第二十讲
倒装
一、语法倒装
1 . 虚拟条件句中的倒装
如果虚拟条件句中的谓语部分含有were, had 或should, 可以把它们放在句首, 省去连词if, 变成倒装句。例如:
Were it not for your help, I wouldn..t have got what I have today . 要是没有你的帮助, 我
就不会有今天。
Had I known it earlier, I wouldn..t have lent him the money . 要是早知道这件事, 我就
不会把钱借给他了。
Should he act like that again, he would be punished . 要是他再这样干,他就要受到惩罚。
2 . 当句首为here, there, now, then, such 等副词, 谓语动词为be, go, come 等时, 句子的主谓要求倒装
Here is the book you want . 你要的书在这儿。
There goes the bell . 铃响了。
Now comes your turn . 现在轮到你了。
Then came the order to take off . 起飞的命令到了。
Now is the hour when they say goodbye . 他们告别的时候到了。
Note: ①若主语为人称代词, 则不用倒装。例如:
There he comes ! 他来了!
Here they are . 他们在这儿。
A:Where is the key ?
B: Here it is .
Behind the counter she stood , beautiful and pale .
②副词或介词+ with + 其他成分是一种表示祈使命令的倒装结构, 句中省略了动
词。例如:
In with you ! 你进来!
Up with the wallet !捡起那个钱包!
On with your clothes ! 穿上你的衣服!
Down with it ! 撕下它! ( = Take it down !)
Off with your caps ! 脱去你们的帽子! ( = Take off your caps !)
Out with it ! 说出来! ( = Speak it out !)
3 . so can we 和so he is
如果前面句子中所说的情况也适合后面的句子, 后面的句子常用so(肯定句) , nor, either , no more(否定句)引导构成倒装句, 并且用do( does , did)代替实义动词。例如:
They can leave now, so can we . 他们现在可以离开了, 我们也能。
You have helped her, and so has she you . 你帮助过她, 她也帮助过你。( = and she has helped you)
He loves the girl . So does she him . 他爱这个女孩, 这个女孩也爱他。
She respected me and so did I her . 她尊重我, 我也尊重她。
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788 第二十讲
倒
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You can..t do it , nor can I . 你不能做这件事, 我也不能。
He didn..t see the film last night , neither did she . 他昨晚没看电影, 她也没看。
She can..t understand his lecture, no more can I . 她听不懂他的演讲, 我也听不懂。
.. 但如果不是表示情况的适合, 而是表示对前面句子内容的同意或肯定, 则不能用倒装句。例如:
He is a good student , so he is . 他是个好学生, 他的确是。
A:“Did Jack tell you to go there ?”“杰克告诉你去那里了吗?”
B:“He did . And so I did .”“他告诉了, 我也去了。”(不可说And so did I)
Note: 倒装结构中的nor 也可换为and nor 或but nor; 表示另一人或物“也不”时, 也可用and neither。例如:
She did not do it , and nor(but nor ) did she try to .
You are not wrong, and neither is she .
4. 感叹句中的倒装
How happy the children are ! (表语前置)孩子们多幸福啊!
What a lovely birthday present the old lady has received ! (宾语前置)这位老太太收到
一份多好的生日礼物啊!
5. the more . . ., the more 结构中的倒装
The harder you work , the hap pier you feel . (状语前置、表语前置)你工作越努力, 就越
觉得快乐。
The more you study, the more you know . 你学得越多, 就知道得越多。(宾语前置)
6. 从句中关系代词或关系副词的倒装
He couldn..t tell where his home was . (宾语从句中表语前置)
Whatever I have is at your service . (主语从句中宾语前置)我所有的东西请随便使用。However fast he may run, he will never catch up with Jim . (状语从句中状语前置)
7 .many a time 和next 等表示时间、次数或顺序的副词位于句首时常要倒装
Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone . 我许多次看见她独自散步。(也可说
Many a time I have . . .)
Many a time in college years have we wandered in the hills . 在大学时代, 我们有许多次
在山中漫游。(也可说Many a time in college years we have . . .)
Of ten did she come to my home in the past . 她过去常常到我家来。(也可说She often
came . . .)
Of ten have I heard it said that it is a good book . 我常听人说这是一本好书。(也可说I
have often heard . . .) (也可说Very (或Quite) often I have heard . . .)
