当前位置:文档之家› 《中式英语之鉴》部分翻译

《中式英语之鉴》部分翻译

《中式英语之鉴》部分翻译
《中式英语之鉴》部分翻译

误用平行结构

弗雷特[p.212] 谈到“最致命的的问题就是想用匹配的结构却没用好”。但同样致命的是对那些本来不匹配的成分使用匹配的结构。以上两种情况都会给人一种毫无头绪的印象。

当把平行结构强加在那些逻辑上本不平行的成分中,其结果总会让人吃惊(例如,“Just like the Crowne Plaza, all rooms...”)。有时,这种用法会故意产生幽默感。乔森[p.9] 引用了这两个错误的平行结构“He took his hat and his leave”和“He bolted his door and his dinner”。乔森暗示人们都是出于搞笑的意图才会写:“He keeps fit, sleep, and his word .”

但是逻辑上不一致的问题常常是不经意产生的。拉姆齐福勒和简·艾伦[p.354] 引用了一个误用的结构:The painting has subdued tone, great feeling, and a length of about three feet. 作者在这个毫无相似性的结构中无意间暗示了一种相似性。

克莱尔·库克[p.67] 给出以下这个引人深思的平行结构:The police found no alcohol in his bloodstream but a loaded gun in his car. 这一结构几乎没什么意义。

杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙,像弗雷特一样,坚持认为平行结构一旦开始使用就应贯穿始终,然而他们强调,这种结构如果一开始就不符合逻辑就不应使用。杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙说:“平行结构是如此重要的一种写作工具以至于平行结构的使用必须是纯粹的,所以不要将平行形式用在迥然不同的观点中。”

如果你能记住以上这点建议,你就会避免拿破仑战争中那位法国退伍军人在叙述自己三次受伤经历时所犯的错误:

Once in an ambush, once in the leg, and once in the Netherlands.

对二十个例子的修改

1)A:Economically, we are struggling for the democracy of distribution of food grain, reduction production.

B:Economically, we are struggling to ensure the democratic distribution of grain,

reduce rents and interest rates, increase wages, eliminate unemployment and

develop production.

句意为:从经济上说,我们正努力保证粮食的民主分配,减少租金和利率,增加工资,消除失业,发展生产。

[- 例句A中有三个名词和由并列连词“and”连接的两个动名词。这种结合是非常尴尬的,尤其是因为动名词不能跟在动词后面(例如,“we are struggling for getting rid of ”就不是英语)。

-若将“for”改为to,那么所有的五个要素就转换成了不定式:“we are struggling to ensure ... reduce ...etc. ”这些更改不仅会产生一些可行的平行结构而且也能那三个动词和两个动名词。

(“Food”作为可有可无的形容词而被删除:it can be taken for granted that unless otherwise stated, grain is for human consumption.)]

1)以下例句来自一张京剧表演票的背面:

A:After renovation Hu Guang Guild Hall has been turned into Beijing Traditional Operas Museum, which is a cultural center with

multifunction such as opera performing, exhibition, shopping and

restaurant, etc.

B:After renovation, the Hu Guang Guild Hall has been turned into Beijing Traditional Operas Museum, a multifunctional cultural center

including an opera hall, exhibition space, shops, restaurants, etc.

句意为:湖广会馆在改造后已成为北京传统戏剧博物馆,这个多功能的文化中心有一个歌剧厅、展览区、商店、餐馆等。

[- 例句A中又有一系列由“and”连接的词,其中名词和动名词混合使用。

- 此外,前三个要素(“performing”,“exhibition”,“shopping”)都是

代表活动的抽象词,而第四个词(“restaurant”)是表示地点的具体的

词。(如果最后一个词和前三个相似比如“dining”,那么动词和动名词的

结合可能就容易接受了。)在修改后的句子中,四个词全部被替换为具体

名词来命名为不同的地方。(回顾:“Beijing Traditional Operas Museum”

被拼写为“Beijing Museum of Traditional Operas ”,这样就可以避免名词

“Museum”前形容词和名词的堆砌)]

3) A:The forces were greatly reduced in number because of persistent march under

the heat of the midsummer sun, fatigue, plus deaths and the wounded in

battles and deserters during the march.

B:Their numbers were now greatly reduced because of battlefield casualties, desertions, and the exhaustion of constant marching under a blazing

midsummer sun.

句意为:他们的人数大大减少了,因为战场上有伤亡、逃兵且在仲夏炎炎烈日之下持续行走让人精疲力尽。

[- 这次,如果我们将例句A中的过去分词“wounded”(cf. “the injured”

“the unemployed,”etc. )看作名词,那么例句A就是完全由名词组成。但是这些名词是没有可比性的。

- 前两个词—“march(ing)”和“fatigue”并不相似,因为第二个词不是独立的危害而是第一个词的结果。

- 最后的三个词—“death,”“the wounded,”“deserter”在逻辑上的顺序应该是“death”/“wounded”/“desertions”(损失的三种原因) 或者是“the dead”/ “the wounded”/“the deserters”(三种人)等等。

- B句中的“march”和“fatigue”组成一个短语,表示这两者之间的关系(“the exhaustion of constant marching”)。“death”和“the wounded”折合为一个词(“casualties”)。

- 所列举的这些原因就这样从五个不一致的词缩减到三个相对一致的词:“casualties”,“desertions”,“exhaustion”]

4)A:Most public grain has already been collected; standardized tax regulations, tax

items and tax rates have been promulgated; and because the mainland has

been liberated, tax receipts have been greater than last year.

B:Most public grain has already been collected; standardized tax rates and regulations, and lists of taxable tax items have been promulgated; and

because the mainland has been liberated, tax receipts have been greater

than they were last year.

句意为:大多数公粮已经收集;标准税率和法规及一系列应纳税项已颁布;

因为内地已解放,因此税款收入已超过去年。

[- 在A句中,第二个从句中的三个主语都是又都是名词,但是顺序又不一样。“Regulations”和“rates”是抽象名词,但应纳税的“iterms”(像盐或驾照之类的实物) 是具体名词,而且不像其他的两个词,不能被“promulgated”(比如,宣布或公告)。

B句中抽象词“lists”是用来解决这一问题的。

-(在最后一个从句中,“tax receipts”无意间和“last year”形成比较关系而非去年的纳税收据。更正错误之后的句子如下:“tax receipts have been greater than they were last year.”)]

5)A:But even so, it will be hard to prevent expenditure from exceeding revenue and

a fall in revenue, and there may be such factors as a grain shortage that

will contribute to price rise.

B:But even so, it will be hard to prevent expenditure from exceeding revenue and keep revenue from falling, and other factors, such as a grain shortage

may also drive price up.

句意为:但是即便如此,这将很难避免开支超过收入,且不让收入下降。其他因素像粮食短缺也可能推动价格上涨。

[- 在A句中,“prevent”的两个宾语并非同一语法类型:第一个(“expenditure from exceeding revenue”)是一个完整的短语,而第二个宾语(“a fall”)是单个名词。

- 在修改后的句子中,这两个宾语各自增加一个独立的动词并分开使用,这样“prevent expenditure from exceeding”和“keep revenue from falling”

之间可以建立崭新而确切的平行结构。

-(回顾:为了用表现力强的动词来代替表现力弱的名词,那么“contribute to price rise”就改为“drive prices up.”)]

