Journal of Power Sources159(2006)
1186–1193
Economic and environmental comparison of conventional,
hybrid,electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
Mikhail Granovskii,Ibrahim Dincer?,Marc A.Rosen
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,University of Ontario Institute of Technology,2000Simcoe Street North,Oshawa,Ont.,Canada L1H7K4 Received14October2005;received in revised form24November2005;accepted25November2005
Available online18January2006
Abstract
Published data from various sources are used to perform economic and environmental comparisons of four types of vehicles:conventional, hybrid,electric and hydrogen fuel cell.The production and utilization stages of the vehicles are taken into consideration.The comparison is based on a mathematical procedure,which includes normalization of economic indicators(prices of vehicles and fuels during the vehicle life and driving range)and environmental indicators(greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions),and evaluation of an optimal relationship between the types of vehicles in the?eet.According to the comparison,hybrid and electric cars exhibit advantages over the other types.The economic ef?ciency and environmental impact of electric car use depends substantially on the source of the electricity.If the electricity comes from renewable energy sources,the electric car is advantageous compared to the hybrid.If electricity comes from fossil fuels,the electric car remains competitive only if the electricity is generated on board.It is shown that,if electricity is generated with an ef?ciency of about50–60%by a gas turbine engine connected to a high-capacity battery and an electric motor,the electric car becomes advantageous.Implementation of fuel cells stacks and ion conductive membranes into gas turbine cycles permits electricity generation to increase to the above-mentioned level and air pollution emissions to decrease.It is concluded that the electric car with on-board electricity generation represents a signi?cant and?exible advance in the development of ef?cient and ecologically benign vehicles.
?2005Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Energy;Environment;Economics;Ef?ciency;Vehicle;Fuel cell
1.Introduction
The design of modern,effective and environmentally benign cars requires,among other developments,improvements in power train systems and fuel production technologies.Oppor-tunities for utilizing various fuels in vehicle propulsion systems have been analyzed in numerous studies[1–4].
In assessing a vehicle system,the present authors feel it is necessary to consider stages involved in a vehicle’s life cycle, which are linked and which range from the extraction of natu-ral resources to produce fuels to the?nal transformation of fuel to mechanical energy in an engine.The ef?ciency and environ-mental impact related to the fuel use are de?ned by both engine quality and the ef?ciency and environmental impact associated with the life cycle stages preceding fuel utilization.The overall environmental impact of vehicle use also includes the impacts ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+19057218668/2573;fax:+19057213370.
E-mail addresses:mikhail.granovskiy@uoit.ca(M.Granovskii), ibrahim.dincer@uoit.ca(I.Dincer),marc.rosen@uoit.ca(M.A.Rosen).associated with vehicle production and end-of-life utilization measures,which have been studied as well[5].
The transformation to environmentally benign transportation technologies normally requires that the alternatives also be eco-nomically justi?ed and cost effective.
This article evaluates economic and environmental indicators (based on actual data),for vehicle production and utilization stages,and uses them to perform a comparison of four kinds of vehicles:conventional,hybrid,electric and hydrogen fuel cell.The purpose of the article is to obtain information that can assist in the design and development of a contemporary light-duty car,with reasonably superior economic and environmental attributes.
2.Analysis
2.1.Economic criteria
The following criteria are taken to be key economic character-istics of vehicles:vehicle price(including the price for changing
0378-7753/$–see front matter?2005Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.086
M.Granovskii et al./Journal of Power Sources 159(2006)1186–11931187
Nomenclature AP air pollution GHG greenhouse gas Ind indicato r
LHV lower heating value (MJ kg ?1)m
mass (kg)
NGInd normalized general indicator NiMeH nickel metal hydride NInd normalized indicator
PEMFC polymer exchange membrane fuel cell VOC volatile organic compound w
weighting coef?cient
Greek symbols βfraction of a given type of vehicle in a ?eet ηef?ciency of electricity generation Subscripts bat battery car car m mass max maximum fc fuel cell i ,j indexes
batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles),fuel costs (which are related to vehicle lifetime),and driving range (which de?nes the number of refueling stations required).Four particular vehi-cles,with release years ranging from 2002to 2004,are taken as representative of each vehicle category:Toyota Corolla (conven-tional),Toyota Prius (hybrid),RA V4EV (electric)and Honda FCX (hydrogen fuel cell).The characteristics of each vehicle are based on published speci?cations.The price of the Honda
FCX fuel cell vehicle is listed as US$2,000,000,but can be reduced to US$100,000in regular production [7].This reduced price is considered here to make the comparisons reasonable.The cost used for batteries is based on a Delphi study [8]that evaluated the cost to be US$569kWh ?1for nickel metal hydride (NiMeH)batteries for hybrid and electric cars.We also assume a 40-l tank for conventional and hybrid vehicles in order to calcu-Fig.1.Prices of selected energy carriers in MJ from 1999to 2004[data from ref.[9]].
late driving range.Table 1lists technical and economic vehicle parameters.
The average prices of gasoline,hydrogen and electricity for 1999–2004are used to calculate the prices of fuels (listed in column 3of Table 1).Fig.1represents the prices of the major energy carriers for 1999–2004based on the data taken from [9].Data are not available for the price of hydrogen,but according to an analysis [10],which shows the price of gasoline is about two times that of crude oil,the price of hydrogen is about two times that of natural gas.The ef?ciencies of producing gasoline from crude oil and hydrogen from natural gas are similar [11].As the prices of natural gas and gasoline have not varied greatly,we assume here that the ratio of price to lower heating value (LHV)of hydrogen is equal to that of gasoline.But because the density of gaseous hydrogen is very low,in order to use it as a fuel in a vehicle,it must be compressed,lique?ed or stored in a chemical or physical bonded form.In order to compress hydrogen from 20atm (the typical pressure after natural gas reforming [12])to 350atm (the pressure in the hydrogen tank of the Honda FCX),about 50kJ of electricity is consumed per MJ of hydrogen on board the vehicle.So,the ?nal price of hydrogen presented in Fig.1is therefore slightly higher than that of gasoline.2.2.Environmental impact criteria
In this study,environmental impact is considered by examin-ing air pollution (AP)and greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions.The
Table 1
Economic characteristics for four vehicle technologies Type of car
Fuel
Price (thousands US$)
Fuel consumption a (MJ per 100km)
Fuel price (US$per 100km)Driving range (km)
Price of battery changes (changes times price)during life cycle b of vehicle (thousands US$)Conventional Gasoline 15.3236.8c 2.945401×0.1Hybrid Gasoline 20.0137.6 1.719301×1.02Electric Electricity 42.067.20.9011642×15.4Fuel cell Hydrogen 100.0
129.5
1.69355
1×0.1
Sources:refs.[6–9].
a Fuel consumption based on 45%highway and 55%city driving.
b Life cycle of vehicle is taken as 10years.
c Heat content of conventional gasoline is assume
d to b
e its lower heating value (LHV),?xed at 32MJ l ?1.