Twice within her li f etime has she been to England . 她一生中已两次到过英国。
Next came a man in his forties . 下一个来的是一个四十几岁的人。
Long did we wait before hearing from her . 我们等了很久才收到她的信。
Long did the hours seem while I waited there . 我在那里等的时候, 时间似乎过得特别
慢。
8 .well, so, gladly 等表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时常倒装
Well do I remember the day I saw her first . 我第一次见到她的那一天, 我记忆犹新。
Well did I know her and well did she know me . 我很了解她, 她也很了解我。
Gladly would I accept your proposal . 我很高兴接受你的建议。
Note: 下面句中的selfish 为形容词, 位于句首时表示强调, 要倒装。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
789 一、语法倒装
Sel f ish does our life make us . 生活把我们变得如此自私。
9 . 副词短语位于句首时, 常把主语与谓语倒装
On her le f t sat her husband . 她左边坐着她丈夫。
Beyond the river lives an old fisherman . 有个老渔夫住在河的对岸。
Among the guests was standing Mary . 玛丽站在客人中间。
10 . 行为动词的倒装
在含有情态动词的谓语中, 行为动词(有时连同宾语或补语)可以倒装表示强调。例如:
I have my duty to do, and do it I will .
Write a poem I cannot; let me write an essay instead .
11 . 定语、状语和宾语补足语的倒装
1)从句、不定式或介词短语等作定语修饰主语时, 通常紧跟在主语之后, 但如果定语成分过长, 应将其放在谓语动词之后, 以使主语和谓语靠近, 其结构为: 主语+ 谓语+ 定语成分He is a sly person who gets up to crafty tricks behind your backs and slander you . (优)
He who gets up to crafty tricks behind your backs and slander you is a sly person . (劣)
The time had come for the couple to have a serious talk and to break up their marriage . (优)
The time for the couple to have a serious talk and to break up their marriage had come . (劣)
2)动词的宾语过长时, 须将修饰动词的状语移到宾语之前, 其结构为: 动词+ 状语+ 宾语She was unable to get across to him what she really thought and meant . (正)
She was unable to get what she really thought and meant across to him . (不妥)
A pretty girl wore around her neck a scar f which hung down to her waist . (正)
A pretty girl wore a scar f which hung down to her waist around her neck . (不妥)
3)宾语补足语一般应在宾语之后, 但宾语过长时, 应将其移到宾语之前, 结构为: 动词+ 宾语补足语+ 宾语
She made clear her whole-hear ted support to the gigantic project . (正)
She made her whole-hear ted support to the gigantic project clear . (不妥)
They pushed open all the windows that remained closed for a whole month . (正)
They pushed all the windows that remained closed for a whole month open . (不妥)
Note: 如果定语、状语或宾语补足语较短, 则不必倒装, 当然倒装也可以。例如:
He who cannot be angry is a fool , but hewho will not is a wise man . 不会发怒之人为
愚人, 不欲发怒之人为智者。( = He is a fool who . . .)
All that go to church are not saints . 去做礼拜者, 并非皆圣徒。( = All are not saints
that go to church . )
.. 下面一句中的it 可否省略? 试判断:
I have made it clear that all are not capable that are in high position . 身居高位者, 并非
皆贤才。
12 . of 短语的倒装
of 短语修饰主语或表语时, 如果太长, 可以把of 短语移到句首, 语气更强。例如:
Of how to protect the rivers and seas f rom being polluted, the question remains to be
settled . 如何保护江河海洋不受污染, 这个问题有待解决。
Of the f i f ty passengers, only three survived . 50 名乘客中, 只有3 人活了下来。
Of all human inventions in the twentieth century, the spaceship is perhaps the greatest .
在20 世纪人类的所有发明中, 航天飞机也许是最伟大的。
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二、修辞倒装
1 . 当“only+ 状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装, 如不在句首或虽在句首但不修饰状语时用正常语序
Only in this way can we learn English well . (倒装)
You can learn English well only in this way . (正常)
Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion . (倒装)
You can come to a sound conclusion only when you have obtained sufficient data . 只有当
你获得足够的数据时, 你才能得出正确的结论。(正常)
Only af ter the accident did he become cautious . 只有在那次事故之后, 他才谨慎起来。
Only by working hard can one succeed . 只有努力才能成功。
Only thus can we finish the job ahead of schedule . 只有这样我们才能提前完成工作。
Only when one falls ill does one know the value of health . 只有生了病才知道健康的可
贵。
Only once have I seen him . 我只见过他一面。
2 . never 等具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组居于句首时用倒装, 不居句首时则用正常语序
这类词或词组常用的有:
never 从不seldom 很少
r arely 很少little 一点也不, 几乎没有
sca rcely 几乎不ha rdly 几乎不
not 不, 没有nowhere 没有地方
not often 不经常not a bit 一点也不
not until 直到..才still les s 更少
on no account 决不not on any account 决不
ha rdly . . .when 一..就no soone r . . .than 一..就
on no consideration 决不neithe r . . .( nor) 不.. (也不)
in no ci rcumstances 决不unde r no circumstances 决不
in no way 决不not on one..s life 决不
at no time 从不in no case 决不
by no means 决不in vain 无效, 没有用
not infrequently 经常not once or twice 许多次
not only ( 或merely , alone , simply . . .but also ( 或also , likewise) 不但..而且
Not in f requently does she go downtown . 她经常进城。( = very often)
Little did I know that she had already left . 我一点也不知道她已经离开了。( = I didn..t
know at all that . . .)