6)A:Last month I went to Tingzhou and did the following with regard to contract negotiations [for the grocery workers there]:

1. Studying first of all where the enterprises concerned really stand, whether

the contract already negotiated has been observed, and what the demands

of the workers are ....

2. Relying on the Party branch, strengthening its leadership and consolidating

its organization....

3. The negotiated contract should be realistic and flexible, as required by the

actual conditions of the grocery trade in Tingzhou.

B:Last month I went to Tingzhou and did the following with regard to contract negotiations:

1. First of all, I tried to find out where each enterprise actually stood, whether

the contract already negotiated was being observed, and what the

demands of the workers were....

2. I relied on the Party branch, strengthening its leadership and consolidating

its organization....

3. I made sure that the negotiated contract was realistic and flexible and in

keeping with the conditions in the grocery trade in Tingzhou.

句意为:上个月我去汀州就合同谈判做了以下工作:

1. 首先,我试图了解每一家企业所在地,企业履行商定合同的情况及工

人的需求…

2. 我借助党支部加强领导并巩固党组织。。。

3. 我确保了所议定的合同既实用又灵活,并且该合同要符合汀州的杂货

贸易的情况。

[- 几页介入中间的文本将以上列举的三项内容隔开,因此,将这三项内容以平行的形式呈现显得更加重要,这样可以帮助读者跟踪演讲者

的论点并记得这些事都是他在汀州做的。

- 不过,A句中的这三个并列观点在形式上并不一致:(1) 动名词

(“studying”);(2) 动名词(“relying”,“strengthening”,

“consolidating”);(3) 动词(“should be”)。更糟糕的是,那些结构

从逻辑上说是不能跟在“I did the following”之后的。

- 在修改后的句子中,这三项内容都被统一为同一形式,即相同主语跟

及物动词(“I tried to find out”,“relied on”,“I made sure”)。

-(回顾:“actual”对“conditions”而言,因在意思上显得多余而被去

掉。)

7)A:Some intellectuals complain that our personnel contact them only on three things: namely, a transfer of work, a review of personal history, and when a

mistake is committed.

B:Some intellectuals complain that our people talk to them on only three occasions: when they are transferred to another job, when their personal

history is being reviewed, and when they made a mistake.

句意为:一些知识分子抱怨我们老百姓和他们谈论就只在三个场合:当他们调换工作时,当他们的履历受审查时,当他们犯错误时。

[-这一句中有一系列由“and”连接的三个词条,因此每一词条应该属于同一语法范畴,但是A句的组成是:名词+名词+从属从句。

在改后的句子中,所有的三种要素都是从属从句。这一平行结构是通过重复使用同一连词“when”及同一模式(“when x happens”)强化形成的。

这一平行结构也是通过将“when a mistake is committed”改为“when they make

a mistake,”增加的,而这一结构和先前两个从句(“when they”,“when their”,

“when they”)联系更为紧密。

-(用“make a mistake”代替“commit a mistake”是因为后者不是地道的英语表达。)

(回顾:结构上的变化也是为了将两个抽象名词—“a transfer”和“a review”

转换为动词。将“when a mistake is committed”改为主动语态要求一个陈述主体“they”,这样的好处就是进一步明确是谁犯了错误。)]

8)A:You have not only met Chairman Mao and visited our capital, but also have witnessed the power of our army and how the people love our Party and

the leader.

B:You have not only met Chairman Mao and visited our capital, but (also) witnessed the power of our army and the love the people bear our Party

and our leader.

句意为:你不仅见到了毛主席,参观了我们的首都而且还目睹了我们军队

的实力和人民对我党和领导人的热爱。

[- 在A句中,这些跟在“not only”和“but also”后的结构确切说并不一致。

我们在“not only”后面找到的是“met”和“visited”,“but also”后面是“have witnessed”。这一模型就是“You have not only x and y but also have z.”。创建准确的平行结构需要相关连词,笔者就删掉了“have”。因此,这一模型就变成了“You have not only x and y but also z.”。

- A句中“witnessed”的两个宾语由并列连词“and”连接。这两个宾语也不是平行结构:一个名词“power”和一个名词从句(“how the people love”) 一致。改后的句子是将这一从句改为另一名词(“love”)。]

9) A:This shows on the one hand that China’s vehicle and component industries are

still highly fragmented but on the other hand it is indicative of the

enthusiasm displayed by manufacturers in trying to tap into China’s

rapidly expanding automotive market.

B:This shows, on the one hand, that China’s vehicle and component industries are still highly fragmented but, on the other hand, that many

manufacturers are eager to tap into the rapidly expanding automotive

market.

句意为:这表明,一方面,中国的汽车和零部件行业仍高度分散,但是另一方面,很多生产商都迫切想打入迅速扩大的汽车市场。

[- 这里由并列连词“but also”连接的成分都是独立的从句。但有心的读者仍会觉得A句不完美。介词短语“on the other hand”像某个相关连词的

第一部分,因为这一短语就设定了还会有另一短语的预期。正如上面“not only... but also”的例子中,跟在第二部分的成分应和跟在第一部分的成

分保持一致。

- A句并不是这样的情况。“On the other hand”后面跟一个不独立的从句

(“that China’s vehicle and component industries are etc.”),而“on the

other hand”后跟一个独立从句(“it is indicative of etc.”)。修改后的句

子中,为了和第一个从句(“that many manufacturers are ...”)保持一致,

第二个从句改为不独立从句。

- 另一种解决方法就是将第一个从句改为独立从句以和第二个句子保持

一致。那就会出现:“On the one hand this shows that ... but on the other

hand it indicates (or:shows ) that ....”]

10)A:They unanimously suggested that more funds should be injected into scientific

development, that a more flexible system be introduced to help the transfer

of talent between economic sectors and scientific institutes, and that more

efforts are needed to accelerate the transfer of the fruit of scientific research

into industrial and agricultural production.

B:They unanimously suggested that more funds should be allocated for scientific development, that a more flexible system be introduced to facilitate the

exchange of highly trained people between economic enterprises and

scientific institutes, and that more efforts should be made to ensure that the

results of the scientific research are rapidly applied in industry and

agriculture.

句意为:他们一致认为应该分配更多资金来促进科学发展,应该引入更为灵活的体系来促进经济企业和科学机构中训练有素员工的交流,同时

应该更加努力的确保科研成果能快速应用到工农业中。

[- 这里A句又达到了语法范畴一致的要求:由“and”连接的所有这三部分都是由“that”引导的从属从句。

- 但是批判性读者仍会再一次感到不舒服,因为从其他方面来看,这三个从句并不属于平行结构。他们都有不同的形式:“that x should be done”/“that y be done”/“that efforts are needed to do z.”

