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2002; 24; 403 Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control Mehmet ?nder Efe A novel error critic for variable structure control with an ADALINE https://www.doczj.com/doc/682034230.html,/cgi/content/abstract/24/5/403
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Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control24,5(2002)pp.403–415
A novel error critic for variable structure control with an ADALINE Mehmet O¨nder Efe
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,Carnegie Mellon University, 5000Forbes Avenue,Pittsburgh,PA15213-3890,USA
This paper discusses a novel method for variable structure control.The method aims to create and maintain a prede ned sliding motion in the phase space by adjusting the parameters of an ADALINE-type controller.The objective of the paper is to demonstrate that the task can be achieved under the assumption that the plant under control could be driven towards the sliding manifold.The approach presented assumes the structure of the dynamic representation of the plant is known but the analytical details embodying it are unavailable.The results obtained con rm the prescribed form of tracking claim together with low computational cost due to the adjustment of the controller parameters.
Key words:ADALINE;control error extraction;parameter tuning;sliding mode control.
1.Introduction
It is a well known fact that a variable structure controller with a switching output drives the error vector towards the origin in two phases.These are namely the reaching phase,which lasts until the error vector hits the sliding manifold,and the sliding phase,during which the error vector converges to the origin as charac-terized by the locus along the sliding hypersurface.Provided that the uncertainties satisfy the matching conditions,the control system becomes totally insensitive to the disturbances during the sliding mode,and the extent of this robust behaviour is determined by the physical constraints,such as the actuation speed of the plant Address for correspondence:M.O¨.Efe,Electrical Engineering Department,The Ohio State University,205,Dreese Laboratories,2015Neil Avenue,Columbus,OH43210,USA.E-mail: onderefe@https://www.doczj.com/doc/682034230.html,
404Variable structure control with ADALINE
under control or the bounds on the applicable control signals.The strategy is therefore known as sliding mode control (SMC)in the related literature.
The studies,which report the use of the SMC technique for parameter tuning in exible structures,by Sanner and Slotine (1992),and Sira-Ramirez and Colina-Morles (1995)have been the stimulants proving that the robustness feature of SMC could be exploited in parameter tuning.These studies pioneered a vast majority of researchers working on SMC-based parameter tuning.Sanner et al .(1992)have considered the training of Gaussian radial basis function neural networks (GRBFNN),which have certain degrees of analytical tractability in explaining the stability issues,and Sira-Ramirez et al .(1995)have shown the use of adaptive linear elements (ADALINE)with an SMC-based learning strategy.As an illustra-tive example,the inverse dynamics identi cation of a Kapitsa pendulum has been demonstrated,together with a thorough analysis towards the handling of disturb-ances.Hsu and Real (1997,1999)demonstrate the use of SMC with GRBFNN;Yu et al .(1998)introduce the dynamic uncertainty adaptation of what is proposed by Sira-Ramirez et al .(1995),and demonstrate the performance of the scheme on the Kapitsa pendulum.Parma et al .(1998)use the SMC technique in the parameter tuning process of a multilayer perceptron.The latest studies towards the inte-gration of SMC and parameter tuning mechanisms have shown that the tuning can be implemented on dynamic weight lter neurons (Sira-Ramirez et al .,2000),and on the parameters of a controller (Efe et al .,2000).An extensive review is provided in the recent survey of Kaynak et al .(2001).The survey illustrates how SMC can be used for parameter adjustment in computational intelligence.
A substantial problem in utilizing the SMC-based tuning strategies for control applications is the lack of the error on the output of the controller.This is primarily due to the unavailability of the target values of the controller outputs.When this problem is considered with control of uncertain plants,the tuning of the controller parameters becomes a challenge due to the information-limited nature of the prob-lem.The major contribution of this paper is the illumination of this problem for a class of nonlinear systems with the assumption that SMC task is achievable.In the second section,the structure of the control system is explained;the section following this brie y introduces the conventional SMC technique.The fourth sec-tion is devoted to the calculation of the control error,and the fth section describes the parameter adaptation strategy.In the sixth section,we discuss several issues related to the practical implementations of the proposed approach.The seventh section presents an illustrative example and conclusions constitute the last part of the paper.
2.Control system structure
Consider the nonlinear time-varying system given in (1).The system is composed of n subsystems,the i th one of which is of order r i .The state vector of the system is =[1Q 1…(r 1-1)1%n Q n %(r n -1)n ]T and the input vector is t =[t 1t 2%t n ]T .
(r i )i =f i (,t )+O n
j =1d ij (t )t j i =1,2,...,n (1)
Efe 405
Denoting m =n i =1r .i ,the system of (1)with these vectors can more compactly be
restated as .=F (,t )+D (t )t ,where F (,t )is m ′1and D (t )is m ′n dimensional.It is assumed that the functions f i (,t )are unknown and therefore the n out of m entries of vector function F (,t )are unavailable,whereas d ij s (or consequently the corresponding entries of D (t ))are assumed to be available.The design problem is to enforce the response of the system towards the desired trajectory (d ),which is known but the control signal resulting in which is unavailable since F (,t )is not known explicitly.Therefore,the solution to this problem is a search towards the synthesis of such a signal iteratively by a learning controller.Assuming that the controller in Figure 1is composed of n individual subcontrollers,the i th one of which is to construct the i th component of input vector t .The j th entry of the excitation vector driving this subcontroller can be given as e (j )i =(j )i -(j
)d i .Appar-ently,this component is the j th derivative of the i th tracking error component (e i ).
3.Conventional SMC design –an overview
Consider the vector of sliding surfaces for the system in (1):s (e )=Ge ,where e =-d is the tracking error vector and G is a n ′m dimensional design matrix describing the vector of sliding surfaces.The widespread selection of the matrix G is such that the i th sliding surface function has the form
s i (e i )=d dt
+i r i -1e i (2)in which
i is a strictly positive constant.Let V be a candidate Lyapunov function
given as
Figure 1Block diagram of the control system
406Variable structure control with ADALINE
V(s)=1
2
s T s(3)
If the prescribed control signal satis es V Q(s)=-s T sgn(s),the negative de niteness of the time derivative of the Lyapunov function in(3)is ensured.In the above, is a positive de nite diagonal matrix of dimension n′n and is a design parameter.More explicitly,s T s Q=-s T sgn(s)must hold true to drive the error vector towards the sliding hypersurface.Utilizing s Q=-G Q d+G(F(,t)+D(t)t) leads to the following control signal:
t*=-(GD(t))-1(GF(,t)-G Q
d
)-(GD(t))-1sgn(s)(4) in which the rst term is the equivalent control term and the second term is the corrective control term.For the existence of the components mentioned,the matrix
Figure2Reference trajectories,observed response and the
error trends
Efe407
Figure3Applied control signal and its transient and steady
state views
GD must not be rank de cient.In the literature,equivalent control is considered the low-frequency(average)component of the control signal.Because of the dis-continuity on the sliding surface,the corrective term brings a high rate component (Utkin,1992).If e(0)=0,the tracking problem can be considered as keeping e on the sliding surface;however,for nonzero initial conditions,the strategy must enforce the state trajectories towards the sliding surface,which is ensured by the negative de niteness of the time derivative of the Lyapunov function in(3).For the case of nonzero initial conditions,the phase until the error vector hits the sliding surface is called the reaching mode,the dynamic characteristics of the system during which are determined by the control strategy adopted.Application of the control input formulated in(4)imposes the dynamics described as s Q=-sgn(s),which clearly enforces the error vector towards the sliding surface. Once the sliding surface is reached,the value of(2)becomes zero;and this enforces the error vector to move towards the origin due to the selection in(2).
