高中英语选修六知识点总结
Unit 1
I词汇及结构
1. would rather do sth情愿做….
would rather sb did sth情愿sb做…
情愿做….而不愿意做…：would rather do sth than do sth= would do sth rather than do sth
= prefer to do sth rather than do sth
= prefer doing sth to doing sth
I would rather stay at home today. 我今天宁愿待在家里。
I would rather you came here tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。
I would rather you hadn?t told me about it yesterday.我宁愿你昨天没有告诉我关于它。
2.faith n. 信任,信仰break one's faith with sb. 对某人不守信用
keep faith with 忠于信仰; 守信
I kept faith with him.我信守了对他的诺言。
He who loses faith, loses all.失去信心的人, 失去所有。
have faith in 相信, 信任
in good faith 老实地；诚恳地faithful adj. 忠诚的，可靠的3.As there are so many different styles of Western art , it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text．
so+adj+a(an)+(单数可数) (+that…)
so many/few +n (复数) (+ that…)
so much/little (不可数) (+that…)
such+adj.+n.(不可数)/ n (复数)
eg.1) The book is ________interesting that I-------want to read it again.
2) It was ________a cold day that the ice in the river was nearly two feet thick.
3) It was _______cold a day that the ice in the river was nearly two feet thick.
4) There are _______many mistakes in your composition that I can?t understand it.
5) He has made ________rapid progress that he got the first in the exam.
6) _______that Maric was able to set up new branches elsewhere.（07陕西）
A. So successful her business was
B. So successful was her business
C. So her business was successful
D. So was her successful business
4.consequently adv. 所以，因此
I overslept and ____ I was late for work. 我睡过头了,所以我上班迟到了。
Mr Foster has never been to China. Consequently, he knows very little about it.
福斯特先生从未去过中国, 所以对中国了解得很少。
It rained that day and ___ the baseball game was called off.
A. however
B. still
C. so
D. consequently
consequent adj. 作为结果的, 随之发生的
as a consequence/result = in consequence = so
She was found guilty, and lost her job in consequence (of it). 她被判有罪,因而失去了工作consequence n. 结果
as a consequence/result of = because of
5 .aim
1）n.
○1(C) 目标
without aim 无目的的/ 无目标的achieve one?s aim完成目标miss one’s aim 打不中目标○2(U) 对准, 瞄准take aim at The hunter took aim at the lion
sb/ sth’s aim is to do ……的目标是….
What is your aim in life? 你生活的目的是什么?
The governor?s aim is to increase citizens? income.
2）v.
○1(以枪等) 对准,瞄准aim at
take aim at the target= aim at the target 瞄准靶子
The factory must aim at increasing its quality .他用枪瞄准老虎并开火,但没打中
He aimed his gun at the tiger, fired but missed it.
aimless a. 无目标的，无目的的
She led an aimless life.
○2打算,计划, 以……为目标, 立志做……
aim at doing = aim to do 瞄准, 力求做到,力争达到
Harry aims at becoming a doctor.
or: Harry aims to become a doctor.
6.typical adj.典型的；具有代表性的；象征性的(representative)
a typical character 典型人物
typical example 典型事例
He is a typical pupil; he is like most of the other pupils.
他是一个有代表性的学生，他和大多数其他学生一样。
adj. evident明白的, 明显的(apparent)
n. evidence 证据;证明
The applause made it evident that the play was a hit. 掌声显然表明该剧是成功的。
It is evident (obvious) (to sb) that …..
It's evident that you are tired. 显然你累了。
in evidence = evident 明显的
7.realistic 现实主义的,逼真的,现实的in a more realistic way 以一种更逼真的形式realism现实主义idealism realist现实主义terrorism 恐怖主义terrorist 恐怖分子Socialism Socialist
real adj. 真的realize v. 实现
8. During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages.
hold …Ideas/ value 持有…的观点/ 价值观
I hold the view that the plan can?t work.
adopt vt.
1).采取;采纳;吸收
After much deliberation, the president decided to adopt her suggestion. 再三考虑之后,我决定采纳她的建议。
2).过继,收养[(+as)]
Mr. Kern adopted the orphan as his own son. 克恩先生将那孤儿收养为自己的儿子。
3).正式通过,接受
The agenda was adopted after some discussion.经过讨论,议事日程获得通过。
adopted adj. 被收养的，被采用的adopted child
11.possess 用作动词时，不能用于进行时。有多种不同的含义：
1）“有，拥有”。如：
The library possesses a number of the artist?s early works. 图书馆里藏有那位画家的一些早期作品。
2）“具有……的特质”。常见搭配有be possessed of sth，意为“具有某种品质或特征”。如：I?m afraid he doesn?t possess a sense of humor. 恐怕他没有什么幽默感。
He is possessed of great natural ability. 他很有天赋。
3）“支配，控制”。如：
He was possessed by the desire to be rich.
[n]. possession
○1【c】财产，所有物（常用复数）
The ring is one of her most valuable possessions. 这只戒指是他最珍贵的财产之一。
personal possessions个人财产
He lost all his possessions in the fire.
○2【u】占有，拥有
take possession of 占领，夺取
come into possession of 占有
in possession of (表主动）占有
in the possession of （表被动）…被占有
He is in ~ of the house. 他拥有这套房子。
The house is in the ~ of him. 这套房子在他的占有之下。
-- Does the young man standing there _____the company?
-- No. The company is _____ his father.
A.have ~ of; in ~ of
B.in ~ of ; in the ~ of
C.take ~ of ; in the ~ of
D.have ~ of ; in ~ of
9.convince
convince sb. to do sth=convince sb of sth.说服某人做…
Convince sb that使某人确信某事
He convinced me of his sincerity. 他使我确信他的真诚。
I was convinced that he was sincere.
Your mistakes convinced me that you hadn?t studied your lesson.
你的错误使我确信你没有学习功课。
convince vt. “使确信；使信服”
convince sb. of sth. / that ...
Scientists are convinced _____ the possible effect of laughter _____ physical and mental health. A. of; at B. by; in C. of; on D. on; at
by coincidence 碰巧, 由于巧合
what a coincidence！多么凑巧的事情啊！
What a coincidence to meet you here. 真巧在这儿碰到你。
I met him by coincidence. I didn?t know h e was here.
10.a great/ good deal 大量; 大量
Ever since the reform and opening, China has changed a great deal. (adv.修饰v.)
A great deal has been studied and this is considered the best way to solve the difficult problem.(n.) He ran a great deal faster than me.(修饰比较级)
a great/good deal of为adj，修饰[U]
A great deal of money was spent on the project. 那个项目花费了大量金钱。
1）修饰可数名词：
many a few
a good/great many
A great many buildings have been built along the street.
a large/ big/ great/ / small number of
Many a +单数名词
More than one +单数名词
2）修饰不可数名词：
much
a good/great deal of
a large amount of (谓语动词用单数)
large amounts of (谓语动词用复数)
3）修饰可数和不可数名词
a lot of/lots of
plenty of
a large quantity of (谓语动词用单数)
large quantities of (谓语动词用复数)
练习：
1.____ the students in our school go to college in their teens.
A good many B. A great many of C. A great deal of D. A lot of
2. He is ____ better now. Don?t worry about him.
A.more
B. a great deal of
C. a number of
D.a great deal
13.The impressionists were the first artists to paint outdoors.
He is always the last one to leave the classroom.
10.attempt v.尝试，企图
v.①企图，试图；努力
②试图，尝试：努力去执行，做或完成
attempt doing反复尝试做attempt to do企图做
attempt to do/doing = try to do/doing
The second question was so difficult; I didn?t even attempt it. 第二道题太难了，我连试都没试。
I attempted to speak but was told to be quiet. 我想开口说几句，但有人叫我别做声。
I attempted to read the entire novel in one sitting.
We attempted the difficult maneuver without assistance.
n. ○1企图或努力○2袭击；攻击an attempt on someone's life.对某人生命的攻击
Shelly had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first_________ .