- 在B句中,第二和第三个从句确实和第一个从句的形式保持一致:“that x should be done.”结构较为紧凑的平行结构很容易实现,而且更能愉悦身心。

-“Economic sectors”改为“economic enterprises”,这样就不会在抽象名词“sectors”和具体名词“institutes”形成平行结构。

-(将“talent”改为“highly trained people”是因为在第八章的234页提到,英语中这个词很少在这样的语境中使用。特别是在商业节目之外的情况,“talented”人不是指“talent”。)]

11)A:If state revenue is not only centralized, if state expenditure is not determined in accordance with the same regulations and inobservation of the principle of

austerity ... The inevitable result will be a waste of financial resources and

aggravated inflation.

B:If control of the state revenue is not centralized, and if decisions regarding state expenditures are not made in accordance with a uniform of regulations and a

consistent principle of austerity ... The inevitable result will be a waste of

financial resources and aggravated inflation.

句意为:如果政府收入的控制不实施集权化,如果政府支出决策的制定不遵循整套法规和一贯紧缩的原则…,那就会不可避免地产生浪费财政

资源并恶化通货膨胀的结果。

[- A句很充分,因为“and”连接两个介词短语,但是这个句子可以很紧凑

并有所改善。

-“In accordance with”和“in observation of”意指同一事物且发挥同样的

作用(修改动词“determined”),因此这两个短语就可以合为一种表达。

在B句中,这两个短语就变成了一个短语“in accordance with”。

-“In accordance with the same regulations”提出这个问题“the same as what?”

(可能是和其他地方的一样,比如,相同的一切地方,但并没有陈述)。

因此,笔者取代了“a uniform set of regulations.”

-“Consistent”就被引入了(“a consistent principle of austerity”)。这样做的

一个目的是为了明确意思,即根据相同的规则,每件事都应在每个地方以

同样的方式完成;另一个目的是想通过平衡“a uniform set of regulations”

中“uniform”来提升这一平行结构。

-(为了更好地体现逻辑性,笔者将句子开头的“state revenue”改为

“control of state revenue”:不是以钱为“中心”,而是以掌控钱为“中心”。)] 12)A:The purpose of struggling against the KMT was not to overthrow its rule but to hinder it from capitulating to the Japanese invaders and from fighting

against the Communist Party and to keep it in the anti-Japanese united

front.

B:The purpose of struggling against the KMT was not to overthrow its rule but to prevent it from capitulating to the Japanese invaders, fighting the

Communists and abandoning the anti-Japanese united front.

句意为:反抗国民党的目的不是为了推翻国民党的统治,而是为了阻止它向日本侵略者投降,对抗共产党及放弃抗日合作统一战线。

[- 这里的相关结构“not ...but”顺序正确,每一部分后面都跟一个不定式(“not to overthrow ...but to hinder ...”)。

- 由“and”连接的并列结构同样是可接受的,因为所连接的这两部分都是不定式(“to hinder ... and to keep”)。然而,如果稍作修改,这一结构可能会更好。

-A句中的两个要素由“hinder it from”来控制(“capitulating to the invaders”

和“fighting against the CP”)。B句中的第三个要素“to keep it in the united front”改为和前两个要素相同的形式:“hinder it from capitulating ...

fighting ... and abandoning.”

- 正如前面的例子,这种简缩的结果就是不仅会使平行结构更有气势,而且还使得陈述更加有序和简洁。

- (将“Hinder”改为“prevent”仅仅是因为“prevent”这个词更恰当。) ] 13)A:At this meeting it was decided that a part of the Red army led by Peng Dehuai and Teng Daiyuan should stay to defend the Jinggang Mountains and that

Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Chen Yi should lead the main forces of the

Fourth Army, numbering 3600, to march toward southern Jiangxi to

launch an attack.

B:At this meeting it was decided that a part of the Red Army, led by Peng Dehuai and Teng Daiyuan, should stay to defend the Jinggang Mountains,while the

main forces of the Fourth Army, numbering 3,600, led Mao Zedong, Zhu

De and Chen Yi should march to southern Jiangxi to launch an attack there.

句意为:此次会议决定:由彭德怀和滕代远领导的红一方面军保卫井冈山;由毛泽东、朱德及陈毅领导的第四军主力3600人进军江西南部并发动

进攻。

[- A句不太需要平行结构,因为由并列连词“and”连接的这两个要素都是非独立从句。如果想让这两个词表达更加一致,那还是比较容易做到和满足的。

- 第一个分句的模式是:“x troops, led by y, should do z”;第二个分句的模式是:“y should lead x troop to do z.”在修改后的句子中,第二句要和第一句保持一致:“the main forces of the Fourth Army, led by Mao et al . , should march .... ”

-(修改后的句子能进一步更正中式英语结构“lead the main forces to march”。

在英语中,你可以引导人们去一个地方,不论是字面意思像“gate”或“other side of the river”还是隐喻像“victory”或“conclusion”。但是“lead”除了有“induce”或“persuade”意思之外,你不能引导人们去做一些像“cross the river”,“win a victory”或“march to southern Jiangxi”之类的事。

- 为了强调这两支兵力同时行动,那么就要将这两分句的逻辑连接词“and”

改为“while”。)

14)A:The environment in which we find ourselves invariably has limitations, so we should examine things from various angles. Everyone inevitably has limits

in his cognition, therefore we should pay great heed to different views.

B:The environment in which we find ourselves is necessarily limited, so we should examine things from different angles. Our knowledge too is necessarily

limited, so we should pay attention to different views.

句意为:我们了解自己的环境是有限的,所以我们应从不同的角度来了解自己。

我们的知识也是有限的,所以我们应关注不同的观点。

[- 以上两种陈述在意思上明显是平行的。版本A在语法上是一致的,但没有平行句式,也会显得笨拙。

在修正的版本中,两个句子都有相同的模式而且基于相同的关键词(“x is necessarily limited”/“y is necessarily limited”),这样逻辑上的相似性就会一目了然。

-这两句中所附带的词也要保持一致以提高这个结构的平行度:“invariably”

/“inevitable,”“so”/“therefore”和“various”/“different”都是用来

配对的。

-(加“Too”是为了表示这两个句子之间的逻辑连接关系。)

-(回顾:从“has limits”到“is limited”的这种结构上的变化可以省掉三个抽象名词:“limitations”,“limits”,“cognition”。)]

15)A:The purpose of our meeting is to end the past and open up a new era. By ending the past, I mean we can leave it aside and concentrate on the future.

B:The purpose of our meeting is to put the last behind us and open up a new era.

By putting the past behind us I mean ceasing to talk about it and focusing

on the future.

句意为:我们此次会议的目的是把过去抛在脑后,开创一个新时代。忘记过去意思就是不谈论过去而是关注未来。

[- 在这个例子中,措词本身就暗示着对平行结构的需要。在说话人看来,像“by x I mean y”这种套话表明x和y是对应的。因此,表达x和y就要用相同的形式。

- A版本中,“I mean”的一边是一个动名词短语(“by ending the past”),

而另一边是两个动词(“we can leave ... and concentrate”)。B版本中,词

序改为三个名词(“by putting ... I mean ceasing ... and focusing ...”)。

-(将“Ending the past”改为“putting the past behind us”不是因为第二种表达比第一种更有逻辑性,而是因为第二种表达已成为惯用法。)]

16)A:One-sidedness means thinking in terms of absolutes, that is, a metaphysical approach to problems.

