现代商务英语合同的语言特色及“发展趋势”
1. Introduction
After the Chinese entry into the WTO, We have the increasingly close contact with other countries. With the development of foreign trade in our country，the demand of normative business contracts increase continuously. Business English becomes a hot major in colleges and universities. This also reflects the prosperity and development of our country’s international trade and business. Business English, as a branch of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), play an important role in the international trades. Therefore, business English contracts are the most widely used legal documents in business transaction.
However, it’s not easy for us to draft a business English contract. Business English contracts have a wide application in many fields. It includes trade, finance, marketing, management, e-commerce and cross-cultural communication and so on. In this aspect, business English contract is a dynamic concept, for it not only has the characteristics of English for special purposes (ESP) but also it is a legal document with legally binding in accordance with the law.
So the study and discussion of vocabulary, structure, style of business English contracts is helpful to enhance the international business workers’abilities of business English contract’drafting and help professionals to quickly grasp the key points of business English contracts. So we can master the speaking right in the international business contacts.
I mainly introduce two aspects of business English contracts, it’s language features and
development trend. I hope that it can give an all-round understanding and a little help to professionals.
2. The Overview of Business English Contracts
In this chapter, I give a brief introduction of business English contracts. It includes the elementary knowledge and classification of business contracts.
2.1 The notion of business contracts
Business Contracts refer to the provisions which are made to confirm the respective rights and obligations when two or several people and two or more parties have a business contact.
2.2 The structure and the classification of business English contracts
Business contracts are usually composed of preface, main body and conclusion .The preface mainly indicates the names or designations and nationality, the main business of the contract parties or the place and signing date of contracts. The main body of text is the subject of the contract, which stipulates parties’ rights, obligations, responsibilities and risks etc. The conclusion of business
English contracts mainly indicates the execution of contract, the words used in contract text, supplementary provisions and additional agreements etc.
Business English contracts are the joint name of all provisions writing in English which made in business contact. It can divide into six classes.
Common business contracts include Sales Contracts, Technology Transfer Contract, Negotiated Contract, Sino Foreign Joint Venture Contract, Futures Goods Contract, Processing Contract etc.
3. The Language Features of Business English Contract
3.1 The lexical characteristics of business English contracts
The diction of business English contracts has their unique characteristics. Many legal terminology and formal terms is involved in the business English contracts drafting. So I give a detailed research of the lexical characteristics.
3.1.1 The formal and accurate word using.
The Business English Contracts are different from the general practical writing. It is a special practical writing and need to express the intentions of parties involved in contracts clearly.
So the diction and word selection should be careful and exquisite. Business English Contracts are the legal documents in nature. In order to maintain the legal’s authority and policy, we have to use formal and rigorous words in contracts writing to show its formal and solemn characteristics.
Examples:
(1) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), desiring to found a interdependent sustaining relationship between them, and with a view to found advisable agreements for collaborate between them, agree as follows...
The word desiring is more authority than word want or wish. The phrase with a view is more officially than in order to.
(2)With a proposition made by fifty percent of the total number of directors, the Chairperson may
convene an interim meeting.
Both convene and interim are formal words.
(3)With any of its Tier One suppliers who is incompetent, the Party A may require the Party B to
replace forthwith.
Require and forthwith are more official than word ask and phrase at once
(4) Party A agrees to send technologist to assist Party B to erect the equipage with the demand of
Party B.
The word Assist is more formal than the word help
3.1.2 The widely using of legal terms and contract terms
Because business English contracts drafting is legal documents and legally binding in accordance with the law, people who draft business contracts normally use legal terms and the contract terms, which show accurate, standardized and the majesty features of business contracts.
Examples:
(5)In case Party A want to sell or assign all or part of its excess inventory, the Party B shall have the preferential right.
The legal presentation assign is more official than word transfer.
(6)The shipper shall never have title either to the raw materials or the finished product in processing transportation.
The legal expression title is more suitable than ownership.
(7)The jargon "Effective date" show us the date on which this Agreement is properly executed by the parties hereto.
The legal jargon executed is more official than word sign.
Here is the list of terms commonly used in business English contracts and law:
Accord and satisfaction, specific performance, contemplate, convenience, encumbrance, consideration, envisage, frustration, jurisdiction, principal, remedy, ex prate, restitution, surely, survive, tort, unilateral contract, variance, waive, defect etc..
3.1.3 The use of Middle English and foreign words
There are two aspects in this section: Middle English words & phrases and foreign words & phrases.
3.1.3.1 Middle English
In business contracts, there maintain a lot of Middle English vocabulary. The most common form is binding compound adverbs such as here, there, where with prepositions. (由here, there, where+介词组成的复合副词）
Here means this, there means that, where means which and these words lead to clauses. In the same contract some nouns will often be mentioned several times, the use of these archaic English vocabulary words can not only avoid the repetition and sentence becoming too long but also make the contract statement concise, accurate and convincing.
Here is a list of this common words and its meaning:
hereafter = from then on;
hereby = result in; therefore; because of that
herein = in this;
Thereafter = later; then ;after that;
thereby = in that way;
therein = from that;
whereby = by what；by which;
wherein = in what；in which;
Hereinafter = later in this contract;
Thereinafter = later in the same contract;
Examples:
(8)This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between XXX Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and XXX Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on XXX(Date), in XXX(Place), China, on the precept of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation. Hereby：特此
Hereinafter：以下称为……
(9)We hereby guarantee to the best of our knowledge that the forenamed formulation is true and valid and all accessible information and data has been supplied herein, and that we approve to afford documentary testimony upon your demand.
hereby：特此
herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
3.1.3.2 Foreign words
After Christianity was introduced into England since 597 AD, a lot of Latin legal words and terms have been used in English Contracts such as basis, prior, register and declaration. Lots of French legal words are used in English contracts such as verdict, warrant, statute after the Norman Conquest. Many English contracts are raised by the using of these for words and terms for formality and solemnity.
3.1.4 Synonyms, paired words and related words compounding and tautology
It is not difficult for us to see the following phrases in the English business contract: null and void complete and final understanding, customs fees and duties, sign and issue, rights and interests etc..
Using synonyms whose meanings are very close in pairs can make the contract language more thorough, rigorous, and reduce misunderstanding and controversy. In general, paired
compounding and tautology words used as idioms, these phrases have expressed some constant meaning in writing and translation. It can not be arbitrarily separated. The use of this structure shows the gravity and preciseness of the English language contract.
Examples:
(10)Any of the responsibility in hereinafter, each party to this Agreement shall execute and enforce.