408Variable structure control with ADALINE
Aside from the practical dif culties of conventional SMC schemes,the control signal in(4)is computable if a nominal representation of the system under control is available.In what follows,a method for obtaining the error on the control signal is presented for unknown systems of structure(1).
4.Calculation of the control error
Denote the variables observed upon the application of(4)as the control signal with a superscript*,and denote those for any applicable control signal as primed. In other words,the control signal t*is the one creating the desired response, while t is the signal produced by the controller and applied to the system.The goal is how t t*during the course of a control operation with(0)=*(0).
Clearly,when t is applied to the system of(1),the desired response must satisfy s T s Q=-s T sgn(s)in the closed loop.Equivalently,this requires the following:
s Q=-G Q d+G(F(,t)+D(t)t)(5)
Since the command trajectory is same in both cases,solving G Q d from(4)and substituting the result into(5)yields
s Q=GD(t)(t-t*)+G(F(,t)-F(*,t))-sgn(s*)(6)
De ning s
c=t-t*,F=F(,t)-F(*,t)and adding to both sides of(6)results
in(7).
s Q+sgn(s)=GD(t)s
c
+G F-(sgn(s*)-sgn(s))(7) Several cross implications hidden in(7)can be clari ed as follows:
s
c0t t*
(GD(t))-1(s Q+sgn(s))0
&
(GD(t))-1(G F-(sgn(s*)-sgn(s)))0
(8)
(GD(t))-1(s Q+sgn(s))0t t*
s
c0
&
(GD(t))-1(G F-(sgn(s*)-sgn(s)))0
(9)
Referring to(7)and the internal relations given in(8)and(9),assume that a
biased estimate of s
c =t-t*is compute
d as s?
c
=(GD(t))-1(s Q+sgn(s)).
Although s
c an
d s?
c
are slightly different in value,behavioral implication of both
s?
c0and s c0are the same,i.e.,to observe s Q sgn(s).If an adaptation algor-ithm adjusts the parameters of a controller such that s?
c0,then due to above
Efe 409implications,t t *and s s *.The designer must here notice that at each con-trol cycle there will be an uncertainty on the estimated control error since G F -(sgn(s *)-sgn(s ))±0during s ±s *,and the effect of this term is strictly dependent upon the vector function F (,t ),which is unknown.
5.Tuning of ADALINE controller parameters
The input output relation of the i th ADALINE controller is as t i =T i i ,where
i =[e i e Q i %e (r i -1)i 1]T is the vector of signals exciting the adjustable parameters denoted by i .In order not to be in con ict with the physical reality,the designer
must impose i B i ,Q i B Q i |t Q *i |B t Q *i ,the truth of which state that the adjustable parameters of the controller,the time derivative of the signal exciting
the adjustable parameter set and the time derivative of the target output of the controller remain bounded.
Theorem.For the i th subsystem of the system described in (1),which is under the control loop shown in Figure 1,the use of an ADALINE controller having input–output relation t i =T i i and the adaptation of the controller parameters as described in (10)enforces the value of the i th component of the control discrep-ancy vector (s c i )to zero:
Q
i =i k i sgn (s c i )(10)
where k i is a suf ciently large positive constant satisfying k i B i B Q i +B t Q *i .The adaptation law in (10)drives an arbitrary initial value of s c i to zero in nite time denoted by t hi satisfying the inequality in (11).
t h i |s c i (0)|k i -(B i B Q i +B t Q *i )(11)
Proof:See Sira-Ramirez et al .(1995)and Efe et al .(2000).
An important feature of this approach is the fact that the controller parameters evolve bounded as assumed initially.The details of the bounded parametric evolution analysis can be found in Yu et al .(1998)and Efe et al .(2000).
Based on the discussion presented in the previous section,the adaptation algorithm uses the estimate of the control discrepancy vector,i.e.,s ?c i ,as also illus-trated in Figure 1.
6.Practical issues
The analysis and the design approach presented so far have tried to illuminate the SMC-based adaptation problem from a theoretical perspective.In this sub-section,two important issues related to the practical applications of the discussed approach are highlighted.
410Variable structure control with ADALINE
6.1Chattering
Since the control decision is based on the sign of a quantity,which is very close to zero,the motion that is observed during the sliding regime exhibits high-frequency components,which is known as chattering.Referring to the control signal of (4),the second term is the well known corrective control action and is the primary reason for chattering.Several approximations can be utilized to avoid chattering at the cost of introducing a boundary layer.This paper uses the exact sign functions;however,an in-depth discussion on this issue can be found at Hung et al .(1993)and Slotine and Li (1991).
6.2Actuation speed
Another important issue is the actuation speed of the system under control,i.e.,the ability to respond to what is imposed timely.Since the details concerning the dynamic model of the plant under control are assumed to be unavailable,what causes a dif culty from a practical point of view is the selection of the design matrix ,which characterizes the behaviour during the reaching mode.The values of this quantity can only be set by trial-and-error,due to the lack of system-speci c details.
7.An illustrative example
This section demonstrates the performance of the proposed scheme for a third-order system studied previously by Roy and Olgac (1997)and Yilmaz and Hurmuzlu (2000).The dynamic equation describing the system is given in (12).