B:One-sidedness means thinking in terms of absolutes, that is, taking a metaphysical approach to problems.

[- 正如前面的例子那样,这一句的措词再一次说明句子是需要平行结构

的。像“x, that is ,y”或“x, in other words, y”这样的套话以另外一种

方式告诉读者x和y在逻辑上是对应的。

- A版本中等式的一边是一个动名词短语(“thinking in terms of

absolutes”),另一边则是一个名词(“a metaphysical approach”)。修正

版中,在第二个词上加一个动名词以保持和第一个短语的一致性

(“taking a metaphysical approach”)。

-程振秋教授在他的课上[pp. 80-81]对这个例子进行了评论,他认为

“taking”这个词的增加“使得句子更加平衡。”]

17)A:During the whole period of the War of Resistance Against Japan there existed contradictions which had an important bearing on the destiny of the

Chinese nation: first, the contradiction between the Chinese and Japanese

nations, which determined the survival of the Chinese nation; second, the

class contradiction which determined whether we could carry through to

the very end the nationwide War of Resistance Against Japan and build a

new China after the war.

B:Throughout the period of the War of Resistance Against Japan there were contradictions that had an important bearing on China’s destiny: first, the

national contradiction between the China and Japan, which determined

whether the Chinese nation would survive; second, the class contradiction

between the Communist Party and the Koumintang, which determined

whether the people would be able to carry the War of Resistance through to

the end and afterwards build a new China.

[- 这个句子里有一“系列”的标明“first”和“second”的两对矛盾;这两对矛盾在表达形式上显然是应该一致的。A版本中的“the contradiction between the Chinese and Japanese nations”与“the class contradiction”是配对的。

修改版中,在所有这些“contradictions”中都增加了内容来保持形式的一致性。将“national”(“the Chinese and Japanese nations”)加在第一个分句中以对应第二分句中的“class”。

- 然后将“between the Communist Party and Kuomintang”(在本语境中“class”

矛盾的意思显而易见) 加在第二分句中以对应第一分句中的“between China and Japan”。为了提高这两个分句结构的平行度,这两个从属分句(“which determined ...”)的模型也要保持一致。

- 将第一分句中的“Which determined the survival of the Chinese nation”改为“which determined whether the Chinese nation would survive”来对应第二句

中的“which determined whether the people would be able to”。

-(反思:通常当引入一个动词时,去掉抽象名词会带来意外的好处:“用“would survive”取代“survival”)]

18)以下是对一长篇文章的概述,该文描述了二十世纪四十年代初美国政府和国民党的政治操纵:

A:American imperialism and Chiang Kai-shek’s threats and deceit could not obstruct the advance of the Chinese people in their effort to strive for

independence, democracy, and liberation.

B:Neither the machinations of the U.S. imperialists nor the threats and deceit of Chang Kai-shek could halt the advance of the Chinese people in their

drive for independence, democracy, and liberation.

句意为:无论美帝国主义者的阴谋还是蒋介石的威胁和欺骗都无法阻止中国人民为追求独立、民主和自由而前进的步伐。

[- A版本勉强算对(“and”将一个名词和另两个名词连接起来),但本句几乎没什么值得学习的地方。这篇强有力的总结陈词要求内容对称有力,使用更加平行的结构确实可以达到这种质量标准。

- 在B版本中,复合主语中的这两部分被改为一致的形式。美国的“The machinations”这个词的引入是为了平衡蒋的“the threats and deceit”;抽象名词“imperialism”改为具体名词“imperialists”(persons)以平衡“Chang Kai-shek”(a person)。

-“neither ... nor”结构强调了这种对称性,可以体现一种紧凑的平行性。

-(反思:“In their effort to strive for”改为“in their drive for”,因为前者是一个空洞的短语意思只有“in their effort to make efforts”,而后者更加简洁有力。)]

19)A:The Chinese Communist Party put forward a proposal that we should establish

a new China which would be, in the words of Mao Zedong, “independent,

free, democratic, united, prosperous, and powerful. ”While the Chiang

Kai-shek clique stuck to the point that the Chinese society should still be

kept in a semi-feudal, semi-colonial status, under the rule of the big

landlords and the big bourgeoisie with policies against Communists and

the people purchased. And the Chinese people would have to face poverty

and split of the nation.

B:The Communist Party was proposing the establishment of a new China that would be, in the words of Mao Zedong, “independent, free,

democratic,united, prosperous, and powerful.”The Chiang Kai-shek

clique, on the other hand, was insisting on the perception of the old China

—semi-feudal, semi-colonial, ruled by the big landlords and the big

bourgeoisie, a China in which the people would remain sunk in poverty,

Communists would be persecuted, and the nation would be split.

句意为:共产党提出建立一个新中国,用毛泽东的话说,就是建立一个“独立、自由、民主、团结、繁荣、强大”的新中国。而蒋介石集团则

主张建立由大地主大资产阶级统治的半殖民地半封建的旧中国,这

就意味着旧中国的人民仍会陷入贫困状态,共产党仍会遭到迫害,

整个民族仍会分裂。

[- 这些句子对比了夺取抗日战争胜利后的中国人民的未来的两种不同图景。

图景一是中国共产党提出的,图景二是蒋介石集团提出的。另一个经典例

子需要平行结构,而A版本却没有。

-修改者首先收紧开头这一分句并更正时态,结果就是共产党“was proposing

the establishment of a new China”。

- 然后,为了使平行分句一致,修改者将啰嗦的“stuck to the point that the

Chinese society should still be kept ”改为统一句式:“was insisting on the

perception of the old China”

-(因为独立从句不能以“while”开头,所以为了强调对比性,修改者将“on

the other hand”改为“while”。)

- 在草拟版本中,“the big bourgeoisie”后的一切又那么笨拙和混乱。为了将清晰的平行结构引入这个句子的这部分,修改者将不同的部分改为具有同

一形式的三个从属分句(“the people would remain”“Communists would

be”和“the nation would be ”)]

20)A:It should be recognized that all streams and rivers have their source of origin, while trees depend on their roots for growth.

B:We should recognize that every river has its source and every tree grows from its roots.

句意为:我们应该明白每条河流都有它的源头,每棵树都有它的根。

[- 在文章中,这句是一个双重隐喻,说明毛泽东思想源于马克思主义。A版本中缺少平行结构还有词的赘余破坏了任何潜在的韵律和想象力。

- 在修改版本中,修改者尽一切可能将两个互补的意象都各自简化到精髓并强调意义上的相似性。

- 首先,要去掉那些不必要的单词:“streams”因为这个词和“rivers”词义重复,去掉的目的是和“trees一致”;“of origin”这个词和“source”重复。

- 其次,这两个分句的句型(“all rivers have their source”/“trees depend on their roots for growth”)要保持一致(“every rivers has its source”/“every tree grows from its roots”)。

- 最后,将从属连词“while”改为并列连词“and”来再一次强调这两种想法的等效性。

-(这种较弱而且不必要的被动语态像“It should be recognized”要改为“We should recognize.”)]

