effectively manage costs associated with goods for sale.

Required:

Classify the below listed items as either Purchasing Costs, Ordering Costs, Carrying Costs, Stockout Costs,Costs of Quality, or Shrinkage Costs.

________________ a. costs of obtaining purchase approvals

________________ b. costs resulting from embezzlement by employees

________________ c. internal failure costs

________________ d. opportunity cost of the investment tied up in inventory

________________ e. spoilage of stored items

________________ f. costs of lost sales as a result of not having an item requested by a customer

________________ g. costs of incoming freight

________________ h. costs of matching invoices received to the items and the purchase orders

________________ i. costs of wages for work-in-process inspections

________________ j. costs that result from clerical errors

Answer:

a. Ordering Costs

b. Shrinkage Costs

c. Costs of Quality

d. Carrying Costs

e. Carrying Costs

f. Stockout Costs

g. Purchasing Costs

h. Ordering Costs

i. Costs of Quality

j. Shrinkage Costs

Diff: 2

Terms: costs associated with goods for sale

Objective: 1

AACSB: Analytical skills

Objective 20.2

1) Obsolescence is an example of which cost category?

A) carrying costs

B) labor costs

C) ordering costs

D) quality costs

Answer: A

Diff: 2

Terms: carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

2) The costs associated with storage are an example of which cost category?

A) quality costs

B) labor costs

C) ordering costs

D) carrying costs

Answer: D

Diff: 2

Terms: carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

3) Which of the following is an assumption of the economic-order-quantity decision model?

A) The quantity ordered can vary at each reorder point.

B) Demand ordering costs and carrying costs fluctuate.

C) There will be timely labor costs.

D) No stockouts occur.

Answer: D

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

4) The economic order quantity ignores:

A) purchasing costs

B) relevant ordering costs

C) stockout costs

D) Both A and C are correct.

Answer: D

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

5) The purchase-order lead time is the:

A) difference between the times an order is placed and delivered

B) difference between the products ordered and the products received

C) discrepancies in purchase orders

D) time required to correct errors in the products received

Answer: A

Diff: 2

Terms: purchase-order lead time

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

6) Which of the following statements about the economic-order-quantity decision model is FALSE?

A) It assumes purchasing costs are relevant when the cost per unit changes due to the quantity ordered.

B) It assumes quality costs are irrelevant if quality is unaffected by the number of units purchased.

C) It assumes stockout costs are irrelevant if no stockouts occur.

D) It assumes ordering costs and carrying costs are relevant.

Answer: A

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

7) Relevant total costs in the economic-order-quantity decision model equal relevant ordering costs plus relevant:

A) carrying costs

B) stockout costs

C) quality costs

D) purchasing costs

Answer: A

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

Answer the following questions using the information below:

The Wood Furniture company produces a specialty wood furniture product, and has the following information available concerning its inventory items:

Relevant ordering costs per purchase order $300

Relevant carrying costs per year:

Required annual return on investment 10%

Required other costs per year $2.80

Annual demand is 20,000 packages per year. The purchase price per package is $32.

8) What is the economic order quantity?

A) 2,000,000 units

B) 1,414.21 units

C) 150,000 units

D) 3,464.00 units

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Unit carrying costs = ($32 × 0.10) + $2.80 = $6

EOQ = The square root of [(2 × 20,000 × $300) / $6] = 1,414.21 units

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

9) What are the relevant total costs at the economic order quantity?

A) $1,414.21

B) $4,242.65

C) $8,485.28

D) $9,000.00

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Unit carrying costs = ($32 × 0.10) + $2.80 = $6

EOQ = The square root of [(2 × 20,000 × $300) / $6] = 1,414.21 units

RTC =

($20,000$300)(1,414.21$6

1,414.212

??

??

+

??

??

= $8,485.28

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

10) What are the total relevant costs, assuming the quantity ordered equals 1,000 units?

A) $3,000

B) $500

C) $6,000

D) $9,000

Answer: D

Explanation: D) RTC =

($20,000$300)(1,000$6

1,0002

??

??

+

??

??

= $9,000

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

11) How many deliveries will be required at the economic order quantity?

A) 1.00 delivery

B) 5.10 deliveries

C) 7.07 deliveries

D) 14.14 deliveries

Answer: D

Explanation: D) 20,000 / 1,414.21 = 14.14 deliveries

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

12) The annual relevant total costs are at a minimum when relevant:

A) ordering costs are greater than the relevant carrying costs

B) carrying costs are greater than the relevant ordering costs

C) carrying costs are equal to relevant ordering costs

D) None of these answers is correct.

Answer: C

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

Answer the following questions using the information below:

The following information applies to Labs Plus, which supplies microscopes to laboratories throughout the country. Labs Plus purchases the microscopes from a manufacturer which has a reputation for very high quality in its manufacturing operation.

Annual demand (weekly demand=1/52 of annual demand) 20,800 units

Orders per year 20

Lead time in days 15 days

Cost of placing an order $100

13) What are the annual relevant carrying costs, assuming each order was made at the

economic-order-quantity amount?

A) $200

B) $1,000

C) $2,000

D) $6,000

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Annual carrying costs = annual ordering costs = $100 × 20 = $2,000

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

14) What is the economic order quantity assuming each order was made at the economic-order-quantity amount?

A) 15 units

B) 20 units

C) 780 units

D) 1,040 units

Answer: D

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

15) If Brian Company has a safety stock of 320 units and the average daily demand is 20 units, how many days can be covered if the shipment from the supplier is delayed by 12 days?

A) 24.0 days

B) 20.0 days

C) 16.0 days

D) 13.4 days

Answer: C

Explanation: C) 320/20 = 16 days

Diff: 3

Terms: safety stock, purchase-order lead time

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

16) If Jackson Collectibles, Inc. has a safety stock of 70 units and the average weekly demand is 14 units, how many days can be covered if the shipment from the supplier is delayed ?

A) 5 days

B) 35.days

C) 42 days

D) 70 days

Answer: B

Explanation: B) 70/2 = 35.0 days

Diff: 3

Terms: safety stock, purchase-order lead time

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

17) The optimal safety stock level is the quantity of safety stock that minimizes the sum of the annual relevant:

A) stockout costs and carrying costs

B) ordering costs and carrying costs

C) ordering costs and stockout costs

D) ordering costs and purchasing costs

Answer: A

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), safety stock, stockout costs, carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

18) The simplest version of the Economic Order Quantity model incorporates only ordering costs, carrying costs, and purchasing costs into the calculation.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Purchasing costs are ignored in the Economic Order Quantity.

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

19) To determine the Economic Order Quantity, the relevant ordering costs are maximized and the relevant carrying costs are minimized.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: We minimize both the relevant ordering costs and the relevant carrying costs.

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

20) The Economic Order Quantity increases with demand and carrying costs and decreases with ordering costs.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: The Economic Order Quantity increases with demand and ordering costs and decreases with carrying costs.

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

21) The EOQ model is solved using calculus but the key intuition is that relevant total costs are minimized when relevant ordering costs equal relevant carrying costs.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

22) Safety stock is used as a buffer against unexpected increases in demand, uncertainty about lead time, and unavailability of stock from suppliers.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

Terms: safety stock

Objective: 2

AACSB: Ethical reasoning

23) Due to unprecedented growth during the year, Flowers by Kelly decided to use some of its surplus cash to increase the size of several inventory order quantities that had been previously determined using an EOQ model.

Required:

Identify whether increasing the size of inventory orders will increase, decrease, or have no effect on each of the following items.

________________ a. Average inventory

________________ b. Cost of goods sold

________________ c. Number of orders per year

________________ d. Total annual carrying costs

________________ e. Total annual carrying and ordering costs

________________ f. Total annual ordering costs

Answer:

a. Increase

b. No effect

c. Decrease

d. Increase

e. Depends which costs increase/decrease more

f. Decrease

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

24) The only product of a company has an annual demand of 4,000 units. The cost of placing an order is $20 and the cost of carrying one unit in inventory for one year is $4.