(3)=-0.5-0.5Q 3-0.5¨|¨|+(1+0.1sin(t /3))t +1(t )+2(t )+
(-0.05+0.25sin(5t ))+(-0.03+0.3cos(5t ))Q 3+(-0.05+0.25sin(7t ))¨|¨|(12)where 1(t )=0.2sin(4t )is the disturbance used in Roy and Olgac (1997)and Yilmaz and Hurmuzlu (2000),and 2(t )is the zero mean Gaussian noise cor-rupting the state information to be used by the controller additively.The standard deviation for all three noise components is equal to 0.00025and the noise sequences are within 0.001interval,with probability very close to unity.The work presented by Roy et al .assumes that the nominal system dynamics is known and the uncertain part is comprised of what is given as the last three terms in (12).The primary difference between what has been discussed so far and what is assumed in Roy and Olgac (1997)should be stressed,as the approach we discuss only assumes the achievability of the SMC task,hence the uncertainties are represented in the system dynamics,whose form is known but the details are not.As the controller,a four-input single-output ADALINE structure is used with input vector i =(e i e Q i e ¨i 1)T .The tuning is performed on all four parameters,which are initially set to zero.Since the system comprises a single subdynamics,which is of order 3,n =1and r 1=3.The system is under the feedback loop as
Efe 411
Figure 4Sliding surface and the motion in the phase space
illustrated in Figure 1,with the discussed adaptation strategy.We set G =[121]T ,i.e.,1=1,k 1=10and =1,for the SMC design matrix of s ?c =(GD(t))-1(s
Q +sgn (s )).Parallel to Roy and Olgac (1997),the reference state trajectory described as d =0.5cos (t /5)is used in the simulations with Q d (0)=0,¨d (0)=-2/50.The simulation step size is 0.5ms.Initially,the states of the system have the following values,(0)=1,Q (0)=1and ¨(0)=1.In the rst column of Figure 2,the reference state trajectory for state,observed system response in and the discrepancy between them are illustrated.The second and the third columns of this gure illustrate the responses relevant to Q and ¨states.From the bottom row of this gure,convergent error trends are clear for all three error variables.
In the top row of Figure 3,the applied control signal is illustrated.In order to see the transient behaviour in detail,the middle row depicts the same signal for the rst 15s and the bottom row shows the behaviour after t =15s.Apparently,the applied control signal settles down to a steady-state solution after a reasonably fast transient,which takes place during the rst 15s.One important note here should be on the selection of the design parameter .The value is taken as 5in Roy and Olgac (1997);however,we use =1,because the behaviour with this value results in a much better system response.Figure 4illustrates the trajectory followed in the phase space.The error vector hits the sliding surface rst around t 4.15s,and continues moving on it as enforced by the algorithm.Next,the behaviour in the parameter space should be taken into consideration.As seen in Figure 5,the rst three parameters settle down to constant solutions as their multi-pliers are the convergent error terms,and the fourth one,whose multiplier is a constant bias unity,continuously provides the necessary control input during the motion around the origin of the phase space.
412Variable structure control with ADALINE
Figure5Time evolution of the adjustable controller parameters If F(,t)of(1)were known perfectly,the target response obtained through the construction of the target control signal by using(4)would be compared as depicted in Figure6.Clearly,the Euclidean norm of the difference between the two error vectors,namely e-e*,converges to zero rapidly.The trajectories fol-lowed in the phase space also demonstrate that the target regime is slightly differ-ent from that achieved by the discussed method since G F-(sgn(s*)-sgn(s))
Efe413
Figure6Comparison of the proposed approach(F(,t)is
unknown)and the result of the traditional scheme when F(,t)is
known perfectly
of(7)cannot be constructed numerically.This comparison justi es the creation and maintenance of the SMC task claim of the paper.
Lastly,we analyse the computational burden of the algorithm.The required number of oating point operations( ops)to perform the inner product of
i and
i
is equal to9for a third-order system and that to tune the parameters
is equal to63 ops.A total of72 ops with two comparisons are performed and this result is highly affordable even for the average-speed microcontrollers.
414Variable structure control with ADALINE
8.Conclusions
This paper discusses the design of an ADALINE-based variable structure control strategy for a class of systems.The approach assumes that the SMC task is achiev-able and the system has the structure given in(1).A number of issues in SMC design are discussed from the point of control engineering and a case study has been presented.It is shown that the tuning strategy meets the desired speci -cations.Furthermore,the control system retains a high degree of robustness against disturbances and uncertainties.A major contribution of the paper is the creation and maintenance of a prede ned sliding regime without knowing the analytical details describing the plant dynamics.The acceptable smoothness of the produced control signal and the computational simplicity of the approach are the prominent features recommending the use of the proposed adaptation law.The potential application eld of the scheme presented covers all controller structures, whose outputs are linear in the adjustable parameters.Therefore,if the task is well speci ed,the removal of the ambiguity on the control signal error for intelli-gent control applications has been shown to be achievable without externally identifying the system under investigation.
Acknowledgements
The author gratefully acknowledges the constructive suggestions of the anony-mous reviewers.
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what用法总结 温馨提示:what用法很多，对专升本有用的我已经用红色字体显示，由于部分同学考研可能要用到，把几乎所有用法都附上了。 what的用法是各种类型英语科测试的热点，what的用法灵活多变，出题花样翻新，只有对其有一个全面的掌握，才能灵活运用。本文以2006年的两道高考题为例，总结what的用法，希望能让同学们对它有一个全面的了解。 The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _____ he thought was not enough.（2006山东卷第26题） A. where B. how C. what D. which 答案：C Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _____ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped.（2006安徽卷第32题） A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that 答案：A. 上述两题中的what都是关系代词，一般含义是“the thing that”。第一题中what 的意思是“the price that”，引导宾语从句；第二题中what的意思是“the school that”，引导的是表语从句。what的其他结构还有：
一、what + little 在此结构中，little是名词，强调某种东西“虽少但已是全部”，至于被强调的是什么，只能凭借上下文来判断。 例如：（1）What little he said on the subject was full of wisdom. （2）She saved what little of the money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother go to school 二、what little + 名词 此结构为上一结构的延伸，所不同的是，little在这里不是名词，而是形容词了。 例如：（1）He gave me what little money he had about him. （2）My father spent what little spare time he had in writing. 三、what + few + 名词 当被修饰的名词为可数名词时，little应换成few，含义为“仅有的几个”。 例如：（1）What few friends I have are very kind to me. （2）I will lend you what few books I can spare.