Rarely does he go to the movies . 他很少看电影。
Not o f ten do they meet . 他们不常见面。
Nowherewas the lost car to be found . 丢失的车哪里都找不到。
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense ! (倒装)
I have never heard such nonsense in all my life . (正常)我从未听到过这种胡说!
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a writer . (倒装)
Churchill was not only a statesman but also a writer . (正常)丘吉尔不仅是一位政治
家, 还是一位作家。
Note: 如果放在句首的否定词修饰句子的主语, 构成主语的一部分, 则不用倒装结构。例
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
791 二、修辞倒装
如:
Scarcely a drop o f rain fell last month . 上个月几乎没下一滴雨。
Not a word was said . 一句话也没说。
但: Not a word did I say at the meeting . 我在会上一句话也没说。( not 修饰谓语
动词)
3 . 英语中有的让步状语从句可用as, though 等引起的倒装结构表示, 其结构一般为“形容词(副词, 动词, 分词) + as( though) + 主语+ 谓语”
Young as she is , she has seen much of the world . 她虽然年轻, 但却见过很多世面。Strange though it may appear, it is true . 看起来奇怪, 但却是真的。
Try as I might , I could not bring him round . 我虽然作了很大努力, 但还是说服不了他。Detest him as/ though we may , we must admire what he has accomplished . 我们可能会
讨厌他, 但不得不羡慕他的成就。
Woman as she is , she is courageous . 她虽然是女人, 但却很勇敢。
Brave as he is, he trembles at the sight of a snake . 他虽然勇敢, 但看到蛇仍然会发抖。
Be a man ever so rich , he ought not to be idle . 人无论多富有都不该懒惰。( = No matter how rich a man may be . . ., = However rich a man may be . . .)
Be he king or slave, he shall be punished . 无论他是国王还是奴隶, 都必须受到惩罚。
( = Let him be king or slave . . .)
Standing as it does on a hill, the temple commands a fine view . 这寺庙坐落在小山上, 风
景优美。(原因)
Situated as it was near a market , the house was very quiet . 这房子靠近集市, 但却很
安静。(让步)
比较:
Young as she was, she was equal to the task . 她虽然年轻, 但却胜任这项工作。(让步) Young as she was , she was not equal to the task . 因为年轻, 她胜任不了这项工作。
(原因)
.. 判断下面的结构表示原因还是表示让步, as I do 为何成分:
Living , as I do, so remote from town , I rarely have visitors .
Note: that 引导原因状语从句时, 从句中的表语必须倒装。例如:
Coward that he was, he ran back as soon as the enemy attacked .
4 . 为加强语气,“so(such) . . .that”结构中的so 或such 位于句首时用倒装; to such a degree
(an extent) , to such lengths 等介词短语位于句首时也要用倒装
So f ast did he walk that none of us was his equal . (倒装)
He walked so fast that none of us was his equal . (正常)
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken . (倒装)
The force of explosion was such that all the windows were broken . (正常)爆炸的力
量很大, 把所有的窗户都震破了。
So dark was it that he couldn..t see the faces of his companions . 天这么黑, 他看不见同
伴的脸。
To such lengths did he speak that everyone got bored . 他讲了很长时间, 大家都厌倦了。
5 . 为使句子平衡和上下文衔接用倒装
1)主语较长, 为使句子平衡, 倒装表语
On the f loor were piles of books, magazines and newspapers . 地板上是一堆堆的书、杂
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792 第二十讲
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志和报纸。
Gone are the days when my hear t was young and gay .
Higher up were forests of maple trees . 上面那里是枫树林。
Seated on the ground were a group of students playing guitars .