Both the words perform and fulfill are mean carry out the agreement. But perform more incline to subjective struggle，and fulfill give more meaning to objective consequence.
3.1.5 The high frequency of using modal verbs
In Business English Contracts，the modal verbs like shall, shall not, may not, may, must are used frequently. And they express a different meaning between business contracts and Legal practical writing. Shall, may, must, may not/shall not, these words respectively specify the rights of the two parties of contracts which mean what they can do , what the obligation of the parties is, and provide what must be done, and specify what is forbidden to do.
Examples:
(11)Should the verification conclusion of shipment contradict the conditions of a shipper target stated in a Freight Contract, the consignee has the right to investigate for shipper’s legal liability.
3.1.6 Exact language application without the use of ambiguous words
In order to avoid misunderstanding caused by the disputes, claims or litigation, commercial contract terms must be very clear.
Examples:
(12) Shipment is to be effected bimonthly at 800 metric tons each. The bimonthly in the sentence can be understood as once every two months or be understood as two times a months.
Here is the argument in Every two months a time of each loading 600 tons and Every half a month. Once a ship 600 tons. Considering this, time and quantity of shipment has different meanings. For this reason, such ambiguous words cannot arise in business contracts. Or some restrictions can be changed in the sentence to refrain this imperfection.
3.1.7 Clear reference
There were few personal pronouns in business contracts, and even if there is a personal pronoun, they usually make a general reference. The contract drafters often use the said or
the same and a noun to refer to the noun mentioned in the previous.
3.2 The Phrases Features of Business English Contracts
3.2.1 Using special phrases to express customary meaning of business English contract
Some common special phrases established by usage often use in business contracts to express some customary meaning.
There are some most common phrases:
whereas = in consideration of
in witness whereof = base on
now this presents witness = signing up the agreement as evidence
for and on behalf of …= Representing somebody
per pro. = act on; behalf of; in a responsible position
3.2.2 Noun phrases are in the majority
Compared with verb phrases, noun phrases have great advantages both in number and structure complexity. So in business contracts, the verb phrases which should have appeared in business English contracts transform into noun phrases, which appear lightness.
Examples:
(13)The Party A shall not willfully do or jerry-build to do anything which may disadvantageous affect an methodical transfer of responsibility for provision of the Services.
The Verb phrase transfer responsibility has been converted to a noun phrase transfer of responsibility.
The Verb phrase provision Service s has been changed to a noun phrase provision of the Services.
3.2.3 Verb phrases transform into adjective phrases and preposition phrases
The transformation from verb phrase into prepositional phrase is one of the prominent features of the expression pattern of business contracts. For example, break into in break of, support into in support of；default into in default of.
All such as places, issues, reports and meeting records should be on file at human resources department. In this sentences, it used the phrase on file instead of phrase be file.
The common adjective phrases which were transformed from verb phrases in business contracts are follows:
Examples:
(14)If a company states that its prices, goods, or services are exclusive of something, that thing is not consisted of the stated price, although it commonly still has to be paid for.
exclude to be exclusive of
(15)Please inform us your lowest price C.I.F. Los Angeles inclusive of our 5% brokerage expenses, stating the earliest date of shipment.
inclusive to be inclusive of
3.2.4 Commonly used phrases to replace some clauses
In general, the English business contracts will use some short phrases replacing the attributive, adverbial or subject clauses for the sake of making the contracts more concise Examples:
(16)All right and all the duty resulting from the shipment shall come under the jurisdiction of and be the categorically property of Party B.
The Participial phrases in this sentences resulting from the shipment make the sentence’s structure hard-packed and changed the attributive clause which result from the shipment, is a brief expression.
3.3. The sentence features of business English contract
3.3.1 The use of long sentences is very common
The contract is a legally binding document, so when writing the contracts we want to provide the complete strict information, and let readers understand directly, prevent misreading and misinterpreting. The establishment of the concept of law has certain restrictions .Then the central word also has many restrictions, so there are a lot of long sentences and a little short verses. The long sentences include subordinate compounds and integrated complex sentence.
Examples:
subordinate compound
(17)If facilities are not sufficient or suitable, it is possible that your good will have to sit in the protection, and this will cause retention and other additive costs.
(18)We are so regretful that we do not have a inventory of sufficient quantity to furnish you at present.
(19)What you should focus on is that claim must be made within the term of validity stipulated in the contact (generally within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination).
Integrated complex sentence
(20)Where a overseas-funded enterprise or joint venture enterprise applies for commercial land registration in China, the affair shall be handled based on any agreement concluded between the country to which the applicant belongs and the People’s Republic of China, or on the basis of the principle of non-political economic activity.
It’s an integrated complex sentence. The word Where is the guidance of the subject in the sentence. Because the subject is too lengthy, so we use the phrase the matter replaced the
entire subject.
The phrase between...and... Connected the phrase country to which the applicant belongs and the People’s Republic of China, they are parallel relationship. This sentence clearly reflects the complex sentence structure of English business contracts. Integrated Complex sentences are usually used to explain the details, problems and solutions.
3.3.2 Complete sentence structure
In general, we use complete sentences with subject and predicate .We usually do not use ellipsis, in order to avoid the ambiguity and meaning distorting caused by omission or default sentence.
Examples:
(21)Goods of a dangerous or damaging nature must not be tendered for shipment unless written notice of their nature and the name and the address of the sender have been given to carrier in advance , Master or Agent of the vessel and the nature is assuredly signed on the outside of the package or packages as required by statue.
The above paragraph is just one sentence. In the normal complete sentences, the word and connects two clauses. There are conditional adverbial clauses guided by unless in the former sentence. The sentence is long, but it can be structured, parallel and interdependent relation described very clearly.
3.3.3 Multiple sentences pattern express one legal meaning
A legal meaning of the expression of multiple sentences exists widely in business contracts.
3.3.3.1 The expression about be supposed to do something:
Be one’s account/responsibility ,be under the obligation for/to do, have the legal obligation to do, shall do, be obliged to do, shall be liable to do, be responsible to do, be required to do and so on.
3.3.3.2 Besides if, there is more expression about subjunctive mood.
In the event that/in the event of, in case/in case of, in so far as/in so far as, if and whenever, where, should, on condition that/on the conditions that and so on.
3.3.3.3 The expression about have the rights to do something:
Shall/will have the right to do , may do , shall have the right (but not obligation ) to do, be entitled to something, be entitled to do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do something at one’s option, be at liberty to do, something rests with somebody to do and so on.