Required:

Determine the economic order quantity.

Answer: The square root of [(2 × 4,000 × $20) / $4 = 200 units

Diff: 1

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

25) Ralph was in the process of completing the quarterly planning for the purchasing department when a major computer malfunction lost most of his data. For direct material XXX he was able to recover the following:

Ralph purchases at the EOQ quantity level.

Required:

Determine the annual demand, the cost of placing an order, the annual carrying cost of one unit, and the economic order quantity.

Answer:

Annual demand = 48 × 250 = 12,000

Cost of placing an order = $4,000/40 = $100 per order

Carrying cost of one unit = $6,000/200 = $30 per unit

EOQ = The square root of (2 × 12,000 × $100)/30 = 283 units

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

26) Clothes, Inc., has an average annual demand for red, medium polo shirts of 25,000 units. The cost of placing an order is $80 and the cost of carrying one unit in inventory for one year is $25.

Required:

a. Use the economic-order-quantity model to determine the optimal order size.

b. Determine the reorder point assuming a lead time of 10 days and a work year of 250 days.

c. Determine the safety stock required to prevent stockouts assuming the maximum lead time is 20 days and the maximum daily demand is 125 units.

Answer:

a. The square root of [(2 × 25,000 × $80) / $25] = 400 units

b. Daily demand = 25,000/250 = 100 units Reorder point = 100 units per day × 10 days = 1,000 units

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), reorder point, safety stock

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

27) An inventory item of XYZ Manufacturing has an average daily demand of 10 units with a maximum daily demand of 12 units. The economic order quantity is 200 units. Without safety stocks, the reorder point is 50 units. Safety stocks are set at 94 units.

Required:

a. Determine the reorder point with safety stocks.

b. Determine the maximum inventory level.

c. Determine the average lead time.

d. Determine the maximum lead tim

e.

Answer:

c. Average lead time = 50 units at reorder point/10 units a day = 5 days

d. Reorder point with safety stocks is 144

Maximum demand is 12

Maximum lead time = 144/12 = 12 days

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), reorder point, safety stock

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

28) For supply item ABC, Andrews Company has been ordering 125 units based on the recommendation of the salesperson who calls on the company monthly. A new purchasing agent has been hired by the company who wants to start using the economic-order-quantity method and its supporting decision elements. She has gathered the following information:

Required:

Determine the EOQ, average inventory, orders per year, average daily demand, reorder point, annual ordering costs, and annual carrying costs.

Answer:

EOQ = The square root of [(2 × 250 × $100) / $20] = 50

Average inventory = 50/2 = 25

Orders per year = 250/50 = 5

Average daily demand = 250/250 = 1 unit

Reorder point = 10/1 = 10 units

Annual ordering costs = 5 × $100 = $500

Annual carrying costs = 25 × $20 = $500

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), reorder point, ordering costs, carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Analytical skills

29) Discuss considerations that should be fully taken into account when developing inventory related relevant costs for use in an economic order quantity (EOQ) model.

Answer: It is crucial that the costs be incremental.

Consider incremental carrying costs. If they are costs that will change with the quantity of inventory held, then they are relevant. If there are costs that would be unchanged regardless of how much inventory was in the warehouse (such as a clerical salary or material handler who was working at below full capacity), then those costs are not relevant for decision-making purposes. Relevant carrying costs are likely to be costs like shrinkage, breakage, obsolescence, and costs of hiring extra employees (or having existing employees work overtime) if higher levels of inventory will make those costs increase.

Consider incremental opportunity cost of capital. If there is a decision to carry more inventory, then there will be money spent to purchase the inventory. The opportunity cost of capital is what would the other most beneficial use of the money be if it wasn't needed to purchase the higher level of inventory. It is calculated by multiplying the company's required rate of return by the per unit costs and then by the number of units purchased for the inventory and incurred at the time the units are received.

Stockout costs require an estimate of the lost contribution margin on sales lost because of a stockout. Ordering costs are only those that change with the numbers of orders placed.

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs

Objective: 2

AACSB: Reflective thinking

Objective 20.3

1) Video Images is a distributor of DVDs. Quick-Disk Mart is a local retail outlet which sells blank and recorded DVDs. Quick-Disk Mart purchases tapes from Video Images at $3.00 per DVD. DVDs are shipped in packages of 20. Video Images pays all incoming freight, and Quick-Disk Mart does not inspect the DVDs due to Video Images reputation for high quality. Annual demand is 104,000 DVDs at a rate of 4,000 DVDs per week. Quick-Disk Mart earns 20% on its cash investments. The purchase-order lead time is two weeks. The following cost data are available:

Relevant ordering costs per purchase order $90.50

Carrying costs per package per year:

Relevant insurance, materials handling,

breakage, etc., per year $ 4.50

What is the required annual return on investment per package?

A) $60.00

B) $2.50

C) $12.00

D) $0.60

Answer: C

Explanation:

C) 20 DVDs × $3.00 =$60.00

$60.00 × 0.2 = $12.00

Diff: 3

Terms: ordering costs, carrying costs

Objective: 3

AACSB: Analytical skills

Answer the following questions using the information below:

Digital Goods is a distributor of DVDs. DVD Mart is a local retail outlet which sells blank and recorded DVDs. DVD Mart purchases tapes from Digital Goods at $10.00 per DVD; DVDs are shipped in packages of 25. Digital Goods pays all incoming freight, and DVD Mart does not inspect the DVDs due to Digital Goods' reputation for high quality. Annual demand is 208,000 DVDs at a rate of 4,000 DVDs per week. DVD Mart earns 15% on its cash investments. The purchase-order lead time is one week. The following cost data are available:

Relevant ordering costs per purchase order $94.50

Carrying costs per package per year:

Relevant insurance, materials handling,

breakage, etc., per year $ 3.50

2) What is the economic order quantity?

A) 384 packages

B) 475 packages

C) 146 packages

D) 196 packages

Answer: D

Explanation:

D) EOQ = The square root of [(2 × (208,000/25) × $94.50) / ($37.50+ $3.50)]

EOQ = 196 packages

Diff: 2

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ)

Objective: 3

AACSB: Analytical skills

3) What are the relevant total costs?

A) $5,697

B) $2,829

C) $8,029

D) $2,868

Answer: C

Diff: 3

Terms: economic order quantity (EOQ), ordering costs, carrying costs

Objective: 3

AACSB: Analytical skills

高二化学有机知识点归纳总结

高二化学有机知识点归纳总结 高二有机化学在化学考试中是占很多的分数,如果没有掌握好有机物知识点化学就危险了。以下是小编整理的高二化学有机物知识点归纳,希望分享给大家提供参考和借鉴。 1.需水浴加热的反应有: (1)、银镜反应 (2)、乙酸乙酯的水解 (3)苯的硝化 (4)糖的水解 (5)、酚醛树脂的制取 (6)固体溶解度的测定 凡是在不高于100℃的条件下反应,均可用水浴加热,其优点:温度变化平稳,不会大起大落,有利于反应的进行。 2.需用温度计的实验有: (1)、实验室制乙烯(170℃) (2)、蒸馏 (3)、固体溶解度的测定 (4)、乙酸乙酯的水解(70-80℃) (5)、中和热的测定 (6)制硝基苯(50-60℃) 〔说明〕: (1)凡需要准确控制温度者均需用温度计。 (2)注意温度计水银球的位置。 3.能与Na反应的有机物有: 醇、酚、羧酸等——凡含羟基的化合物。 4.能发生银镜反应的物质有: 醛、甲酸、甲酸盐、甲酸酯、葡萄糖、麦芽糖——凡含醛基的物质。 5.能使高锰酸钾酸性溶液褪色的物质有:

(1)含有碳碳双键、碳碳叁键的烃和烃的衍生物、苯的同系物 (2)含有羟基的化合物如醇和酚类物质 (3)含有醛基的化合物 (4)具有还原性的无机物(如SO2、FeSO4、KI、HCl、H2O2等) 6.能使溴水褪色的物质有: (1)含有碳碳双键和碳碳叁键的烃和烃的衍生物(加成) (2)苯酚等酚类物质(取代) (3)含醛基物质(氧化) (4)碱性物质(如NaOH、Na2CO3)(氧化还原――歧化反应) (5)较强的无机还原剂(如SO2、KI、FeSO4等)(氧化) (6)有机溶剂(如苯和苯的同系物、四氯甲烷、汽油、已烷等,属于萃取,使水层褪色而有机层呈橙红色。) 7.密度比水大的液体有机物有: 溴乙烷、溴苯、硝基苯、四氯化碳等。 8、密度比水小的液体有机物有: 烃、大多数酯、一氯烷烃。 9.能发生水解反应的物质有: 卤代烃、酯(油脂)、二糖、多糖、蛋白质(肽)、盐。 10.不溶于水的有机物有: 烃、卤代烃、酯、淀粉、纤维素 11.常温下为气体的有机物有: 分子中含有碳原子数小于或等于4的烃(新戊烷例外)、一氯甲烷、甲醛。 12.浓硫酸、加热条件下发生的反应有: 苯及苯的同系物的硝化、磺化、醇的脱水反应、酯化反应、纤维素的水解 13.能被氧化的物质有: 含有碳碳双键或碳碳叁键的不饱和化合物(KMnO4)、苯的同系物、醇、醛、酚。大多数有机物都可以燃烧,燃烧都是被氧气氧化。 14.显酸性的有机物有:

电工口诀

电工口诀 1、电工三条线 电工把握三条线,火线零线生命线,三根火线是动力,一火一零是照明。身配工具四大件,电刀起子钢丝钳,带有扳手架外线,工作全程讲安全。 2、外线作业 杆上作业搞安装,就便扳手可以量,距离尺寸要把握,统一标准一个样。高距低压一米五,低距低压可八十①,扳手量绳绳测距,一材多用有保障。 注:①指直线杆,高、低压横担之间的距离,八十则是80cm。 3、室内检修 查线检修有要法,接头触点重点查,先查源头熔断丝,故障顺藤来摸瓜。有火不亮是零线,或是开关控错相,有火暗淡是感应,无电无火断了相。 4、重视生命 以人为本重人才,别人器重更自爱,凡是安全不在意,违章蛮干会出坏。要知生命只一次,失去不会再回来,高严细致对工作,幸福伴你终生在。 5、学习电工知识要诀 电工知识真奇妙,微观领域去探讨、物微陌生不知晓,宏观宇宙相比较。日月星辰各有道,遵循规律不乱套,电的起源把根找,深钻细想就知道。 6、电工作业三条线四大件

电工把握三条线,火线零线生命线,三条火线多动力,一火一零做照明。身配工具四大件,电刀起子钢丝钳,带有扳手架外线,工作全程讲安全。 7、电工作业弹三弦 电工作业弹三弦,仪表测定标准音,拨来弹去音乐美,奏出社会和谐音。 常用工具熟拨练,弹动三根动力鸣,照明两根送光明,神州多娇电工人。8、外线架设安装 杆上作业搞安装,就便扳手可以量,距离尺寸要把握,统一标准一个样。 高距低压一米五,低距低压可八十,扳手量绳绳测距,一材多用有保障。 9、配电导线载流量估算 绝缘导线满载流,导线截面乘倍数,二点五下乘以九,往上减一顺号走。三十五乘三点五,双双成组减点五,穿管温度八九折,裸线载流加一半。10、直流电路三参数

有机化学知识点全面总结

高中(人教版)《有机化学基础》必记知识点 目录 一、必记重要的物理性质 二、必记重要的反应 三、必记各类烃的代表物的结构、特性 四、必记烃的衍生物的重要类别和各类衍生物的重要化学性质 五、必记有机物的鉴别 六、必记混合物的分离或提纯(除杂) 七、必记有机物的结构 八、必记重要的有机反应及类型 九、必记重要的有机反应及类型 十、必记一些典型有机反应的比较 十一、必记常见反应的反应条件 十二、必记几个难记的化学式 十三、必记烃的来源--石油的加工 十四、必记有机物的衍生转化——转化网络图一(写方程) 十五、煤的加工 十六、必记有机实验问题 十七、必记高分子化合物知识 16必记《有机化学基础》知识点

一、必记重要的物理性质 难溶于水的有:各类烃、卤代烃、硝基化合物、酯、绝大多数高聚物、高级的(指分子中碳原子数目较多的,下同)醇、醛、羧酸等。 苯酚在冷水中溶解度小(浑浊),热水中溶解度大(澄清);某些淀粉、蛋白质溶于水形成胶体溶液。 1、含碳不是有机物的为: CO、CO2、 CO32-、HCO3-、H2CO3、CN-、HCN、SCN-、HSCN、SiC、C单质、金属碳化物等。2.有机物的密度 (1)小于水的密度,且与水(溶液)分层的有:各类烃、一氯代烃、酯(包括油脂) (2)大于水的密度,且与水(溶液)分层的有:多氯代烃、溴代烃(溴苯等)、碘代烃、硝基苯 3.有机物的状态[常温常压(1个大气压、20℃左右)] 常见气态: ①烃类:一般N(C)≤4的各类烃注意:新戊烷[C(CH3)4]亦为气态 ②衍生物类:一氯甲烷、氟里昂(CCl2F2)、氯乙烯、甲醛、氯乙烷、一溴甲烷、四氟乙烯、甲醚、甲乙醚、环氧乙烷。 4.有机物的颜色 ☆绝大多数有机物为无色气体或无色液体或无色晶体,少数有特殊颜色,常见的如下所示: ☆三硝基甲苯(俗称梯恩梯TNT)为淡黄色晶体; ☆部分被空气中氧气所氧化变质的苯酚为粉红色; ☆2,4,6—三溴苯酚为白色、难溶于水的固体(但易溶于苯等有机溶剂); ☆苯酚溶液与Fe3+(aq)作用形成紫色[H3Fe(OC6H5)6]溶液; ☆淀粉溶液(胶)遇碘(I2)变蓝色溶液; ☆含有苯环的蛋白质溶胶遇浓硝酸会有白色沉淀产生,加热或较长时间后,沉淀变黄色。 5.有机物的气味 许多有机物具有特殊的气味,但在中学阶段只需要了解下列有机物的气味: ☆甲烷:无味;乙烯:稍有甜味(植物生长的调节剂) ☆液态烯烃:汽油的气味;乙炔:无味 ☆苯及其同系物:特殊气味,有一定的毒性,尽量少吸入。 ☆C4以下的一元醇:有酒味的流动液体;乙醇:特殊香味 ☆乙二醇、丙三醇(甘油):甜味(无色黏稠液体) ☆苯酚:特殊气味;乙醛:刺激性气味;乙酸:强烈刺激性气味(酸味) ☆低级酯:芳香气味;丙酮:令人愉快的气味 6、研究有机物的方法 质谱法确定相对分子量;红外光谱确定化学键和官能团;核磁共振氢谱确定H的种类及其个数比。 二、必记重要的反应 1.能使溴水(Br2/H2O)褪色的物质