A) intention B) attempt C) purpose D) desire
make an attempt to do sth
at doing sth
She made an attempt to cook the dinner. 她试着做这顿饭。
The prisoner made an attempt to escape/ at escaping but failed.
at one’s attempt 在sb尝试下
one’s first attempt 初次尝试
练习：
1) 他试图行走直到摔倒。
He______________________________
2) 他参加过考试，可是失败了。
He________________________ but failed.
3) 我企图说话，可是有人要我安静点。
I ________________ but was told to be quiet.
attempted walking until he fell over.
attempted the examination
attempted to speak
18.On the other hand
另一方面，相当于一个副词。常与on one hand连用。
On one hand……on the other hand一方面……另一方面
This job is not well paid, but on the other hand, I don?t have to work long hours. On one hand, I need a computer, bu t on the other hand, I don?t have enough money. At hand在手边，在附近
By hand用手的，手工的
Go hand in hand with与……共同行动
19.Predict
1)v.预言，预测后面加名词做宾语或接that从句/wh-从句。
Nobody can predict what will happen in the future.
It is still not possible to accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes.
现在还不可能准确预测地震的发生。
2) n. Prediction 预言，预测
Her prediction turned out to be correct.她的预言证明是正确的。
20.Specific明确的，详尽的，具体的，特有的
Can you be a bit more specific when you talk about your plan?
当你谈及你的计划时，你能说的再具体点吗？
Each organ in our body has its specific function.
我们体内的每个器官都有自己独特的作用。
This kind of disease is specific to houses.这种病只有马才会得。
21.figure
1) 外形;体形;人影I saw a figure in the darkness.
2) 体态;风姿She has a slender figure.
3)人物;名人He has become a figure known to everyone.
4) 数字Where did you get those figures?
5)His work now commands huge figures.
22.delicate
He is a delicate child.纤弱的,娇弱的，瘦弱的
Be careful with those wine cups—they are very delicate.容易的
In such a delicate situation I have to weigh my words. 需要小心处理的;微妙的;棘手的在这样微妙的情形下,我必须权衡一下我的话。
What a delicate work of art!精妙的
delicate china.精美的瓷器
23.1)aggressive adj. 敢作敢为的;有闯劲的;侵略性的;好斗的
He is very aggressive. 他生性好斗。
We regarded the Iraq War as an aggressive one. 我们认为伊拉克战争是侵略战争。an aggressive salesman一干劲很大的售货员
aggressive weapons 攻击性武器
2)aggressively adv. 气势汹汹地
3)aggression n.侵略（行动）aggressor n. 侵略者
练习：
If you want to become a successful businessman, you must ______ _______ .
如果你想做一个成功的商人，你必须积极进取。
_____ __________ must be destroyed. 必须要销毁攻击性的武器。
be aggressive
Aggressive arms
24.In the flesh活生生，本人，亲自
Flesh n.肌肉；肉
Have you ever seen Jay Chou in the flesh?你见过周杰伦本人吗？
He wouldn’t believe until he saw in the flesh他直到亲眼目睹才相信。
Flesh and blood肉体，血肉之躯
Though he is a hero, he is still flesh and blood.
Lose flesh减肥
Gain/put on flesh增肥
Flesh-eating食肉的
25.preference - prefer
1)更加的喜爱,偏爱[U][C][(+for)]
A window seat is my preference.我喜欢靠窗的座位。
We dress simply by preference.首先, 最好
2)偏爱的事物(或人)[C]
Which is your preference, tea or coffee?你喜欢喝哪一样,茶还是咖啡?
3)偏袒[U][(+for)]
Parents should not show preference for any one of their children.
父母不应流露出对任何一个孩子的偏心。
4)优先(权);优惠权[U][C] in preference to 优先于
Have a preference for偏爱
I have a preference for classic music.我更喜欢古典音乐。
We had a preference for sweet food.我们特别喜欢吃甜食.
in preference to…优先于
I?d choose the small car in preference to the larger one. 我宁可选择那辆小的汽车而不要那辆大的。
She chose to learn the violin in preference to the piano. 她愿学小提琴而不学钢琴.
26.Appeal
vi. 1)呼吁,恳求appeal to sb for sth.
He appealed to me for help.
2)诉诸,求助[(+to)]
We will appeal to a variety of sources of information.
3)有吸引力,迎合爱好[W][(+to)]
The idea appealed to Mary.
4)【律】上诉[(+to/against)]
He appealed against the five-year sentence he had been given.
27.fragile adj.精细的；易碎的；脆弱的；
As he broke up with his girlfriend, his heart was fragile.
由于他同女朋友分手了，他的心很脆弱。
Reputation n.
○1名誉,名声[(+for)]
The store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing. 该店买卖公平,声誉极佳。
He has a reputation for cheating in the exam.他以考试作弊而享有盛名。
have a reputation 享有盛名
○2好名声,声望;信誉
This restaurant has a fine reputation. 这家餐厅信誉很好。
Cheating at the game ruined that player‘s reputation. 比赛时作弊败坏了那位选手的声望。live up to one’s reputation 不负盛名
lose one’s reputation 失去盛名；
win a high reputation 赢得很高的声誉
You must live up to your promise. 你必须实践自己的诺言。
They are always exhorted to deliver results and to live up to their parents' high expectations
他们无时无刻被提醒要考取好成绩，实现父母对他们的高度期望。
28.、The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art.
博物馆展示的不仅仅是视觉上的乐趣。
more than＋名词意为“不仅仅”，more than just相当于not only, not just的意思。如：Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too. 詹森不仅是一名讲师，他还是一个作家。Modern science is more than a large amount of information.现代科学不仅仅是大量的信息。1) more than+数词，意为“超过”相当于over，其反义词组为less than。如
There are more than two hundred people in the park. 公园里有200多人。
2)“more than＋形容词/副词”是“很”或“非常”的意思。如：
I am more than content with what you said. 我对你的讲话十分满意。
She was dressed more than simply. 她穿着太朴素了。
3) 在“more ... than ...”结构中，肯定“more”后面的内容而否定“than”后面的部分，常译为“是……而不是……”或“与其说……不如说……”。如：
Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened.
听到这巨大的声响，男孩与其说是害怕不如说是感到很惊讶。
句型：
1. The Impressionists were_________________________________.
印象派画家是第一批室外写景的画家。(P2)
序数词the first/the second/the last(＋sb.) ＋to do是一种常见结构，表示“最早、第二、最后做某事的人”，其中的不定式作后置定语；如果主语和不定式之间有被动关系，不定式应使用被动结构。
My monitor is always the first to come to school and the last to leave.
我的班长总是第一个到校、最后一个离开。
To tell the truth, he was the last person to be met with by the manager.
说实话，他是最后一个被经理接见的人。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女选手。
2.__________________so many great works of art from the late 19th century to 21st century are housed in the same museum.
令人吃惊的是，在同一家博物馆里竟能容纳下19世纪后期到21世纪的如此众多的名家巨作。It is amazing/surprising/astonishing/shocking that...是一种常见句型，表示“……令人吃惊、震惊、惊讶等”，其中it是形式主语，that引导名词性从句作句子的真正主语。这种句型可以用to one's amazement/surprise/astonishment/shock 这些短语作状语来改写。
It is surprising that children who are seven years old don't know how to brush one's teeth.
令人吃惊的是，七岁的孩子还不知道怎么刷牙
To our shock, the terrorist explosion caused over one hundred deaths.
令我们震惊的是，这次恐怖爆炸造成了一百多人死亡。
语法：
虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气用于条件句、其它句型中
与现在事实相反时从句用过去时(did/were)，主句用would/should/could/might＋动词原形How nice it ________ if I ________ a sister like you!
A．was; had B．would be; had had C．would have been; had D．would be; had
【解析】题干表达与现在事实相反的内容，根据规则选D项
2.与过去事实相反时从句用过去完成时(had done)，主句用would/should/could/might＋have done
—Were you in time for the lecture?