3.3.4 Special word order and frequently using of inversion
In order to restrict and modify the contract contents, inverted sentence usually used in business English contracts and mainly embody in moving up the disavowal(否定提前）and the sentences which omits if.
Examples:
(22)Should you require further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Should you be prepared to reduce your limit by, say, 3%, we might come to terms.
3.3.5 Using present tense instead of future tense
Although the terms of the contract are many provisions of future events, traditionally using present tense is the principle.
Examples:
(23)In case one or more of the provisions or conditions of the Contract or any part thereof are or become void, unenforceable or otherwise invalid, the remainder of any Contract that incorporates such a provision or condition shall continue to be fully binding, including the remainder of any partially valid condition or provision.
(24)Licensee may terminate this Contract 120 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events.
3.3.6 The passive voice and the active voice
In the English language, the active voice is natural, clear, positive and direct.
Examples:
(25)Under the leasing agreement, we’ve finished joint inspection and reception of the leasing assets, and you can refer to their definition under cooperation contract of the project company, but it shall be in conformity with the following provisions in Paragraph 9.
And Using Passive voice aims to highlight contracts’ principle, objective fact and potency. Here is a comparison
(26) Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.
Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in an initial one of many to our mutual advantage.
3.3.7 The parenthesis makes expression distinct and intact
There are a lot of parentheses used in Business English Contracts. Parenthesis as the necessary supplementary instruction of sentences can emphasize some elements without change of the meaning of the sentence.
Examples:
(27)The buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods an /or the port of destination, give the sufficient notice thereof.
(28)The seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay, where applicable, the cost resulting from A3 a), all cost relating to the goods
3.3.8 Declarative sentences are the basic sentences
The contract is used to determine the legal relationship between the parties, the legal nature of the rights and obligations of the parties prescribed documents, in order to highlight its legal characteristics, we usually use declarative sentences when we are drafting.
Examples:
(29)Your confirmation on this point would be appreciated.
(30)We would appreciate it if you could send us the shipping instruction immediately.
3.4 The Literary structure of business English contracts
3.4.1 Using Sub-Clauses to avoid vague paraphrasing
In general, an important business contract has a definition at the beginning which defines and explains the important nouns’implications in the contract, and makes the language more exact.
Examples:
(31)Definition:
The following terms in this agreement have the especially meaning unless the context clearly requires. And the word ‘TERRITORY’means China.
3.4.2 The contents of the contract particular and clear
In order to avoid the text of contracts are too long, and insure the exhaustive contents at the same time, we usually used Schedule as a supplement for some contents’detail.
Examples:
(32)Schedule:
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that foregoing statements is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon you request.
4. The Development Trend of Business English Contracts
4.1 Diverse developments
As the preceding part of the paper said, there are two historical events which have a huge influence on English Business Contracts. First, Christianity was introduced into England since 597 AD. Second, the Norman Conquest. A lot of Latin and French legal words and terms have been used in English Contracts such as basis, prior, register and declaration, verdict, warrant, statute. Many English contracts are raised by the using of these for words and terms for formality and solemnity. So English as an international language is various. It is constantly absorbing the new knowledge, new words. The continuous ability of learning guarantees the English’ vitality and enriches the lexical features of Business English Contracts.
At the same time, Business English contracts keep vast Middle English vocabulary. So in the future, Business English Contracts will become more and more diversity.
4.2 Official development
Modern Business English Contracts already have altitudinal preciseness. But with the development of times, international trades happen more frequently between countries. Business English Contracts,as an official document with legal effect, must perfect itself. So the formalized development trend is an important direction of Business English Contracts.
4.3 Simplified development
The using of noun phrases and parenthesis has the intention to make Business English Contracts more straightforward. It does not mean Business English Contracts are becoming degradation. On the contrary, simplified development makes contracts easier to understanding and executing convenient.
This process simplifies the steps about how to sign agreements, and makes parties achieve cooperation faster. It is beneficial for parties in the agreement to keep up with the development of the times tightly.
Conclusion
In this present study, I mainly introduce the language features of business English contracts and some common demands of business English contracts writing. In addition, this paper also discusses the development trend of business English contracts and some analysis about the
evolution of business English Contracts. Meanwhile the function of business English contracts is involved. And I also list application of several main categories of language features of business English contracts, such as the lexical characteristics, the phrases features, the sentence features, the literary structures of business English contracts.
On the basis of those researches, we know that business English contracts play an important role in international business communication. Business English contracts have a high requirement against competence of drafter. So we have to grasp the rule of business English contracts, it’s the direct way that we avoid the encroachment of our rights and interests.
In the international business communication, business contracts are important guarantees of the successful cooperation between parties of the contracts. So the impartial business English contracts are the precondition of the successful cooperation. And Business English contracts are important legal documents of international business activities, so the contract drafter must master the laws and regulations of the countries concerned in the contract and the divers rules of international practice. Only after that can we help reduce economic dispute cases in international business communication.
The language used in business English contracts should insist the normative, accurate and precise choice of wording. The contents of English should be terse and lucid. And the structure should be unambiguous. Business English contract has its distinct and unique features, but if we want to be master and familiar with the writing and drafting business English contracts. We are not only learn and grasp the language features, but also be acquainted with the business English contracts’ history and future.
There are two historical events I introduced in chapter two and chapter three have a huge influence on business English contracts .The Latin legal words and French legal words is involved in business English contracts. In the other hand, there are many archaic words phrases have been retained. We can learn that this kind of plasticity may play a vital role in evolution as well as during the life time of business English contracts. So the business English contracts not only keep a trend of simplification and official form but also have a diversity development mechanism. So we can’s stand still and refuse to make progress in the business English contracts learning.
Lastly, due to the shortage of time, lack of a deeper research of business English contracts and the wanting of resources from the web, this paper still needs much improvement.