ⅩⅡ. 逻辑连接词

在最后四章,我们涉及了英语散文一个基本需求的不同方面:两观点之间逻辑连接词的需要。

我们所研究的修正版的种类都要求某一代词和前面的保持一致,并把被强调的点放在句子最后,这样就可以进入到下一句。修正某一错置或垂悬结构,引入平行结构—所有这些修正仅能确保某一句各要素之间或连续的句子之间的连接清晰而合理。

还有一种实现逻辑衔接的方法,我们应该考虑一下。这种方法无法取代其他方法,但是它比其他任何一种方法都常用。这一方法就是单词和词组的使用,比

如:

- “also”和“in addition”

- “but”和“on the contrary”

- “because”和“as a consequence”

- “meanwhile”和“at the same time”

这些表达方式告诉读者两个相近的观点是相关的,它们使这两观点实现顺利了过渡。换句话说,这些表达表明作者思路的方向,让读者容易读懂。

从事于英语翻译的中国翻译者未必能正确的使用这些表达方式。原因很简单:同义词的翻译往往缺乏对原作的理解。在这些页中,我们不止一次提到,汉语可以自由省去一些英语中认为重要的部分。中国读者无需这些线索就可以理解一篇文章,但是以英语为母语的人需要并且期望得到作者的帮助。正如我们所看到的,针对以英语为母语的人,译者必须清晰的解释特定的词条,即那些在原文中只有隐含义的词。

逻辑连接词这一块是最重要的。最常见的就是当汉语只暗示观点之间的关系时,英语必须清楚的表达出他们的关系。Barzun 和Graff 在给写作者建议[p. 261] 时,简明的陈述了这一观点。他们建议“如果要别人听到和关注你,你就必须多做事而不是一味的列举你的观点…你必须阐明观点。”

很多词和短语都是为了“阐明”观点,即以一种有意义的方式将这些词集合起来。这些词包括英语中一些最短最简单的词像“and”、“but”、“if”、“also”、“too”、“since”、“then”等。但是这些词在任何一篇散文中频繁出现表明,像这种中等的但又必要的介词在英语语言中都是最有价值的词。

在这一章,我们要点评这些词和短语中的某一些,而这些表达需要译者提供。这些词提供了一种实现连续性,衔接性及清晰性的主要方法,这对任何一种写作都适用。这些词就像胶水一样将英语文章连在一起。若没有这些词,结构再好的句子或一连串句子也会像“一盘散沙”一样呈现给读者。

食品专业英语

Lesson 1 Nutrition 1.Food might be defined as any edible substance that provides nourishment when consumed. 食物可定义为食后起滋养作用的任何可食用的物质。 2.We need them for energy, for building and maintaining body tissue; and for regulating body processes the three essential functions of foods in the body. 我们需要这些营养素来提供能量,构成和修补机体组织,调节机体生理过程。这是食物在人体内的三种基本功能。 3.Nutrition might be defined as the process whereby we obtain the essential nutrients and use them to make many other substances our bodies need. 营养可定义为人们赖以获得的必须营养素,并利用这些营养素来制造人体所需的其他物质的过程。 4.The term good nutrition implies that we are obtaining from our food all of the essential nutrients in the amounts needed to keep our bodies functioning and to maintain optimum health. A very simplified definition of good nutrition might be" eating the right foods in the right amounts.”由此可见,唯有营养素才是真正必需的,而正常提供营养素的则是食物。食物是维持生命所必不可少的,因此我们必须懂得各种食物的营养素含量,必须懂得哪些食物是各种各样营养素最丰富的来源,懂得怎样把它们配成有益健康的膳食。营养良好这一术语是指我们处在从食物中获取为保持机体正常活动和维持最佳健康状况所需的全部营养素。营养良好最简明的说法是:“适量食用恰当的食物”。 5.Nutrients might be divided into two genial categories based on the amount that we need. These are the macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water), which we need in relatively large amounts and the micronutrients) mineral elements and vitamins), which we need in relatively small amounts. 根据人体需要量的不同,营养素可分为量大类:需要量大的称为常量营养素(碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质和水);需要量少的称为微量营养素(矿物质和维生素) 6.Recommended Dietary Allowances 推荐膳食标准,简写“RDA” 7.National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, And Food and Nutrition Board. 美国科学院全国科学研究委员会食品营养研究会 8.To allow for individual difference, the usually are set with a generous margin of safety. 考虑到个别的种种差异,RDA中通常规定了充裕的安全余量。 9.On the other side of the coin, receiving too much of certain nutrients, amounts significantly above the RDA, can be just harmful as not obtaining enough certain vitamins (such as A and D) and minerals can be highly toxic if high for optimal nutrient intake from the standpoint of both maximum and minimum levels. 另一方面,摄取某些营养素过多(大大超过RDA),也有可能与这些营养素摄取不足一样有害。某些维生素(如VA、VD)和矿物质若大计量的食用超过一段时间会有很大的毒性。因此,可把RDA作为从最高、最低两限量来看都是最佳的营养素摄入量标准来使有。

商务英语初级笔译试题

全国商务英语翻译统一考试 初级笔译试题 注意事项 1. 请首先按要求在试题卷和答题卷的标封处填写姓名、准考证号等; 2. 请仔细阅读题目要求进行答题,答案写在答题卷上; 3. 请保持卷面整洁,不要在标封区填写无关内容; 4. 答题时间为150分钟。 Part I Translate the following sentences into English or into Chinese. 1.早在1910年,通用电器就开始与中国发展贸易,被认为是最活跃和最有影响力的在华外国企业之一。 2.近年来,中泰两国国民经济发展迅速,为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。 3.本合同用中、英两种文字写成,每种文字正本两份。两种文本具有同等效力,签字后双方各执中、英文本一份为凭。 4.布朗先生曾经能吃能睡,但现在由于作为领导责任重大而变得吃不下睡不好。 5.由于我们也要支付我们供货商的货款,因此您的还款期限不能再延长了。 6.Do not ask questions that respondents feel are rude or embarrassing. If such questions are necessary, people should be offered the chance to say that they prefer not to answer. What constitutes an invasive question will vary from culture to culture. 7. He knew this guy was a smart political worker. But he was hard to control. In fact, he was a loose cannon who might do more damage to his side than the man he was running against. 8. As a region with the largest number of developed countries, the EU boasts abundant capital and advanced technology. Therefore, both the EU countries and China enjoy a high degree of complementarities in economic, trade, scientific and technological fields. 9. I had the honour of attending the opening ceremony of the Beijing Y outh Palace earlier this week and was proud to see that Compaq was making such a large contribution to China’s youth. 10. Though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we cite the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor car! PartⅡTranslate the following passages into Chinese. Passage 1 On behalf of the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Association for Manufacturing Technology, I would extend my greetings to the seventh China International Machine Tool Show (CIM T—2010), and welcome the visitors to the U.S. Pavilion. We are proud of our U.S. Pavilion, where 170 U.S. exhibitors are displaying the latest world class machine tool technology and related manufacturing services. The technology and services demonstrated here are the primary building blocks for industrialization in every nation of the

机械设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

机械设计 摘要:机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置,例如:发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计,也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些,机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时,要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中,以及其它工程领域中,所有这些都需要机械设备,比如:开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词:设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性,现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度,或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时,就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性,以及它的安全、重量、耐用性,并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸,同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性,如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用,像动力惯性、加速动力和能量;包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性,以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程,无论是正式或非正式的进行,对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后,以图样为设计的标准,并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要