逻辑函数的卡诺图化简法

b 第十章 数字逻辑基础 补充:逻辑函数的卡诺图化简法 1.图形图象法:用卡诺图化简逻辑函数,求最简与或表达式的方法。卡诺图是按一定规则画出来的方框图。 优点:有比较明确的步骤可以遵循,结果是否最简,判断起来比较容易。 缺点:当变量超过六个以上,就没有什么实用价值了。公式化简法优点:变量个数不受限制 缺点:结果是否最简有时不易判断。2.最小项(1)定义:是一个包括所有变量的乘积项,每个变量均以原变量或反变量的 形式出现一次。 注意:每项都有包括所有变量,每个乘积它中每个变量出现且仅出项1次。如:Y=F (A ,B ) (2个变量共有4个最小项 ) B A B A B A AB Y=F (A ,B ,C ) (3个变量共有8个最小项 C B A C B A C B A BC A ) C B A C B A C AB ABC 结论:n 变量共有2n 个最小项。三变量最小项真值表 (2)最小项的性质 ①任一最小项,只有一组对应变量取值使其值为1:②任意两个最小项的乘种为零;③全体最小项之和为1。 (3)最小项的编号:把与最小项对应的变量取值当成二进制数,与之相应的

h i n g s n 十进制数,就是该最小项的编号,用m i 表示。 3.最小项表达式——标准与或式 任何逻辑函数都可以表示为最小项之和的形式——标准与或式。而且这种形式是惟一的,即一个逻辑函数只有一种最小项表达式。 例1.写出下列函数的标准与或式:Y=F(A,B,C)=AB+BC+CA 解:Y=AB(+C)+BC(+A)+CA(+B) C A B =ABC C B A ABC BC A ABC C AB +++++ =ABC C B A BC A C AB +++ =3 567m m m m +++例2.写出下列函数的标准与或式:C B AD AB Y ++=解:))()( C B D A B A Y +++=( ) )((C B D B A ++= D C B C A B A B A +++= D C B A D C B A C B A C B A BC A ++++= D C B A D C B A D C B A D C B A D C B A D BC A BCD A ++++++=_ 8014567m m m m m m m ++++++= =) 8,7,6,5,4,1,0(m ∑列真值表写最小项表达式。

电工口诀100条

电工口诀100条 (一)简便估算导线载流量 十下五,百上二,二五三五四三界,七零九五两倍半,温度八九折,铜材升级算. (二)已知变压器容量,求其电压等级侧额定电流 说明:适用于任何电压等级。 口诀:容量除以电压值,其商乘六除以十。 例子:视在电流I=视在功率S/1.732﹡10KV=1000KVA/1.732﹡10KV=57.736A估算I=1000KVA/10KV﹡6/10=60A (三)已知变压器容量,速算其一、二次保护熔断体(俗称保险丝)的电流值。口诀:配变高压熔断体,容量电压相比求。配变低压熔断体,容量乘9除以5 (四)已知三相电动机容量,求其额定电流 口诀:容量除以千伏数,商乘系数点七六。 已知三相二百二电机,千瓦三点五安培。 1KW÷0.22KV*0.76≈1A 已知高压三千伏电机,四个千瓦一安培。 4KW÷3KV*0.76≈1A 注:口诀适用于任何电压等级的三相电动机额定电流计算。口诀使用时,容量单位为kW,电压单位为kV,电流单位为A。

(五)测知电力变压器二次侧电流,求算其所载负荷容量 已知配变二次压,测得电流求千瓦。 电压等级四百伏,一安零点六千瓦。 电压等级三千伏,一安四点五千瓦。 电压等级六千伏,一安整数九千瓦。 电压等级十千伏,一安一十五千瓦。 电压等级三万五,一安五十五千瓦。 (六)已知小型380V三相笼型电动机容量,求其供电设备最小容量、负荷开关、保护熔体电流值 直接起动电动机,容量不超十千瓦; 六倍千瓦选开关,五倍千瓦配熔体。 供电设备千伏安,需大三倍千瓦数。 (七)测知无铭牌380V单相焊接变压器的空载电流,求算其额定容量 口诀:三百八焊机容量,空载电流乘以五。 (八)判断交流电与直流电流 电笔判断交直流,交流明亮直流暗, 交流氖管通身亮,直流氖管亮一端。 说明:判别交、直流电时,最好在“两电”之间作比较,这样就很明显。测交流电时氖管两端同时发亮,测直流电时氖管里只有一端极发亮。 (九)巧用电笔进行低压核相 判断两线相同异,两手各持一支笔, 两脚与地相绝缘,两笔各触一要线, 用眼观看一支笔,不亮同相亮为异。 (十)巧用电笔判断直流电正负极 电笔判断正负极,观察氖管要心细, 前端明亮是负极,后端明亮为正极。 (十一)巧用电笔判断直流电源有无接地,正负极接地的区别 变电所直流系数,电笔触及不发亮; 若亮靠近笔尖端,正极有接地故障; 若亮靠近手指端,接地故障在负极。 (十二)巧用电笔判断 380/220V三相三线制供电线路相线接地故障 星形接法三相线,电笔触及两根亮, 剩余一根亮度弱,该相导线已接地; 若是几乎不见亮, 金属接地的故障。 (十三)----对电动机配线的口诀 口诀: 2.5 加三,4 加四; 6 后加六,25 五;120 导线,配百数

有机化学知识点总结归纳(全)

催化剂 加热、加压 有机化学知识点归纳 一、有机物的结构与性质 1、官能团的定义:决定有机化合物主要化学性质的原子、原子团或化学键。 2、常见的各类有机物的官能团,结构特点及主要化学性质 (1)烷烃 A) 官能团:无 ;通式:C n H 2n +2;代表物:CH 4 B) 结构特点:键角为109°28′,空间正四面体分子。烷烃分子中的每个C 原子的四个价键也都如此。 C) 物理性质:1.常温下,它们的状态由气态、液态到固态,且无论是气体还是液体,均为无色。 一般地,C1~C4气态,C5~C16液态,C17以上固态。 2.它们的熔沸点由低到高。 3.烷烃的密度由小到大,但都小于1g/cm^3,即都小于水的密度。 4.烷烃都不溶于水,易溶于有机溶剂 D) 化学性质: ①取代反应(与卤素单质、在光照条件下) , ,……。 ②燃烧 ③热裂解 C 16H 34 C 8H 18 + C 8H 16 ④烃类燃烧通式: O H 2 CO O )4(H C 222y x y x t x +++????→?点燃 ⑤烃的含氧衍生物燃烧通式: O H 2 CO O )24(O H C 222y x z y x z y x +-+ +????→?点燃 E) 实验室制法:甲烷:3423CH COONa NaOH CH Na CO +→↑+ 注:1.醋酸钠:碱石灰=1:3 2.固固加热 3.无水(不能用NaAc 晶体) 4.CaO :吸水、稀释NaOH 、不是催化剂 (2)烯烃: A) 官能团: ;通式:C n H 2n (n ≥2);代表物:H 2C=CH 2 B) 结构特点:键角为120°。双键碳原子与其所连接的四个原子共平面。 C) 化学性质: CH 4 + Cl 2CH 3Cl + HCl 光 CH 3Cl + Cl 2 CH 2Cl 2 + HCl 光 CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2O 点燃 CH 4 C + 2H 2 高温 隔绝空气 C=C 原子:—X 原子团(基):—OH 、—CHO (醛基)、—COOH (羧基)、C 6H 5— 等 化学键: 、 —C ≡C — C=C 官能团 CaO △