1188M.Granovskii et al./Journal of Power Sources159(2006)1186–1193 Table2
Gaseous emissions per kilogram of curb mass of a typical vehicle
Industrial stage CO(kg)NO x(kg)GHG emissions(kg)
Extraction0.01200.00506 1.930
Manufacturing0.0001880.00240 1.228
End-of-life 1.77×10?6 3.58×10?50.014
Total0.01220.00750 3.172
Source:ref.[5].
main gases in GHG emissions are CO2,CH4,N2O and sulfur
hexa?uoride(SF6),which have GHG impact weighting coef?-
cients relative to CO2of1,21,310and24,900,respectively[13].
Sulfur hexa?uoride is used as a cover gas in the process of mag-
nesium casting.Impact weighting coef?cients(relative to NO x)
for the airborne pollutants CO,NO x and volatile organic com-
pounds(VOCs)are based on those obtained by the Australian
Environment Protection Authority[14]using cost–bene?t anal-
yses of health effects.The weighting coef?cient of SO x relative
to NO x is estimated using Ontario air quality index data[15].
Thus,for considerations of air pollution,the airborne pollutants
CO,NO x,SO x and VOCs are characterized by the following
weighting coef?cients:0.017,1,1.3and0.64,respectively.
The environmental impact related to the vehicle production
stage is associated with material extraction and processing,man-
ufacturing and end-of-life utilization steps.Data on the gaseous
emissions accompanying a typical vehicle are taken from ref.[5]
and presented in Tables2and3.The AP m emissions per unit curb
mass of a conventional car are obtained by applying weighting
coef?cients to the masses of air pollutants in accordance with
the formula:
AP m=
4
1
m i w i(1)
where i is the index denoting an air pollutant(CO,NO x,SO x, VOCs),m i the mass of air pollutant i,and w i is the weighting coef?cient of air pollutant i.The results of the environmental impact evaluation for the vehicle production stage for the vehi-cle types considered are presented in Table3.We assume that GHG and AP emissions are proportional to the vehicle mass, but the environmental impact related to the production of spe-cial devices in hybrid,electric and fuel cell cars,e.g.,nickel metal hydride(NiMeH)batteries and fuel cell stacks,are eval-uated separately.Accordingly,the AP and GHG emissions are calculated for conventional vehicles as
AP=m car AP m(2a) GHG=m car GHG m(2b) for hybrid and electric vehicles as
AP=(m car?m bat)AP m+m bat AP bat(3a) GHG=(m car?m bat)GHG m+m bat GHG bat(3b) and for fuel cell vehicles as
AP=(m car?m fc)AP m+m fc AP fc(4a) GHG=(m car?m fc)GHG m+m fc GHG fc(4b) where m car,m bat and m fc are,respectively,the masses of cars, NiMeH batteries and the fuel cell stack,AP m,AP bat and AP fc are air pollution emissions per kilogram of conventional vehi-cle,NiMeH batteries and the fuel cell stack,GHG m,GHG bat and GHG fc are greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram of con-ventional vehicle,NiMeH batteries and fuel cell stack.The masses of NiMeH batteries for hybrid and electric cars are53kg (1.8kWh capacity)and430kg(27kWh capacity),respectively. The mass of the fuel cell stack is about78kg(78kW power capacity).According to Rantik[16],the production of1kg of NiMeH battery requires1.96MJ of electricity and8.35MJ of liquid petroleum gas.The environmental impact of battery production is presented in Table4,assuming that electricity is produced from natural gas with an average40%ef?ciency (which is reasonable since the ef?ciency of electricity produc-tion from natural gas varies from33%for gas turbine units to 55%for combined-cycle power plants,with about7%of the electricity dissipated during transmission).The material inven-tory for a polymer exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC),from ref.[17],is presented in Table5.The environmental impact of the fuel cell stack production stage,as calculated by Pehnt[18],is used to express environmental impact in terms of AP and GHG emissions(Table4,last line).Compared to NiMeH batteries, the data indicate that the PEMFC production stage accounts for relatively large GHG and AP emissions.Manufacturing of elec-trodes(including material extraction and processing)and bipolar plates constitute a major part of the emissions[18].
GHG and AP emissions also emanate from fuel production and utilization stages.The corresponding environmental impact has been evaluated in numerous life cycle assessments of fuel cycles[1–4].We have analyzed in previous publications[11,19]
Table3
Environmental impact associated with vehicle production stages
Type of car Curb mass
(kg)GHG
emissions(kg)
AP emissions
(kg)
GHG emissions per
100km of vehicle travel a
(kg per100km)
AP emissions per
100km of vehicle
travel(kg per100km)
Conventional11343595.88.74 1.4900.00362 Hybrid13114156.710.10 1.7220.00419 Electric15884758.315.09 1.9720.00625 Fuel cell16789832.442.86 4.0740.0178 Sources:[5,16,18].
a During vehicle’s life time(10years),an average car drives241,350km[6].
M.Granovskii et al./Journal of Power Sources159(2006)1186–11931189 Table4
The environmental impact related to the production of nickel metal hydride(NiMeH)batteries and polymer exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)stacks
Equipment Mass(kg)Number per life of
vehicle AP emissions per
life of vehicle(kg)
GHG emissions per
life of vehicle(kg)
NiMeH battery for hybrid car5320.50789.37 NiMeH battery for electric car4303 6.1671087.6 PEMFC stack for fuel cell car78130.524758.0 Sources:[8,16,18].
Table5
Material inventory of a polymer exchange membrane fuel cell stack Component Material Mass(kg) Electrode Platinum0.06
Ruthenium0.01
Carbon paper 4.37 Membrane Na?on membrane 5.64 Bipolar plate Polypropylene16.14
Carbon?bers16.14
Carbon powder21.52 End-plate Aluminum alloy 2.80 Current collectors Aluminum alloy 1.14
Tie-rod Steel 2.05 Total69.87 Source:ref.[17].
the data from these studies.Here,the results of that analysis are used.
