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2019年考研数学二真题及全面解析(Word版)

2019年考研数学二真题及全面解析(Word版)
2019年考研数学二真题及全面解析(Word版)

2019年考研数学(二)真题及完全解析(Word 版)

一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题

目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. 1、当0x →时,若tan x x -与 k

x 是 同阶无穷小量,则k

=( )

A 、 1.

B 、2.

C 、 3.

D 、 4.

【答案】C .

【解析】因为 3tan ~3

x x x --,所以3k =,选 C .

2、曲线3sin 2cos y x x x x π

π??=+<< ???

22的拐点是( ) A 、,

ππ?? ???

 22 . B 、()0,2 . C 、(),2π- . D 、33,ππ??

??? 22. 【答案】C . 【解析】cos sin y x x x '=

- ,sin y x x ''=-,令 sin 0y x x ''=-=,解得0x =或x π=。

当x π>时,0y ''>;当x π<时,0y ''<,所以(),2π- 是拐点。故选 C . 3、下列反常积分发散的是( )

A 、0

x

xe dx +∞

-?

. B 、 2

x xe dx +∞

-?

. C 、 20

tan 1arx x dx x +∞

+?

. D 、201x dx x

+∞+?. 【答案】D . 【解析】A 、

1x

x

x x xe dx xde xe

e dx +∞

+∞

+∞

+∞

----=-=-+=?

??,收敛;

B 、2

220011

22

x x xe

dx e dx +∞

+∞--==??,收敛;

C 、22

200

tan 1arctan 128

arx x dx x x π+∞

+∞==+?

,收敛;

D 、22

220

00

111(1)ln(1)1212x dx d x x x x +∞

+∞

+∞=+=+=+∞++?

?,发散,故选D 。

4、已知微分方程的x y ay by

ce '''++=通解为12()x x y C C x e e -=++,则,,a b c 依次为( )

A 、 1,0,1.

B 、 1,0,2.

C 、2,1,3.

D 、2,1,4. 【答案】D .

【解析】 由题设可知1r =-是特征方程2

0r ar b ++=的二重根,即特征方程为2(1)0r +=,

所以2,1a

b == 。又知*x y e =是方程2x y y y ce '''++=的特解,代入方程的4

c =。故选

D 。

5、已知积分区域(),2D x y x y π?

?

=+≤

???

? ,1D I =,2D

I =??, (

31D

I dxdy =-??,则( )

A 、321I I I <<.

B 、 213I I I <<.

C 、123I I I <<.

D 、231I I I <<.

【答案】A .

【解析】比较积分的大小,当积分区域一致时,比较被积函数的大小即可解决问题。

由 2x y π

+≤,可得 22

2

2x y π??+≤ ???【画图发现2x y π+≤包含在圆2

222x y π??

+= ???

的内部】,

令u =

则 02

u π

≤≤

,于是有 sin u u >,从而

sin D

D

>??。

令()1cos sin f u u u =--,则()sin cos f u u u '=-,()04

f π

'=。()f u 在0,

4π?

?

??

?

内单调减少, 在,42ππ?? ???单调增加,又因为(0)()02f f π==,故在0,2π??

???

内()0f u <,即1cos sin u u -<,

从而

(1D

D

dxdy >-????。综上,选A 。 6、设函数(),()f x g x 的二阶导数在x a =处连续,则2

()()

lim

0()x a

f x

g x x a →-=-是两条曲线()y f x =,

()y g x =在x a =对应的点处相切及曲率相等的( )

A 、充分非必要条件.

B 、充分必要条件.

C 、必要非充分条件.

D 、既非充分也非必要条件. 【答案】A .

【解析】充分性:利用洛必达法则,由2

()()

lim

0()x a

f x

g x x a →-=-可得

()()

lim

02()x a

f x

g x x a →''-=-及()()lim

02

x a f x g x →''''-=, 进而推出 ()()f a g a =,()()f a g a ''=,()()f a g a ''''=。由此可知两曲线在x a =处有相同切线,且由曲率公式3

22

[1()]

y K y ''=

'+可知曲线在x a =处曲率也相等,充分性得证。

必要性:由曲线()y f x =,()y g x =在x a =处相切,可得()()f a g a =,()()f a g a ''=; 由曲率相等

33222

2

()()[1(())]

[1(())]

f a

g a f a g a ''''=

''++,可知()()f a g a ''''=或()()f a g a ''''=-。

当()()f a g a ''''=-时,所求极限

2()()()()()()

lim

lim lim ()()2()2

x a

x a x a f x g x f x g x f x g x f a x a x a →→→''''''---''===--,而()f a ''未必等于0,因此必要性不一定成立。故选A 。

7、设A 是4阶矩阵,*A 为A 的伴随矩阵,若线性方程组0Ax =的基础解系中只有2个向量,则

*()r A =( )。

A 、0.