—If I ________ told earlier, I would have.
A．had been B．was C．were to be D．should be
选A。由问句看出与过去事实相反，因而从句中使用过去完成时。
3.与将来事实相反时，从句中可用三种形式，即动词的过去式/should＋动词原形/were to ＋动词原形。
This printer is of good quality. If it ________ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
A．would B．should C．could D．might
分析：后一句实际上使用了与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句中使用should表示“假如；万一”
________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A．Would you be B．Should you be C．Could you be D．Might you be
【解析】前一分句实际上使用的是虚拟语气，与将来事实相反从句中使用If you should be fired，可以省略if而把should提前到主语之前。
4.虚拟语气用于错综时间条件句：条件句和主句的动作发生的时间不一致，主句和从句的谓语要根据各自不同的时间选择适当的动词形式。
5.虚拟语气用于含蓄条件句：句中没有条件从句，其内容暗含在短语或上下文中。
But for the help of my English teacher, I________the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A．would not win B．would not have won C．would win D．would have won but for(要不是……)引导的短语在句中作状语时，句子的谓语部分常用虚拟语气；此处表示与过去事实相反，因而使用“would
6.wish后的宾语从句中：与现在事实相反时用were或动词的一般过去时；与过去事实相反时用had＋过去分词；与将来事实相反时用would/could/might＋动词原形。
How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A．has B．had C．will have D．had had
wish 后的从句如果表示与现在事实相反，应使用动词的过去形式。
7.在suggest，order，insist，demand，require，desire，command，request，recommend等表示建议、命令、要求、愿望的词后面的宾语从句中；在与suggestion，order，request，advice，demand等有关的表语从句、同位语从句中；以及在It ＋be＋suggested/ordered/requested/ insisted /desired/required that...句型中用“(should)＋动词原形”。
The doctor recommended that you ________ swim after eating a large meal.
A．wouldn't B．couldn't C．needn't D．shouldn't
recommend 表示“建议”时，其后的宾语从句中的谓语用“should ＋动词原形”，should可省略。
. His suggestion is that the harvest ________ in before the rainy season comes.
A．get B．should get C．be got D．will be got
suggestion 之后的that从句是表语从句，其中谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should省略。8. 在It's (high) time that...句型中，谓语动词用过去时或should＋动词原形(should不能省略)，表示“早就该……”
It's no use envying others their success. It's time that you ________ hard.
A．must work B．were to work C．work D．worked
It's time that...句型中使用动词的一般过去时
9.as if/as though(好像，似乎)之后的方式状语从句中；if only句型表示“要是……多好啊”中，与现在事实相反时动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相反时用had＋过去分词；与将来事实相反时用should/would/could/might＋动词原形。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________.
A．breaks B．has broken C．were broken D．had been broken
Unit 2
词汇和结构：
1.convey v. 传达；运送
Others try to ________certain emotions. 而有些诗则是为了传达某种情感的。(P10)
Please convey my best wishes to her.请代我向她表示最良好的祝愿。(朗文P413)
convey ...to... 把……运到……
convey ...to sb. 向某人传达/表达(思想、感情等)
convey one's feelings 表达感情
2．transform v.转化；转换；改造；变换
Getting that new job has completely transformed her.她得到了那份新工作以后，人全变了。(朗文P1871) In only 20 years the country has been transformed into an advanced industrial power.
这个国家只用了20年时间就变成了一个先进的工业强国。(朗文P1871)
transform...into 把某人/物改变成……
transform ...from 从……中转变、转化……
3.appropriate adj. 适当的；正当的
Match the beginning of each sentence with the ___________ending.
Your clothes are hardly appropriate for a job interview.
你的服装不太适合求职面试时穿。(朗文P76)
It is appropriate that he (should) make an apology to us.
他向我们道歉是合适的。(文馨P87)
The house is not really suitable for a large family.
这所房子确实不适合大家庭居住。
be appropriate to/for... 对……适合；适宜
It is appropriate/proper that... (should) do... ……是合适的
be suitable for/to... 适合的；适宜的
be fit for... 适合；胜任……
注意appropriate指适合于特殊的人及场合、地位等；suitable指适合某种情况或安排；fit指大小适合或胜任某职位；appropriate 等于very proper。
4.exchange n．/v. 交换；交流；调换；兑换
If there had not been an __________programme, he would not have found a sponsor to help him study abroad.
要是没有一个交流项目的话，他就不可能找到赞助者帮助他到国外学习。(P13)
He gave me an apple in exchange for a piece of cake.
他给我一个苹果，来换我的一块蛋糕。(朗文P589)
I exchanged seats with Bill.
我和比尔换了座位。(朗文P589)
exchange sth. for sth. 拿……交换……
exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交换某物
exchange money 兑换钱币
in exchange for... 交换；调换
do an exchange 作一下交换
cultural exchange 文化交流
exchange rate/programme 汇率/ 交流项目
5．sponsor n. 赞助人；主办者；倡议者v. 发起；举办；倡议；赞助
The baseball match is being sponsored by a cigarette company.
棒球赛是由一家烟草公司赞助举行的。(朗文P1702)
If I'm going to go and live in the US, I must get an American sponsor.
如果我去美国并在那里居住，必须有美国人作担保。(朗文P1701)
sponsor the celebration 主办庆祝会
sponsor sb. 资助某人
sponsor a plan 倡议计划
become one's sponsor 成为某人的赞助人/担保人
6.load n. 负担；负荷物v. 装载；给……负荷
The good news has taken a load off my mind.
这好消息使我如释重负。(文馨P1098)
Supporting her family has been a heavy load for her.
养家对她来说是很大的负担。(文馨P1098)
take a load off one's mind 使卸下心上重负；使某人如释重负
have a load on one's mind 放心不下
carry a heavy load 负重载
loads of＝a load of 许多……
7.t ake it/things easy 轻松；不紧张；从容
Just take it easy and tell us what happened.
别急，告诉我们发生了什么事。(朗文P597)
There's no need to rush back— just take your time.
不要急着赶回来，——慢慢来吧。(朗文P2103)
take one's time 别着急，慢慢来
take sb./sth. seriously 认真对待某人/事
take...for granted 对……想当然，认为……理所当然
8.run out of用完，用尽
The truck has run out of gas again.
卡车的油又用完了。(朗文P1731)
Our supplies soon ran out.
我们的补给很快就耗尽了。(朗文P1731)
run out 用完，耗尽
give out(物)用完，耗尽；(人)筋疲力尽；发出；分发；宣布
use up 用完；用光
run out＝give out是不及物短语，通常以物作主语；run out of ＝use up是及物短语，多以人作主语9. make up of 构成，组成(用于被动)
Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is a poem made up of five lines Women make up only 30% of the workers.
女性占劳动力的30%。(朗文P1189)
I'm trying to make up for the time lost while I was away.
我正在设法弥补我不在期间耽误的时间。(朗文P1189)
We didn't make it to the party in the end.
我们最终还是没能参加那个聚会。(朗文P1187)
be made out of 由……制成；用……改造而成
make up 组成；编造；化妆
make up for 弥补……
be made of/from 由……制成
be made into 把……制成
be made in(某物)产于某地
make it 获得成功；准时到达
make out 看清；分清；辨认清楚
make the bed 整理床铺
10.try out 测试；试验
I think I will __________his way too some time.
我想将来某个时候也尝试一下他的方法。(P15)
The idea sounds fine, but we need to try it out in practice.
这个主意听起来不错，但我们要在实践中试验一下。(朗文P1887)
They were let out of prison last week.