Three scenarios for electricity production are considered here:(1)electricity is produced from renewable energy sources including nuclear energy;(2)50%of the electricity is produced from renewable energy sources and50%from natural gas with an ef?ciency of40%;(3)all electricity is produced from natu-ral gas with an ef?ciency of40%.Nuclear/renewable weighted average GHG emissions are reported in[20]as18.4tonnes CO2-equivalents per GWh of electricity.These emissions are embed-ded in material extraction,manufacturing and decommissioning for nuclear,hydro,biomass,wind,solar and geothermal power generation stations.AP emissions are calculated assuming that GHG emissions for plant manufacturing correspond entirely to natural gas combustion.GHG and AP emissions embedded in manufacturing a natural gas power generation plant are negligi-ble compared to the direct emissions during its utilization[21]. Taking all these factors into account,GHG and AP emissions for the three scenarios for electricity generation are calculated and presented in Table6.
Table6
Greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions per MJ of electricity produced Scenario GHG emission(g)AP emission(g) Scenario1a 5.110.0195 Scenario277.50.296 Scenario3149.90.573
a Source:ref.[20].Table7
Greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions per MJ(LHV)of hydrogen and gasoline from combustion in fuel cell and internal combustion engine vehicles Fuels GHG emission(g)AP emission(g) Hydrogen from natural gas
Scenario178.50.0994 Scenario282.10.113 Scenario385.70.127 Gasoline from crude oil84.00.238 Sources:refs.[1–4,11,19].
As noted above,hydrogen use in a fuel cell vehicle requires its compression and,as a consequence,electricity to power a compressor.Table7lists GHG and AP emissions from gasoline and hydrogen utilization in vehicles depending on the electricity-generation scenario.
Table8presents the environmental impact as a result of the fuel utilization stage,and the overall environmental impact, which includes the fuel utilization and car production stages.
2.3.Normalization and general indicator
To allow different cars to be compared when different kinds of indicators are available,a normalization procedure is performed. The value of a normalized indicator of1is chosen to correspond to the best economic and environmental performance among the cars considered.Therefore,normalized indicators for vehicle and fuel costs,and greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions, are proposed according to the following expression: (NInd)i=
(1/Ind)i
(1/Ind)max
(5)
where(1/Ind)i are the reciprocal values of indicators like vehicle and fuel costs,greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions(see Tables1and8),(1/Ind)max the maximum of the reciprocal values of those indicators,(NInd)i the normalized indicator,and the index i denotes the vehicle type(from the four kinds of vehicles considered here).
But for driving range(distance on one full tank of fuel or on one full charge of batteries)indicators,the normalized indicators (NInd)i are expressible as
(NInd)i=
(Ind)i
(Ind)max
(6)
where(Ind)i denotes the driving range indicator for the four types of vehicles(implied by index i)considered here,and(Ind)max denotes the maximum value of the driving range indicator.
1190M.Granovskii et al./Journal of Power Sources 159(2006)1186–1193
Table 8
Greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions related to the fuel utilization stage and total environmental impact for different types of cars Car type
Fuel utilization stage Total
GHG emissions per 100km of vehicle travel (kg per 100km)
AP emissions per 100km of vehicle travel (kg per 100km)GHG emissions per
100km of vehicle travel a (kg per 100km)AP emissions per 100km of vehicle travel (kg per 100km)Conventional 19.90.056421.40.0600Hybrid 11.60.032813.30.03701b
Electric 0.3430.00131 2.310.00756Fuel cell 10.20.012914.20.03062Electric 5.210.01997.180.0262Fuel cell 10.60.014714.70.03243Electric 10.10.038512.00.0448Fuel cell
11.1
0.0165
15.2
0.0342
a During vehicle life time (10years),an average car drives 241,350km [6].b
Numbers in this column denote scenario for electricity production.
After normalization of the information,normalized eco-
nomic and environmental indicators for four types of vehicles are obtained for the three scenarios of electricity generation (Table 9).The generalized indicator represents the product of the calculated normalized indicators (which is a simple geo-metrical aggregation of criteria with an absence of weighting coef?cients).The “ideal car”is associated with a generalized indicator of 1,as such a vehicle possesses all the advantages of those considered.The calculated values of general indicators provide a measure of “how far”a given car is from the ideal one,for the factors considered.3.Results and discussion
To simplify the comparisons of the vehicles,the general indi-cator also has been normalized according to Eq.(6).Fig.2shows
Fig. 2.The dependence of the normalized general indicator,NGInd,on electricity-generation scenario for four types of cars.
Table 9
Normalized economic and environmental indicators for four types of cars Car type
Normalized indicators General indicator
Normalized
general indicator
Car cost
Range
Fuel cost
Greenhouse gas emissions Air pollution emissions 1a
Conventional 10.5810.3070.1080.1260.002430.0651Hybrid 0.73310.5280.1740.2050.01380.370Electric 0.2120.1771110.03741
Fuel cell 0.1540.3820.5320.1630.2470.001260.03362
Conventional 10.5810.3070.3360.4360.02610.176Hybrid 0.73310.5280.5410.7080.1481Electric 0.2160.1771110.03740.252Fuel cell 0.1540.3820.5320.4880.8070.01230.08323
Conventional 10.5810.3070.5990.6280.06700.197Hybrid 0.73310.5280.9110.9670.3411
Electric 0.2120.177110.8240.03080.0903Fuel cell
0.154
0.382
0.532
0.794
1
0.0248
0.0728
a
Numbers in this column denote scenario for electricity generation.
M.Granovskii et al./Journal of Power Sources159(2006)1186–11931191 Table10
Optimal relationship in?eet between different types of cars
Scenario for electricity generation Conventional car(%)Hybrid car(%)Electric car(%)Fuel cell(%)General indicator 10386200.079 20782200.159 ********.341
the dependence of the normalized general indicator NGInd(col-
umn8in Table9)on the electricity-generation scenario.Accord-
ing to those results,hybrid and electric cars are competitive if
nuclear and renewable energies account for about50%of the
energy to generate electricity.If fossil fuels(in this case natural
gas)are used for more than50%of the energy to generate elec-
tricity,the hybrid car has signi?cant advantages over the other
three.
An optimization has been performed to obtain the optimal
relationship between vehicles in a?eet.The optimal relation-
ship is considered here to be the maximum value of the general
indicator in accordance with following equations:
4
i=1
βi=1(7)
5 j=1
4
i=1
βi·NInd j i=maximum(8)
whereβi is the fraction of a given type of car in the?eet,NInd j i is the normalized economic or environmental indicator for a given type of car,the index i denotes the vehicle type,and the index j denotes the?ve kinds of economic and environmental indicators from Table9.