Unit5 Grammar Inversion（倒装） 英语部分倒装用法归纳（Partial Inversion） 1. 否定副词位于句首时的倒装 在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装： I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。 He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。 She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 她几乎没时间听音乐。 He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。 We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。 【注意】 (1)对于not…until句型，当not until…位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序： He didn’t leave the r oom until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。 (2)某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装： On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。 In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。 但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序： In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。 2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装 当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序： Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。 Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。 Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。 3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首时的倒装 副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装： So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。 So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。 4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装 当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构： You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。 She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。
#pragma code_seg 格式如： #pragma code_seg( [ [ { push | pop}, ] [ identifier, ] ] [ "segment-name" [, "segment-class" ] ) 该指令用来指定函数在.obj文件中存放的节,观察OBJ文件可以使用VC自带的dumpbin命令行程序,函数在.obj文件中默认的存放节为.text节，如果code_seg 没有带参数的话,则函数存放在.text节中。 push (可选参数)将一个记录放到内部编译器的堆栈中,可选参数可以为一个标识符或者节名 pop(可选参数)将一个记录从堆栈顶端弹出,该记录可以为一个标识符或者节名identifier(可选参数)当使用push指令时,为压入堆栈的记录指派的一个标识符,当该标识符被删除的时候和其相关的堆栈中的记录将被弹出堆栈 "segment-name" (可选参数)表示函数存放的节名 例如: //默认情况下,函数被存放在.text节中 void func1() {// stored in .text } //将函数存放在.my_data1节中 #pragma code_seg(".my_data1") void func2() {// stored in my_data1 } //r1为标识符,将函数放入.my_data2节中 #pragma code_seg(push, r1, ".my_data2") void func3() {// stored in my_data2 } int main() { } 例如 #pragma code_seg(“PAGE”) 作用是将此部分代码放入分页内存中运行。 #pragma code_seg() 将代码段设置为默认的代码段 #pragma code_seg("INIT") 加载到INIT内存区域中，成功加载后，可以退出内存
常见成语解析及成语故事 换骨夺胎 【注音】huàn gǔ duó tāi 【成语故事】换骨夺胎原是道家传说吃了金丹换去凡骨凡胎后成仙。古代文人借用以前古文的意思用自己的语言去表达，黄庭坚认为这是换骨法，深入研究古文的原意进一步加以刻划形容，这叫夺胎法。也有人说不蹈古人一言一句，用夺胎换骨法可以点铁成金。 【出处】然不易其意而造其语，谓之换骨法；窥入其意而形容之，谓之夺胎法。宋·释惠洪《冷斋夜话·换骨夺胎法》 【解释】比喻诗文活用古人之意，推陈出新。 【用法】作谓语、定语；用于诗文等 【相近词】脱胎换骨、夺胎换骨 【成语举例】他临摹古画有换骨夺胎之妙，当然能够乱真。 提名道姓 【拼音】tí míng dào xìng 【成语故事】王夫人、薛宝钗、林黛玉等在贾母房内聊天，有人汇报史湘云来了，众人迎接，大观园内又多了一位金钗。贾宝玉跑来看史湘云，一见十分快乐，亲热的叫她的名字。王夫人要他不要提名道姓，她们在一起又玩个昏天黑地。 【出处】这里老太太才说这一个，他又来提名道姓的了。清·曹雪芹《红楼梦》第31回
【释义】提、道：说。直呼别人姓名，对人不够尊敬。 【用法】作谓语、宾语；指直呼别人姓名 【相近词】指名道姓、习题名道姓 【反义词】含沙射影 【成语例句】 ◎你得喝醉哟，不然哪里敢！既醉，则挑鼻子弄眼，没必要提名道姓，而以散文诗冷嘲，继以热骂：头发烫得像鸡窝，能孵小鸡么？曲线美，直线美又几个钱一斤？老子的钱是容易挣得？哼！诸如此类，无须管层次清楚与否，但求气势畅利。 ◎设若要摆，也不应该提名道姓。 随遇而安 【注音】：suí yùér ān 【释义】：随：顺从；遇：遭遇。指能顺应环境，在任何境遇中都能满足。 【出处】：清·刘献廷《广阳杂记》一：“随寓而安，斯真隐矣。”清·文康《儿女英雄传》第24回：“吾生有涯，浩劫无涯，倒莫如随遇而安。” 【用法】：偏正式；作谓语、宾语、定语、状语；含褒义；指能顺应环境 【示例】：不过能够～——即有船坐船云云——则比起幻想太多的人们来，可以稍为安稳，能够敷衍下去而已。（鲁迅《两地书》六）【近义词】：与世无争、随俗浮沉