Happy are those who are contented . 知足者常乐。
Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body . 身体健康、心智健全的人是幸福的。Blessed are the pure in hear t , for they shall see God . 心地纯洁的人有福了, 因为他们能看见上帝。
Handsome is that handsome does . 行为漂亮才是漂亮。( = He who does handsomely is handsome . )
2)倒装宾语以求强调
The past one can know, but the future one can only feel . 一个人可以明知过去, 但只能
体悟未来。
What man has done man can do . 前人所能的, 后人也能做。
What he gave his mind to he mastered . 他用心学什么, 就能精通什么。
Every word he spoke to her, she felt as an insult . 他对她说的每一个字, 她都认为是侮辱。
What he did I cannot imagine . 我想象不出他做了什么。
What you cannot af f ord to buy, do without . 你买不起的东西, 就不要买。
What will be the outcome, no one can tell . 后果会怎样, 没人知道。
3)为使句子与上下文衔接紧密
( Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open . ) Folded in the card was a piece of paper
. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday . . .(她几乎带
有几分勉强撕开了信封。)只见生日贺卡里夹着一张折起来的纸页。贺卡上印有“生日快乐”的字样, 下面写着一句附言..
6 . 为了生动地描写动作, in, out, away, up, down, off 等副词可以放在句首倒装
Away f lew the bird ! 鸟扑地一声飞跑了! (陈述句: The bird flew away . )
Down went the boat !船沉了! (陈述句: The boat went down . )
Of f went Jack ! 杰克去了! (陈述句: Jack went off . )
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber . 一颗导弹从轰炸机下唰地一声射了出去。
Up went the rocket into the air . 嗖的一声火箭上了天。
Note: 上述结构若主语为代词, 则用正常语序。例如:
Away they went . 他们走了。(陈述句: They went away . )
Over it turns ! 它翻过来了! (陈述句: It turns over . )
7 . 在比较状语从句和方式状语从句中用倒装
在复合句中, than 或as 引导的分句, 如果谓语动词省略或表语省略, 且是两个句子的主语相比较时, 要用倒装, 助动词放在主语前。例如:
She works as hard as does anyone else in the factory .
John will give you more than will Jack . 约翰给你的将比杰克多。
He is as responsible a man as are you . 他像你一样地负责任。
He travelled a great deal as did most of his f riends . 他到过很多地方旅行, 他的多数朋
友也是这样。
Harry is unusually tall , as are his brothers . 哈瑞的个头特别高, 他的兄弟们也都是高
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
793 测试练习︵二十︶
个子。
He was honest and diligent , as were most of his classmates .
He believed, as did the whole class, the window had been broken the night before .
Flying demands a much greater supply of energy than do most other forms o f transportation
.
I spend less than do most of them . 我花费的比他们大多数人都少。
.. 注意下面一句:
In winter, the closer to the Nor th Pole, the shorter is the day . 冬季里越靠近北极白天
就越短。
8 . 在宾语从句为直接引语的句子里, 若全部或部分直接引语位于主句之前常用倒装; 若作宾语从句的直接引语置于主句之后用正常语序
“Help ! Help !”shouted the boy . (倒装) (也可说the boy shouted)
The boy shouted,“Help ! Help !”(正常)“救命! 救命!”孩子喊道。
“I am sure,”said Jack“, you are right”. (倒装) (也可说Jack said)
Jack said ,“I am sure you are right”. (正常)杰克说:“我相信你是对的。”
“No sir, ”replied the girl ,“I want to go home .”“不, 先生, 我要回家去。”那女孩回答道。(也可说the girl replied)
“I can..t do it ,”he had said .“我做不了这个。”他说。(有助动词时不可倒装)
9 . 某些习惯说法中用倒装
How goes it with you ? 你好吗? ( = How are you ?)
How came it that she knew the secret ?她怎么会知道那个秘密的? ( = How did it come
that . . .)
What mattered it ?这有什么关系?
What care I ? 管我什么事?
What signi f ies it ? 这是什么意思?
10 . not it 结构
在否定回答中, not 有时放在主语前面。例如:
“Will it rain ?”“Not it .”“会下雨吗?”“不会。”( = It will not rain . )
“Are you ready ?”“Not I .”“你准备好了吗?”“我没有。”(也可用me )
“I think you can come tomor row .”“Not we .”“我想你们明天能来。”“我们不能来。”(也可用us)
测试练习(二十)
一、选择填空
1 . In each room ten students .
A . are
B . is
C . there is
D . there was
2 . from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him .
A . Jumped down the burglar
B . Down the burglar jumped
C . The burglar jumping down
D . Down jumped the burglar
3 . do we go for picnics .
A . Certainly
B . Sometimes
C . Seldom
D . Once
4 . Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar write cor rectly .
A . you will
B . you can
C . can you
D . can..t you
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5 .Wood does not conduct elect ricity, .