商务英语翻译

湖北省高等教育自学考试课程考试大纲 课程名称:商务英语翻译课程代码:05355 第一部分课程性质与目标 一、课程性质与特点 商务英语翻译是湖北省高等教育自学考试商务英语专业(专科)的一门专业基础课。该课程实践性强,注重专业知识,以课文的英译汉为主要内容,配以翻译理论和互译技巧的讲解,将英语学习与商务专业知识、英汉翻译理论与商务方面的实际应用等有机结合。本课程具备科学性,典型性,实用性,并紧扣全国国际商务专业技术资格考试中的规定的相关内容,理论联系实际,针对性强。 二、课程目标及基本要求 本课程较全面的涉及到了商务英语活动的各方面,讲解相关内容的翻译方法与技巧,增强翻译技能,通过大量全真的英汉互译的实例训练以达到提高本专业学生在专业英语及商务知识方面的翻译能力的目的。 通过本课程的学习,使学生能够全面、灵活地运用各种翻译方法和技巧,准确、完整地对各种商务英语体裁的文章进行翻译,达到商务英语专业大学专科的要求。 三、与本专业其他课程的关系 商务英语翻译课程的前期课程有综合英语(上)、商务英语听说、商务英语阅读、商务英语写作等课程,其后续课程是综合英语(下)、商务函电等课程,这些课程紧密联系,相辅相成。 第二部分考核内容与考核目标 第一单元 一、学习目的与要求 通过本单元的学习,使学生了解翻译的过程,翻译的形式及其目的;掌握《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的有关内容;对国际商务合同的术语翻译和解读。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 (一)翻译中的词类转换;翻译的形式(重点) 理解:词类转换: 1.英语名词转化为汉语动词 1)动物名词的转化 2)人体名词的转换 3)自然现象名词的转化 4)地点名词的转化 2.英语名词转为为汉语形容词、副词 应用:翻译的形式 (1)直译literal translation (2)意译free translation (3)活译dynamic equivalence translation

食品专业英语(附翻译)

Effect of frying in different culinary fats on the fatty acid composition of silver carp 油炸不同烹饪脂肪对鲢鱼脂肪酸组 成的影响 姓名: 何毅 学号: 110107904 班级:食工1105班 完成日期: 2013/11/9 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.40食品科学与营养网页292–297,2013 年7 月

关键字: ?脂肪酸组成; ?煎炸; ?油; ?鲢鱼 摘要 四种不同的油炒的影响(葵花籽油、大豆油、橄榄油、玉米油) 对鲢鱼脂肪酸的组成的 影响进行了评估。油炸后在所有评价样品的水分含量降低的鱼片脂肪含量增加。意思是饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),∑ω3和∑ω6含量的原 料鱼分别是26.1 ± 0.5、52.1 ± 1.1,15.1 ± 0.6,8.9 ± 0.1 和6.1 ± 0.4%。煎炸导致脂肪酸鲢鱼脂质和油炸用的脂肪之间的交换。作为一个相互作用的结果,MUFA,PUFA,∑ω6,和PUFA / SFA的比例样品炒向日葵,大豆和玉米油,显着增加,而大量的SFA下降。煎炸了∑ω3/ω6比消极影响但橄榄油煎样品中的减少是其他样品之间最小。除了在大豆油中长链ω3-多不饱和脂肪酸含量的样品由油炸不受影响。 简介 海鲜是最丰富的ω3来源-长-多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA),主要为二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20:5ω3) 和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,22:6ω3) 链。EPA和DHA的出现在个体发育中起着关键的作用,尤其是神经系统的发育、功能和心血管系统、免疫系统(Lauritzenet al. 2001年)的 运作。ω3和ω6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)被认为是必不可少的,但由于他们不能在人体内 合成,它们必须通过饮食获得(Mahan 和Escott-Stump2005)。 水产养殖是实现发展中国家像伊朗人民的营养目标的手段之一。鲢鱼支持伊朗淡水渔业,是包括派遣内陆水产品总产量的58%左右的最重要物种。鲢鱼(鲢) 广泛应用于复合鱼文化,由于它的快速增长和抗应激、疾病和粗率的搬运。这一物种的消费对人类的营养尤其是在伊朗极为重要。 鱼通常是由伊朗人常见的食用油炸的形式。煎炸,特别深层脂肪油炸在过去的六年期间已成为最受欢迎的食物制备技术。原因是制备甚至对经验丰富更少的厨师是容易的,过程是快速的,和成品是非常美味(Gere 1982)。 复杂化学和物理所发生的变化过程中感官失败、营养价值下降和形成的化合物对健康产生不利影响的热操作结果。

全国商务英语翻译统一考试_4

全国商务英语翻译统一考试 中级笔译试题 注意事项 1. 请首先按要求在试题卷和答题卷的标封处填写姓名、准考证号等; 2. 请仔细阅读题目要求进行答题,答案写在答题卷上; 3. 请保持卷面整洁,不要在标封区填写无关内容; 4. 答题时间为150分钟。 Part I Translate the following sentences into English or into Chinese. 1.国家统计局说,消费者价格3月份攀升8.3%,比2月份8.7%有所下降。2月份的上涨率是将近12年来的最高点。价格升高的部分原因被指是由于1月份和2月份的严重暴雪导致工厂停工,庄稼被毁。 2. 对于钢材、水泥、化肥、化工原料等这类商品来说,只要其规格、样式、型号或化学成分相符,价格优惠且交货及时,买方通常都不会派人去国外进行实地考察。 3.中国能不能顶住霸权主义、强权政治的压力,坚持我们的社会主义制度,关键就看能不能争得经济较快的增长速度,实现我们的发展战略。 4.部分地区由于需求增长,批发茶价几乎翻了一番。所以我公司拟大批量订货,希望贵方备足库存。 5.这个现行办法旨在扶持那些发展中国家与从其他国家进口的产品展开竞争,而不损害我们自己产业的利益。 6. After months of unfruitful negotiation with the trade unions, the government cut the Gordian knot by declaring that workers who did not accept a 2% pay rise would be fired. 7.China’s growing trade surplus has been a point of contention with both the United States and the European Union. China’s major trading partners accuse Beijing of manipulating its currency to keep its value low and give Chinese products an unfair price advantage on world markets. 8. One day’s sick leave with the application, after approved by the departmental head, is to be submitted to the admin executive on the day following the one day’s sick leave. 9. There were a few middle-aged and even elderly women in the train, their silver-wiry hair and wrinkled faces, scourged by time and trouble, having almost a grotesque, certainly a pathetic appearance in such a jaunty situation. 10.The 1970s brought a decline in eating out, but the 1980s, especially in homes where both parents were working, brought a big increase in the demand for many types of restaurants. Part II. Translate the following passages into Chinese. Passage 1 Savings provide one way to take care of financial losses. But savings are not the answer to large losses. The best way to guard against large financial losses is through insurance. Over 4,800 companies in the United States are in the business of providing insurance protection. These businesses are called insurance companies. Because most insurance companies operate on a big scale, they provide a way for large numbers of people to share their losses. Insurance can provide protection against almost any kind of loss. Singers may insure their voices. Photographers may insure their negatives. The owner of a home freezer may insure against food loss in case of a power failure. A business owner can insure his or her place of business. A business owner can also insure against a loss of profits during a shutdown following a fire or damaging accident. Like all private firms, insurance companies must charge enough for protection to pay their operating costs and make a profit. The main factor affecting the price of insurance, however, is the amount of risk involved. The more risk an insurance company assumes for a policyholder, the higher the premium. An insurance company must collect enough money from all its policyholders to pay the claims of those who have