Table10presents the optimal relationship between different types of cars in the?eet,depending on the scenario for electric-ity generation.The best result occurs for a?eet of20%of hybrid cars and80%of electric cars for scenario1for electricity gen-eration.If the nuclear and renewable energy fraction is reduced (scenarios2and3),the electric car becomes uncompetitive with respect to the hybrid car.The hydrogen fuel cell car is not com-petitive for the all scenarios considered here,but it has the best air pollution emissions indicator for scenario3.This result is in line with those in publications considering hydrogen fuel cell cars[1–4].
As seen in Table9(scenario3),the electric car is inferior to the hybrid one in terms of car price,range and air pollution emissions.The simplest technical solution to increase its range is to produce electricity on-board the vehicle.Since the
ef?ciency Fig.3.The optimal fraction(β)for hybrid and hypothetical electric cars in the ?eet.
of electricity generation by means of an internal combustion engine is lower than that of a gas turbine unit(typically the ef?ciency of a thermodynamic cycle with fuel combustion at constant pressure is higher than for one at constant volume[22]), it could make sense on thermodynamic grounds to incorporate a gas turbine engine into an electric car.The application of fuel cell systems(especially solid oxide fuel cell stacks)within gas turbine cycles allows their ef?ciency to be increased to60% [23].
The pressure of the natural gas required to attain a range equal to the range of a hybrid car is more than two times less than the pressure of hydrogen in the tank of the fuel cell vehicle.So, corresponding to the ef?ciency of electricity generation from natural gasη=0.4–0.6,the required pressure in the tank of a hypothetical electric car could be reduced to115atm.
Assuming the cost and GHG and AP emissions correspond-ing to the hypothetical electric car production stage are equal to those for the electric prototype,the normalized indicators for the different on-board electricity-generation ef?ciencies can be calculated(see Table11).An optimization is needed to obtain the optimal relationship between capacities of batteries and a gas turbine engine.Fig.3presents the optimal fractions of hybrid and hypothetical electric cars in a?eet to increase the general indicators in Table11.From Table11and Fig.3,it can be seen that if electricity is generated with an ef?ciency of about50–60% by a gas turbine engine connected to a high-capacity battery and electric motor,the electric car becomes superior.
Table11
Normalized economic and environmental indicators for hybrid and hypothetical electric car with different ef?ciencies for on-board electricity generation
Car type Normalized indicators General indicator Car cost Range Fuel cost Greenhouse gas emissions Air pollution emissions
Hybrid110.3160.7200.9540.217 Electric,η=0.40.28910.6630.7250.7180.0997 Electric,η=0.50.28910.8310.8670.8630.180 Electric,η=0.60.28911110.289
1192M.Granovskii et al./Journal of Power Sources159(2006)1186–1193
The gas turbine engine has many advantages over the con-ventional internal combustion engine:the opportunity to use various kinds of liquid and gaseous fuels,quick starts at low air temperatures,high traction qualities and simplicity of design. The main reason the implementation of gas turbine engines into light-duty vehicles in the1960s failed was their poor abil-ity to change fuel consumption with varying traf?c conditions. Then,the gas turbine engine was considered for use in directly converting fuel energy into mechanical work to drive an auto-mobile.The application of a gas turbine unit only to generate electricity,permits this weakness to be overcome,when the gas turbine is integrated with a high-capacity battery and electric motor.
The introduction of ion conductive membranes and fuel cells into a gas-turbine cycle can further increase the ef?ciency and decrease AP emissions[24].
4.Conclusions
Using actual data,an economic and environmental compari-son is performed of four types of vehicles:conventional,hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell.The analysis shows that the hybrid and electric cars have advantages over the others.The economics and environmental impact associated with use of an electric car depends substantially on the source of the electricity. If electricity comes from renewable energy sources,the elec-tric car is advantageous to the hybrid vehicle.If the electricity comes from fossil fuels,the electric car remains competitive only if the electricity is generated on-board.If the electric-ity is generated with an ef?ciency of about50–60%by a gas turbine engine connected to a high-capacity battery and elec-tric motor,the electric car becomes superior in many respects. The implementation of fuel cells stacks and ion conductive membranes into gas turbine cycles could permit electricity-generation ef?ciency to be further increased and air pollution emissions to be further decreased.It is concluded,therefore, that the electric car with capability for on-board electricity generation represents a bene?cial option worthy of further inves-tigation in the development of energy ef?cient and ecologically benign vehicles.This conclusion is also in line with the anal-ysis presented in[25],which was performed by an electric and hybrid vehicle consultant.The main limitations of this study follow:(i)the use of data which may be controversial in some instances;(ii)subjective choice of indicators;and(iii) the simple procedure applied for building up the general indi-cator without using unique weighting coef?cients.In spite of these limitations,the authors feel that the study re?ects rel-atively accurately and realistically the circumstances at this time.