他们上周从监狱里放出来了。(朗文P1000)
I am counting on you to support me; don't let me down.
try out for... 参加竞争……
try on 试穿
try one's best 尽力
try one's luck 试试运气
try one's skill/strength 考验自己的技术/体力
let out 发出；放走；泄露；加宽；加大衣服
let in 让……进来；放进
let down 放下；使失望
let off 开(枪)；放(烟火)；释放；让某人下车
句型
1.There are various _______________people write poetry. 人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。(P10)
用法：...reason(s) why意为“……的原因”，why等于for which引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason。reason 后也可以接that引导定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；that也可以引导同位语从句，说明reason 的内容。
The reason why he died young was his inattention to health.
他英年早逝的原因是他不注意自己的健康。
I don't know the reason why he failed the final chemistry exam.
我不知道他期末化学考试不及格的原因。
We don't believe the reason that you gave us.
我们不相信你给我们的理由。
We are not going for the simple reason that we can't afford it.
我们不去的理由很简单，我们负担不起。
【对比】下列句型：
This is why... 这就是……的原因。(强调结果)
This is because... 这是因为……。(强调原因)
The reason why...is/was that...(……的原因是……)句型中，一般用that引导表语从句，而不用because。单项填空
(1)He didn't go by bike with me. That's ________ there was something wrong with his bike. A．because B．why C．how D．when A
2.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from students may eventually want to write poems of their own.
有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型，学生们最终也许想自己作诗了。(P11)
用法：句中with结构表示原因，置于句首，可替换为because引导的原因状语从句，即等于“Because there are so many different forms of poetry to choose from，”，该结构中的不定式表示动作尚未发生，有时这一结构还可以表示条件。
With so much homework to do this evening, I can't go to the concert.
因为今晚有很多作业要做，我不能去参加音乐会。
With a local guide to help us, we will have no difficulty in finding the temple.
如果有一名当地的导游帮助我们，我们找到那座庙宇将不会有困难。
单项填空
(2)With so many tough problems ________，the manager feels a little worried.
A．solve B．solving C．to solve D．settled
语法：
it用法与强调句
1. 用作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或各种从句所表示的真正主语。
________ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
A．This B．That C．What D．It
【解析】it 代替后面的名词短语the way...作形式主语。
2.作形式宾语，代指不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正宾语
He didn't make ________ clear when and where the meeting would be held.
A．this B．that C．it D．these
【解析】it代替后面的when and where从句作形式宾语。
The chairman thought ________ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
A．that B．it C．this D．him
【解析】it代替后面的不定式作形式宾语。
3.表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词，后面接it，然后再跟从句，it代指从句所表达的内容。此类动词有hate，dislike，enjoy，appreciate等。
I'd appreciate ________ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.
A．that B．it C．this D．you
【解析】it代指后面的if从句所表达的内容。
4.it用来指代上文提到的事物、情况等
Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with ________ extra stress.
A．it B．them C．one D．him
【解析】it代指being the parent of a child with special needs这一意义。
5.强调句的基本句型：It is /was ＋被强调部分＋that＋从句。被强调部分是人时可用who/whom代替that，强调时间、地点、原因状语时，通常只使用that，而不使用when，where，why。被强调的部分一般是主语、宾语、各种状语。用is还是was取决于原句谓语动词的
时态，如原句是现在或将来各种时态，用It is...that...；如原句是过去时态，则用It was ... that...。
It was along the Mississippi River________ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.
A．how B．which C．that D．where
【解析】分析句子结构看出，题干使用的是强调句型，因而使用连词that。
6. 强调句的复杂结构形式：
①强调句用于not...until结构：It is/was ＋not until...＋that ＋其他部分。
②强调句用于一般疑问句：Is/Was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分。
③强调句用于特殊疑问句：被强调的通常是疑问代词或疑问副词，其强调结构是：疑问词(被强调部分)＋is/was＋it＋that＋其他部分？
It was not until midnight ________ they reached the camp site.
A．that B．when C．while D．as
【解析】句中强调了时间状语not until，连词使用that。
Unit 3
词汇：
1.abuse n．/v. 滥用；虐待
The officials are always reminded not to abuse their power.
官员们总是被提醒不要滥用权力。
It's our duty to provide help for the abused children.
给被虐待的儿童提供帮助是我们的职责
drug abuse 吸毒
be badly abused 被虐待
abuse of power 滥用权力
personal abuse 人身攻击
shower abuse on sb. 大骂某人
receive abusive treatment 受到虐待
单项填空
(1)—What are you worried about?
—The fact that many children are still being ________.
A．managed B．abused C．questioned D．founded B
2.stress n. 压力；重音v. 加压力于；使紧张
He laid particular stress on the need for discipline.
他特别强调纪律的重要性。(朗文P1979)
She has been under a lot of stress since her mother's illness.
她自从母亲病倒后一直忧心忡忡。(朗文P1979
lay/put/place stress on 把重点放在……上；强调
under stress 在压力之下
under the stress of 为……所迫
in the stress of the moment 一时紧张
stress the importance of 强调……的重要性
单项填空
Things can easily go wrong when people are under ________.
A．stress B．weight C．load D．strength
3.ban v. 禁止；取缔n. 禁令
Do you think smoking should be_________ 你认为应该禁止吸烟吗？(P17)
After the accident, he was banned from driving. 事故发生后，他被禁止驾车。(朗文P110) There is a ban on smoking in the theatre. 剧场内严禁吸烟。
be banned from doing sth. 被禁止做某事
there be a ban on... 禁止；禁令
declare a ban on... 宣布禁止……
put a ban on 禁止……
remove the ban on 解除对……的禁令
under a ban 受禁止；被查禁
4. quit v. 停止(做某事)；离开
I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to____.
I wish you would all quit complaining.
我希望你们都别抱怨了。(朗文P1611)
He was glad to be quit of the troublesome job.
他很高兴能摆脱那个麻烦的工作。(朗文P1611)
quit doing sth. 停止做某事
quit office/one's job 离职
quit oneself of sth.＝be quit of sth. 摆脱某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
give up doing sth. 放弃/停止做某事
get rid of 摆脱……
rid oneself of 使自己摆脱……
注意quit后接动名词，但不接不定式
单项填空
(4)He decided to ________ the position after quarreling with the manager.
A．stop B．block C．loosen D．quit
5. effect n. 结果；效力
When I was young, I didn't know much about the harmful _________of smoking.
在我年轻的时候，关于吸烟的危害我知道得并不多。(P18)
The advertising campaign didn't have much effect on sales.
广告宣传对销售影响不大。(朗文P548)
The old system of taxation will remain in effect until next May.
旧税制在明年五月前仍然有效。(朗文P548)
have a good/bad effect on 对……有好/坏的影响
be of no effect 没效果；无用
take effect(法律)生效；(药)奏效
bring/put ...into effect 实施
come/go into effect 生效
in effect 事实上；在实施；生效
side effect 副作用
完成句子
The new medicine quickly ________(奏效)．
What a teacher says often________ (很有影响) junior students.
6. desperate adj. 不顾一切的；绝望的
If you feel_________,you might like to talk to a doctor or chemist about something to help you. 如果你的确没办法，你还可以找一个医生或药剂师来谈谈，帮你想点办法。(P19)
They were sold by families desperate for money to buy food.
它们是由极需钱来购买食品的家庭出售的。(双解P551)
be desperate for 极需要……；极向往……
be desperate to do sth. 非常想做某事
do sth. desperately 拼命地做某事
in desperation 绝望地；不顾一切地；拼命地
介词填空
Having been out of work for three years, she is desperate ________ work.
Knowing his son was locked in the burning house, he kicked the door ________ desperation. 7. disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的
Do not be_____________ if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking.
即使你非得经过多次戒烟才能最后把它戒掉，你也不要失望。(P19)
She was deeply disappointed about/at losing the race.
比赛输了，她很沮丧。(朗文P484)
I was disappointed to hear that they weren't coming.