100句经典电工口诀

电工口诀(一)简便估算导线载流量 十下五,百上二,二五三五四三界,七零九五两倍半,温度八九折,铜材升级算. 解释:10mm2以下的铝导线载流量按5A/平方毫米计算;100mm2以上的铝导线载流量按2A/平方毫米计算;25mm2的铝导线载流量按4A/平方毫米计算;35mm2的铝导线载流量按3A/平方毫米计算;70mm2、95mm2的铝导线载流量按2.5A/平方毫米计算;"铜材升级算":例如计算120mm2的铜导线载流量,可以选用150mm2的铝导线,求铝导线的载流量;受温度影响,最后还要乘以0.8或0.9(依地理位置). 电工口诀(二)已知变压器容量,求其电压等级侧额定电流 说明:适用于任何电压等级。 口诀:容量除以电压值,其商乘六除以十。 例子:视在电流I=视在功率S/1.732﹡10KV=1000KVA/1.732﹡10KV=57.736A 估算I=1000KVA/10KV﹡6/10=60A 电工口诀(三)已知变压器容量,速算其一、二次保护熔断体(俗称保险丝)的电流值 口诀:配变高压熔断体,容量电压相比求。 电工口诀(四)已知三相电动机容量,求其额定电流 口诀:容量除以千伏数,商乘系数点七六。 已知三相二百二电机,千瓦三点五安培。 1KW÷0.22KV*0.76≈1A 已知高压三千伏电机,四个千瓦一安培。

4KW÷3KV*0.76≈1A 注:口诀适用于任何电压等级的三相电动机额定电流计算。口诀使用时,容量单位为kW,电压单位为kV,电流单位为A。 电工口诀(五)测知电力变压器二次侧电流,求算其所载负荷容量 已知配变二次压,测得电流求千瓦。 电压等级四百伏,一安零点六千瓦。 电压等级三千伏,一安四点五千瓦。 电压等级六千伏,一安整数九千瓦。 电压等级十千伏,一安一十五千瓦。 电压等级三万五,一安五十五千瓦。 电工口诀(六)已知小型380V三相笼型电动机容量,求其供电设备最小容量、负荷开关、保 护熔体电流值 直接起动电动机,容量不超十千瓦; 六倍千瓦选开关,五倍千瓦配熔体。 供电设备千伏安,需大三倍千瓦数。 说明:口诀所述的电动机,是小型380V鼠笼型三相电动机,电动机起动电流很大,一般是额定电流的4-7倍。用负荷开关直接起动的电动机容量最大不应超过10kW,一般以4.5kW以下为宜,且开启式负荷开关(胶盖瓷底隔离开关)一般用于5.5kW及以下的小容量电动机作不频繁的直接起动;封闭式负荷开关(铁壳开关)一般用10kW以下的电动机作不频繁的直接起动。负荷开关均由简易隔离开关闸刀和熔断器或熔体组成,选择额定功率的6倍开关为宜;为了避免电动机起动时的大电流,应当选择额定功率的5倍的熔断器为宜,即额定电流(A);作短路保护的熔体额定电流(A)。最后还要选择适当的电源,电源的输出功率应不小于3倍的额定功率。 电工口诀(七)测知无铭牌380V单相焊接变压器的空载电流,求算其额定容量 口诀:三百八焊机容量,空载电流乘以五。 单相交流焊接变压器实际上是一种特殊用途的降压变压器,与普通变压器相比,其基本工作原理大致相同。为满足焊接工艺的要求,焊接变压器在短路状态下工作,要求在焊接时具有一定的引弧电压。当焊接电流增大时,输出电压急剧下降。根据P=UI(功率一定,电压与电流成反比)。当电压降到零时(即二次侧短路),二次侧电流也不致过大等等,即焊接变压器具有陡降的外特性,焊接变压器的陡降外特性是靠电抗线圈产生的压降而获得的。空载时,由于无焊接电流通过,电抗线圈不产生压降,此时空载电压等于二次电压,也就是

有机合成综合应用(知识点归纳总结+典例解析)

有机合成综合应用 【学习目标】 1、了解有机合成的过程,掌握有机合成的基本原则; 2、了解逆合成分析法,通过简单化合物的逆合成分析,巩固烃、卤代烃、烃的含氧衍生物的性质及相互转化关系,并认识有机合成在人类生活和社会进步中的重大意义。初步学会设计合理的有机合成路线; 3、掌握碳链的增长与缩短、官能团的引入和转化的方法,加深对有机合成的关键步骤的认识。 【要点梳理】 要点一、有机合成的过程 1.有机合成的定义。 有机合成是指利用简单、易得的原料,通过有机反应,生成具有特定结构和功能的有机物的过程。 2.有机合成遵循的原则。 (1)起始原料要廉价、易得、低毒性、低污染。通常采用四个碳以下的单官能团化合物和单取代苯。 (2)应尽量选择步骤最少的合成路线。为减少合成步骤,应尽量选择与目标化合物结构相似的原料。步骤越少,最后产率越高。 (3)合成路线要符合“绿色环保”的要求。高效的有机合成应最大限度地利用原料分子的每一个原子,使之结合到目标化合物中,达到零排放。 (4)有机合成反应要操作简单、条件温和、能耗低、易于实现。 (5)要按一定的反应顺序和规律引入官能团,不能臆造不存在的反应事实。综合运用有机反应中官能团的衍变规律及有关的提示信息,掌握正确的思维方法。有时则要综合运用顺推或逆推的方法导出最佳的合成路线。 原料 顺推 逆推中间产物 顺推 逆推 产品 3.有机合成的任务。 有机合成的任务包括目标化合物分子碳骨架的构建和官能团的引入与转化。 4.有机合成的过程。 有机合成的过程是利用简单的试剂作为基础原料,通过有机反应连上一个官能团或一段碳链,得到一个中间体;在此基础上利用中间体上的官能团,加上辅助原料,进行第二步反应,合成第二个中间体……经过多步反应,按照目标化合物的要求,合成具有一定碳原子数目、一定结构的目标化合物。其合成过程示意图如下: 要点二、有机合成的关键 有机合成的关键是目标化合物分子的碳骨架的构建和官能团的引入与转化。 1.碳骨架的构建。 构建碳骨架是合成有机物的重要途径。构建碳骨架包括在原料分子及中间化合物分子中增长或缩短碳链、成环或开环等。 (1)碳骨架增长。 条件:有机合成所用的有机原料分子中所含碳原子数若小于目标物质的分子中的碳原子数,就需要增长碳链。 碳骨架增长举例: ①卤代烃的取代反应。 a.溴乙烷与氰化钠的醇溶液共热: CH3CH2Br+NaCN? ??→CH3CH2CN+NaBr(取代反应) CH3CH2CN+2H2O+H+→CH3CH2COOH+NH4+(酸性条件下水解)

数字电路中的卡诺图

数字电路中的卡诺图 ――――――――――朱必成 5030209121 F0302004 卡诺图是一幅或多幅方格子图形。二至四变量卡诺图各占一幅图,五变量两幅,六变量四幅构成。它贯穿了数字电路的各个层面,是十分重要且有用的基础知识。经过课上学习与课外资料的查询,对其有了一定了解与认识。 1 化简的依据 卡诺图具有循环邻接的特性,若图中两个相邻的方格均为1,则用两个相邻最小项的和表示可以消去一个变量,如4变量卡诺图中的方格5和方格7,它们的逻辑加是 消取了变量C,即消去了相邻方格中不相同的那个因子。若卡诺图中4个相邻的方格为1,则这4个相邻的最小项的和将消去两个变量,如4变量卡诺图中方格2、3、7、6,它们的逻辑加是 消去了变量B和D,即消去相邻4个方格中不相同的那两个因子,这样反复应用A +=1的关系,就可使逻辑表达式得到简化。这就是利用卡诺图法化简逻辑函数的基本原理。 2 用卡诺图化简逻辑函数的步骤 1.将逻辑函数写成最小项表达式。 2.按最小项表达式填卡诺图,凡式中包含了的最小项,其对应方格填1,其余方格填0。 3.合并最小项,即将相邻的1方格圈成一组(包围圈,每一组含2n个方格),对应每个包围圈写成一个乘积项。 4.将所有包围圈所对应的乘积项相加。 有时也可以由真值表直接填卡诺图,1、2两步可以合成一步。 3画包围圈时应遵循的原则