Acknowledgements
The?nancial support of an Ontario Premier’s Research Excellence Award and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged.References
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企业各职位英文缩写： GM(General Manager)总经理 VP(Vice President)副总裁 FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁 AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理 CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官，类似总经理、总裁，是企业的法人代表。 COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官，类似常务总经理 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官，类似财务总经理 CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官，主管企业信息的收集和发布CTO(Chief technology officer)首席技术官类似总工程师 HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监 OD(Operations Director)运营总监 MD(Marketing Director)市场总监 OM(Operations Manager)运作经理 PM(Production Manager)生产经理 (Product Manager)产品经理 其他： CAO: Art 艺术总监 CBO: Business 商务总监 CCO: Content 内容总监 CDO: Development 开发总监 CGO: Gonverment 政府关系 CHO: Human resource 人事总监 CJO: Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人 CKO: Knowledge 知识总监 CLO: Labour 工会主席 CMO: Marketing 市场总监 CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表CPO: Public relation 公关总监 CQO: Quality control 质控总监 CRO: Research 研究总监 CSO: Sales 销售总监 CUO: User 客户总监 CVO: Valuation 评估总监 CWO: Women 妇联主席 CXO: 什么都可以管的不管部部长 CYO: Yes 什么都点头的老好人 CZO: 现在排最后，等待接班的太子 常用聊天英语缩写
DARPA ：国防高级研究计划局 ARPARNET(Internet) ：阿帕网 ICCC ：国际计算机通信会议 CCITT ：国际电报电话咨询委员会 SNA ：系统网络体系结构(IBM) DNA ：数字网络体系结构(DEC) CSMA/CD ：载波监听多路访问/冲突检测(Xerox) NGI ：下一代INTERNET Internet2 ：第二代INTERNET TCP/IP SNA SPX/IPX AppleT alk ：网络协议 NII ：国家信息基础设施(信息高速公路) GII ：全球信息基础设施 MIPS ：PC的处理能力 Petabit ：10^15BIT/S Cu芯片: ：铜 OC48 ：光缆通信 SDH ：同步数字复用 WDH ：波分复用 ADSL ：不对称数字用户服务线 HFE/HFC：结构和Cable-modem 机顶盒 PCS ：便携式智能终端 CODEC ：编码解码器 ASK(amplitude shift keying) ：幅移键控法 FSK(frequency shift keying) ：频移键控法 PSK(phase shift keying) ：相移键控法 NRZ (Non return to zero) ：不归零制 PCM(pulse code modulation) ：脉冲代码调制nonlinear encoding ：非线性编程 FDM ：频分多路复用 TDM ：时分多路复用 STDM ：统计时分多路复用 DS0 ：64kb/s DS1 ：24DS0 DS1C ：48DS0 DS2 ：96DS0 DS3 ：762DS0 DS4 ：4032DS0 CSU(channel service unit) ：信道服务部件SONET/SDH ：同步光纤网络接口 LRC ：纵向冗余校验 CRC ：循环冗余校验 ARQ ：自动重发请求 ACK ：确认 NAK ：不确认
招呼篇 GTSY：Glad To See You高兴认识你 PMJI：Pardon My Jumping In ＝PMFJI：Pardon Me For Jumping In 败势，加入你们的谈话 WB：Welcome Back 欢迎回来 LTNS：Long Time No See 好久不见 笑篇 BEG：Big Evil Grin （非常）邪恶的笑 C＆G：Chuckle And Grin 喀喀笑 GMBO：Giggling My Butt Off 笑掉我的屁屁 BWL：Bursting With Laughter 笑掉不行 CSG：Chuckle Snicker Grin 嘿嘿窃笑 KMA：Kiss My A$$ ＝MKB：Kiss My Butt 亲我的屁屁 LMAO：Laughing My A$$ Of ＝LMBO：Laughing My Butt Off ＝LMHO：Laughing My Head Off 笑死我了 LOL：Laughing Out Loud 放声笑 LSHMBB：Laughing So Hard My Belly Is Bouncing ＝LSHMBH：Laughing So Hard My Belly Hurts 笑到我肚子痛 告知篇 AFK：Away From Keyboard 离开键盘 BBL：Be Back Later ＝BBS：Be Back Soon ＝BRB：Be Right Back 稍待回来 CNP：Continue In Next Post 请看下一个留言 FYI：For Your Information 只给你知道 OIC：Oh，I See 喔，瞭 PS：Post Script 附注 QSL：Reply 回答 RTF：Read The FAQ 请看常见问题 AKA：Also Known As 又名为 FAQ：Frequently Asked Question 最常被问的问题 IC：I See 瞭 IGP：I Gotta Pee 我要去尿尿 POOF：I Have Left Chat 我已经离开聊天室啰 PM：Private Massage 私下寄消息。在聊天室常见的功能，你可以单独对有兴趣的人私下聊
duno=don't know u=you ur=your kinda=kind of sorta=sort of 2=two或to 4=for shoulda=should have congrat=congratulation thx=thanks X'mas=Christmas wat=what biz=business ad=advertisement ft.=featuring abt=about pls=please rgds=regards ---问好--- 1,hiho=hola=yo=hi=hey=hellow=你好，大家好 2,wuz up=sup=what's up=(原意：怎么样你？/有什么事儿嘛？)也可作为问好用(当然是比较熟的两个人之间的问候)，回答时有事说事，没事用"nothing/nothin much/not much/nm等回答就可以。 ---再见--- 1,cya=cu=see ya=see you=再见 2,laterz=later=cya later=see ya later=see you later=再见 3,gn=gn8=gnight=good night=晚安 4,nn=nite=晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。 ---惊叹赞扬--- 1,OMG=oh my god=我的天；**！ 2,OMFG=oh my f ucking god=我的老天；**靠； 3,wtf=what the f uck=怎么会事！？；*！； 4,n1=nice 1=nice one=漂亮 5, pwnz=ownz=牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) 6,rullz=强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) 7,you rock!=你牛比！(口语中常用，irc中偶尔能看到。) ---笑--- 1,lol=laughing out loud /laugh out loud=大笑 2,lmao=laughing my ass off=笑的屁股尿流 3,rofl=roll on floor laughing=笑翻天了 排序:hehe 与外国人聊天常用缩略词 刚上线时一般的使用:----------------------------- 1. Hi 嗨 2. Hey 嘿 3. Yo 喂 4. WOW 哇 5. ICQ 我找你. I seek you. 6. TNS 好久不见. Long time no see. 7. VG 很好 Very good. 8. yep 是 <俚> yes. 9. yup 是 <俚> yes. 10. yeah 是 = yes. 11. RYOK 你好吧? Are you ok? 12. YR 对,是的. yeah,right. 中间有事离开一会儿:----------------------------- 13. bbiam 我很快回来 Be back in a minuta. 14. hang on 等一下. 15. bll 过一会儿回来. Be back late. 16. BRB 很快回来. Be right back. 17. RSN 马上 Real soon now. 19. afk 暂时离开(键盘) away from keyboard. 