听说他们不来我很失望。(朗文P484)
be disappointed about/at/in... 对……感到失望
be disappointed to do 做某事失望
be disappointed that... 感到失望……
be disappointing 令人失望的
disappoint sb. 使某人失望
to one's disappointment 令人失望的是
a disappointment 令人失望的人/事
运用上述词汇完成下列情景
(9)Today, I went downtown with several of my good friends. However, the weather was really ①__________ because it was raining. I told my friends that we wouldn't be ②________. Arriving at a park, we were ③________ to find it was not open today. Then we left the park to a nearby restaurant for lunch. To our ④________，the restaurant was closed, too. We had no choice but go home. What a ⑤________ outing it was!
【答案】①disappointing②disappointed③disappointed④disappointment⑤disappointing
8 ashamed adj. 感到惭愧；羞耻的
If you weaken and have a cigarette, do not feel_________.
如果你因意志削弱而又抽烟了，也不要觉得难为情。(P19)
Barry was ashamed that he had lost his temper.
巴里因自己发脾气感到很惭愧。(朗文P88)
I was ashamed of having lied to my mother.
我为自己向母亲撒谎感到内疚。(朗文P88)
be ashamed that... 对……感到羞耻；感到羞愧的是
feel/be ashamed of 对……感到惭愧
feel/be ashamed for sb. 替某人感到羞愧
be ashamed to do sth. 耻于做某事
be ashamed of oneself 为自己感到惭愧
It's a shame that... ……遗憾
What a shame that... ……多么遗憾
She felt ________ of doing that and tears ran down her cheeks.
A．shame B．ashamed C．sorry D．disappointed B
9.due to由于……
The flight was cancelled due to the fog.
航班因雾停飞。
The meeting isn't due to start until three.
会议预定要到3点才开始。(朗文P584)
Have you been paid the money that is due to you?
你得到应得的钱了吗？(朗文P584)
be due to do sth. 预期做某事
be due for sth. 应有；得到
be due to (doing) sth./ sb. 归因于(做)某事/某人
注意due to表示原因时只用来作状语或表语，不置于句首。
(Her efforts led to her success while his failure ____________ his laziness and carelessness. A．leads to B．due to C．led to D．was due to A
10. be/become addicted to 对……有瘾
During adolescence I also smoked and_______________________________
当我还是一个十几岁的孩子时，我也吸烟，而且还上了瘾。(P18)
It doesn't take long to become addicted to these drugs.
服用这些毒品不用多久就会上瘾。(朗文P17)
Never addict yourself to so much online games.
千万不要迷恋于如此多的网上游戏。
addict oneself to 沉迷于；醉心于
addiction to... 对……上瘾；习惯于
a video game addict 游戏迷
注意be addicted to中的to是介词，后接名词或动名词。
11. be/get/become accustomed to 习惯于……
This means that after a while your body ______________________having nicotine in it.
这就是说，过一段时间以后，你的身体习惯了香烟里的尼古丁。(P18)
I'm not accustomed to getting up so early.
我不习惯这么早起床。(朗文P14)
It took a while for me to accustom myself to all the new rules and regulations.
我花了一段时间才逐渐适应了所有的新规章制度。(朗文P14)
accustom sb./ oneself to (doing) sth. 使某人/自己习惯于(做)某事
be/get/become used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事
单项填空
(13)—Sorry to have kept you waiting.
—It doesn't matter. I'm accustomed to ________.
A．wait B．waiting C．be waiting D．have waited
12. decide on 对……作出决定；选定
____________a day to quit. 确定一个开始戒烟的日子。(P19)
I'm eighteen now and I have a right to decide my own future.
我现在18岁了，有权决定自己的未来。(朗文P485)
What was it that finally decided you to give up your job?
是什么使你最终决定放弃那份工作的？(朗文P485)
decide sth. 决定某事
decide what/when/how to do... 决定什么/何时/如何做……
decide (not) to do sth. 决定(不)做某事
decide sb. to do sth. 使某人决定做某事
It is decided that... 决定……
make a decision 作出决定
make up one's mind (to do) 决心(做某事)
介、副词填空
They have decided ________ the date for the wedding.
At last she made ________ her mind to tell her parents the truth.
13. feel like (doing) 想要(做)……；感觉自己像
Every time you __________smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a nonsmoker.
每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提醒自己你已经是不吸烟的人了
Do you feel like a cup of coffee?
你想来一杯咖啡吗？(朗文P624)
I don't feel myself today. 我今天不舒服。
feel sorry for 为……感到难过、遗憾
feel at home 感到自在；不拘束
feel badly about 对……感觉难过
feel like oneself 心情好；自觉健康
feel as if... 感觉好像、仿佛
feel one's way 摸索着前进
You should make your guests feel _at_______ home.
You may not feel ___like_____ going to bed on such a beautiful night.
14.in spite of 不顾；不管
______________all his efforts he failed. 尽管他已经竭尽全力，他还是失败了。
We went out in spite of the rain.
尽管下着雨，我们还是出去了。(朗文P1921)
She loved her husband in spite of the fact that he drank too much.
虽然丈夫喝酒很凶，但她仍然爱着他。(朗文P1921)
despite＝in spite of 尽管……(后接名词、代词)
despite/in spite of the fact... 尽管，不管(同位语从句)
regardless of... 不管，不顾……
注意despite 和in spite of 是介词；而although和though是连词，引导从句。
__ C ______，she came to school to attend the important lecture.
A．Though being ill B．Although illness C．In spite of illness D．Despite he was ill 15.take/run a risk/ risks 冒险
We must stop the rumours; the firm's reputation is at risk.
我们必须制止这些谣传，公司的名誉有受损的危险。(朗文P1705)
There was some risk that fire would break out again.
大火有再次烧起来的危险。(朗文P1705)
at risk处境危险；遭受危险
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at one's own risk 自担风险
at all risks 无论冒什么危险
run/take the risk of 冒……的危险
risk it 冒险试一试
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk ________ the good opportunity.
A．to lose B．losing C．to be lost D．being lost
16. get into 陷入；染上(习惯)；开始对……感兴趣
Of course the best way to deal with these drugs is not to _get into the habit in the first place!当然，解决吸毒问题的最佳方法就是首先不要染上这一习惯。
I'm sorry if I got you into trouble.
如果我给你添了麻烦，我十分抱歉。(朗文P725)
Our teacher is clever, but not very good at getting his ideas across
get into trouble 陷入困境
get into the habit of 染上……的习惯
get into panic 陷入恐慌
get (sth.) across (to sb.) (使某事)为人理解
get along/on with 进展；相处
get over 克服
get around/about 四处走动
get through 接通；完成
get in 收割；募集(捐款)
单项填空
I used to quarrel a lot with my parents, but now we ________ fine.
A．look out B．stay up C．carry on D．get along
句型：
1.I _________so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.
我的确希望你把烟戒掉，因为我希望你能像我这样活的健康长寿。(P18)
“do/does /did＋动词原形”这一结构表示“的确；确实；真的”，用于肯定句和祈使句中，起加强语气的作用，有人称和时态的变化。
Do come early tomorrow morning.
明天早晨一定要早来。
The manager does think highly of your suggestion.
经理确实很看重你的建议。
I did tell the monitor about the exact result of the test.
2. Do not be disappointed if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking.
即使你非得经过多次戒烟才能最后把它戒掉，你也不要失望。(P19)
before引导时间状语，除了表示“在……之前”以外，还可以表示“……(之后)才；(不多久)就；不等……就”。多用于下列句型中：
It will take/takes/took sb.some time＋before 花费时间才……
It is/was long before... 过了……时间才
It won't be long before... 不久就……
It will be long ＋before... 过……多久才
It won't be long before you recover from the illness.
不用多久你就会痊愈。
It will take three or five years before the city is rebuilt.
需要三至五年时间这个城市才能重建。
单项填空
The American Civil War lasted four years ________ the North won in the end.
A．after B．before C．when D．then
语法：
常用并列连词
1.表示并列的连词：and，as well as，not only...but also，both...and，neither...nor。
The artist was born poor, ________ poor he remained all his life.