B 、 1.

C 、2.

D 、3.

【答案】A .

【解析】因为方程组0Ax =的基础解系中只有2个向量,,所以4()2r A -=,从而()241r A =≤-, 则*

()r A =0,故选 A 。

8、设A 是3阶实对称矩阵,E 是3阶单位矩阵,若22A A E +=,且4A =,则二次型T

x Ax 的规范型为( )

A 、222123y y y ++.

B 、 222123y y y +-.

C 、222123y y y --.

D 、222

123y y y ---.

【答案】C .

【解析】设λ是A 的特征值,根据22A A E +=得2

2λλ+=,解得1λ

=或2λ=-;又因为

4A =,所以A 的特征值为1,-2,-2,根据惯性定理,T x Ax 的规范型为222

123

y y y --。故选C 。 二、填空题:9~14小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸...指定位置上. 9、2

lim(2

)x x

x x →+=

.

【答案】2

4e 。

【解析】0222

lim ln[1(21)]0

lim(2)lim[1(21)]x x x x x

x

x x

x x x x e

→++-→→+=++-=

0212lim 2(1ln 2)24x x x x

e

e e →+-+===.

10、曲线sin 1cos x t t y t

=-??

=-?在3

2t π=对应点处的切线在y 轴上的截距为 。

【答案】

322

π

+. 【解析】斜率

32

sin 11cos t dy t dx t π=

==--,切线方程为 322y x π=-+

+,截距为322π+。 11、设函数()f u 可导,2()y z yf x =,则2z z

x y x y

??+=?? 。

【答案】2y yf x ??

???

.

【解析】3222222,z y y z y y y f f f x x x y x x x ????????''=-=+ ? ? ????????? ,22z z

y x y yf x y x ????+= ?????

. 12、曲线ln cos (0)6

y x x π

=≤≤的弧长为 .

【答案】

1ln 32

【解析

】sec ds xdx ===

6600

1sec ln(sec tan )ln3.2

s xdx x x π

π

==+=? 13、已知函数2

1

sin ()x

t f x x dt t

=?

,则10()f x dx =? .

【答案】

1

(cos11)4

-. 【解析】设2

1

sin ()x

t F x dt t

=

?

,则 1

1

1112

2200

000

111()()()[()]()222f x dx xF x dx F x dx x F x x dF x ===-?

???

211112222000011sin 111

()sin cos (cos11)22244

x x F x dx x dx x x dx x x '=-=-=-==-???.

14、已知矩阵1100211132210034A -??

?-- ?= ?-- ???

,ij A 表示元素ij a 的代数余子式,则1112A A -= . 【答案】4-.

【解析】由行列式展开定理得

11121

1001000111111

2111211

11210

104322131210

3

4

3

4

3

40

3

4

A A A -----------==

=

=-==----. 三、解答题:15~23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸...指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.

15、(本题满分10分)已知函数2,0()1,0

x

x x

x f x xe x ?>?=?+≤??,求()f x ',并求函数()f x 的极值.

【解析】当0x >时,22ln ()x

x x f x x

e ==,2()2(ln 1)x

f x x x '=+;当0x <时, ()(1)x f x x e '=+;

22000()(0)12(ln 1)

(0)lim lim lim 1

x x x x x f x f x x x f x x ++++→→→---'====-∞,即()f x 在0x =处不可导.

综合上述:22(ln 1),0()(1),0

x x

x x x f x x e x ?+>?

'=?+

令()0f x '=得驻点121

1,x x e

=-=

;0x =是函数()f x 的不可导点。 当1x <-时,()0f x '<;当10x -<<时,()0f x '>;当1

0x e

<<时,()0f x '<;

当1x e >时,()0f x '>;故11x =-是函数的极小值点,极小值为1

(1)1f e --=-;21x e

=是函数的

极小值点,极小值为2

1

()e f e e

-=;函数()f x 在0x =处连续且有极大值(0)1f =.

16、(本题满分10分)求不定积分

2236

(1)(1)x dx x x x +-++?.

【解析】设

222236(1)(1)1(1)1

x A B Cx D

x x x x x x x ++=++-++--++

(1)两边同乘以2

(1)x -且令1x =,可得3B =; (2)两边同乘以x 且令x →∞,可得0A C

+=;

(3)两边分别令0x =,1x =-,可得6324

4A B D A B C D -++=??

?-+-+=??;解得2,2,1A C D =-==。

2222362321

(1)(1)1(1)1

x x x x x x x x x ++=-++

-++--++,于是 2222362321(1)(1)1(1)

1x x dx dx x x x x x x x ??