商务英语论文题目 1、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 2、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 3、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 4、商标名称的翻译与策略 5、汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 6、商务谈判中的语言艺术 7、商务谈判的文化障碍 8、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用 9、商务英语函电翻译技巧 10、商务谈判中英语的重要性 11、浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 12、礼仪在商务谈判中的作用 13、浅谈涉外合同英语特色 14、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 15、商务谈判的艺术性 16、跨文化的商务谈判 17、商务英语交往中的礼貌原则 18、如何翻译好日常商务文书 19、商务英语信函的语体分析 20、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 21、英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 22、商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 23、论跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响 24、跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素 25、浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译 26、商务英语阅读研究 27、商务英语写作问题研究 28、商务英语考试技巧研究 29、商务英语听力策略研究 30、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的应用 31、商务函电交流研究 32、商务英语学习方法 33、跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 34、国际商务中的跨文化交际问题 35、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 36、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 37、国际商务谈判中的“文化壁垒” 38、广告英语的分类及分析 39、虚拟语气与商务英语表达 40、跨文化交际在商务英语学习中的运用 41、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 42、商务英语在国际营销中的作用
43、术语在国际商务中的重要性 44、商务谈判语言技巧 45、浅析跨文化交际中的商务礼仪 46、例析论网络环境下商务英语的拓展学习模式 47、浅析商务英语汇商务英语中俚语的风格及翻译 48、商务英语教学中英语知识与商务知识的关系 49、商务英语中以谓语动词为中心的基本句型的翻译 50、商务英语的语言特色探讨 51、反译法在商务英语中的应用 52、奈达“等值”理论于商务英语翻译中的理解和应用 53、商务英语中的平行结构及其翻译方法 54、语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴 55、商务英语语篇文体特征分析 56、商务英语常用单词的多义现象例析 57、商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译 58、商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素 59、商务英语中书面语言的文体特征及语用分析 60、社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响 61、英语写作中常见中式英语分析 62、汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题 63、美国英语习语与文化 64、中美日常交际中的文化差异 65、中西方文化差异及语言体现 商务英语论文题目|商务英语毕业论文题目参考 一、英语论文基本格式 1、毕业论文结构包括：主标题、论文摘要、正文（一般不少于5000字）、注释、参考书目，注释统一用尾注。 2、板式：毕业论文一律用计算机打印。（使用A4规格打印，每页30行） 二、阅读类参考题目以下参考题目对应的范文请到VIP留学生论文网下载，如需原创论文需与在线辅导老师沟通。 1、持续性交际法对商务英语学习者口语和写作能力提高的研究分析 2、商务英语文体学分析 3、语篇功能对等视角的商务英语翻译 4、高职商务英语专业实践课程开发 5、关联理论在商务英语阅读教学中的应用 6、成人商务英语教学中学生自主学习能力的培养 7、功能对等理论视角下的商务英语翻译 8、中职商务英语教学中跨文化交际意识的培养 9、论商务英语翻译中的文化转向 10、职前学生商务英语词汇教学法探索 11、商务英语中模糊语言的应用及其语用分析 12、从目的论角度看国际商务英语翻译的质量评估 13、高职院校商务英语精读教学中的任务型教学法 14、词典类型对翻译与习得商务英语新词作用的实证研究
合同 编号：日期： 买受人： 出售人： 本合同由买卖双方订立，根据本合同规定的条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售下述商品： 1.货名，规格，数量 2.单价，总价 3.生产国和制造商 4.包装 用坚固的新木箱包装，适宜长途海运，并具备良好的防潮，防震，防锈，耐粗暴搬运能力，由于包装不当而引起的货物损坏或由于防护措施不善而引起货物锈蚀，卖方应赔偿由此而造成的全部损失费用。 5.唛头 卖方应在每件包装上，用不褪色油墨清楚地标刷件号、尺码、毛重、净重、“此端向上”、“小心轻放”、“切勿受潮” 等字样。 6．运日期 7.装运港 8.目的港
9.保险装运后由买方投保。 10.支付条件 ⑴信用证付款，买方在收到卖方根据合同第12条规定的提前装运的通知后，应于运输的15日到20日之前，按货物总金额的全部。通过_______（银行），设立以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证。卖方凭本合同第11条规定的装运单据及开出的即期汇票提交给开证银行贷款，信用证的有效期至货物运装后15天为止。 ⑵托收付款，卖方应把合第11条所规定的由_______(银行)开具的装运单据转交买方。 ⑶根据合同第11条货款应在收据收到的7天前生效。 11.单据 ⑴卖方应将下列单据提交付款银行托收付款，若以信汇付款，下列单据应寄买方： (a)填写通知目的口岸对外贸易运输公司的空白抬头、空白背 书的全套已装船的清洁提单，注明“运费到付”，并通知货口岸___________公司。 (b)发票五份，注明合同号，唛头。(唛头在一份以上，发票 需独立出具)。 (c)五份发票需注明货物重量，编号和发票相应的日期。 (d)按照本合同第16条第一项规定，提交由制造厂签发的质 量和数量/重量证明书及检验报告各两份。