soup的用法总结大全 想了解speak的用法吗?今天就给大家带来了speak的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 soup的用法总结大全 soup的意思 n. 汤，羹,浓雾,硝化甘油炸药,困境 vt. 加大马力 变形：过去式: souped; 现在分词：souping; 过去分词：souped; soup用法 soup可以用作名词 soup的基本意思是“汤,羹”,多用作不可数名词,表示不同种类的“汤”时,可用作可数名词。 a bowl of soup表示“一碗汤”, a cup of soup表示“一杯汤”。 soup用作名词的用法例句
I made some gravy soup for my husband.我给我丈夫做了一些肉汤。 He had spoiled the soup by putting in too much salt.他往汤里放盐太多，把汤给糟蹋了。 This soup is a spicy variation on a traditional favourite.这种汤是在一种受欢迎的传统汤羹中加了香料。 soup用法例句 1、I started with the Viennese speciality frittatensuppe, or pancake soup. 我吃的第一道菜是维也纳特色菜鸡蛋饼汤，也叫炒饼汤。 2、Drain the beans thoroughly and save the stock for soup. 将豆角彻底控干，并把滤出的豆汁留下做汤。 3、She has a knack of landing herself right in the soup. 她老是让自己的处境很尴尬。 请注意，Russian Soup不是「俄罗斯的汤」! 说起罗宋汤，估计大家没喝过也听说过，那么说起Russian soup，大家知道是什么吗?可千万别把Russian soup译成俄罗斯的汤，因为它就是罗宋汤的英文名。
标点符号 知识要点： 标点符号是书面语言的有机组成部分，是书面语言不可缺少的辅助工具。标点符号的主要作用有三点：1．表示停顿；2．表示语气；3．表示词语的性质和作用。现在通行的标点符号有l6种，分为点号和标号两大类。点号包括：顿号(、)、逗号(，)、分号(；)、句号（。）、问号(?)、叹号(!)和冒号(：)。而标号则包括：破折号(——)、括号(( ))、省略号（……)、书名号(《》)、引号(“”)等。 答题注意： 1、标点符号是书面语里用来表示停顿、语调以及词语性质和作用的符号。虽然它只是一个小符号，作用却非常大，一定要认真读题，什么样的语气就相应地用什么样的标点符号。 2、给一段话加标点，难度较大，首先要认真地读这一段话看一看一共有几句话．每句话是什么意思，使用的是怎样的语气，然后再动手加标点符号，最后再读一读，检查标点符号使用得是否恰当、正确。 方法指津： 小学5～6年级与初中阶段要求掌握的常用标点符号大体一致，只是题型有变化，难度有所提高。在解题时要注意以下几个方面： 1．建立标点符号用法表，熟悉掌握常用标点符号的用法。无论是主观题，还是客观题，熟悉并掌握常用标点符号的用法，是准确解答标点符号题的基础。 2．熟记各种标点符号的位置，规范使用标点符号。如：标点符号由点号与标号组成，点号分为句中点号和句末点号。其中句中点号由顿号、分号、逗号组成，这三种点号均表示一个句子内部的停顿。顿号表示词语之问的停顿，一般应是两个或以上的词语之间，停顿时间最短；逗号表示一个句子内的一般性停顿，可以是词语、短语或句子内部的分句，停顿时问稍长；分号则用于复句内部并列的分句之间或排比句中并列的分句之间，停顿的时间比逗号更长。运用时，应先用停顿短的逗号，再用停顿长的分号，不能乱了秩序，只有在分行列举的各项之间，才能直接用分号。又如：七种点号都占一个字的位置，通常点在紧靠文字右边偏下，不能用在一行之首，引号、括号、书名号都标在文字前后，各占一个字位置。破折号和省略号占两个字的位置，都标在正中。连接号占一个字的位置，着重号标在字的下面，间隔号写在格子正中。知晓了这些内容，才能规范使用标点符号，为识破标点使用的正误打下基础。 3．总结、积累标点符号使用的特点、规律，以简驭繁。事物总是有规律的，标点符号也不例外。如冒号的使用就有以下规律：一是冒号不能连用，在同一句子中，冒号一般只用一个，否则便会面目不清，必须将其中一个改为逗号；二是冒号后面揭示范围不清楚。特别是冒号与引号连用时，一定要分清冒号提示的范围，如果提示的是全部，句末的句号应在引号之外；如果提示的仅引号内的部分，那么或将冒号改为逗号，或将逗号改为引号内句号。 4．对易错标点要反复训练，定期复习巩固。有些标点在使用中常常被误用，如顿号、分号、逗号的误用，冒号的误用，句号、叹号、问号的误用等。还有不同标点间的连用、套用容易出错，比如引号的使用．因为引语与“某某说”之间位置不同，标点符号也就不同。“说”在前，“引语”在后，“说”后用冒号；“说”在“引语”中间，“说”后用逗号；“说”在“引语”之后，“说”后用句号。如果区分不明，则易导致标号误用。因此，我们在平时的学习实践中一定要反复训练，不断强化巩固。
五个字的成语故事分享 导读：本文五个字的成语故事分享，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 售胝足之药 【成语故事】从前有人在市场上卖治脚茧药，在门上挂“供御”的招牌，人们讥笑他不诚实。皇帝知道后，派人传唤他，并把他投入监狱。他遇大赦而回家，就又重操旧业，在招牌上面增加“曾经宣唤”4字，以此来招徕顾客。 【出处】昔人有以胝足之药售于市者，辄揭扁于门曰：‘供御。’《厅史》 【解释】胝：手掌或脚掌上的老茧。指卖狗皮膏药骗人。 【用法】作谓语、宾语;指卖狗皮膏药 覆巢无完卵 【成语故事】东汉末年，北海相孔融反对曹操率50万大军征讨刘备与孙权，御史大夫向来与孔融不合，在曹操面前添油加醋，恶意挑拨。曹操大怒，命人逮捕孔融全家，孔融的孩子无动于衷，也不逃跑，说：“大人，岂见覆巢之下复有完卵乎?” 【出处】大人，岂见覆巢之下复有完卵乎?南朝·宋·刘义庆《世说新语·言语》 【解释】复：翻倒。翻倒的鸟窝里不会有完好的卵。比喻灭门大祸，无一幸免。又比喻整体毁灭，个体也不能幸存。
【用法】作定语、分句;比喻整体毁灭，个体不能幸存 【近义词】覆巢破卵 【成语示列】你是知道覆巢无完卵的结局的。 民以食为天 【成语故事】楚汉相争时期，刘邦与项羽在颖阳一带打仗，由于没有后援，刘邦准备放弃敖山粮仓，找谋士郦食其商量。郦食其认为称王要依赖百姓，百姓又依赖粮食。要想赢得战争，必须占据敖仓，才能稳住军心。刘邦赞同并奋勇作战取得了胜利。 【典故】天：比喻赖以生存的最重要的东西。人民以粮食为自己生活所系。指民食的重要。 【释义】天：比喻赖以生存的最重要的东西。人民以粮食为自己生活所系。指民食的重要。 【用法】作宾语、定语;指粮食的重要性 【近义词】国以粮为本 【成语举例】 ◎民以食为天，吃饱肚子是大别山人祖祖辈辈的梦想："谁让我们吃饱饭，就选谁当县长。" ◎解放几十年来农业还没有从根本上过关的历史教训和现实状况都告诉我们：国以民为本、民以食为天。 ◎民以食为天，国以农为本，这是我国的基本国情，要实现跨世纪的宏伟目标，解决好农业问题至关重要.
who的用法总结大全 who的用法你知道哪些?今天给大家带来who的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 who的用法总结大全 who的意思 pron. 谁,什么人,关系代词，有先行词,孰 who用法 who可以用作代词 who用作疑问代词时,意思是“谁”,一般只用来指人,在句中用作宾语或主语。 who用作限制性或非限制性的关系代词,意思是“…的人,那个…”“他,她,他们”,在句中作主语。 指某一组织机构的成员时也可用who,此时应用复数形式的谓语。 who用法例句 1、The happiest are not those who own all the best things, but those who can appreciate the beauty of life.