++=-++ ?-++--++???? 2223(1)3

2ln 12ln 1ln(1)111

d x x x x x x C x x x x ++=---+=---++++-++-?。

17、(本题满分10分)设函数()y x

是微分方程2

2

x y xy e '-=

满足条件(1)y =

(1)求()y x 的表达式;(2)设平面区域{(,)|12,0()}D x y x y y x =≤≤≤≤,求D 绕x 轴旋转 一周所形成的旋转体的体积. 【解析】(1)方程为一阶线性非齐次微分方程.由通解公式可得

2

22()2

2

2

()()())x x x xdx

x dx

y x e e e dx C e C e C -??

=+=+=g ,

把初始条件(1)y =

0C =,从而得到 22

().x y x xe =

(2)旋转体的体积为2

2

2

241

1

()()2

x x V y x dx xe dx e e π

ππ===

-?

?.

18、(本题满分10分)

设平面区域2234

{(,)|,()}D x y x y x y y =≤+≤

,计算二重积分

D

【解析】显然积分区域D 关于y 轴对称,由对称性可得

0D

=;

将2234

()x y y +≤化为极坐标,有

20sin r θ≤≤,于是

23sin 4

4sin D

D

d r dr πθ

πθθ==??

335

22444411sin (1cos )cos 22120

d d ππππθθθθ==--=

??.

19、(本题满分10分)设n 是正整数,记n S 为曲线sin (0)x

y e x x n π-=≤≤与x 轴所形成图形的

面积,求n S ,并求lim .n n S →∞

【解析】当()2,(21)x k k ππ∈+时,sin 0x >;当()(21),(22)x k k ππ∈++时,sin 0x <,

故曲线sin (0)x

y e

x x n π-=≤≤与x 轴之间图形的面积应表示为

(1)0

sin sin n

n k x

x n k k S e

xdx e xdx π

π

π

+--===∑??

先计算(1)sin k x k k b e xdx π

π

+-=?

, 作变量替换 u x k π=-,

于是有

()

sin()u k k b e

u k du π

ππ-+=+?0

sin k u e

e u du π

π

--=?

()0

1

sin [sin cos ]2k u k u e e udu e e u u π

π

ππ----==-+?

12k e e ππ--+=g . 所以

00

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)

22(1)2(1)k n n n

n

n k k k e e e e e e S b e e ππππππππ

------==++-+-====--∑∑, 因此 (1)(1)1

lim lim 2(1)2(1)

n n n n e e e S e e πππππ-→∞→∞+-+==--。 20、(本题满分11分)已知函数(,)u x y 满足关系式2222223

30u u u u

x y x y

????-++=????.求,a b 的值,使得在变换(,)(,)ax by

u x y v x y e

+=之下,上述等式可化为函数(,)v x y 的不含一阶偏导数的等式.

【解析】在变换(,)(,)ax by

u x y v x y e

+=之下

(,)ax by

ax by u v e av x y e x x

++??=+??,

(,),ax by ax by u v e bv x y e y y ++??=+?? 222222(,)ax by ax by ax by

u v v e a e a v x y e x x x

+++???=++???, 222222(,)ax by ax by

ax by u v v e b e b v x y e y y y

+++???=++???; 把上述式子代入关系式2222223

30u u u u

x y x y

????-++=????,得到

22222222(43)(34)(223)(,)0v v v v

a b a b b v x y x y x y

????-+++-+-+=???? 根据要求,显然当33

,44

a b =-

=时,可化为函数(,)v x y 的不含一阶偏导数的等式. 21、(本题满分11分)已知函数()f x 在[]0,1上具有二阶导数,且(0)0,(1)1f f ==,1

()1f x dx =?

证明:(1)至少存在一点(0,1)ξ∈,使得()0f ξ'=;(2)至少存在一点(0,1)η∈,使得()2f η''<-. 证明:(1)令0

()()x

x f t dt Φ=

?

,则1

(0)0,(1)()1f x dx Φ=Φ==?,

则由于()f x 在[]0,1连续,则()x Φ在[]0,1上可导,且()()x f x 'Φ=,则由拉格朗日中值定理,至少存在一点1(0,1)ξ∈,使得1()(1)(0)1ξ'Φ=Φ-Φ=,即1()1f ξ=;又因为(1)1f =,对()f x 在

[]1,1ξ上用罗尔定理 ,则至少存在一点1(,1)(0,1)ξξ∈?,使得()0f ξ'=;

(2)令2

()()F x f x x =+,显然 ()F x 在[]0,1具有二阶导数,且2

11(0)0,(1)2,()1F F F ξξ===+.

对()F x 分别在[][]110,,,1ξξ上用拉格朗日中值定理,

至少存在一点11(0,)ηξ∈,使得2111111

()(0)11()10F F F ξξηξξξ-+'===+-;

至少存在一点21(,1)ηξ∈,使得1211()(1)

()11

F F F ξηξξ-'=

=+-;

对()()2F x f x x ''=-在[]12,ηη上用拉格朗日中值定理,则至少存在一点12(,)(0,1)ηηη∈?,

使得211

2121

1

1()()()0F F F ηηξηηηηη-

''-''=

=<--,又因为()()2F f ηη''''=+,故()2f η''<-.