商务英语的语言特点及翻译技巧 摘要: 商务英语是一门具有专业用途的英语，形成了自身的文体特征。商务英语在国际贸易和国际合作交流等跨国商务活动中发挥了重要作用。本文将通过简要分析商务英语的语言特点，阐述商务英语的翻译技巧与方法。 关键词：商务英语，语言特点，翻译技巧 一、商务英语的概念 商务英语通称为Business English，是人们在商务英语中所使用的文体，是现代外资企业中最重要的交流工具。商务英语以服务于商业活动位目标，集实用、专业性和明确的目的性于一身,为广大从事国际商务活动的人们所认同和接受,并具备较强社会功能，经常应用在谈判、外贸函电（订单、提单、问价）等方面，包含了各种商务活动的内容。在世界经济迅速发展的今天，商务英语已经成为一种生存语言和发展语言。商务英语不只是一种语言，它更多地向我们渗透了西方的企业管理文化和日常工作习惯。因此，了解并学习商务英语已经成为必然的趋势。 二、商务英语的语言特点 商务英语的词汇特点 1.专业性强并使用专业术语 例如：accommodationnotes通融票据；bidbond押标金；badcheck空头支票；balancesheet 资产负债表；bankdraft银行汇票；billofexchange汇票；billoflading提单；datedraft定期汇票,等等。 2.许多普通英语中的常见词汇在商务英语中都有其特殊的专业含义 offer本意是“提出,提供”,在商务英语中则是“报价”的意思;promotion本意是“提升、晋升”,在商务英语中则是“促销”的意思;balance本意是“均衡,平衡”,在商务英语中则是“余额,结欠”的意思;claim本意是“声称”,在商务英语中则是“索赔”的意思。 3.大量缩略语的使用 FOB（Free On Board）离岸价B/L(Bill of lading) 提单 A/C（Account）账号A-bomb（atomic bomb）原子弹 NoPH(no parking here)此处禁止停车 4.新词汇的涌现 随着国际商务往来和计算机技术的深入发展，近年来不断涌现出大量的新词汇。例如：e-business 电子商务e-cash电子现金 bubble economy 泡沫经济holiday economy 假日经济 soft-landing （经济的）软着陆 商务英语的句法特点 1.大量使用被动语态。 在商务英语中，为了使语义的表达更加准确和紧凑，则经常使用被动语态。一般动作发出，在没有必要提到或者很难说出施动者是谁，又想强调动作的承受者时使用。 例如：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibit. 2.多使用长难句 例如：It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border. 使用倒装句
摘要: 英国论文随着时代的发展, 使用简洁通俗的语言已成为现代商务英语, 尤其是商务英语信函的突出特点。本文从这一特点形成的根源简易英语运动出发, 分析了简易英语的定义, 遵循的原则, 最后在此基础上通过大量例证的对照比较, 总结了简易英语趋势在现代商务交际中的体现。 商务英语和法律英语一样, 通常被认为是充斥着技术性术语和诘屈聱牙语句的典型书面语。不可否认, 很长时间以来, 商务文书给人的印象确实如此。然而随着时代的发展, 这种情况已得到极大的改观, 商务交际用语渐趋简明易懂。使用简洁通俗的语言已成为现代商务英语的突出特点。我们可以比较一下下面的两句商务信函中的用语: 1. We beg respectfully to state that we are in receipt ofyour L/C in the amount of USD×××for which we thankyou. 2. We inform you that we have received your L/C forUSD×××. 可以看出, 这两句表达的意思完全相同, 但是第一句使用了beg respectfully to state, in receipt of, inthe amount of, 以及包括定语从句for which we thank you等表达极为繁杂的用语, 而第二句用语简洁明快, 但是它所包含的信息量较第一句而言没有丝毫的减少。现代商务英语正是提倡使用简单词语( plain words) , 而不用复杂的语句( complicated words) , 尤其是那些繁复老套的用语, 即我们所说的陈词滥调( cliché)。现代商务英语的这一显著特点, 其实与这些年来在英美等国出现的英语简化趋势, 尤其是在美国大张旗鼓推行的简易英语运动( Plain English Movement)有直接的联系。这一运动要求革除商业契约上的繁文缛节, 简化法律用语, 从而起到方便民众, 减少因繁复用语而引起不必要争端的作用。1978 年 3 月24 日, 当时的美国总统卡特更是签署了第12044 号行政命令, 要求联邦政府各部切实保证颁布的每项法令必须以简单易懂的英语撰写, 以便须依照有关法令办事的人都能看懂。这一法令理所当然受到普通老百姓的欢迎, 而简易英语运动在这一法令的推动之下也得到了更为蓬勃的开展[1]。 一、什么是“简易英语” 所谓简易英语( Plain English) , 美国学者考特兰?博维(Courtland Bovèe)和约翰?席尔( John Thill)认为简易英语是用简易的文字和结构写成的语句, 读者都能看懂, 很接近于我们的口语[2]。可见, “简易英语”是指书面表达中使用清晰正确的英语简明扼要而有效地传递信息。“简易英语”并不幼稚, 也并非过分简单化的英语。“简易英语”重视信息的传递。它并不堆积词藻, 而且不会不必要地使用行话、术语等难懂的表达。换句话说,“简易英语”彻底抛弃了繁文赘语和让人无所适从的表达。用“简易英语”书写的文件是为了让人们读懂, 因此所用的词语都是读者能够理解的。只要读者能够理解, “简易英语”用到技术性较强的专业术语也并非不可。比如,一篇医学学报上的论文面向的是医学专家, 使用专业术语是可以的, 因为这些读者能够理解。只要表达恰当, 这篇论文的语言仍然可被称为“简易英语”。当然, 如果这篇文章是出现在面向公众的通俗杂志上, 那么再包含很多专业术语就很可能出现普通读者无法理解的状况。这个时候, 只有使用普通大众能够理解的字眼那它才是“简易英语”。我们应该看到非常复杂的概念也是可以用“简易英语”加以解释的。许多法律文书, 比如合同和法令, 用“简易英语”改写后仍然能做到表达精确无误。 二、“简易英语”所遵循的原则 “简易英语”最重要的原则就是读者为先。即为读者着想, 考虑读者的需求。要“简易”, 就得好好考虑如下的问题:读者需要知道些什么? 他们对这个问题的理解程度如何? 怎样才能更好地把意思组织起来以便读者更好地理解? 要想有效传递你的信息, 首要的是要清楚什么样的人会阅读你写的东西。具体来讲, “简易英语”遵循如下的原则: (一)写作前做好规划起草文书之前, 首先得明确自己的写作目的。读者是谁? 他们对于所涉及的话题是非常了解, 了解一点还是一无所知? 他们想知道些什么? 找到这些问题的答案, 做到心中有数。一旦知道了读者是谁, 就应该尽可能从他们的角度来看问题, 来表达
商务英语的语言特点 语言特点一：要避免使用you-attitude,注意语言表达的态度和语气。例:According to our records, it seems that you have forgotten to filet he personal data. 改为:According to our records, I didn’t find the required personal data. 语言特点二:语言表达准确,简洁，商务英语要表达准确,思路清晰,逻辑性强,用具体的语言把信息传递给对方。用词明白易懂,正式规范,简短达意。 翻译技巧:使用约定俗成的术语,用来指贸易中的概念,例:FOB(free on
board-离岸价格),CFR(cost and freight—成本.保险加运费)避免使用冗长的表达。 例:All applicants who are interested in the job are obligated to provide the names of three references whom we can write to for evaluation of your job performance. 改为:All applicants are supposed to provide three references for evaluation of your job performance. 语言特点三:专业性强。商务英语大量使用专业术语。因此要充分理解商务英语的意义和内涵,必须有商务理论和商务实务等方面的知识。 翻译技巧:掌握专业术语,并注意术语在具体语境中的运用，
商务英语写作合同翻译 商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的，内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。下面我为大家带来，欢迎大家阅读! ： 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语;在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 注释： (1)hereby：特此 (2)to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 (3)foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 (4)herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