A．and B．or C．but D．so
【解析】前后句之间是并列关系，因而使用and连接。
2. 表示转折意义的连词：but，while(而，然而)，whereas(而)，nevertheless(然而)。
—I wonder how much you charge for your services.
— The first two are free ________the third costs D|S30.
A．while B．until C．when D．before
前后两个分句之间是并列关系，表示对比意义“而，然而”，因而使用连词while。
3. 表示因果的连词：for，so，then；表示条件或结果的连词：and，or等。
He found it increasingly difficult to read，________his eyesight was beginning to fail. A．though B．for C．but D．so
【解析】空格后部分用来解释前一句的原因，因而使用连词for。
4.表示选择的连词：or，either...or，otherwise
You have failed twice. You'd better start working harder, ________ you won't pass the course. A．and B．So C．but D．or
【解析】祈使句与后面的陈述句所表达的内容是对立关系，因而用or。
I grew up in Africa, ________ at least I should say that I spent much of the first ten years of my life there.
A．and B．or C．so D．but
根据句意，此处应使用or表示选择，意为“或者”。
用适当的并列连词填空
1．One more week, ________ we will accomplish the task.
2．Information technology is taught in most schools, ____________ we have entered the information society.
3．Don't drive too fast, ________ you will have an accident.
4．They wanted to chargeD|S5, 000 for the car, ________ we managed to bring the price down. 1．and 2.for 3.or 4.but
Unit 4
词汇：
1. phenomenon n. pl phenomena 现象
An eclipse of the moon is a rare phenomenon.
Bankruptcy is a common phenomenon in an economic recession.
2. glance vi. look quickly at (sb./sth.) n. a quick look
glance at = take a glance at 匆匆一看；扫视
stare at 盯着看；凝视
glare at 瞪着眼看；怒目而视；怒视
She glanced shyly at the young fellow from behind.
选修六Module 1 ⒈lack (1)Lack money/ experience/ time (2)Be lacking in (3)For lack of ①健康问题与不好的饮食习惯及缺乏锻炼有很大的关系。 Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a lack of exercise. ②大城市因为缺乏空间建起了越来越多的高层建筑。 More and more high-rise buildings have been built in big cities for lack of space. ③由于缺乏睡眠，许多学生无法集中精力于学习上( 一句多译). Many students can’t concentrate on their studies for lack of sleep. Many students lack sleep, which makes it difficult for them to concentrate on their studies. Lacking sleep makes it difficult for many students to concentrate on their studies. Many students are lacking in sleep so that they can’t concentrate on their studies. ⒉advance Adj. 预先的在前的 预付款advance payment 提前做点某事do a little advance planning v.前进发展进步推动，将···提前 →advanced 先进的，高级的， advanced technology /society /courses n. in advance 提前、事先= ahead of time. ⒊In addition 此外，另外=besides, what’s more in addition to 除···之外= apart from// besides There’s a postage and packing fee in addition to the repair charge In addition , you need to know how long you should stay. Except //except for I cant take my holidays at any time except in August.
外研版高中英语选修六1-6单元知识点归纳 Module 1 【词条1】lack 【点拨】lack动词, 意为"缺乏,没有"。如: He is good at his job but he seems to lack confidence. What he lacks in experience he makes up for in enthusiasm. 【拓展】 1. lack的常用短语有:be lacking"欠缺,缺乏"；be lacking in"缺乏(某种品质、特点等)"；lack (for) nothing"应有尽有"。如: Money for the project is still lacking. I think the film is lacking in pace. They have got everything ready and they lack for nothing. 2. lack还可作名词,常与of连用,意为"缺乏,没有"。for lack of "因为缺乏……"。如: The work had to be stopped for lack of funds. The flowers withered for lack of water. 【词条2】reply 【点拨】名词,意为"回答,答复",常与介词to 连用。如: Is it a reply to the first or the second letter? To my anger, she made no reply to my question. 其常用在短语in reply to中,意为"作为对……的回答,回复"。如: What did he do in reply to your challenge? 【拓展】reply也可作动词,意为"回答,答复",reply (to ... / that ...) 。如: The teacher gave me no chance to reply to her question. Lily replied that she knew nothing about it. 【词条3】apology 【点拨】apology名词,意为"道歉,歉意",常用于短语:offer / make an apology to sb."向某人道歉", accept an apology"接受道歉"。如: It’s impolite of you to leave without a word of apology. In my judgment, we should accept their apology. You’d better make an apology for your absence. 【拓展】其动词形式为apologize,意为"道歉,表示歉意",常用短语为: apologize to sb.(for sth.)"(因某事)向某人道歉"。如: I must apologize for not being able to meet you that day. I think Tom might have apologized to Jane for what he did. 经典短语透视 【短语1】think of 【点拨】think of可意为"想起,想出"。如: The photo made me think of my child-hood. It was Tom who thought of the good plan.
选修6 Unit 1 Art-Reading A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduallv replaced those held in the Middle Ages.People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess t heir own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the roles of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal. from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.
选修六 Unit 1 1.adj. 现实主义的；逼真的；现实的 2.adj. 抽象的；深奥的n. 摘要 3.n. 雕塑 4.n. 雕刻家；雕塑家 5.n. 美术陈列室；画廊 6.n. 信任；信心；信念 7.adv. 忠实地 8.adv. 所以；因而 9.n. 目标；目的vi. & vt. 瞄准；（向某方向）努力 10.adj. 常规的；传统的；因循守旧的 11.adj. 典型的；有代表性的 12.adj. 明显的；明白的 13.n. 新生；复兴；复活 14.vt. 采用；采纳；收养 15.adj. 人道主义的 16.vt. 拥有；具有；支配 17.n. （尤作复数）所有；财产 18.adj. 卓越的；杰出的；极好的 19.n. 透视画法；透视图；观点 20.n. 技术；方法；技能 21.n. 巧合（的事）；（事情、口味、故事等）相合 22.巧合地 23.n. 杰作；名著 24.n. 印象主义；印象派 25.adj. 印象派的 n.印象派艺术家 26.adj. 后印象派的n. 后印象派艺术家 27.大量28.n. 阴影；影子 29.adj. 荒谬的；可笑的 30.adj. 争论的；争议的 31.n. 努力；尝试；企图vt. 尝试；企图 32.（可是）另一方面 33.vt. 预言；预告；预测 34.n. 风景；景色 35.adj. 确切的；特定的 36.n. 画像；身材；数字 37.n. 黏土 38.n. 评论家；批评者 39.n. 青铜；青铜色；青铜制艺术品 40.n. 大理石 41.vt. 雕刻；刻记 42.adj. 脆弱的；容易生病的；精致的 43.n. 帆布；画布 44.n. 咖啡馆；小餐馆 45.adj. 过敏性的；对……过敏的 46.adv. 有效地 47.n. 展览；陈列；展览会 48.adj.敢做敢为的;侵略的；好斗的 49.n. 学者 50.n. 肉；肌肉；肉体 51.活着的；本人 52.n. 几何学 53.n. 束；串 54.n. 林荫道；道路；大街 55.n. 喜爱；偏爱