22.(本题满分11分)已知向量组Ⅰ:12321111,0,2443a ααα??????

? ? ?

=== ? ? ? ? ? ?+??????

向量组Ⅱ:12321011,2,3313a a a βββ??????

? ? ?

=== ? ? ? ? ? ?+-+??????

.若向量组Ⅰ和向量组Ⅱ等价,求常数a 的值,

并将3β用123,,ααα线性表示.

【解析】向量组Ⅰ和向量组Ⅱ等价的充分必要条件是

123123123123(,,)(,,)(,,;,,)r r r αααβββαααβββ==

123123222211

1101111101(,,;,,)102123011022443313001111a a a a a a a a αααβββ???? ? ?

=→- ? ? ? ?++-+----????

(1)当1a =时,显然, 123123123123(,,)(,,)(,,;,,)2r r r αααβββαααβββ===,两个向量组等价.

此时,123311111023(,,;)0112011200000000αααβ???? ? ?→-→-- ? ? ? ?????

, 方程组112233x x x αααβ++=的通解为123231210x x x k x -??????

? ? ?

==+- ? ? ? ? ? ???????

,也就是

3123(23)(2)k k k βααα=-++-+,其中k 为任意常数;

(2)当1a ≠时,继续进行初等行变换如下:

1231232211

1101111101(,,;,,)011022011022001111001111a a a a a a αααβββ???? ? ?

→-→- ? ? ? ?----+-+????

显然,当1a ≠-且1a ≠时,123123123(,,)(,,;,,)3r r ααααααβββ==,

同时()123101101101,,02

202201111101001a a a βββ?????? ? ? ?

→→→ ? ? ? ? ? ?-+-+??????,123(,,)3r βββ=,也就是 123123123123(,,)(,,)(,,;,,)3r r r αααβββαααβββ===,两个向量组等价.

这时,3β可由123,,ααα线性表示,表示法唯一:3123βααα=-+.

(3)当=1a -时,()123123111101,,,,,011022000220αααβββ??

??→-????-??

,此时两个向量组不等价. 综上所述,综上所述,当向量组Ⅰ和向量组Ⅱ等价时,1a ≠-。

23、(本题满分11分)已知矩阵2212

2002A x --?? ?=- ? ?

-??

与 21001000B y ??

?

=- ? ??? 相似, (I )求,x y ;(II )求可逆矩阵P ,使得 1

P

AP B -=.

【解析】(I )由于A 与B 相似,根据矩阵相似必要条件,有 ()()

A B

tr A tr B ?=??=?? 

, 即2(24)22221x y

x y --+=-??-+-=-+?

,解得 3,2x y ==-。

(II )矩阵B 是上三角矩阵,易得B 的特征值为2,1,2--。又因为A 与B 相似,所以A 的特征值也是2,1,2--。

对于矩阵A :解方程组()0(1,2,3)i E A x i λ-==,可得属于特征值12,λ=21,λ=-32λ=-的线性无关的特征向量为:1

(1,2,0)T α=-,2(2,1,0)T α=-,3(1,2,4)T α=-

对于矩阵B :解方程组()0(1,2,3)i E B x i λ-==,可得属于特征值12,λ=21,λ=-32λ=-的线性无关的特征向量为:1(1,0,0)T β=,2(1,3,0)T β=-,3(0,0,1)T β=

令1

123(,,)P ααα=, 2123(,,)P βββ=,则有

11

1122212P AP P BP --??

?=-= ?

?-??

, 即 112112P P APP B --=, 令 1

1

12121110111212030212004001004P PP -----?????? ??? ?==--=-- ??? ? ??? ???????

则有 1

P AP B -=,证毕。

2019考研英语二真题及答案Word版

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( 全国统一服务热线:400—668—2155 1 Born to win 2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题解析 一、选择题:1~8小题,每小题4分,共32分,下列每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1)若2 1 2 lim() 1x x x e ax bx →++=,则( ) ()A 1 ,12 a b ==- ()B 1,12a b =-=- ()C 1,12a b == ()D 1 ,12 a b =-= 【答案】B (2)下列函数中,在0x =处不可导是( ) ()()()()sin ()()()cos ()A f x x x B f x x x C f x x D f x x == == 【答案】D (3)设函数10()10x f x x -时, 1()02f < (D )当()0f x '>时, 1 ()02 f < 【答案】D (5)设22 22(1)1x M dx x π π-+=+?,22 2 21x x N dx e ππ-+=?,22 (1cos )K x dx π π- =+?,则,,M N K 的大小关系为 (A )M N K >> (B )M K N >> (C )K M N >> (D )K N M >> 【答案】C

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