商务英语合同的翻译准则及技巧 奈达的功能对等翻译标准强调的是内容和文体风格上达到最切近的自然对等，它在合同翻译中有较大的直接指导意义。笔者认为，为达到国际商务英语合同翻译时的功能对等，应坚持以下两个准则。 1.准确严谨 由于国际商务合同的专业性和兼容性越来越强，因此，合同的内容也就日趋精确和完备。这就要求译者在翻译时应把准确严谨作为首要标准，尤其是合同中的法律术语和关键词语的翻译更应予以特别重视，仅仅忠实原文远远不够，而应严格贴近合同所涉及的专业性内容。以offer一词为例，将它翻译为提供、提议是正确的，但在国际商务合同种，offer一般只能译为要约、报盘。此外，为了避免产生歧义，有些词语的翻译必须保持同一种译法，尤其是合同中的专业术语和关键词语都有着严格的法律涵义，翻译时一定要透彻理解原文的内容要求，准确完整地传达合同文件的精神实质。以e_clusive为例，e_clusive territory应译为独占区域，表示许可方不得再把同样内容的技术许可协议授予该地域内的任何第三方。但是，e_clusive contract则译为专销合同，表示制造商与转卖商之间签订的专销协议，规定转卖商不得同时经销竞争对手的产品。 2.规范通顺
所谓规范通顺，就是把理解了的东西，用规范通顺的、合乎合同语言要求的文字(中文)表达出来。因此，要使合同语言规范通顺，译者就要特别注意合同的词语运用规范，符合合同文体中约定俗成的含义。例如，将documentary bill at sight译为即期付有单据的票据，虽然表达的意思符合原文要求，但概念并不清晰，因为票据本身的涵义是广义的，在国际商务合同中的票据主要指汇票，因此，应译为跟单汇票。此外，国际商务合同的译文不仅要符合合同语言的要求和规律，还应做到通顺，着重体现在条理清晰上。国际商务合同的条款往往比较繁复，翻译时应首先弄清全文的条例，对各条款间的制约关系和逻辑关系须仔细琢磨，注意译文语言的语句结构，不拘泥于原文的词句结构和句法框框的限制。 国际商务英语合同属于应用翻译，以传递信息为主要目的。因此，根据奈达的功能对等理论，在翻译信息型文本的商务英语合同时，应采用的基本技巧是归化，主要表现在功能性归化和行业性归化两个方面。 1.功能性归化 国际商务英语合同自身的文体特征和鲜明的告知与规定功能，决定了这类文本翻译的特殊要求和目的，即：遣词用字、行文布局必须符合译文的形式和规范，在翻译技巧上毫无例外地一律采用归化的方法。因而，它的翻译不可能也无必要遵循原文的语言形式，原文仅仅提供信息，语言表达必须顺从译文形式，追
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/6c1862716.html, 商务英语翻译的特点和技巧 作者：王文婷 来源：《青年文学家》2019年第02期 摘; 要：随着全球化发展的逐步深入，国际化的商务活动变得越来越频繁，相应的商务英语翻译也逐渐受到广泛关注与重视。而商务英语本身具有极强的商务特性，这使得其与普通英语翻译有着一定的差异，只有充分了解和掌握其特点，才能有效做好相应的翻译工作。本文简单分析商务英语翻译的特点，并就相应的翻译技巧展开探讨。 关键词：商务英语翻译;特点;原则;技巧 [中图分类号]：H315.9; [文献标识码]：A [文章编号]：1002-2139（2019）-02--01 近年来，商务英语翻译逐渐成为我国英语翻译的重要内容与形式，这与国际化商务活动的快速发展有着密切关系。顾名思义，商务英语有着极强的商务特性，尤其注重商务活动的实际应用，故而对翻译工作提出了更为严格的要求。也就是说，翻译工作必须充分契合相应的需求与特点，才能准确、高效地完成翻译任务，同时得以良好发展。 一、商务英语翻译特点分析 （一）商务词汇 对商务英语翻译而言，其最突出的特点就在于其需要对大量商务词汇进行统一而准确的翻译，这是其与常规英语翻译的最大不同点。在商务活动中，往往涉及到大量专业词汇，同时 商务活动对信息交流的准确性与严谨性有着更高的要求。这就需要词汇翻译更加规范与统一，必须准确传递相关信息。特别是在一些常见词汇的多层含义方面，部分生活中常用的词汇在商务英语中往往有着专门的含义，在进行翻译时必须对此进行有效区分。譬如我们生活中经常使用的“trust”，在商务英语中就有着“信托”的意思，需要翻译者根据实际情况对其含义进行正确区分并翻译。而且，商务英语中包含有大量专业的缩写词汇，这就需要翻译者充分了解这些缩写词汇的真正含义。譬如“B/L”实际上就是词汇“bill of lading”的缩写，也就是提单的意思。 （二）交流应用 商务英语对实用性与交流性有着极高的要求，这是因为商务活动本身往往包含了大量信息，只有双方的高效、准确交流，才能促进商务活动的顺利展开。故而不论是在商务洽谈还是纸面文书的翻译中，都要以简洁、直观为基本要求，也就呈现出商务英语翻译中大多使用省略句或者简单句进行翻译的普遍状况。另外要注意的是，商务英语翻译对客观表述的要求较高，
商务英语的特点及翻译（一） 简介：商务英语的特点及其翻译[摘要]商务英语传达商务理论和实务等信息，其词汇专业性极强，语体规范正式，语句简洁明快，多社交性套语。商务英语翻译应遵守“忠实、准确、统一”三原则，商务活动参与者应具备较... 据环球博思论文网https://www.doczj.com/doc/6c1862716.html,讯：商务英语的翻译商务英语是我国涉外经济活动中的主要交际语言，商务英语翻译在这一活动中起桥梁作用，翻译质量倍受关注。商务英语是专门用途英语的一个分支，与普通英语没有本质区别，但商务英语又具有其特定的“商务”特色。商务英语涉及到营销学、经济学、金融学、会计学和管理学等许多边缘学科知识，商务活动涉及到对外贸易、技术引进、招商引资、商务谈判、贸易合同、国际支付与结算与涉外保险等范围，因此有必要研究商务英语本身的特点及其翻译，从而能够在各个领域准确规范运用。 作为专门用途英语的商务英语具有与普通英语不同的特点，有其独特的特点。在使用上有其显著特色，主要表现在文体、语言和文化意识方面。 一商务英语引言 （一）商务英语文体风格 商务文体是随着商品生产及贸易的发展而形成的一种文体形式。商务英语文体不以语言的艺术美为其追求的目标，而是讲求逻辑的清晰和条理性、思维的准确严密以及结构的严谨性。风格朴实，明白易懂。商务信函一般风格朴实，明白易懂，淡于修饰，很少使用比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手段，目的是提高实效性。商务英语避免使用陈旧笼统的商业术语或套语，而用简明的现代英语来表达。如不说“We are in receipt of?”，而用“We have received?” ；不说“Express myheArtfelt gratitude to you for?” ，而用“Thank you for?”。商务英语在陈述事物往往具体、明确，绝不含糊其辞。如商务英语不说“We wish to confirm our telex dispatched yesterday。”而要说“We confirm our telex of July 2nd，2000。”因为前者笼统含糊，后者清晰明了。语句简洁明快，逻辑严密简洁明快主要表现在商务信函中多使用简洁句、简短并列句和简短复合句。例如：We are delighted to receive your letter of November 18 asking whether we can supply you with art. No. 6120。（很高兴收到你方11月28日来函询问我方可否供应6120货号产品）。措辞礼貌，礼貌是国际商务英语应用文中非常重要的语言特点。汉语的商务用语有时缺少必要的客气，常见的礼貌用语往往只是一个“请”字。商务英语则比较讲究客套，随处可见礼貌的客套。例如，汉语中仅有的一个请字，商务英语中要用“We wouldappreciate”“It wou ld be appreciated”，“We would be glad to?”之类的结构来表达。因此汉英翻译时切忌照原文字面硬译，添加常用礼貌客套结构，注意措辞婉转。商务英语的逻辑严密性主要体现在商务合同等法律文件多用长句、复合句、并列复合句等法律公文常用句式以及分隔现象、介词（短语）、插入语、倒装句、被动语态（过去分词）等特殊句型。例如：If Egyptian buyers insist on concluding business direct with Party A，Party A may conclude business with such Egyptian buyers who come to visit China or attend the Chinese Export Commodity Fairat prices not lower than those quoted toParty B.(如果埃及客户坚持要与甲方成交，甲方也可和他们直接达成交易，但交易对象仅限于来访中国或参加中国商品交易会的客户，并且价格不能低于报给乙方的报价。)