Review of Book 6 高二英语选修6 重要知识点复习 I.Let?s review the phrases of book6. 从方框里选择短语并用正确的形式填空，每个短语只能够用一次（其中有多余的选项） burn to the ground, put up with, on the whole, result in , so long as, come about, in the distance, build up, focus on , scores of, a great deal of, manage to , be made up o f, translate …into, take it easy,, in spite of, in sorrow, take possession of, due to, decide on , be addicted to, get into, in the flesh, run out of, stand for, feel like, be accustomed to, convince…of, pay attention to, in the darkness, take a risk 1 the restaurant?s success was___ its new manage. 2 Could you tell me how many departments this university ____? 3 The man often returns from work very late and gets through the woods ___ by himself. 4The king tried to______ his men ____ his power by leading the great army. 5At the discussion, the farmers? argument____ whether their farmlands should be covered by the factory. 6Once you ___ surfing on the Internet, you will find it rather hard to give it up. 7Though humans have discovered____ oil and coal, they mustn?t waste energy like that. 8You can not legally____ the property until three weeks after the contract is signed. 9In mathematics, the letter “X” usually ______ an unknown figure. 10Hearing the sad news that the famous actor died of cancer, all his fans were deeply ______. 11“_______, young man” , the doctor said to Bill. “Let me examine you carefully. 12______ so many difficulties , we?ll do whatever we can to finish the task. 13It was so dry and hot in the desert and the travelers ______ the water they had. 14Without any guide leading them in the forest, the explorers soon____ trouble. 15I?m very hungry now and I _____ eating some food or fruit as soon as possible. 16Those young people would like to _____ so that they could find out whether there is a huge snake in the cave. 17Last week, we saw the man_______ who was said to have died in an accident and we know the news was not true. 18After a long heated discussion, the manager finally_______ taking the measures to encourage their stuff. 19A large number of young people who________ the comfortable life in the city would rather not return to the countryside. 20The popularity of private cars will_____ more serious air pollution and more traffic accidents. 21However, ________, I think I have been fortunate. 22With the Internet bridging people all over the world, great changes have________. 23A balanced diet and enough exercise can certainly_________ your health. 24The pay you get is so low in the company while your work is so hard-----how can you _________it? 25One can achieve his goal sooner or later_______ he is able to face the future with confidence and work hard at it. II.Words spelling. 单词拼写A： 1.They had to c______ tomorrow?s football match because of the bad weather. 2.He studied the German market to find the _______( 可能性) there for investment. 3.Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ________( 不幸地), neither of them could swim. 4.The car club couldn?t ________（保证）to meet the demands of all its members. 5.Miss Lin made a very _________(印象深刻的) speech at the meeting. 6.American culture is u______ because it was formed and developed under special conditions. 7.The lecture was so long and dull that most audiences got b______ with it. 8._______(发抖) with fear, I made my way to the edge of the crater. 单词拼写B 1.The word “ honesty” is an a______ （抽象）noun. 2.There are many art g_____ （画廊）in New York. 3.I?m afraid I?ve never been much of a s______ (学者) 4.They are to put on an ______ (展览) of French paintings next week. 5.The prisoners a______ (尝试) to escape, but failed. 单词拼写C： 1．Some___________ (青少年) have got into the habit of taking drugs. 2．She hopes to get a job on the local newspaper and _______(最后)work the Times. 3．The doors opened _______（自动地）as we approached. 4．He played the piano for a bit of __________ （放松） 5．It?s ________（不合法的）to park your car here. 6．He put forward a plan for improving the rate of_______（生产）。 7．So I did wrong thing! Well, nobody?s_______（完美的）。 8．A woman is ________（怀孕的）for nine months before a child is born. 9．In fact,_______（压力）isn?t so bad a thing as it is often supposed to be. 10.The man made a________（陈述）to the police. 单词填空D 1．T he __________(平均数)of 3,6 and 9 is 6 2．G as and coal are __________(燃料)。 3．W e had very little d_________(资料)on that subject.
选修六知识点归纳总结 ▲环境问题的表现：资源短缺，环境污染，生态破坏，全球环境变化 ▲环境问题产生的原因：（1）自然原因自然原因引起的环境问题，主要指火山爆发，地震，山崩，泥石流，台风，海啸，寒潮，水旱等自然界固有的自然灾害 （2）人为原因 1.资源的有限性与人类需求的无限性的矛盾（根本性的原因）2．短期经济利益与长远环境效益的矛盾3．局部利益与整体利益的矛盾4．个人行为和大众利益的矛盾 解决当代环境问题的关键是在尽可能短的时期内，控制世界人口的增长，使世界人口稳定在适度的规模 当代环境问题的特点： 1、危害的不可预见性 2、过程的不可逆性 3、规模的全球性 两种不同的环境观: 传统的环境观：人地关系：人地对立，基本观点：征服自然。后果：资源枯竭和环境破坏 新的环境观：天人合一，人地归一，保持平衡与协调。良性方向发展 可持续发展的概念和内涵 （1）概念可持续发展就是既满足当代人的需求，又不对后代人满足其自身需求能力构成危害的发展。它是一个涉及经济、社会、文化技术和自然环境的综合概念。 （2）基本思想①鼓励经济增长；②要保证资源的可持续利用和良好的生态环境；③谋求社会的全面进步。 （3）中国的可持续发展——《中国21世纪议程》 ▲水体富营养化:水体富营养化发生在淡水水体，称为“水华”；发生在海洋，称为“赤潮” 1、形成条件：较为封闭的海湾、湖泊等水体中，由于水体的流动性差，自净能力弱 河道中不的净化作用见课本 2、污染物：氮磷等植物营养元素 3、污染源：工业废水、生活污水、农业废水 4、危害——①水生植物和鱼类死亡②水质变坏③湖泊变沼泽 5、湖泊沼泽化本身是一种自然现象，进程缓慢。人类活动（水体富营养化与围湖造田）加快了这一进程 海洋石油污染 1、污染源：近海石油的开采、加工和运输，海上油轮泄漏 2、污染物：石油 3、危害： 直接危害：油污染能直接导致海鸟、海兽的毛、皮丧失防水和保温性能，或因堵塞呼吸和感觉器官而大量死亡。油膜和油块能粘住大量的鱼卵和幼鱼，并阻碍海藻的光合作用，底栖动物则还要受沉降到海底的石油的影响。 间接危害：石油在氧化分解过程中，因大量消耗水中的溶解氧，也会间接地对生物造成危害 4、常发区域：世界的主要港湾、主要航线附近、海上油井周围 5、怎样清除石油 ①分散：喷洒强效洗涤剂，不宜在近岸或渔场使用 ②沉降：撒粉状石灰，危害海底生物 ③吸收：利用麦秆等吸收石油，静水环境 ④围栏：小面积油污，静水环境 ⑤放任：任其自然分解 ⑥燃烧：油层达2mm，造成大气污染▲水污染的危害：①危害人体健康②降低农作物的产量和质量③影响渔业生产的产量和质量④制约工业的发展⑤加速生态环境的退化和破坏⑥造成经济损失 水污染的防治措施 （1）工业水污染防治对策 1.宏观性控制对策:优化产业结构与工业结构 2.技术性控制对策。如积极推行清洁生产，提高工业用水重复利用率，实行污染物排放总量控制 制度，促进工业废水与城市生活污水的集中 3.管理性控制对策，如完善法律法规，加大执法力度，健全环境监测网络 （2）城市水污染防治对策 1. 将水污染防治纳入城市的总体规划 2.城市废水的防治的防治应遵循集中与分散相结合的原则 3.在缺水地区应积极将城市水污染的防治与城市废水资源化相结合 4.加强城市地表和地下水源的保护 5.大力开发低耗高效废水处理与回用技术 （三）农村水污染防治对策 1.发展节水型农业 2.合理利用化肥和农药 3.加强对畜禽排泄物，乡镇企业废水及村镇生活污水的有效处理 固体废弃物（通常称为垃圾）是指在生产建设、日常生活和其他活动中产生的污染环境的固态、半固态废弃物质 城市垃圾的特点 1、数量大 2、品种多 3、变化大 当代垃圾产生的环境问题 1、自然环境对固体废弃物具有一定的自净能力，例如沙土掩埋、微生物分解等，使垃圾回归土壤 2、传统方式：用垃圾和粪便堆肥，使有机质回归土壤，不会造成环境污染 注意：上述两种方式，不能处理所有的固体废弃物。 3、固体废弃物的危害： ①污染大气②污染水体③污染土壤④占用耕地⑤影响环境卫生⑥危害人体健康 固体废弃物污染防治与综合利用 （一）固体废物减量化 1.对城市固体废物：逐步改变燃料结构，净菜进城、减少垃圾生产量，加强产品的生态设计，推行垃圾分类收集，搞好产品的回收、利用的再循环 2、对工业固体废物：淘汰落后生产工艺，推广清洁生产工艺，发展物质循环利用工艺 （二）固体废物资源化与综合利用 1.物质回收利用，如从废弃物中回收提取有用成分，如纸，重金属等 2.物质转换利用，如废渣生产建筑材料、水泥，进行堆肥，产生农肥，取代某种工业原料等 3.能量转换利用，如能有机废物的焚烧处理回收热量、发电，利用垃圾厌氧消化产生沼气 （三）固体废物的无害化处理处置 影响大气污染扩散和自净的因素： ⑴污染物排放量大小：若排放量小，则易扩散 ⑵气象条件：风速、风向、气温、湿度、云况、辐射等 凡是有利于增大风速、增强湍流的气象条件，都有利于污染物的扩散； 出现逆温天气，大气层异常稳定时，不利于大气污染物的扩散 ⑶地形：盆地、河谷地形，不利于污染物扩散