A . so doesn..t rubber
B . also doesn..t rubber
C . nor does rubber
D . nor rubber does
6 . They have all got up , and .
A . Jack has too
B . so has Jack
C . Jack hasn..t
D . also has Jack
7 . Not only be interesting to us , but also its English will help us in composition .
A . the novel will
B . will the novel
C . is the novel
D . the novel is
8 . Little of passing the coming examination .
A . I thought
B . I think
C . did I think
D . shall I think
9 . Hardly his speech the audience star ted cheering .
A . did he finish . . .than
B . does he finish . . .before
C . have he finished . . .while
D . had he finished . . .when
10 .We failed to catch the train, .
A . so they did
B . so did they
C . neither they did
D . neither did they
11 . about phonetics for you to read .
A . A book is
B . Here is a book
C . Here a book is
D . There the book is
12 .“Where is the man we talked about yesterday ?”
“There .”
A . he comes
B . comes he
C . he came
D . came he
13 . Then of that time when he was a cowboy .
A . comes the memory
B . the memory comes
C . came the memory
D . the memory came
14 . Busy he is, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule .
A . because
B . as
C . no matter how
D . although
15 . a research student , I would at least master two foreign languages .
A . Should I become
B . I should become
C . Would I become
D . Have I become
16 . , you won..t be able to do it alone .
A . However you t ry hard
B . You t ry hard however
C . However hard you try
D . Hard you try however
17 . No sooner had he found his purse missing he cried and shouted loudly .
A . when
B . than
C . before
D . while
18 . Often not to touch the poisonous chemical .
A . does For t warn us
B . Fort warned us
C . Fort warns us
D . had For t warned us
19 . By no means create or destroy energy .
A . we can
B . we can..t
C . can we
D . shall we
20 . Against the wall on the opposite side .
A . there stand two cupboards
B . two cupboards stand there
C . there two cupboards stand
D . stand two cupboards
21 . Rarely such a silly thing .
A . have I heard of
B . I have been heard of
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
795 测试练习︵二十︶
C . have I been heard of
D . I have heard of
22 . Then we had been looking forward to .
A . came the hour
B . the hour came
C . comes the hour
D . the hour is coming
23 . that the pilot couldn..t fly through it .
A . The storm so severe was
B . So severe was the storm
C . So the storm was severe
D . Such was the storm severe
24 .“That English fellow..s songs are very poetic .”
“the words to the songs, but he also composes the music .”
A . He also writes
B . Although he writes
C . Not only does he write
D . It is not all that he writes
二、辨认错误
1 . Scarcely Professor John had finished
A
his lecture
B
when
C
the bell rang
D
.
2 .Under
A
no circumstances we should
B
do anything that will benefit ourselves but C
harm the
interest
D
of the state .
3 . So instructive
A
the film was
B
the students wanted to
C
see it again
D
.
4 .Here
A
the engineer comes
B
you want
C
to see
D
.
5 .Never before
A
our motherland has
B
been as strong
C
as it is today
D
.
6 . No sooner had they
A
heard the alarm
B
when
C
they rushed
D
to the fire spot .
7 .Only
A
when you have acquired
B
a good knowledge of the field C
you can
D
pass the exam .
8 . Nowhere else in
A
England I have
B
seen
C
that kind of tree
D
.
9 .It was not until
A
very recent times that
B
had the theory of“probability”C
been looked
upon as hardly
D
more than a curiosity .
10 .Not until
A
1876 the first turbine engine
B
was
C
invented
D
.
11 .Neither
A
could theory do
B
without practice, nor
C
practice would
D
do without theory .