摘要英语作为一种关键的交际语言在贸易活动中占据了极其重 要的地位。商务英语是与国际商务紧密联系的语言。在国际贸易中，对于语言的要求是要准确、专业、清晰的，因此商务英语 翻译要基于文本作用和译者明确的目的性。本文主要列出商务英语翻译的几个特点，并从原则方面对其进行分析。关键词商务英语;翻译原则;特点如今社会发展越来越快，英语作为一种交流工具运用的范围也越来越广泛。商务英语适应着职场的生活，内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。作为中国和世界各地的商务交流纽带和商贸英语翻译，近年来需求与要求的矛盾也日益增加。 随着中国对外交流和合作的领域不断扩大，商务英汉互译的任务日益繁多，如果不掌握商务英语翻译的技巧恐怕很难迎接这个挑战，因此对于商务英语的翻译来说就更加的重要。当然商务英语翻译要遵循一定的翻译原则，但是商务英语本身也有其特点。1商务英语翻译特点1．1词汇特点商务英语翻译的词汇特点主要表现在三 方面。首先，用词具有规范性。商务英语中的贸易活动在商务活动中，对外贸易涉及的领域宽泛，交易双方在签订合同、订单 等过程中，肯定会牵扯到专业内容，这都需要用商务贸易中的专业术语来精准、专业的去表达，因此商务英语中包含了大量的专业词汇， 要求用词正式规范，语言易懂明了。词汇使用的过程中避免口语化;其次，一词多义，词汇和语境是相互依存、紧密连接的，只有 在一定的语境中才能有其特殊的意义。与普通英语相比，商务英语的含义不同于常见的含义。比如，生活中我们把理解为相
信，但是在商务英语中却要理解为信托;再者，商务英语中新词汇比较多。随着经济的不断发展，商务英语中也相应的出现了许多 新的词汇以及缩略词的随之产生。商务用语要求语言要简明扼要，缩略词被大量的创造和使用使得表达的语言更加简明的表达出尽 量多的信息。如－电子商务，2－－，企业间的、2－－。缩略词的使用已经广泛的被人们所接受。对于译者来说应该熟悉各类缩略词的表达，能够在不同的语境中判断出缩略词的正确含义。1．2句式特点商务英语句式有两个特点。首先，长句比较多。因为商务英语中交流比较简洁、使用的句子多是省略句和简单句，但是要求表达清晰，需要固定句式进行翻译，但是固定句式往往都很长;其次，商务英语翻译常使用被动语态。虽然意义上，被动语态是语法范畴中的概念，但是在商务英语中的应用可以起到很好的效果。1．3结构特点商务英语中的文章大致有商务合同和商务报告等，各 种体裁各有各的特点。在商务英语的文章中，结构都是有很强的逻辑性，所以无论是句子结构还是段落的编排，合理性都很强，在 上下文中都有很强的连贯性，一般都是先综合后分析。此外，其中不少文件都是有法律依据的，如商务合同，在贸易双方交易的过程中这些文件都要有法律依据。所以对于翻译的严谨性要求很高，在翻译的过程中不仅要确保翻译的准确性，一些专业术语的表达还要符合相关的法律法规和行内标准。2商务英语翻译原则在翻译商务英语时一定要基于商务英语的特征，做到用词准确，忠于原文，语义通顺，通俗易懂。商务英语翻译的重点在于信息上的
商务英语的特点集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]
商务英语的特点 词汇、句子 二、商务英语的特点 商务英语属于特殊用途英语(ESP)的一种,是英语语言体系中的一个分支,以普通英语为基础,它不但具有普通英语的语言学特征,而且又是商务知识和普通英语的综合体。即它基于英语的基本语法、句法结构和词汇,但在专业词汇、句式结构等方面又具有其自身的特点,只有全面把握商务英语的特点,才能更为全面和深入地理解商务英语。本文以下内容拟对商务英语的词汇和句式结构的特点作初步分析。 (一)词汇特点 1.专门术语及缩略词的大量使用。 专业术语具有国际通用性,其意义精确、单一、无歧义,且不带有个人感情色彩,一般不需要借助上下文来理解。商务英语是属于商务领域中的一种应用语言,其语言应用的显着特点之一就是专业性强,词汇及内容与专业密切相关,承载着丰富的商务理论和商务实践方面的信息。 例如:用来反映海洋运输货物保险险别主要包括平安险(Free from Particular Average)、水渍险(With Particular Average)和一切险(All Risks)。这些都是商务英语中特有的应用表达,每种险别都有行内明确规定了的责任及除外责任。 除了专业性强外,商务活动的频繁开展使得商务英语中产生了一些约定俗成的专业术语缩略词,对于这些术语和概念,从事国际商务活动的人们都应该熟悉,并将随着商务交往的频繁而日益增加。 如:商谈价格时涉及到价格术语(terms of price),其中最常见的有FOB(free on board,离岸价),CIF(cost,insurance and freight,到岸价),CFR(cost and freight,成本加运费价)。 又如:在涉及到付款条件(terms of payment),也有我们常见到的许多以缩略词形式出现的方式,如M/T(mail transfer信汇)、T/T(telegra phic transfer电汇)、D/D(demand draft票汇)、D/P(documents against payment,付款交单)、D/A(documents against acceptance,承兑交单)、L/C(letter of credit信用证)等。 2.商务英语用词强调正式规范性。商务英语用词明白易懂、正式规范、简短达意、语言平实。用词方面多以意义相同或详尽的书面词语代替基本词汇和口语词汇,保证所用词语具有国际通用性但又不能过于非正式。这种正式词语常见于各类商务文书,以示庄重和严肃,同时避免不必要的重复,使意义更加清楚、简明。 3. 如使用concur代替come together、用terminate或都expiry代替end、用prior to或者previous to代替before、用in view of代替because of用certify代替prove。在介词方面,商务英语往往使用以繁复的介词短语来代替简单的介词和连词,如:用in the nature of代替like;用along the lines of代替like;用for the purpose of 代替for;用in the case of替代if;用on the ground that替代since/because;用with reference to/with regard to替代about等。 4. 3.普通词汇,独特行业词义。 5. 商务英语具有独特的行业特点,许多日常使用的普通词汇在商务英语中有其特殊的含义,只有了解这些词的专业意义和内涵才能应用自如。 6. 以人们熟识的英语单词offer,advice,cover为例,理解它们在商务英语中所被赋予的新的特殊的含义。
商务英语翻译技巧与 特点 学生姓名 李世昱 学 号 2014101171 院 系 文 学 院 专 业 广播电视编导 成绩
商务英语翻译技巧与特点 现如今中国综合国力提升，国际地位提高,许多外企希望与中国企业进行合作，而英语作为一种全球性语言，在商务活动中起到了最关键的交流作用。而商务英语由此诞生，同时它是为国际商务活动这一专业学科服务的专门用途的英语，它所涉及的范围相当之广，涉及医疗、交通、保险、金融等许多关键行业，问题复杂。所以，商务英语翻译要求在各个方面都要求对贸易中各个术语使用的准确性，了解各个领域语言的表达特点和表达方法，而对这些的掌握就体现出了一个医者对商务英语翻译的技巧，才能在商务交流中体现它的实际效果 1.商务英语内涵与特点 商务英语是一种特殊用途的专业学科服务的语言，而现今世界全球化趋势、全球经济不断发展的前提下，国与国之间的贸易越来越频繁，在贸易活动中使用的英语我们把它叫做商务英语。而商务英语作为英语的一个特殊功能的变化形式，它具有以下几个特点： ①词汇的运用必须通俗易懂、使用规范、简练而且能表达出来需要表达意思、不必过于华丽。 ②句子表达可能比较冗长稍显复杂，句式完整规范，必须使用正式文本形式如书信体例等。 ③我们在表述一件事或描述一个物件是需要具体且明