西方绘画艺术简史 艺术是受一个民族的风俗和信仰影响。西方艺术风格经历了多次变革。因为西方艺术多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。因此，本书只谈及从公元六世纪开始以来最重要的几种艺术风格。 中世纪(5到15世纪) 在中世纪时期,画家的主要目的是把宗教主题表现出来。这一时期传统的艺术家无意于如实地展现自然和人物。这时的典型绘画充满了宗教的特征，体现出了对上帝的爱戴和敬重。但是，13世纪时绘画观念在改变是显而易见的，像乔托这样的画家开始以一种更现实的方式来画宗教场景。 文艺复兴时期（15世纪到16世纪） 在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。人们开始较少关注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。同时画家们回到罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上。他们力争如实画出人物和自然。富人们想拥有自己的艺术品，这样就可以装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅。他们出价聘请著名艺术家不仅让他们画他们的活动和成就，还要他们画自己的肖像、房子和所有物。 在此期间，最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事务。这一手法是1428年由马萨乔第一次使用的。当人们第一次看到他的画时，还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的场景，并对此深信不疑。如果没有发现透视法，就没有人能画出如此逼真的画。巧合的是，这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展，使得绘画的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。没有新的颜料和新的手法，我们就不能看到很多使这一时期著名的杰作。 印象派(19世纪后期到20世纪初期) 19世纪后期，欧洲发生了巨大的变化，从以农业为主的社会转变成了以工业为主的社会。许多人从农村迁入到新城市。有许多新发明和社会变革。这些变革也自然地促成了新的绘画风格。在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。 印象派画家是第一批室外写景的画家。他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来。然而由于自然光的变化很快，印象派画家们必须很快地作画，因此，他们的画就不像以前那些画家们的画那样细致了。起初，很多人不喜欢这种画法，甚至还怒不可遏。他们说这些画家作画时漫不经心，粗枝大叶，而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑。 现代艺术(20世纪到今天) 在印象派作品的创建初期，他们是存在着争议的，但是如今已经被人们接受而成为我们现在所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了。这是因为印象派鼓励画家用一种崭新的视角看待他们的环境。如今，现代艺术风格有好几十种，然而如果没有印象派，那么这许多不同的风格也许就不可能存在。一方面，有些现代艺术是抽象的，也就是说，画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来，而是集中展现物体的某些品质特征，用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。而另一方面，有些现代派的艺术作品却是那么真实，看上去就像是照片。这些风格如此不同。谁能预言将来会有什么样的绘画风格？
Unit 1 I词汇及结构 1. would rather do sth情愿做…. would rather sb did sth情愿sb做… 情愿做….而不愿意做…：would rather do sth than do sth= would do sth rather than do sth = prefer to do sth rather than do sth = prefer doing sth to doing sth 2.faith n. 信任,信仰keep faith with 忠于信仰; 守信 have faith in 相信, 信任 in good faith 老实地；诚恳地faithful adj. 忠诚的，可靠的 3.As there are so many different styles of Western art , it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text． so+adj+a(an)+(单数可数) (+that…) so many/few +n (复数) (+ that…) so much/little (不可数) (+that…) such+adj.+n.(不可数)/ n (复数) 4.consequently adv. 所以，因此 Mr Foster has never been to China. Consequently, he knows very little about it. 福斯特先生从未去过中国, 所以对中国了解得很少。 consequent adj. 作为结果的,随之发生的 consequence n. 结果
选修六知识点 -----高二英语备课组 Unit 1 Art 1.achieve one’s aim 实现某人的目标without one’s aim 漫无目标的 with the aim of 意在…，以…为目标aim at doing sth /aim to do sth 意欲，力求做某事 be aimed at (doing) sth.目的在于…，旨在… 2.be typical of……是特有的，是典型的… E.g. It’s typical of him to forget. 3.be possessed of sth. 具有（某种品质或特征）be possessed with/by 被…控制 take the possession of sth 占有某物，拿到某物 in possession of /in the possession of 归…所有（用法与in charge of & in the charge of相同） 4.a great deal 大量（a great deal of 修饰不可数名词） 5.make an attempt to do/at doing sth 尝试做…at one’s first attempt 第一次尝试 in an attempt to do sth 试图做某事attempt to do/ at doing sth 尝试做某事 6. on the one hand…on the other hand （般指两个相反或相对的方面）一方面…另一方面 for one thing ..for another thing…常陈述情况一致的两个方面，用于解释原因，表列举 7.be worth doing = be worthy of being done = be worthy to be done 值得做… be well worth doing sth.（主动表被动）It’s worthwhile to do/doing sth. 值得做… 8.have/lose faith in 对某人信任/失去对某人的信任 9.keep one’s figure 保持身材have a good figure 身材苗条figure out 算出，解决，理解 10. would rather do ..than…= would do …rather than… I would rather go on foot than take a bus.= I would go on foot rather than take a bus. 11. in preference to 优先于have a preference for 更喜欢… 12.appeal to (对某人)有吸引力；（使某人）感兴趣appeal for 恳求/呼吁… 13 win/earn reputation 赢得名声have a reputation for 以…而闻名. establish reputation 建立名誉 a good /bad reputation 好/坏名声 live up to one’s reputation 名不虚传…不负盛名… 14.动词不定式作后置定语： 1.用在序数词、形容词最高级后. E.g. He is the first to come here. 2.用在被序数词、形容词最高级、next、last、only等修饰的名词后. Eg. The best way to solve the problem is to make a plan. 15.more than + 数词表示“多于，超过”I have taught English more than 15 years. more than + 名词表示“不仅仅”The museum displays more than the visual delights of art. more than + 动词/形容词/副词表示“非常”I’m more than pleased to help you . more than + 句子表示“超过…的能力范围”The beauty is more than I can describe. 16. 句型what is known to us all is that…= it is known to us all that …= As is known to us all, … 17. 短语：It was evident that…很显然…It is predicted that …据预测…concentrate..on 集中，全神贯注于in perspective 用透视画法by coincidence 巧合地break away from 挣脱，脱离scores of 许多.in the flesh 活着的，亲自，本人 every two years= every second year = every other year 每2年be allergic to 对…过敏 be well worth a visit 很值得参观to be specific 具体地说be specific to 特有的；独特的attitude to/towards 对…的态度convince sb of sth /that…使某人相信… Unit 2 Poems 1．convey sth to sb 向某人表达/传递某物convey sb/sth from A to B把…从A地运送到B地2.take one’s time 不急，慢慢来take sth seriously 认真对待某事 take sth for granted 认为…理所应当 3.run out of 用完了…表示主动意义，run out …用完了，主语通常为时间、食物、金钱等We are running out of the money. = The money is running out. (钱快要用完了) 4.be made up of=be composed of =consist of由……组成
高中英语选修6 Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance(15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal, from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous. Modern Art(29th century to today) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modern art". This is because the