最幸福的人们并不一定什么都是最好，只是他们懂得欣赏生活的美好。 2、The difference between who you are and who you want to be is what you do. 你是什么样的人和你想成为什么样的之间的差距就是，你做了什么。 3、Remember, happiness doesnt depend upon who you are or what you have; it depends solely upon what you think.--Dale Carnegie 请记住，幸福不在于你是谁或者你拥有什么，而仅仅取决于你的心态! Who、whom、whose傻傻分不清之who的用法大全 who、whom、whose你认清了吗? 其实我们经常会傻傻分不清楚像这样子类型引导的疑问句，甚至有时候不知道怎样去进行表达，感觉都是对的，然后又感觉都是错的。所以，只有踏踏实实的吧这几个who、whom、whose 分清楚，真正的了解他们的区别和用法，拿在之后的中英互译中才不会出现让人尴尬的错误。
#pragma预处理命令 #pragma可以说是C++中最复杂的预处理指令了，下面是最常用的几个#pragma 指令： #pragma comment(lib,"XXX.lib") 表示链接XXX.lib这个库，和在工程设置里写上XXX.lib的效果一样。 #pragma comment(linker,"/ENTRY:main_function") 表示指定链接器选项/ENTRY:main_function #pragma once 表示这个文件只被包含一次 #pragma warning(disable:4705) 表示屏蔽警告4705 C和C++程序的每次执行都支持其所在的主机或操作系统所具有的一些独特的特点。例如，有些程序需要精确控制数据存放的内存区域或控制某个函数接收的参数。#pragma为编译器提供了一种在不同机器和操作系统上编译以保持C和C++完全兼容的方法。#pragma是由机器和相关的操作系统定义的，通常对每个编译器来说是不同的。 如果编译器遇到不认识的pragma指令，将给出警告信息，然后继续编译。Microsoft C and C++ 的编译器可识别以下指令：alloc_text，auto_inline，bss_seg，check_stack，code_seg，comment，component，conform，const_seg，data_seg，deprecated，fenv_access，float_control，fp_contract，function，hdrstop，include_alias，init_seg，inline_depth，inline_recursion，intrinsic，make_public，managed，message，omp，once，optimize，pack，pointers_to_members，pop_macro，push_macro，region, endregion，runtime_checks，section，setlocale，strict_gs_check，unmanaged，vtordisp，warning。其中conform，init_seg, pointers_to_members，vtordisp仅被C++编译器支持。 以下是常用的pragma指令的详细解释。 1.#pragma once。保证所在文件只会被包含一次，它是基于磁盘文件的，而#ifndef 则是基于宏的。
第二十一课时，成语故事（文言文版）阅读 教学目标： 1，了解成语，学习感悟其中的道理 2，积累文言文实词及虚词的用法。 3，掌握文言文常见语法现象。 课堂笔记： 成语故事（文言文版）阅读 引婴投江 有过于江上者，见人方（）引婴儿而欲投之江中。婴儿啼。人问其故，曰：“此其父善游！” 其父虽善游，其子岂（）遽善游哉？以此任物，亦必悖矣。 刻舟求剑 楚人有涉( )江者，其剑自舟中坠于水。遽( )契其舟，曰：“是( )吾剑之所从坠。”舟止，从其所契者入水求之。 舟已行矣，而剑不行。求剑若此，不亦惑乎！
叶公好龙 叶公好龙，室中雕文( )尽以为龙。于是天龙闻而下之，窥头于牖( )，拖尾于堂。叶公见之，弃而还走( )，失其魂魄，五神无主。 是( )叶公非好龙也，夫似龙而非龙也。 郑人买履 郑人有且置履( )者，先自度( )而置之其坐，至之市而忘操( )之，已得履，乃曰:“吾忘持度。”反( )归取之。及反，市罢( )，遂不得履。 人曰：“何不试之以足？”曰：“宁信度，无自信也。” 自相矛盾 楚人有卖盾与矛者，誉( )之曰：“吾盾之坚，物莫能陷( )也。”又誉其矛曰：“吾矛之利，于物无不陷也。”或曰：“以子( )之矛，陷子之盾，何如？”其人弗能应也。 夫不可陷之盾与无不陷之矛，不可同世而立。 守株待兔 宋人有耕者。田中有株。兔走（）触株，折颈而死。因释其耒（）而守株，冀（）复得兔。兔不可得得，而身为宋国笑。 拔苗助长 宋人有悯（）其苗之不长而揠（）之者，芒芒然（）归，谓其人曰：“今日病矣！予助苗长矣。”其子趋（）而往视之，苗则槁矣。 天下之不助苗长者（）寡矣。助之长者，揠苗者也。非徒（）无益，而又害之。 滥（）竽充数 齐宣王使人吹竽，必（）三百人。南郭处士请为王吹竽。宣王悦之，廪（）食以数百人。宣王死，湣王立。好一一听之。处士逃。 涸辙之鲋
partly的用法总结大全 partly的意思是什么呢?partly的用法是怎样的呢，今天给大家带来了parcel的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。 partly的意思 adv. 在一定程度上,部分地,不完全地,半 partly用法 partly可以用作副词 partly用作副词指“部分地,不完全地”,修饰形容词常置于其前。常用于partly...partly...结构。 partly无比较级和最高级形式。 partly用作副词的用法例句 You have introduced a partly random component.你介绍了一个在一定程度上属于偶然的成分。 The transformation is partly due to demographics.这一变化一定程度上是源于人口的变化。 Their energy is partly dissipated.它们的能量被部分地消耗掉。
partly双语例句 1.This is partly a political and partly a legal question.这个问题部分是政治问题, 部分是法律问题。 2.Farming is partly subsidised by the government.农业得到政府的部分资助。 3.Their company sell partly to foreign markets.他们公司部分向国外市场销售。 4.Leaves scale-like, distichous, equitant, sometimes linear or partly linear.叶鳞片状，2列，套折，有时线形的或部分线形。 5.The delay is partly explicable by the road works.延误的部份原因是道路施工。 6.I believe what he has said is partly true.我相信他刚才说的话一部分是真实的。 7.The sale of ice cream is partly determined by the weather.冰淇淋的销量部分取决于天气。 8.Maturate partly in French oak barrique and partly in Slovenian oak casks for about 12-15 months.之后，一部分在法国橡木桶里醇化，一部分在斯洛文尼亚橡木桶里醇化，大致需要12-15个月。