1.包围圈内的方格数必定是2n 个,n 等于0、1、2、3、… 2.相邻方格包括上下底相邻,左右边相邻和四角相邻。 3.同一方格可以被不同的包围圈重复包围,但新增包围圈中一定要有新的1方格,否则 该包围圈为多余。 4.包围圈内的1方格数要尽可能多,即包围圈应尽可能大。 4举例 : 5.卡诺图的应用技巧: (1)。卡诺图中圈零: 如 BD BC AD AC F +++=

电工配线口诀

电工配线口诀 摘要 第一章按功率计算电流的口诀之一 1.用途: 目录 1电工口诀 目录 1电工口诀 收起 电工口诀 这是根据用电设备的功率(千瓦或千伏安)算出电流(安)的口诀。 电流的大小直接与功率有关,也与电压,相别,力率(又称功率因数)等有关。一般有公式可供计算,由于工厂常用的都是380/220 伏三相四线系统,因此,可以根据功率的大小直接算出电流。 2.口诀:低压380/220 伏系统每KW 的电流,安。 千瓦,电流,如何计算? 电力加倍,电热加半。 单相千瓦,4 . 5 安。 单相380 ,电流两安半。 3. 说明:口诀是以380/220V 三相四线系统中的三相设备为 准,计算每千瓦的安数。对于某些单相或电压不同的单相设 备,其每千瓦的安数.口诀中另外作了说明。 ①这两句口诀中,电力专指电动机.在380V 三相时(力率 0.8 左右),电动机每千瓦的电流约为2 安.即将“千瓦数加一 倍”( 乘2)就是电流, 安。这电流也称电动机的额定电流. 【例1 】5.5 千瓦电动机按“电力加倍”算得电流为11 安。 【例2 】4 0 千瓦水泵电动机按“电力加倍”算得电流为8 0安。 电热是指用电阻加热的电阻炉等。三相380 伏的电热 设备,每千瓦的电流为1.5安.即将“千瓦数加一半”(乘1.5),就是电流,安。 【例1】3 千瓦电加热器按“电热加半”算得电流为4.5 安。 【例2】1 5 千瓦电阻炉按“电热加半”算得电流为2 3 安。 这口诀并不专指电热,对于照明也适用.虽然照明的灯泡 是单相而不是三相,但对照明供电的三相四线干线仍属三相。 只要三相大体平衡也可以这样计算。此外,以千伏安为单位的电器(如变压器或整 流器)和以千乏为单位的移相电容器(提高力率用)也都适用。即是说,这后半句虽 然说的是电热,但包括所有以千伏安、千乏为单位的用电设备,以及以千瓦为单位 的电热和照明设备。 【例1 】1 2 千瓦的三相( 平衡时) 照明干线按“电热加半”算得电流为1 8 安。

高中化学 有机化合物知识点总结

高中化学有机物知识点总结 一、重要的物理性质 1.有机物的溶解性 (1)难溶于水的有:各类烃、酯、绝大多数高聚物、高级的(指分子中碳原子数目较多的,下同)醇、醛、羧酸等。 (2)易溶于水的有:低级的[一般指N(C)≤4]醇、醛、羧酸及盐、氨基酸及盐、单糖、二糖。 (3)具有特殊溶解性的: ①乙醇是一种很好的溶剂,既能溶解许多无机物,又能溶解许多有机物。 ②乙酸乙酯在饱和碳酸钠溶液中更加难溶,同时饱和碳酸钠溶液还能通过反应吸收挥发出的乙酸,溶解吸 收挥发出的乙醇,便于闻到乙酸乙酯的香味。 ③有的淀粉、蛋白质可溶于水形成胶体 ..。蛋白质在浓轻金属盐(包括铵盐)溶液中溶解度减小,会析出(即盐析,皂化反应中也有此操作)。 ④线型和部分支链型高聚物可溶于某些有机溶剂,而体型则难溶于有机溶剂。 ⑤氢氧化铜悬浊液可溶于多羟基化合物的溶液中,如甘油、葡萄糖溶液等,形成绛蓝色溶液。 2.有机物的密度 小于水的密度,且与水(溶液)分层的有:各类烃、酯(包括油脂) 3.有机物的状态[常温常压(1个大气压、20℃左右)] (1)气态: ①烃类:一般N(C)≤4的各类烃注意:新戊烷[C(CH3)4]亦为气态 ②衍生物类: 一氯甲烷( ....,沸点为 ...HCHO ....-.21℃ ...). .....CH .....).甲醛( ..3.Cl..,.沸点为 ...-.24.2℃ (2)液态:一般N(C)在5~16的烃及绝大多数低级衍生物。如, 己烷CH3(CH2)4CH3甲醇CH3OH 甲酸HCOOH 乙醛CH3CHO ★特殊: 不饱和程度高的高级脂肪酸甘油酯,如植物油脂等在常温下也为液态 (3)固态:一般N(C)在17或17以上的链烃及高级衍生物。如, 石蜡C12以上的烃 饱和程度高的高级脂肪酸甘油酯,如动物油脂在常温下为固态 4.有机物的颜色 ☆绝大多数有机物为无色气体或无色液体或无色晶体,少数有特殊颜色

超有用的32条电工口诀(干货)

超有用的32条电工口诀(干货) 要说哪个工程岗位最让人佩服?电气施工必须拥有姓名!电工涉及到的工作不仅和安全息息相关,而且细致,各种细枝末节都必须要考虑到,整套做下来,光是记忆就让人头秃了.为各位电工胖友总结了以下口诀,希望能够帮你减轻一些工作记忆压力! 1.低压验电笔判断交流单相电路故障的方法 交流验电用电笔,亮为火线不亮地. 电路故障可检查,通电测量火和地. 亮灭正常查设备,电路断开不可疑. 若是两端都不亮,电源火线已脱离. 若是两端都发亮,零线断裂或脱离. 2.低压单相电能表的选择(上) 单相交流电能表,计量用电不可无. 显示数值千瓦时,百姓俗称它为度. 计算用电总电流,千瓦总数乘以五. 选择电表电流值,千瓦两倍可满足. 3.低压单相电能表的选择(下) 标注电流有两个,括号内外各一数. 外小内大成倍数,两倍四倍都会有. 外部称为标定值,内部称为过流值. 正常使用标定值,过流使用要有度. 4.通过电流互感器与电源相接的单相低压电能表接线方法

电流超过表数值,加接TA才能使. L1、2接电路,流过电流实际值. K1、K2接电表,1进3出5安值. 2孔进入电压线,连接拆开小片端. 另端连接L1,零线进出4、5端. 5.三相三线制三相低压电能表直接接线方法 三相动力三相线,三相电表计用电. 接线端口有六个,三个双来三个单. 单号依次接电源,双号连接输出线. 一二、三四、五和六,各为一相不可乱. 一、五两处小连片,保持原状莫拆断. 6.三相四线制供电时低压电能表直接接线方法 三相四线计用电,三相电表直接连. 面对电表左到右,总共八个接线眼. 前面三对接火线,7、8用于接零线. 1、2A相3、4B,5、6两端C连接. 1、3、5旁小连片,保持原状莫拆断. 7.埋地导线与其他地下工程设施相互交叉,平行时,其最小距离的规定 其他管线同埋地,平行交叉最小距. 水管通讯电力线,统统都是点五米. 交叉可为点二五,穿管保护板隔离 8.电动机额定转距的计算方法 额定转距怎样求?容量千瓦除转速. 单位使用公斤米,再乘常数九七五.