20. bak 回(键盘前)来了. back at keyboard. 21. BBIAB 马上回来. be back in a bit. 告诉对方欲下线:---------------------------- 22. TAFN 到此为止. That's all for now. 23. GTGB 得走了.再见. Got to go,Bye. 24. SRI 对不起. Sorry. 25. Gotta go 我得走了. Gotta go=have to go=I have to go. 告别:---------------------------------------------- 26. Bye 再见. 27. CU 再见. See you. 28. CU2 再见. See you too. 29. CUL 下次再会. See you later. 30. CUA 再会. See you again. 31. HTH 睡觉去了. Hit the hay (hay <俚> 床) 33. See ya. 再见. See ya = See you (ya 表示 you 或 young adult) 34. AMF 再会,我的朋友. Adios my friend. 网络聊天中常见英语缩写词 下面列举一些典型的网络英文潮语。 btw(by the way)：这个大多数人都会用，就是“顺便再说一句”的意思。 g2g(got to go)：要走了。原句是I've got to go。 ttyl(talk to you later)：下次再说。 brb(be right back)：很快回来。也就是I'll be right back 或I'm gonna be right back的简写。 jk(just kidding)：开玩笑，别当真。 omg(oh my god)：我的天啊！有时为了表达更强烈的情感，有人会打：OMGGGGGGG! lol(laugh out loud)：大声地笑。这个缩写已经快被用烂了。 Imao(laughing my arse/ass off)：笑死我了。遇到真正搞笑的事，可以这么说，不过有点粗俗。 rofl(rolling on the floor laughing)：笑到摔到地上。 roflmao(rolling on the floor laughing my ass of)：前两个的结合版，也就是超级搞笑的意思。 sth(something)：某事某物。 nth(nothing)：什么也没有。 plz(please)：请。please 字尾是z 音，所以按照读音缩写为plz。 thx(thanks)：谢谢。按照发音来看，thanks字尾的ks可以用字母X代替。 idk(I don't know)：我不知道。 imho, imo(in my humble opinion, in my opinion)：在我看来，常见于论坛。 以上这些网络潮语当然不是叫大家不顾场合，不看对象地乱用。写信给校长，总不能以"Yo! Wassup?" 开头问好吧。运用你的智慧，尽情享用这些最流行的英文潮语吧。 ASAP：As soon as possible尽快 BF：Boyfriend男朋友 BTW：By the way随便说一下 BBL：Be back later稍后回来 网络英语聊天中常用缩写短语（很好很强大！！！）来源：郭年顺的日志 问好 hiho = hola = yo = hi = hey = hellow 你好，大家好 wuz up = sup = S’up What's up?原意:怎么样你?有什么事儿嘛?也可作为问好用(熟人之间候) 再见 cya = cu =see ya see you 再见 laterz = later = cya later = see ya later see you later 再见 gn = gn8 = gnight good night 晚安 nn = nite 晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。 惊叹赞扬 OMG oh my god 我的天 OMFG oh my f ucking god = 我的老天；**靠 wtf what the f uck = 怎么会事！？；我日！ n1 = nice 1 nice one 漂亮 pwnz = ownz 牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) rullz 强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) you rock! 你牛比！(口语中常用，irc中偶尔能看到。) lol laughing out loud / laugh out loud 很好笑.因为lol像笑脸，和我们常用的^-^一样 lmao laughing my ass off 笑的屁股尿流 rofl roll on floor laughing 笑翻天了 其他简写 FU fuck you *你；滚 STFU Shut the fuck up! ***给我闭嘴！ k=ok=okay=okie 好的，恩 gimme give me 给我 em them 他们的宾格 thx thanks 谢谢 ty thank you 原本用的不多，不过现在又开始兴起来了 happy bday = happy b-day happy birthday! 生日快乐 dunno dont know 不知道 kinda a little bit 有点(例句：The game is kinda hard for me.i kinda think i should get it d one as soon as possible.) cmon = c'mon come on 加油/别吹了/快点/起来（这个词意思太多了，不赘述了） hax = hack = cheat 作弊，说谎(很地道时尚的词，老外用的比较多) 网络常用英语缩写 A字头： ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something B字头： B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now BCNU = Be Seein’You BF = Boyfriend BFN = Bye For Now BIF = Basis In Fact BITD = Back In The Day Biz = Business BM = Byte Me BMOTA = Byte Me On The Ass BNF = Big Name Fan BOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again BR = Bathroom BRB = Be Right Back BRT = Be Right There BS = Big Smile BT = Byte This BTDT = Been There Done That BTW = By The Way BTWBO = Be There With Bells On BWDIK = But What Do I Know? BWO = Black, White or Other C字头： Cam = Web Camera 别再抱怨看不懂英文缩写了。超全国际流行缩写！【现在不用也留着，以后会用上的】来源：陳庆馨﹏mUsIC′?的日志 超全国际流行缩写 asl是Age, sex and location 的所写，年龄，性别和地址（国籍） lol是laugh out loud的缩写，意思是大声笑,笑的很开心的样子 ppl=people bbs=be back soon=很快回来 thx=thanks ur=your asap=as soon as possible g2g = got to go ttyl = talk to you later brb = be right back bbl = be back later bio brb=上个厕所就回 afk = away from keyboard (away) u = you plz = please y = why w8 = wait l8er = later cya = see ya (later) nvm = nevermind nm = not much gl = good luck gf = girlfriend bf = boyfriend luv=love RUOK=are you ok? 各位热爱英语，热爱生活的童鞋好~楼主最近参加了一个环保公益活动，暂时在这里拉个票~ https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d860071.html,/corp/csr/delightedimage/environment/greenvolunteer/201 1/team.html?teamid=396 点击网址进入页面就是我们队伍的界面，不需要输入验证码，只需点击投票的红色按钮就可以了。谢了！每人一次可以投5票！！！ 如果可以的话请暂时收藏这个网页，5月31日之前只要你重联一次网络就能再次投票。所以，可以的话给我们 \EOS Repick/ 队多一些鼓励吧！我们的目标是30000票！任务有点艰巨！ 1.你的老板转发了一封邮件给你。他唯一写的是"FYI"。你该怎么处理邮件的内容呢？ 没什么，他只是想确认你知道了，FYI是for your information的缩写。 2. 你去开会，客户问你他的"R.O.I." 将是什么。他想要知道的是： 他的投资将多快能得到回报，R.O.I.是return of investment的缩写。 3.你的电子邮箱内有一封来自客户的邮件。他希望你"ASAP"的为他办件事。你应该这样处理： 马上处理。不用说ASAP是as soon as posible的缩写。 4. 什么是"cover letter"？ 自我介绍及背景介绍信 5. 一家公司的"president" 和"CEO"的区别在哪里呢？ CEO的职位更高–他掌管整家公司 6. 你在一家美国公司获得一席职位而"401K" 列在福利之一。什么是"401K"？ 退休金 7. 你的公司被收购而你被通知和"H.R. Department"联系。"H.R. department"是做什么的呢？ 雇用新职员，处理福利和培训。H.R.是human resources的缩写。 8. 一位熟人遇见你时给了你一张他的名片。他的头衔是"CTO"。那他是做什么的呢？ 他负责决定公司所用的技术种类。全称是Chief Technology Officer，要和CEO区分开。 