12 .The mathematician spoke about A
his research
B
for two hours , but not a word
C
we could understand
D
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
第一讲句子结构 改写句子(必考）！！！ 1.WaldenPond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of many stands. 2.Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through ou r bedroom windows,marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. /Swepping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the cooling northeast wind madeв?| 3.The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow,which fed two st reams plunging down to join in the valley below. 4.With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade,this is a good spot for a picnic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll. 5.Panting for breath after running up the stairs,Mr wood stood at his neighbourв? s door and knocked again and again till someone opened it. 6.The town folk envied horace,who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town. 7.Standing in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years. 8.The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove hime mad. 9.The story,written in plain language,consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in17th century France. 10.Mud-covered and shivering,John sat hunched over a bowl of hot brot h prepared by his father to drive off the chill. 11.Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pime trees growing on the steep of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions. 12.Farther down the street,the old man stopped and leaned against a l amp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the oppsite si de of the street. 13.Sarah sank in the nearest chair,completely exhausted,her limbs stiff with cold,
1、Not until the early years of the 19th century _________what heat is. A、man did know B、man knew C、didn’t man know D、did man know 【解题分析】not until意为“直到……才”，后面的句子要用倒装语序。句意为：“直到19世纪早期，人们才认识到热是什么。” 2、Mary doesn’t speak French, and ____________ does John. A、either B、so C、no D、neithe 【解题分析】neither用在句首表示“……也不”时，句子用倒装语序。正确答案：D 3、On the wall _______________some famous paintings. A、am B、is C、are D、be 【解题分析】[正确答案：C句意：墙上有一些著名的油画。在主谓倒装的句子中，动词的单复式形式应和它后面的主语在数上保持一致。 4、—Did you finish doing your homework in time? —I am afraid _______. A、doing B、so C、no D、not 【解题分析】正确答案：D I am afraid not表示“恐怕不能”的意思。 5、If you go to the park tomorrow morning, _________. A、so will he B、so he will C、so he does D、so does he 【解题分析】正确答案：A这是—个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句，条件状语从句中谓语用—般现在时，主句的谓语常用—般将来时，故C和D被排除。主句所表示的意义是“他也将去。”因此，主句的主语和if条件状语从句中的主语所做的事—致，主谓要倒装。 6、—Hello, Zhu Hua. I’ll have to return to Canada because I’ve worked here for a year. —__________! A、What time flies B、How time flies C、What does time fly D、How does time fly 【解题分析】正确答案：B how time flies＝how fast time flies“时间过得真快”。因为被感叹的部分是副词fast，因此感叹词用how，感叹句需用陈述语序。 7、Never before that night _________ the extent of my own power. A、had I felt B、I felt C、did I feel D、I had felt 【解题分析】正确答案：A. never before that…意为“直到……才……”，常与完成时态连用。never放在句首时，后面的语序要部分倒装。句意为：“直到那天晚上我才意识到我的权力范围。” 8、During the war, __________but also he lost his wife and his child A、not was his job in the lab taken away B、not only was his job in the lab taken away C、not merely his job in the lab was taken away D、not just was taken away his job in the lab 【解题分析】正确答案：B not only. . . but also连接两个并列分句，且not only位于句首时，该分句主谓部分倒装。 9、—I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible. —____________. A、Same with me B、So do I C、Nor am I D、Neither would I 【解题分析】正确答案：D neither用在句首表示“……也不”时，句子用倒装语序；而且要使用与上文相同的助动词。 10、Hardly had she walked out of the woods __________ she heard the strange scream coming from behind a tree. A、than B、until C、since D、when 【解题分析】正确答案：D hardly. . . when. . . 表示“一……就”。注意，主句主谓要用部分倒装。 11、Little _______________ that the district was very rich in resources. A、we suspected B、we did suspect C、did we suspect D、do we suspect 【解题分析】正确答案：C little意为“很少，几乎没有”放在句首表示强调时，其后的语序要用倒装。句意为：“我们从未怀疑过这个地区资源很丰富。” 12、My cousin read a history book. _______. A、So John does B、So did John C、So does John D、So John did 【解题分析】正确答案：B此句为—般过去时，应用助动词did完成，故选B。 13、Only when one is away from home ____________ how nice home is. A、he realizes B、does he realizes C、does he realize D、he will realize 【解题分析】正确答案：C only用在句首修饰状语时句子倒装。 14、He is strict in everything and strict with everyone. __________. A、My father is always such B、My father is always so a strict man C、Such is my father D、So a strict man is my father 【解题分析】正确答案：C 当such作句子的表语，位于句首代替上文情况时，句子通常用倒装语序。 15、—You seem to like sweets. —________. A、So do I B、So I do C、So am I D、So I am 【解题分析】正确答案：B本题考查句型“So+主语+助动词”与“So+助动词+主语”的区别。—些考生对这两种结构混淆不清，以致误选：“So+主语+助动词”作“的确如此”解，是对上文所言之事的进—步肯定，本题译作“你好像喜欢吃糖”，“我就是这样”。故选B。而“So+助动词+(另—个)主语”作“…也是如此”解，表示上文所言同样适合另—个人或物，如：I like sweets, and so does Lucy. 我喜欢吃糖，露西也是如此。 16、Li Xin thinks Yao Ming is becoming the most famous basketball player in the world. _________.