高中化学有机合成材料总结知识点归纳

CH 2=CH C 6H 5 合成材料 一、合成高分子材料 分类(结构) 1、塑料【主要成分: 合成树脂及加工助剂】 (1) 线型塑料 (2) 体型塑料——酚醛塑料(网状)【单体:甲醛、苯酚】 酚醛树脂:用酚类(苯酚)与醛类(甲醛)在酸或碱的催化下相互缩合而成的高分子化合物。 ①反应原理:酸性条件下,甲醛去氧,酚去邻对位的氢,生成线性酚醛树脂和水 高压聚乙烯——低密度聚乙烯 相对分子质量低,有支链,熔点密度较低 聚乙烯(PE) 【单体: CH2=CH2】 低压聚乙烯——高密度聚乙烯 相对分子质量高,支链极少甚至没有,熔点密度较高 △单键可旋转,聚乙烯具有一定弹性 聚氯乙烯(PVC )【单体: CH2=CHCl 】 聚苯乙烯 【单体: 】 +HCHO H + H + n (加成反应) +(n -1)H 2O (加聚反应) 交联剂:二烯化合物(使高聚分子间发生交联,形成网状结构)

②酚醛树脂溶解性:线性酚醛树脂常温下为固体,缓慢溶于乙醇;加热时快速溶于乙醇线性高分子容易软化,网状高分子受热后不能软化或熔融,也不溶于任何溶剂。 ③在碱催化下 ,等物质的量的苯酚与甲醛(或过量的甲醛与苯酚)反应,生成羟甲基苯酚、二羟甲基苯酚、三羟甲基苯酚等,然后加热继续反应,就可以生成网状结构的酚醛树脂。 2、合成纤维 3、合成橡胶 ①天然橡胶——聚异戊二烯 单体: 分类: 特点:性能全面,易老化 聚乙烯醇,连有羟基, 吸水性好 (顺)聚异戊二烯 三叶橡胶 (反)聚异戊二烯 杜仲胶

【注意】天然橡胶含有C=C ,易加成反应和易被氧化(老化)。 强氧化剂、卤素、有机物溶剂都易腐蚀橡胶(不用橡胶瓶塞)。 如:KMnO4 溶液、浓HNO3、液溴、汽油、苯、四氯化碳等。 ②合成橡胶 ○顺丁橡胶 A.顺式 B.反式 ○丁苯橡胶SBR 丁二烯和苯乙烯共聚而成的弹性体,合成丁苯橡胶 1,3-丁二烯 苯乙烯 ○硫化橡胶 线性结构 网状结构 加入硫化剂(硫磺)混炼 硫化剂:打开化聚合物的碳碳双键,以—S —S —(硫硫键)将线性结构连接为网状结构 二、功能高分子材料(引入特定官能团) 1、高吸水性树脂 ①对天然吸水材料改性,在它们的高分子链上再接上强亲水性基团,提高其吸水能力 亲水性集团:-COOH 、-COONa 、-CHO 、-OH (极性化合物亲水) CH 2=CH-CH=CH 2 CH 2= CH

电工口诀及解释100条(新版式)

电工口诀及解释100条 (一)简便估算导线载流量 十下五,百上二,二五三五四三界,七零九五两倍半,温度八九折,铜材升级算. 解释:10mm2以下的铝导线载流量按5A/平方毫米计算;100mm2以上的铝导线载流量按2A/平方毫米计算;25mm2的铝导线载流量按4A/平方毫米计算;35mm2的铝导线载流量按3A/平方毫米计算;70mm2、95mm2的铝导线载流量按2.5A/平方毫米计算;"铜材升级算":例如计算120mm2的铜导线载流量,可以选用150mm2的铝导线,求铝导线的载流量;受温度影响,最后还要乘以0.8或0.9(依地理位置). (二)已知变压器容量,求其电压等级侧额定电流 说明:适用于任何电压等级。 口诀:容量除以电压值,其商乘六除以十。 例子:视在电流I=视在功率S/1.732﹡10KV=1000KVA/1.732﹡10KV=57.736A估算I=1000KVA/10KV﹡6/10=60A (三)已知变压器容量,速算其一、二次保护熔断体(俗称保险丝)的电流值。口诀:配变高压熔断体,容量电压相比求。配变低压熔断体,容量乘9除以5 (四)已知三相电动机容量,求其额定电流 口诀:容量除以千伏数,商乘系数点七六。

已知三相二百二电机,千瓦三点五安培。 1KW÷0.22KV*0.76≈1A 已知高压三千伏电机,四个千瓦一安培。 4KW÷3KV*0.76≈1A 注:口诀适用于任何电压等级的三相电动机额定电流计算。口诀使用时,容量单位为kW,电压单位为kV,电流单位为A。 (五)测知电力变压器二次侧电流,求算其所载负荷容量 已知配变二次压,测得电流求千瓦。 电压等级四百伏,一安零点六千瓦。 电压等级三千伏,一安四点五千瓦。 电压等级六千伏,一安整数九千瓦。 电压等级十千伏,一安一十五千瓦。 电压等级三万五,一安五十五千瓦。 (六)已知小型380V三相笼型电动机容量,求其供电设备最小容量、负荷开关、保护熔体电流值 直接起动电动机,容量不超十千瓦; 六倍千瓦选开关,五倍千瓦配熔体。 供电设备千伏安,需大三倍千瓦数。 说明:口诀所述的电动机,是小型380V鼠笼型三相电动机,电动机起动电流很大,一般是额定电流的4-7倍。用负荷开关直接起动的电动机容量最大不应超过10kW,一般以4.5kW以下为宜,且开启式负荷开关(胶盖瓷底隔离开关)一般用于5.5kW及以下的小容量电动机作不频繁的直接起动;封闭式负荷开关(铁壳开关)一般用10kW以下的电动机作不频繁的直接起动。负荷开关均由简易隔离开关闸刀和熔断器或熔体组成,选择额定功率的6倍开关为宜;为了避免电动机起动时的大电流,应当选择额定功率的5倍的熔断器为宜,即额定电流(A);作短路保护的熔体额定电流(A)。最后还要选择适当的电源,电源的输出功率应不小于3倍的额定功率。 (七)测知无铭牌380V单相焊接变压器的空载电流,求算其额定容量 口诀:三百八焊机容量,空载电流乘以五。 单相交流焊接变压器实际上是一种特殊用途的降压变压器,与普通变压器相比,其基本工作原理大致相同。为满足焊接工艺的要求,焊接变压器在短路状态下工作,要求在焊接时具有一定的引弧电压。当焊接电流增大时,输出电压急剧下降。根据P=UI(功率一定,电压与电流成反比)。当电压降到零时(即二次侧短路),二次侧电流也不致过大等等,即焊接变压器具有陡降的外特性,焊接变压器的陡降外特性是靠电抗线圈产生的压降而获得的。空载时,由于无焊接电流通过,电抗线圈不产生压降,此时空载电压等于二次电压,也就是说焊接变压器空载时与普通变压器空载时相同。变压器的空载电流一般约为额定电流的6%~8%(国家规定空载电流不应大于额定电流的10%)。 (八)判断交流电与直流电流 电笔判断交直流,交流明亮直流暗, 交流氖管通身亮,直流氖管亮一端。

数字电路知识点汇总(精华版)

数字电路知识点汇总(东南大学) 第1章数字逻辑概论 一、进位计数制 1.十进制与二进制数的转换 2.二进制数与十进制数的转换 3.二进制数与16进制数的转换 二、基本逻辑门电路 第2章逻辑代数 、 表示逻辑函数的方法,归纳起来有:真值表,函数表达式,卡诺图,逻辑图及波形图等几种。 一、逻辑代数的基本公式和常用公式 1)常量与变量的关系A+0=A与A= ?1A A+1=1与0 ?A 0= A+=1与A A?=0 A 2)与普通代数相运算规律 a.交换律:A+B=B+A ' A? = ? B A B b.结合律:(A+B)+C=A+(B+C) ? B ? ? C = A? ( ) ) (C B A c.分配律:) (C A? ?=+ B A? ?B A C