#pragma data:code 在Keil中为了节省数据存储器的空间，通过“code”关键字来定义一个数组或字符串将被存储在程序存储器中： uchar code buffer[]={0,1,2,3,4,5}; uchar code string[]="Armoric" ; 而这类代码移值到ICCAVR上时是不能编译通过的。我们可以通过"const" 限定词来实现对存储器的分配： #pragma data:code const unsigned char buffer[]={0,1,2,3,4,5}; const unsigned char string[]="Armoric"; #pragma data:data 注意： 《1》使用ICCAVR6.31时，#pragma data :code ;#pragma data:data ; 这些语法时在"data:cod"、"data:data"字符串中间不能加空格，否则编译不能通过。 《2》const 在ICCAVR是一个扩展关键词，它与ANSIC标准有冲突，移值到其它的编译器使用时也需要修改相关的地方。 在ICCAVR中对数组和字符串的五种不同空间分配： const unsigned char buffer[]={0,1,2,3,4,5}; //buffer数组被分配在程序存储区中 const unsigned char string[]="Armoric" ; //stringp字符串被分配在程序存储区中 const unsigned char *pt //指针变量pt被分配在数据存储区中，指向程序存储区中的字符类型数据 unsigned char *const pt //指针变量pt被分配在程序存储区中，指向数据存储区中的字符类型数据 const unsigned char *const pt //指针变量pt被分配在程序存储区，指向程序存储区中的字符类型数据 unsigned char *pt //指针变量pt被分配在数据存储区中，指向数据存储区中的数据 请问#pragma data:code和#pragma data:data是什么意思？ 前者表示：随后的数据将存贮在程序区，即FLASH区，此区只能存贮常量，比如表格之类。
有关后生可畏成语故事及用法 【解释】后生：青年人，后辈;畏：敬畏，佩服。指青年人势必超过前辈，令人敬畏。 后生可畏成语故事及用法 【读音】hòu shēng kě wèi 【解释】后生：青年人，后辈;畏：敬畏，佩服。指青年人势必超过前辈，令人敬畏。 【出处】《论语·子罕》后生可畏，焉知来者之不如也! 【用法】主谓式;作谓语、宾语、分句;含褒义，称赞年轻人。 【近义词】少年老成、长江后浪推前浪 【反义词】少不更事、乳臭未干 【语法】：主谓式;作谓语、宾语、分句;含褒义，称赞年轻人 故事： 元朝的大臣彻里帖木耳，处理公务精明干练，善于决断。有一年他在浙江任职，正好逢上省城举行科举考试。他目睹了这场考试，从官府到考生都花费了很多钱财，并且免不了有营私舞弊的情况。他暗暗下了决心，待到自己掌握了大权，一定要促使朝廷废除这种制度。后来，他升任相当于副宰相的中书平章政事，便奏告元顺帝，请求废除科举制度。中国科举制度隋唐以来已实行了七百多年，要废除它是一件非常重大的事，在朝中引起了巨大的反响。大师伯颜表示支持，但反对的很多。有位御史坚决反对废除科举制度，他请求顺帝治彻里帖木耳的罪。不料顺帝虽然很昏庸，但对废除科举制度倒是赞成的。所以不但不支持那位御史，反而把他贬到外地去当官。
不久，他命人起草了废除科举制度的诏书，准备颁发下去。书还 未下达，地位略低于平章的参政许有王，又出来反对废除科举制度。 他对伯颜说：“如果废除科举考试制度，世上有才能的人都会怨恨的。”伯颜针锋相对地说：“如果继续实行科举考试制度，世上贪赃 枉法的人还要多。”许有王反驳说：“没有实行科举考试制度的时候，贪赃枉法的人也不是很多吗?”伯颜讽刺他说：“我看中举的人中有用 之材太少，只有你参政一个人能够任用!”许有王不服气，举出很多当 时中举的高官来反驳伯额。伯颜当然不会改变自己的观点，于是两人 争论得非常激烈。第二天，满朝文武被召到祟天门听读皇帝下达的废 除科举制席的诏书，许有王还特地被侮辱性地通知在班首听读。看来，皇帝特意要让这个反对者将诏书听得明白些。许有王心里非常不愿意，但又惧怕得罪皇帝遭到祸害，只好勉强跪在百官前列听读诏书。听读 完诏书后，百官纷纷回府，许有王满脸不高兴地低头走路。 有个名叫普化的御史特地走到他边上，凑着他的耳朵冷嘲热讽他说：“参政，你这下成为过河拆桥的人啦。这话的意思是，你许参政 是靠科举当官的，现在宣读皇上关于废除科举制度诏书，你跪在最前面，似乎是废除科举制度的领头人，就像一个人过了桥后就把桥拆掉 一样。许有王听了又羞又恨，加快步伐离开。之后他借口有病，再也 不上朝了。
take的用法总结大全 想了解take的用法么?今天给大家带来了take的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 take的用法 take的意思 vt. 拿，取,采取,接受(礼物等),耗费(时间等) vi. 拿,获得 n. 镜头,看法,收入额,场景 变形：过去式: took; 现在分词：taking; 过去分词：taken; take用法 take可以用作动词 take是英语中含义最多,搭配能力最强的动词之一,基本意思是“拿,取,带,抓”,指用手取物、接受东西、把人或物移到某处。可根据上下文灵活译为“吃,喝,服(药),容纳”“接,接受,提,买”“以为,把…看作…”“花费”“记录,量取”“拍摄”“承担,容忍”“乘坐,搭乘,租用”“取得,获得,得到”“采取,选”“攻下,占领,夺走,赢得”“上钩”“发生效用”等。
take可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时可接名词或代词作宾语,也可接双宾语,作“带给”解时其间接宾语可转化为介词to的宾语。用作不及物动词时主动形式可表示被动意义。 take与某些名词连用,表示做某一动作,相当于have。 take用作动词的用法例句 Please take the trash to the garbage can.请将垃圾拿到垃圾筒去。 Take money from the bank when needed.需要时,把钱从银行里取出来。 We are ready to take your order.我们随时准备执行您的命令。 take可以用作名词 take用作名词的意思是“捕获量,收入额”,指捕鱼、鸟兽等的数量,也可指交易的金额、赃款、所得金额等,通常用作单数形式。 take也可作“镜头”解,指已拍摄或未拍摄的连续的电影或电视镜头。 take还可作“奏效,反应; 成功”解。