三级语法考点归纳 一．虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 条件从句主句 与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式：
《英语语法》教学大纲 一、课程性质、地位与任务： 语法是语言的组织规则和结构形式，是结合语音文字系统和语义系统的枢纽。它是社会实际语言现象的科学概括。本专业的语法课程要帮助学生系统了解实用英语的语法规则和结构形式，以便能准确掌握英语语言，并用以指导英语语言实践，提高对语言的分析理解能力，有效提高英语实际应用能力。 二、课程的基本要求： 语法课程要传授知识,同时也要服务于培养语言素质和应用能力这个总目标。学习研究语法要着眼语言的社会实践运用，理论联系实际；了解当前语法也要适当了解语言的发展变化；精讲配合多练，从而让学生打好语言基础，提高语言素质。 三、本课程与其他课程的联系： 它是基础阅读课（精读、泛读）的基础，使学生通过大量的联系掌握语法基础，为听说读写提供基本的保障。该课程可使学生更加轻松的学习英语专业的学生在一、二年级精读、泛读课中所学过的语言材料。提升学生的学习兴趣。打下牢固的语言基础。 四、教学内容、基本要求及学时安排： 教学内容：本课程计划学时数为32学时，以赵萍主编的《新编高职高专英语语法教程》为教材。在语法内容结构上，循序渐进，从词素到单词，从单词到句子，从句子到语篇再到语段，环环相扣，从而使学生能够一面把握细节，一面掌握整个的英语语法体系。 课程内容和学时安排 授课次序授课内容学时数1导论、各个词类（名词、冠词、代词、数词、 8 动词、助动词、动名词、形容词、副词、连词 及其介词） 2 动词时态 2 3 被动语态 2
4 虚拟语气 2 5 非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 2 6 句子类型和直接、间接引语 2 7 名词性从句和定语从句 4 8 状语从句和it的用法 2 9 主谓一致 2 10 替代、省略、前置与倒装 2 11 复习及练习 4 教学要求： 第一讲导论、各个词类 1．教学目标：导论：让学生了解语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 掌握名词、限定词、代词、助动词的定义及它们在句子中的功能和用法。形 容词的分类及用法、副词的分类及用法、介词的分类及用法 2．教学内容：导论：语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 名词的类别、限定词的搭配、代词与其先行项的一致、情态助动词的意义。 形容词、副词、介词的类型，形容词作修饰语和补语，副词做修饰语和状语， 介词与其他词类的搭配 第二讲动词时态 1．教学目标：掌握英语中各个时态的用法和部分时态的异同 2．教学内容：动词的分类、一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、完成体、完成进行体 和将来时间表示法 第三讲被动语态 1．教学目标：掌握被动态的结构模式、被动态的英汉互译及其使用场合 2．教学内容：几种不同类型动词的被动模式，英汉被动意义表示法和使用被动态的制约因 素 第四讲虚拟语气 1．教学目标：掌握虚拟语气的用法 2．教学内容：虚拟语气的结构模式和在不同场合下的使用 第五讲非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 1．教学目标：掌握不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词的用法 2．教学内容：不定式的结构形式、不定式搭配和ING分词的搭配、ED分词作修饰语 第六讲句子类型和直接、间接引语 1．教学目标：掌握句子的类型，直接引语和间接引语的互换 2．教学内容：句子的的基本形式及其变体，各类句子的间接引语
《英语语法与写作》课程教学大纲 课程编码：学分：2 总学时： 40 说明 【课程性质】 英语语法与写作是高等学校英语语言学习的必修课程，是本科段的重点基础课程。 【教学目的】 其目的旨在使高校英语专业学生系统地认识英语从词到句乃至语篇的构造，提高英语写作的规范性，学会用英语准确地，有效地传递信息和表达思想。 【教学任务】 本课程是一门基础技能训练课，通过传授比较系统和完整地英语语法知识和英语写作技巧，使学生学会运用语法规则于写作实践之中，提高实际运用英语的能力。经过对语法知识系统的讲练，使学生对英语语法的基本结构与规律有一个明确完整的概念，能较熟练的运用这些语法的基本规则分析解释各种语法现象。通过大量练习，尤其是结合大量的写作训练，在语言实践中以文章背景为语境，纠正语法错误及语言的错误使用，使学生的英语语言综合技能在质量上有较大的提高。 【教学内容】 本课程将英语语法与写作相结合，通过句子合并学习语法规则，通过规则讲解提高句子写作。每章包括语法和写作两部分。语法部分系统讲述了句子成分、短语、从句和句子等重要语法点的功能、形式、种类、以及在句子中运用的位置与标点。写作部分又分改错与改写两块。改错包括残缺句、不间断句、杂乱句等常见的写作错误。各单元提供相关写作错误的描述、实例以及改正方法。改写部分介绍了句子合并策略、句子重心、句内句间关联等句子写作技巧，旨在通过技巧的讲解和操练使学习者改变英语写作中的中文行文习惯，并将语法规则具体运用到语篇写作之中。 【教学原则和方法】 教学原则： 一、语法教学应该抓住形式，意义和用法三个环节，正确处理三者之间的关系。明确让学生掌握语言形式是基础，了解其意义是关键，学会使用才是真正的目的。