9. 你遇到在"Information Technology"工作的人。他是做什么的？ 任何和设计网站，数据库或软件有关的东西。 10. 如果有人说他们要给你发"invoice"，那你会得到什么呢？ 一张帐单 “CU”：See you 的缩写带音译，再见。例句：CU, 我们今天就到这里吧，我要睡觉了。 网络聊天英文缩写 121: one to one ADN: any day now ADR/addy: address AFAIK: as far as I know AFK: away from keyboard A/S/L: age, sex, location (or just "ASL") ASAP: as soon as possible B4: before B4N: bye for now BB: best boy BBFD: big bad forum discussion BBL: be back later BF: boyfriend or best friend BFF: best friends forever BFFL: Best Friends For Life BFN: bye for now BG: big grin / best girl BMA: best mate always BNR: but not really BRB: be right back BRT: be right there BTA: but then again BTW: by the way C: see? CID: crying in disgrace CNP: continued [in my] next post CP: chat post CU: see you CUL: see you later CYA: see you (later) CYO: see you online DBAU: doing business as usual DD, DH, DS, DW: dear daughter, dear husband, dear son, dear wife (often used on boards where you discuss personal things, but wish to keep private the names of your loved ones) DW: dont worry EIP: editing in progress FTW: for the win or f*** the world or For The World FUD: fear, uncertainty, and doubt 网络聊天中常见的时髦英语缩写词 默认分类2008-12-30 14:13:01 阅读88 评论0 字号：大中小订阅 现代通讯即时工具工具越来越先进了，网络聊天工具已经成了生活中必不可少的一部分，而现代的一些新新人类更是时髦前卫，在网聊中使用很多“一般人”看不懂的语言，本文就介绍介绍一些网聊的缩写词吧。 言归正传，下面列举一些典型的网络英文潮语。 btw(by the way)：这个大多数人都会用，就是“顺便再说一句”的意思。 g2g(got to go)：要走了。原句是I've got to go。 ttyl(talk to you later)：下次再说。 brb(be right back)：很快回来。也就是I'll be right back 或I'm gonna be right back的简写。 jk(just kidding)：开玩笑，别当真。 omg(oh my god)：我的天啊！有时为了表达更强烈的情感，有人会打：OMGGGGGGG! lol(laugh out loud)：大声地笑。这个缩写已经快被用烂了。 Imao(laughing my arse/ass off)：笑死我了。遇到真正搞笑的事，可以这么说，不过有点粗俗。 rofl(rolling on the floor laughing)：笑到摔到地上。 roflmao(rolling on the floor laughing my ass of)：前两个的结合版，也就是超级搞笑的意思。 sth(something)：某事某物。 nth(nothing)：什么也没有。 plz(please)：请。please 字尾是z 音，所以按照读音缩写为plz。 thx(thanks)：谢谢。按照发音来看，thanks字尾的ks可以用字母X代替。 idk(I don't know)：我不知道。 imho, imo(in my humble opinion, in my opinion)：在我看来，常见于论坛。 以上这些网络潮语当然不是叫大家不顾场合，不看对象地乱用。写信给校长，总不能以"Yo! Wassup?" 开头问好吧。运用你的智慧，尽情享用这些最流行的英文潮语吧。 ASAP：As soon as possible尽快 BF：Boyfriend男朋友 BTW：By the way随便说一下 BBL：Be back later稍后回来 BRB：Be right back很快回来 CU：See you再见 CUL：See you later下次再会 DIIK：Damned if I known我真的不知道 DS：Dunce smiley笨伯 FE：For example举例 FTF：Face to face面对面 FYI：For your information供参考 GF：girlfriend女朋友 IAE：In any event无论如何 IC：I see我明白 ILY：I love you我爱你 IMHO：In my humble opinion依愚人之见 IMO：In my opinion依我所见 IOW：In other words换句话说 网聊常用的英文缩写 ASAP: As soon as possible 尽快BF: Boyfriend 男朋友 BTW: By the way 说起来……BRB: Be right back 走开一下，立刻回来 CU: See you 再见 DND: Do not disturb 请勿打扰FD: Friend 朋友 FIY: For your information 供您参考 GF: Girlfriend 女朋友 IC: I see 明白了 ILY: I love you 我爱你 IMHO: In my humble opinion 依我愚见 （没H便不愚） J/K: Joking 开玩笑 LOL: Laughing out loudly 大声笑NOYB: None of your business 不关你事 OIC: Oh，I see 哦，明白了PLS: Please 麻烦你 ROFL: Rolling on the floor laughing 笑得滚在地上 TTUL: Talk to you later 晚些再谈TY: Thank you 谢谢 WB: Welcome back 欢迎回来What’s up 怎么样你？ 有什么事儿嘛？/也可作为熟人问好用 gn=gn8=good night 晚安 k=ok=okay=okie=好的，嗯gimme=give me=给我 happy bday=happy birthday!生日快乐 dunno=don’t know不知道 plz=please请 enuff=enough足够 smh=shake my head (摇头叹气) w00t=woot=what什么(虾米)？！主要表示what和yeah的意思，例如惊叹和兴奋。 Pffffff=whatever=随便；爱咋咋的； (“f”的多少和“pffffff”的长短代表你的感情激烈程度) n00b=newbie=新人，新手 网络聊天常用英语缩略词 ASAP As soon as possible尽快 BF Boyfriend 男朋友 BTW By the way 随便说一下 BBL Be back later 稍后回来 BRB Be right back 很快回来 CU See you 再见 CUL See you later 下次再会 DIIK Damned if I known 我真的不知道 DS Dunce smiley 笨伯 FE For example 举例 FTF Face to face 面对面 FYI For your information 供参考 GF girlfriend 女朋友 IAE In any event无论如何 IC I see 我明白 ILY I love you 我爱你 IMHO In my humble opinion 依愚人之见 IMO In my opinion 依我所见 IOW In other words 换句话说 LOL laughing out loudly 大声笑 NRN No reply necessary 不必回信 OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道 PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件RSVP Reply if you please 请答复 TIA Thanks in advance 十分感谢 TTUL Talk to you later 以后再讲 TY Thank you 谢谢 VG very good 很好 WRT With respect to 关于 WYMM Will you marry me 愿意嫁给我吗？ 