+ A+ ? +) ) B = A (C C )() B A 3)逻辑函数的特殊规律 a.同一律:A+A+A ~ b.摩根定律:B B A = ? A+ +,B A = B A? b.关于否定的性质A=A 二、逻辑函数的基本规则 代入规则 在任何一个逻辑等式中,如果将等式两边同时出现某一变量A的地方,都用一个函数L表示,则等式仍然成立,这个规则称为代入规则例如:C + ⊕ ? ? B A A⊕ C B 可令L=C B⊕ $ 则上式变成L ?=C A? + L A ⊕ ⊕ A⊕ = L A B 三、逻辑函数的:——公式化简法 公式化简法就是利用逻辑函数的基本公式和常用公式化简逻辑函数,通常,我们将逻辑函数化简为最简的与—或表达式 1)合并项法: 利用A+1 B A= = ?,将二项合并为一项,合并时可消去一 ? A = +A A或A B 个变量 例如:L=B + B A= ( C +) = A C A C B B C A

有机推断与合成知识点总结和习题

有机合成和推断题常用信息 一.有机合成常用的有机信息 1.烷基取代苯R可以被KMnO4的酸性溶液氧化生成COOH,但若烷基R中直接与苯环连接的碳原 子上没有C一H键,则不容易被氧化得到COOH。 【解析】此反应可缩短碳链,在苯环侧链引进羧基。 2.烯烃复分解反应 【解析】该反应又有有机“交谊舞”反应之称。相当于双键两端分别是两个在跳舞的舞伴,遇到另一对的时候,交换一下舞伴。(2005年诺贝尔化学奖研究成果) 3.已知溴乙烷跟氰化钠反应再水解可以得到丙酸 CH3CH2Br? ?→ ?NaCN CH3CH2CN? ?→ ?O H2CH 3CH2COOH,产物分子比原化合物分子多了一个碳原子,增长了碳链。 【解析】卤代烃与氰化物取代反应后,再水解得到羧酸,这是增长一个碳的常用方法。 4.已知两个羧基之间在浓硫酸作用下脱去一分子水生成酸酐,如: +H2O 【解析】这是制备酸酐的一种办法。 5.烯烃通过臭氧化并经锌和水处理得到醛或酮。例如: === CH CH CH 2 3C CH 3 CH 3 ①O3 ②Zn/H2O === CH CH CH 2 3 === +O O C CH 3 CH 3 RCH=CHR’与碱性KMnO4溶液共热后酸化,发生双键断裂生成羧酸: 常利用该反应的产物反推含碳碳双键化合物的结构。 【解析】这都属于烯烃的氧化反应。其中,臭氧化还原水解一般得到醛和酮,而用酸性高锰酸钾得到羧酸。通过分析氧化后的产物,可以推知碳碳双键的位置。 7.环己烯可以通过丁二烯与乙烯发生环化加成反应得到: (也可表示为:+║→) 【解析】这是著名的双烯合成,是合成六元环的首选方法。 8.马氏规则与反马氏规则 R1 R1R2 R2R1 R1R2 R2 + R1 R1R1 R1R2 R2R2 R2 + 催化剂

电工配线口诀

电工配线口诀 Final revision by standardization team on December 10, 2020.

电工口诀 工选线,是有口诀的,十下5,百上3,意思是10平方以下的铜线每平方5个电流,100平方以上 的铜线每平方3个电流,铝线算一半 我国的家用电压一般是220V 平方毫米的线电流=10A(安);承载功率=电流10A*220V=2200瓦 平方毫米的线电流=16A(安)最小值;承载功率=电流16A*220V=3520瓦 4 平方毫米的线电流=25A(安);承载功率=电流25A*220V=5500瓦 6 平方毫米的线电流=32A(安);承载功率=电流32A*220V=7064 1.口诀铝芯绝缘线载流量与截面的倍数关系 10下五 100上二, 25、35,四、三界, 70、95,两倍半, 穿管、温度,八、九折。 裸线加一半, 铜线升级算。 2.说明口诀对各种截面的载流量(安)不是直接指出的,而是用截面乘上一定的倍数来 表示。为此将我国常用导线标称截面(平方毫米)排列如下: 1、、、4、6、10、16、25、35、50、70、95、120、150、185……

(1)第一句口诀指出铝芯绝缘线载流量(安)、可按截面的倍数来计算。口诀中的阿拉伯数码表示导线截面(平方毫米),汉字数字表示倍数。把口诀的截面与倍数关系排列起来如下: 1 ~ 10 16 、25 35 、50 70 、95 120以上 }}}}} 五倍四倍三倍二倍半二倍 现在再和口诀对照就更清楚了,口诀“10下五”是指截面在10以下,载流量都是截面数值的五倍。“100上二”(读百上二)是指截面100以上的载流量是截面数值的二倍。截面为25与35是四倍和三倍的分界处。这就是口诀“25、35,四三界”。而截面70、95则为二点五倍。从上面的排列可以看出:除10以下及100以上之外,中间的导线截面是每两种规格属同一倍数。 例如铝芯绝缘线,环境温度为不大于25℃时的载流量的计算: 当截面为6平方毫米时,算得载流量为30安; 当截面为150平方毫米时,算得载流量为300安; 当截面为70平方毫米时,算得载流量为175安。 从以上的排列还可以看出:倍数随截面的增大而减小,在倍数转变的交界处,误差稍大些。比如截面25与35是四倍与三倍的分界处,25属四倍的范围,它按口诀算为100安,但按手册为97安;而35则相反,按口诀算为105安,但查表为117安。不过这对使用的影响并不大。当然,若能“胸中有数”,在选择导线截面时,25的不让它满到100安,35的则可略为超过105安便更准确了。同样,平方毫米的导线位置在五倍的始端,实际便不止五倍(最大可达20安以上),不过为了减少导线内的电能损耗,通常电流都不用到这么大,手册中一般只标12安。

大学有机化学知识点总结(推荐文档)

有机化学复习总结 一.有机化合物的命名 1. 能够用系统命名法命名各种类型化合物: 包括烷烃,烯烃,炔烃,烯炔,脂环烃(单环脂环烃和多环置换脂环烃中的螺环烃和桥环烃),芳烃,醇,酚,醚,醛,酮,羧酸,羧酸衍生物(酰卤,酸酐,酯,酰胺),多官能团化合物(官能团优先顺序:-COOH >-SO3H >-COOR >-COX >-CN >-CHO >>C =O >-OH(醇)>-OH(酚)>-SH >-NH2>-OR >C =C >-C ≡C ->(-R >-X >-NO2),并能够判断出Z/E 构型和R/S 构型。 2. 根据化合物的系统命名,写出相应的结构式或立体结构式(伞形式,锯架式,纽曼投影式,Fischer 投影式)。 立体结构的表示方法: 1 )伞形式: COOH OH H 3 2)锯架式:CH 3 OH H H OH C 2H 5 3) 纽曼投影式: H H 4)菲舍尔投影式:COOH CH 3 OH H 5)构象(conformation) (1) 乙烷构象:最稳定构象是交叉式,最不稳定构象是重叠式。 (2) 正丁烷构象:最稳定构象是对位交叉式,最不稳定构象是全重叠式。 (3) 环己烷构象:最稳定构象是椅式构象。一取代环己烷最稳定构象是e 取代的椅 式构象。多取代环己烷最稳定构象是e 取代最多或大基团处于e 键上的椅式构象。 立体结构的标记方法 1. Z/E 标记法:在表示烯烃的构型时,如果在次序规则中两个优先的基团在同一侧,为Z 构型, 在相反侧,为E 构型。 CH 3 C H C 2H 5CH 3C C H 2H 5Cl (Z)-3-氯-2-戊烯 (E)-3-氯-2-戊烯 2、 顺/反标记法:在标记烯烃和脂环烃的构型时,如果两个相同的基团在同一侧,则为顺式; 在相反侧,则为反式。

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档