北救赵而西却秦，此五霸之伐也（《信陵君窃符救赵》） 2．表示承接关系。 ①所连接的词语有时间上的相承关系，可译为"就""接着"，或不译。 又前而为歌（《荆轲刺秦王》） 于是荆轲遂就车而去（《荆轲刺秦王》） 图穷而匕首见（《荆轲刺秦王》） 拔剑切而啖之（《鸿门宴》） 羽化而登仙（《赤壁赋》） 耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色（《赤壁赋》） 或百步而后止（《寡人之于国也》） 或五十步而后止（《寡人之于国也》） 锲而舍之，朽木不折（《劝学》） 锲而不舍，金石可镂（《劝学》） 扣关而攻秦（《过秦论》） 率疲弊之卒，将数百之众，转而攻秦（《过秦论》）其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之（《师说》） 犹且从师而问焉（《师说》） 城入赵而璧留秦（《廉颇蔺相如列传》） 毕礼而归之（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）
掘野鼠去草实而食之（《苏武传》） 时矫首而遐观（《归去来兮辞》） 鸟倦飞而知还（《归去来兮辞》） 抚孤松而盘桓（《归去来兮辞》） 临清流而赋诗（《归去来兮辞》） 化而为鸟（《逍遥游》） 故舍汝而旅食京师，以求斗斛之禄（《祭十二郎文》） ②所连接的两个词在事理上有因果关系。可译为"就""因而"，或"而"。 拔剑撞而破之（《鸿门宴》） 有怠而欲出者，（《游褒禅山记》） 客喜而笑，洗盏更酌（《赤壁赋》） 是何异于刺人而杀之（《寡人之于国也》） 九国之师逡巡而不敢进（《过秦论》） 一夫作难而七庙隳（《过秦论》） 人非生而知之者，孰能无惑（《师说》） 3．表示修饰关系，即连接状语。可不译。 夜缒而出（《烛之武退秦师》） 樊於期偏袒扼腕而进（《荆轲刺秦王》） 仗尸而哭，极哀（《荆轲刺秦王》）
荆轲和而歌（《荆轲刺秦王》） 自引而起，绝袖（《荆轲刺秦王》）秦王还柱而走（《荆轲刺秦王》）倚柱而笑（《荆轲刺秦王》） 臣与将军戮力而攻秦（《鸿门宴》）项王按剑而跽曰（《鸿门宴》） 立而饮之（《鸿门宴》） 扣舷而歌之（《赤壁赋》） 倚歌而和之（《赤壁赋》） 正襟危坐而问客（《赤壁赋》） 下江陵，顺流而东也（《赤壁赋》）抱明月而长终（《赤壁赋》） 盖将自其变者而观之（《赤壁赋》）自其不变者而观之（《赤壁赋》）弃甲曳兵而走（《寡人之于国也》）吾尝终日而思矣（《劝学》） 吾尝跂而望矣（《劝学》） 登高而招（《劝学》） 顺风而呼（《劝学》）
#pragma的用法 在所有的预处理指令中，#Pragma 指令可能是最复杂的了，它的作用是设定编译器的状态或者是指示编译器完成一些特定的动作。#pragma指令对每个编译器给出了一个方法，在保持与C和C++语言完全兼容的情况下，给出主机或操作系统专有的特征。依据定义， 编译指示是机器或操作系统专有的，且对于每个编译器都是不同的。 其格式一般为: #pragma para。其中para为参数，下面来看一些常用的参数。 1)message 参数 message参数是我最喜欢的一个参数，它能够在编译信息输出窗口中输出相应的信息，这对于源代码信息的控制是非常重要的。其使用方法为： #pragma message("消息文本") 当编译器遇到这条指令时就在编译输出窗口中将消息文本打印出来。 当我们在程序中定义了许多宏来控制源代码版本的时候，我们自己有可能都会忘记有 没有正确的设置这些宏， 此时我们可以用这条指令在编译的时候就进行检查。假设我们希望判断自己有没有在源代码的什么地方定义了_X86这个宏, 可以用下面的方法: #ifdef _X86 #pragma message("_X86 macro activated!") #endif 我们定义了_X86这个宏以后，应用程序在编译时就会在编译输出窗口里显示"_86 macro activated!"。 我们就不会因为不记得自己定义的一些特定的宏而抓耳挠腮了。 (2)另一个使用得比较多的pragma参数是code_seg 格式如： #pragma code_seg( ["section-name" [, "section-class"] ] ) 它能够设置程序中函数代码存放的代码段，当我们开发驱动程序的时候就会使用到 它。 (3)#pragma once (比较常用) 只要在头文件的最开始加入这条指令就能够保证头文件被编译一次，这条指令实际上 在VC6中就已经有了， 但是考虑到兼容性并没有太多的使用它。 (4)#pragma hdrstop 表示预编译头文件到此为止，后面的头文件不进行预编译。BCB可以预编译头文件以 加快链接的速度， 但如果所有头文件都进行预编译又可能占太多磁盘空间，所以使用这个选项排除一些头文
成语故事大全.txt当你以为自己一无所有时，你至少还有时间，时间能抚平一切创伤，所以请不要流泪。能满足的期待，才值得期待；能实现的期望，才有价值。保持青春的秘诀，是有一颗不安分的心。不是生活决定何种品位，而是品位决定何种生活。成语故事大全 南柯一梦 隋末唐初的时候，有个叫淳于尊的人，家住在广陵。他家的院中有一棵根深叶茂的大槐树，盛夏之夜，月明星稀，树影婆婆，晚风习习，是一个乘凉的好地方。 淳于尊过生日的那天，亲友都来祝寿，他一时高兴．多贪了几杯。夜晚，亲友散尽，他一个人带着几分酒意坐在槐树下歇凉，醉眼膝俄，不觉沉沉睡去。 梦中，他到了大槐安国，正赶上京城会试，他报名入场，三场结束，诗文写得十分顺手，发榜时，他高中了第一名。紧接着殿试，皇帝着浮于弊生得一表人才，举止惆院，亲笔点为头名状元，并把公主许配给他为妻，状元公成了驸马郎，一时成了京城的美谈。 婚后，夫妻感情十分美满。淳于尊被皇帝派往南河郡任太守，一呆就是20年。淳于尊在太守任内经常巡行各县，使属下各县的县令不敢胡作非为，很受当地百姓的称赞。皇帝几次想把淳于尊调回京城升迁，当地百姓听说淳于太守离任，纷纷拦住马头，进行挽留。淳于尊为百姓的爱戴所感动，只好留下来，并上表向皇帝说明情况。皇帝欣赏淳于尊的政绩，赏给他不少金银珠宝，以示奖励。有一年，敌兵入侵，大槐安国的将军率军迎敌，几次都被敌兵打得溃不成军。败报传到京城，皇帝震动，急忙召集文武群臣商议对策。大臣们听说前线军事屡屡失利，敌兵逼近京城，凶猛异常，一个个吓得面如土色，你看我，我看你，都束手无策。 皇帝看了大臣的样子，非常生气地说：“你们平田养尊处优，享尽荣华，朝中一旦有事，你们都成了没嘴的葫芦，胆小怯阵，一句话都不说，要你们何用？” 宰相立刻向皇帝推荐淳于尊。皇帝立即下令，让淳于尊统率全国精锐与敌军决战。 淳于尊接到圣旨，不敢耽搁，立即统兵出征。可怜他对兵法一无所知，与敌兵刚一接触，立刻一败涂地，手下兵马被杀得丢盔解甲，东逃西散，淳于尊差点被俘。皇帝震怒，把淳于尊撤掉职务，遣送回家。淳于尊气得大叫一声，从梦中惊醒，但见月上枝头，繁星闪烁。此时他才知道，所谓南河郡，不过是槐树最南边的一枝树干而已。 后生可畏 【读音】 hòu shēng kě wai 【解释】后生：青年人，后辈；畏：敬畏，佩服。指青年人势必超过前辈，令人敬畏。【出处】《论语·子罕》后生可畏，焉知来者之不如也! 【用法】主谓式；作谓语、宾语、分句；含褒义，称赞年轻人。 【近义词】少年老成、长江后浪推前浪 【反义词】少不更事、乳臭未干 【语法】：主谓式；作谓语、宾语、分句；含褒义，称赞年轻人 故事： 元朝的大臣彻里帖木耳，处理公务精明干练，善于决断。有一年他在浙江任职，正好逢上省城举行科举考试。他目睹了这场考试，从官府到考生都花费了许多钱财，并且免不了有