外文翻译中文

运作整合 供应链协作的首要问题是提高运作整合的程度。供应链协作课达到的好处,直接关系到捕捉效率之间的职能的企业,以及全国的企业,构成了国内或国际供应链。本章重点阐述的挑战,一体化管理,由研究为什么一体化创造价值,并通过详列的挑战,双方的企业集成和供应链整合。必不可少的供应链流程是确定的。注意的是,然后向信息技术提供,以方便集成化供应链规划。本章最后审查了定价。在最后的分析,定价的做法和政府是至关重要的供应链的连续性。 为什么整合创造价值 基本的优点与挑战的综合管理介绍了在第1章。进一步解释整合管理的重要性,有用的指出客户都至少有三个角度的价值。 传统的角度来看,价值是经济价值。第二个价值的角度来看,是市场价值。 实现双方经济和市场价值是很重要的客户。然而,越来越多的企业认识到商业上的成功也取决于第三个角度来看,价值,被称为关联性。 物流一体化目标 为实现物流一体化的供应链背景下,6个业务目标必须同时取得:( 1 )响应,( 2 )差额减少,( 3 )库存减少,( 4 )托运巩固,( 5 )质量,( 6 )生命周期支持。的相对重要性,每个直接关系到公司的物流战略。 响应 一公司的工作能力,以满足客户的要求,及时被称为反应。作为一再指出,信息技术是促进反应为基础的战略,允许业务的承诺被推迟到最后可能时间,其次是加速投放。实施对应策略服务,以减少库存承诺或部署在预期客户的需求。响应服务转向业务重点从预测未来的需求,以容纳顾客对快速订单到出货的基础上。理想的情况是,在一个负责任的系统中,库存是没有部署,直到客户承诺。支持这样的承诺,公司必须有物流的属性,库存的可用性和及时交付,一旦客户订单收到。 差异减少 所有经营领域的物流系统很容易受到差额。方差结果从未能履行任何预期的层面后勤业务不如预期。举例来说,毫不拖延地在客户订单处理,意想不到的干扰,以便选择,抵港货物损坏,在客户的位置,和/或未能提供在适当的位置上的时间,所有创造无计划的差异,在订单到交货周期。一个共同的解决办法,以保障对不利的差异是使用库存安全库存,以缓冲行动。这亦是共同使用的首选运输,以克服意想不到的差异延误交货计划。这种做法,鉴于其相关的成本高,可以尽量减少使用资讯科技,以维持积极的物流控制。向程度的差异是最小化,物流的生产力将提高。因此,差异减少,消除系统中断,是一个基本的目标,综合物流管理。 库存减少 要达到的目标,库存减少,一个综合物流系统必须控制资产的承诺,并把速度。资产的承诺,是财政的价值部署清单。把速度,反映了利率,这是充实库存随着时间的推移。高转率,再加上预期的库存供货,平均资产用于库存正在迅速而有效利用,这就是整体资产承诺支持一个综合运作减至最低。 库存能够而且确实方便可取的好处这是很重要的要请记住。库存是至关重要的实现规模经济,在制造业和采购。目的是要减少和管理存货,以尽可能最低的水平,同时实现整体供应链绩效的目标。

《中式英语之鉴》第2周

Exercise 1 1)Since the publication of the Automotive Industrial Policy last July, the "family car" has been one of the hottest topics of discussion in the Chinese press. 2 ) the drafting of important documents has been completed ahead of schedule. 3 ) we should improve the overall balance of the economy 4) this will convince the people that you are sincere in carrying out (or: that you are wholeheartedly committed to) the policies of reform and opening to the outside world 5) in the final analysis, the growth of the CPC, the achievement of national independence, and China's advance toward strength and prosperity closely linked to ( or,better: were largely made possible by ) the drive to liberate and expand the forces of production 6 ) The last decade of this century will be crucial for laying a foundation and creating good conditions for economic development in the first half of the next. 7) as long as the ranks of the Party are closely united and remain vigorous, the cause of socialism is bound to prosper 8)if the reform is successful, 'tt will lay a solid foundation for stable development (in China) over the next few decades 9 ) the purpose of political reform is to improve and revitalize China's

商务英语翻译测试题及答案

I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of words italicized.(15%) 1. The above quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets. 2. The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended without the agreement by the both parties.

3. However, the tariff should not be greater in amount than the margin of price caused by dumping. 4. As usual, the lion’s share of the budget is for defense. 5. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. II. Translate the following sentences with extension.(15%) 1. There is a mixture of the

tiger and ape in the character of Hitler. 2.China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer. 3. John took to his studies eagerly, and proved an adept pupil. 4. I have no head for mathematics. 5. This would lead to a countdown in Afghanistan.

食品专业英语重点句翻译

Lesson 9 1. Lipids are a family of naturally occurring compounds grouped together on the basis of their relative insolubility in water in nonpolar solvents. These are naturally occurring molecules that can be isolated from cells and tissues by extration using nonpolar organic solvents. 依据在水中的不溶解性和在非极性溶剂中的溶解性,脂肪以家族形式组成而自然出现的。这些天然存在的分子可以通过采用非极性有机溶剂萃取的方法,在细胞和组织中分离得到。 2. Saturated fats have a uniform shape that allows them to pack together in a crystal lattice. Unsaturated fats have double bonds that introduce kinks into the hydrocarbon chain making crystal formation more difficult. 饱和脂肪有一个均一一致的形状,这使得他它们能够在晶格中聚合起来。不饱和脂肪有双键能使烃链发生扭曲,从而使晶体的形成更加困难。 3. The most abundant lipid in olive oil is glyceryl trioleate, a trimester formed from glycerol and oleic acid, a chain. mono-unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond in the middle of the C 18 橄榄油里最丰富的脂质是三油酸甘油酯,是甘油和油酸,与一个单不饱和脂肪酸加上一个顺式双键在C18链的中间形成的一种三聚体。 4. Waxes are mixtures of esters of long chain carboxylic acids and long chain alcohols. The carboxylic acids usually have an even number of carbon atoms, ranging from 16 to 36, and the long chain alcohols also have an even number of carbon atoms, ranging from 24 to 36. 蜡是一种由长链羧酸和长链醇通过脂键组成的酯的混合物。长链羧酸通常由偶数个(16~36个)C原子组成,而长链醇也是由偶数个(24~36个)C原子组成。 Lesson10 5. This means that any catalyst that catalyze a reaction in one (e.g.,esterification) also catalyze the reverse(e.g., ester hydrolysis) reaction. To say these things another way, catalysts do not change the energy balance between reactants and products; catalysts do lower the energy barrier between reactants and products. 这意味着任何一个催化剂既可以催化一个反应朝一个方向进行,也可以使其朝逆方向进行。换句话说,催化剂不会改变反应物与产品之间的能量平衡,只是降低反应物与产品之间的能量差值。 6.Sulfuric acid as a source of H+ will catalyze the formation of any ester from the appropriate alcohol and carboxylic acid, but many enzymes are so specialized that they will catalyze a reaction of one molecule, but will leave untouched a very similar molecule. 硫酸作为一个H+离子来源,能催化任何由合适的羧酸和醇构成酯的反应,而许多酶的特性很高,它们可以催化一种分子反应,但不会触及另一类很相似的分子的反应。 7. This broader specificity is useful in the case of an enzyme like papain which is important in protein digestion. It can catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide (amide) bonds in a variety of proteins, which means that the body does not need to maintain a stock of more specific enzymes to tackle specific proteins. 这个广泛的特异性在酶中很有用,例如木瓜蛋白酶,它在蛋白质消化中具有重要意义。 木瓜蛋白酶可以在各种蛋白质中催化肽键的水解,从而可使人体不需要更高特异性酶来专门水解特殊的蛋白质。 8. Thus we can describe them in terms of their primary, secondary, tertiary, and in many cases, quaternary structure. They are long chains of amino acid units held together by peptide bonds, looped and folded into secondary and tertiary (and often quaternary) structures by disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and salt bridges.