确的叙述或形容，不允许打擦边球，乱扯一起或天马行空，避免表述不具体或者难以理解。 示例:Loading on board or shipment on a named vessel may be indicated by preprinted wording on the bill of lading that goods have been loaded on board a named vessel or shipped on a named vessel , in which case the date of issuance of the bill of lading will be deemed to be the date of loading on board and the date of shipment. 译文：装船或装运于记名货船，可以这样表明：即在提单上预先印就这样的文字——货物已装载到记名货船或已装运于记名货船，在此情况下，提单的签发日期即视为装船日和装运日期。。 2.翻译的原则 有了翻译标准或是说原则,我们的翻译才会有理有据有说服力。亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1714-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on Principle of Translation）所阐述的“三原则”： 第一，要求译文应把原文的思想全部表现出来； 其次，译文应与原文语言风格和写作风格还有笔调性质相同； 最后，译文应与原文同样流畅方便阅读。
1 Introduction Business English can be regarded as an application of English language in commercial occasions, aiming at enabling speakers to communicate and interact effectively using the most correct and clearest business language. Business English Correspondence is an important carrier of international commercial activities which is used to deli ever information, address commercial issues and as a way of communication. Lexicon is an important factor of a passage. In the writing of business English correspondence, we should pay particular attention to the selection of lexicon. Different words may carry different meaning and even the mood of them can be very distinct. Therefore, it is of great necessity to do research of the features of lexicon in the writing of business English correspondence. This thesis attempts to do some researches on the following subjects: To have a good knowledge of characteristics of lexicon in business English correspondence. To make sense of the reason why the business English correspondence have such requirements of lexicon. To provide some suggestions that learners can improve their writing skills. 2 Description of Business English correspondence 2.1 Definition of business English correspondence Nowadays more and more people choose to work in companies and do commercial work. As China joined the WTO, enterprises are all choosing to open their markets and expand them into the international world, thus making English inevitably become the most used language in the world. And in this way a new subject appeared that we call it “business English”. In terms of business English, we refer to the language used in order to adapt to the job market whose contents include a lot of aspects (Kansi, 1983; 134). Unlike the general English learners, people who learn business English are more targeted and specialized. Business correspondence means the act of communicating by means of correspondences or the correspondences between correspondents (曹菱, 2000; 87). It is the main way for traders to do business, exchange commercial information and consult
一、合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点 1. 用词专业，具有法律意味 （1）根据不同的专业来确定词义。 interest （2）注意合同本身的术语 action 行动措施 counterpart 对手，对方有同等效力的副本 prejudice 偏见损害 subject 主题标的物 royalties 皇室；王权特许使用权；版税 negligence 疏忽过失 assign 分配；指派转让（合同等） （3）注意一些以here, there 或where 等作前缀的副词。 hereafter 今后 hereby 兹 herein 此中，于此 hereon 于是，关于这个 hereinafter referred to as 下文称 thereafter 此后，据此 thereby 由此；在那方面 thereinafter 以下；在下文 aforementioned 上述的 thereof 其中的 whereas 鉴于 whereby 由是；凭那个 wherein 在其中 for and on behalf of 代表 whereon 关于那，在其上 in witness whereof 特此为证 hitherto 迄今 forthwith 立即，毫不拖延 2. 用词正式、准确 （1）注意介词或介词短语的翻译 The participants in the Joint Venture shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period. 就本合资企业的存续时限的延期问题，各方应进行讨论；一旦各方就此达成一致，应形成书面协议，由各方在本合同期限到期之前的三年内签字生效。 On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract. 按照FOB条件，由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。