倒装句难点：关于复合句和并列句的部分倒装所在的位置 掌握部分倒装并不难，从此再也不必为纠结到底是“前倒后不倒”或“后倒前不倒”而抓破头皮啦。 确定倒装位置紧抓两点：1 主句所在的位置需倒装 2 否定所在的句子需倒装 主从复合句中，主句需部分倒装，例： No sooner had I reached home than the phone began to ring. So fast did he walk that I couldn’t catch up with him. Not until she saw the present did she feel happy. 并列句中，否定所在的句子需部分倒装，例： Not only do I know her,but I am also her friend. Neither have I seen him recently, and nor have I heard from him.(两个并列分句中都有否定词，故两个分句都需进行部分倒装) 没有了传统的语法选择题，倒装句真的在高考中毫无价值吗？肯定不会毫无价值，反之倒装句一定可以在高考中为我们加分。即使语法填空不考倒装，我们也可以将倒装句运用在写作中，为我们的写作加分。 除了not only…but also…的倒装句我们还有其它选择吗？ 在实际的写作阅卷中，不难发现学生所用倒装句型中，使用频率最高的非not only…but also…莫属了。 Not only should we pay more attention to the balanced diets, but also we ought to regularly do exercises. 除了only in this can we…的倒装句我们还有其它选择吗？ 除了以上提及的not only…but also…句型，在写作阅卷中另一种常见的倒装句就是Only+状语/状语从句置前的倒装句。 Only in this way can we protect our environment. Only when we are faced with ever-increasing pollutions, would we place more emphasis on environment protection. 要想在写作中凭借倒装句为自己的文章增加亮点，以上两个句型未免有些捉襟见肘。如何升级我们的倒装句式，让我们的倒装句从屌丝型一跃为高富帅呢？如何能够让我们能得心应手地在任何语境下都能用上倒装句呢？
三级语法考点归纳 一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件 与现在相反 与将来相反 与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿 好像 谓语用过去时 与现在或者将来相 谓语用过去完成时 与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have
文言常识——倒装句和省略句 名词定义：表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。在句子中用作动词的主语或宾语的词,或是在独立结构中表示名称的词,或是在联系动词后作表语用的词. 一、倒装句（宾语前置；状语后置；定语后置；主语后置） （一）、宾语前置 1、否定句中代词宾语前置 这类宾语前置，要具备两个条件：一是宾语必须是代词；二是必须是否定句，由“不”、“未”、“毋”、“莫”等否定词表示。在这种情况下，代词宾语要放在动词之前和否定词之后。例如： 《硕鼠》：“三岁贯汝，莫我肯顾。”“莫我肯顾”应理解成“莫肯顾我”。 忌不自信《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》〈战国策〉 然而不王者，未之有也。《寡人之于国也》〈孟子〉 句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不（否）焉。（之，宾语提前的标志）《师说》 古之人不余欺也！《石钟山记》苏轼 不吾知其亦已兮，苟（只要）余情其信芳（美好）。《离骚》屈原 东望愁泣，若不自胜。《柳毅传》李朝威 见大王爱女牧羊于野，所（代词，“之人”）不忍视。《柳毅传》李朝威 是以后世无传焉，臣未之闻也。《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉 保民而王，莫之能御也。《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉 而良人未之知也。《齐人有一妻一妾》〈孟子〉 2、疑问句中代词宾语前置 文言文中用疑问代词“谁”、“何”、“奚”、“安”等做宾语时往往放在动词的前面。 例如：《鸿门宴》：“良问曰：…大王来何操？?”“何操”应理解为“操何” 吾孰与徐公美？《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》〈战国策〉 3、介词宾语提前：在现代汉语中，介词后面跟着宾语，组成介宾结构，用来修饰动词谓语。在文言文中，介词宾语往往置与介词之前，形成一种倒置的现象。例如： 《岳阳楼记》：“臆！微斯人吾谁与归？”“谁与归”应理解为“与谁归”。 4、特殊结构：用"之"、"是"将宾语提前。 前世不同教，何古之法？(效法哪一个古代) 宋何罪之有？(宋国有什么罪过？) 惟命是听（成语） 5、普通宾语前置 在一般性的宾语前置中，大家要注意语感。
大学英语语法 (CET--4) 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)