商务英语翻译考试

考试简介 全国商务英语翻译(ETTBL)是我国一项系统的“外语+专业”的商务翻译培训、考试,以全国《商务英语翻译教程》(口译/笔译)的培训大纲为基础,内容涵盖广告、产品描述、产品与保险、人力资源与职业、经济、国际贸易、金融证券、市场营销、法律、合同与协议、旅游业等。由商务英语专业教授及富有商务背景的外籍教师进行授课,侧重于常用商务材料英汉互译对照、常用商务专业词汇及典型句型解析、翻译技巧等。打造商务英语翻译培训的优秀品牌,弥补高素质商务英语翻译人才的市场缺口,培养出专业化、知识化的口译/笔译人才,缩短新学员进入企业的磨合期,尽快适应工作;提高在职人员商务英语翻译专业水平及职业能力,更好地胜任工作。 学员完成培训计划规定的全部内容和课时后,参加全国商务英语翻译的考核及综合评定,根据考评结果,颁发相应等级相应层次的《全国商务英语翻译证书》。是商务英语人员上岗就业的依据,是工商、合资企业、外事单位用人的资格凭证.该证书全国通用,并网上注册()。并为学员建立个人资料库,借助中国商务人才网()的网络平台协助考生就业和提供继续教育服务等。

职业定义 初级:能在商务往来中进行一般性商务英语交谈。涉外企业的员工及同层次的企业外销人员、宾馆接待人员、商场收银员等。 中级:能在一般性商务会谈和商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业的职员及同层次的秘书,办公室主管等。 高级:能在一般性商务会议和外事商务活动中进行口译和笔译。涉外企业主管及同层次的企业经理助理、企业经理等。 翻译师:能在大型商务会议中进行复杂的口译和笔译,并胜任专职商务翻译工作。 高级翻译师:能在各种国际会议中进行口译和笔译。在口译中能交替传译和同声传译;在笔译中对商务活动会议的文件及商务专业性的资料作笔译。能承担国际商务会议中各种复杂的笔译、口译,解决商务英语中的一切疑难问题。 考试对象 凡遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律、恪守职业道德、具备一定外语水平、有志于从事商务领域翻译工作的在职和求职人员及在校生,不论学历高低,均可参加。

商务英语翻译(40-53)

商务英语翻译 最牛英语口语培训模式:躺在家里练口语,全程外教一对一,三个月畅谈无阻!太平洋英语,免费体验全部外教一对一课程:https://www.doczj.com/doc/641095841.html, 4.6 英汉翻译中的减词翻译法 美国翻译理论家奈达曾经说过,“翻译就是翻译意思”,那么在两种语言之间进行的翻译并不是一个词对一个词的相互转换。在将英语翻译成汉语时,译文一定要通顺、地道、流畅、符合汉语的表达习惯。要使译文地道、流畅,就必须充分了解源语和译语在表达习惯上的区别。与英语相比较,汉语中代词(尤其是人称代词)和连接词(尤其是并列连接词“和”)使用得很少,能省略的代词和连接词一般都不在句子里出现。因此,在英译汉时,应该避免在句子里过多地使用代词和连接词,否则译文就会显得不自然、不流畅。这时就要用减词翻译法。减词翻译法是指在翻译的过程中省略原文中自然的、必不可少的、但在译文中却是多余词汇的翻译方法。例如: The retailers perform many functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays and advertising. Fourth, the retailer may finance the customer by extending credit. Further, the retailer performs storage function in his outlet, by having goods available. 译文:零售商还发挥许多功能。其一,()可提供便利的场地;其二,()对他所经销的商品提供担保和服务;其三,()帮助促销产品,经常进行商品展示活动和发布广告;其四,()为顾客提供信贷。另外,由于供货及时,零售商还可发挥其商店的仓储功能。 析:英语语篇的衔接手段常用的有:大量使用代词,指代前文中所提到的名词,偶尔重复使用名词本身,使用省略,使用上义词或同义词。汉语中最常用的衔接手段则是多使用名词重复和省略,偶尔也使用代词和上义词或同义词。在汉语的语篇中,当所谈论的主语是同一个的时候,被谈论的主语往往只出现一次,后面句子的主语可以省略。这种省略不仅不会引起误解,而且会使行文简洁流畅。上面这一段汉语译文可以充分说明这一点。再比如下面这一段汉语是地道的汉语:柯灵,生于1909年,浙江省绍兴人。中国现代作家。1926年发表第一篇作品叙事诗《织布的妇人》。1930年任《儿童时代》编辑。1949年以前一直在上海从事报纸编辑工作,并积极投入电影、话剧运动。解放后,曾任《文汇报》副总编辑。现任上海电影局顾问。

外文翻译中文版(完整版)

毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计(论文)题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄

最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间,工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先,越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关,甚至变得更加活跃:他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作,同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而,这里是机构间差异较大。例如,环境报告的数量变化,每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间,结果是不那么容易诠释。第一,活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的:一些最高审计机关进入,而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二,但是,审计报告数量略有下降,1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变(1994-1996年,20%的规律性审计和44%绩效审计;1997-1999:16%规律性审计和绩效审计54%)。在一般情况下,绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来,再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年,有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年,这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然,这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯,可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来,少数环境审计是规律性审计(560篇报告中有87篇,占16%)。大多数审计绩效审计(560篇报告中有304篇,占54%),或组合的规律性和绩效审计(560篇报告中有169篇,占30%)。如前文所述,绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中,绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施(560篇报告中有264篇,占47%),符合国家环保法律,法规的,由政府部门,部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问(560篇报告中有212篇,占38%)。此外,审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统(560篇报告中有156篇,占28%)。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告:影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10%至20%。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自:S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档