2 = to/too 2B or not 2B = To be or not to be 4 = for 4ever = forever AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes ANFAWFOWS = And Now For A Word Word From Our Web Sponsor AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" Possible ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AWGTHTGTTA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again AWGTHTGTTSA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh Again B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBFBBM = Body By Fisher, Brains by Mattel BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now BCNU = Be Seein’ You BF = Boyfriend 网络聊天常用英语的简写ASAP →As soon as possible尽快 BF →Boyfriend 男朋友 BTW →By the way 随便说一下 BBL →Be back later 稍后回来 BRB →Be right back 很快回来 CU →See you 再见 CUL →See you later 下次再会 DIIK →Damned if I known 我真的不知道 DS →Dunce smiley 笨伯 FE →For example 举例 FTF →Face to face 面对面 FYI →For your information 供参考 GF →girlfriend 女朋友 IAE →In any event无论如何 IC →I see 我明白 ILY →I love you 我爱你 IMHO →In my humble opinion 依愚人之见 IMO →In my opinion 依我所见 IOW →In other words 换句话说 LOL →laughing out loudly 大声笑 NRN →No reply necessary 不必回信 OIC →Oh, I see 哦，我知道 PEM →Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件 RSVP →Reply if you please 请答复 TIA →Thanks in advance 十分感谢 TTUL →Talk to you later 以后再讲 TY →Thank you 谢谢 VG →very good 很好 WRT →With respect to 关于 WYMM →Will you marry me 愿意嫁给我吗 感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。 最常用的英文缩写和短信缩写 由于英文的字母太多，不方便的时候发短信很慢，所以外国人很多都在短信上输入缩写，这样就节省了很多时间。需要说明的是，不是所有的人都明白这些缩写是什么意思，因为太多了，这里也不是所有的，只是选了一些比较有意思的，并标红了那些在英国最常用的。 从数字到Z的顺序列出，其实还蛮多的。前面大写的是缩写（如果发短信的话不需要大写），后面附加的是英文和中文翻译。大家可以快速过一下前面的英文缩写（但注重记一下标红的那些），建议花多点时间看看后面的英文解释，因为很多都是非常生活化，很本土的英文短句，是出国留学的朋友们必须了解和明白的，中文翻译翻的比较中国化，没有那么生硬，这样大家应该能够更好的理解。 P.S (postscript附录）：如果你知道还有什么很常用的英文缩写，请与我们交流。Others & Numbers @TEOTD– At the end of the day 最后 121 – One-to-one 一对一 10X – Thanks 谢谢 10Q – Thank you 谢谢你 1CE– Once 从前 1DR – I wonder 我想 1NAM – One in a million 100个里头的一个 2– Meaning ‘to’ in SMS 英文的“to” 2EZ – Too easy 太简单了 2moro– Tomorrow 明天 2nite– Tonight 今晚 4– Short for ‘for’ in SMS 英文的“for” 411 – Information 信息 4COL – For crying out loud 搞什么名堂；哎呀 4EAE – Forever and ever 永永远远 4EVER– Forever 永远 ^5 – High-five 击掌 6Y – Sexy 性感 7K – Sick 生病 A A3 – Anytime, anywhere, anyplace 哪里都成 AAP – Always a pleasure 很高兴 AAR – At any rate 任何价格 AB/ ABT– About 关于 ABT2 – Meaning ‘about to’将…… ACC – Anyone can come 谁都能来 ACK – Acknowledgement 感谢 ADBB – All done, bye-bye 完了，再见 ADD/ ADR– Address 地址 ADMIN– Administrator 管理员 网络常见缩略语你知道多少? Abbreviations, or short forms of words and phrases, are quite common in English. They are particularly common in electronic communication such as emails, texting, messaging on social media, and so on. One of the reasons written abbreviations are so common is because they are quicker to type than full words. So they save time and we all like to save time, right? Knowing common English abbreviations is important for understanding, of course, but learning to use them yourself is also a great way to add new vocabulary to your repertoire. Just keep in mind that abbreviations are definitely informal English and best used with friends and family, but not in formal school or business writing. 缩写（或单词和词组的缩短形式）在英文中是非常常见的。尤其是在一些电子交流方式的社交媒体上，如邮件，短信，留言等等。书面缩写存在的其中一条重要原因就是它跟全拼整个单词比起来更便捷。因此，它为我们节省了时间，谁不喜欢节省时间呢？当然，了解一些常用的英文缩写是非常有助于理解的，但是学会运用缩略语更是给你的词汇量增加动力。你只要记住，缩略语是非正式用语，最好用于朋友和家人之间，而不是正规的学校或商务写作中。 Note: Abbreviations traditionally are written in all capital letters in English, like acronyms, but when they are used in texting, chat rooms, or on social media they are more commonly written in all lowercase letters. Using either all capital letters, or all lower case letters, is fine. 注：英文缩略语通常都是大写字母组成，就像首字母缩略词一样，但是当用于发短信，聊天室或社交媒体上时他们往往是用小写字母的。总之，用大写或小写都可以了。 AMA – ask me anything 随便问。 BRB – be right back 马上回来。 BTW – by the way 顺便问一下。 FYI – for your information 仅供参考。 CEO CEO(Chief Executive Officer)，即首席执行官， IT信息技术，即英文Information Technology 的缩写. BT 一种P2P共享软件，全名叫"BitTorrent",中文全称:"比特流"又名"变态下载" diy是什么意思? DIY是每个电脑爱好者熟悉的新名词，是英文Do It Yourself的首字母缩写,自己动手制作的意思,硬件爱好者也被俗称DIYer. oem是什么意思? OEM是英文Original Equipment Manufacturer的缩写，意思是原设备制造商。 bbs是什么意思? BBS是英文Bulletin Board System的缩写，中文意思是电子公告板系统，现在国内统称做论坛。 xp是什么意思? XP，是英文Experience（体验）的缩写, 自从微软发布Office XP后,成为软件流行命名概念. ZT是什么意思? 论坛上常见文章标有zt字样,新手不知所云,其实不过是"转帖"的拼音缩写而已. ps是什么意思? 在网上,常用软件一般都用缩写代替photoshop简称ps,DreamWeaver简称dw. ID是什么意思？ ID是英文IDentity的缩写,ID是身份标识号码的意思. IP是什么意思? 为了使Internet上的众多电脑主机在通信时能够相互识别，Internet上的每一台主机都分配有一个唯一的32位地址，该地址称为IP地址，也称作网际地址。IP 地址由4个数组成，每个数可取值0～255，各数之间用一个点号“.” msn是什么意思? MSN 即MICROSOFT NETWORK, 是微软公司的一个门户站点. MSN作为互联网上最受欢迎的一个门户, 具备了为用户提供了在线调查、浏览和购买各种产品和服务的能力. DJ是什么意思? m8=minute w8=waite bcoz = because f9=fine mu= miss you brb = be right back 马上回来 *XXXX =*后面的词语代表纠正上一句里的某个打字错误。ttyl= Talk to you later 一会再聊 OMG= Oh my god 天啊 cu= see you 回头见 BTW = by the way 顺便 WTF = what the fuck 我靠 Thx = Thanks 谢谢 ASAP：As soon as possible尽快 BF：Boyfriend男朋友 BTW：By the way随便说一下 BBL：Be back later稍后回来 BRB：Be right back很快回来 CU：See you再见 CUL：See you later下次再会 DIIK：Damned if I known我真的不知道 DS：Dunce smiley笨伯 FE：For example举例 FTF：Face to face面对面 FYI：For your information供参考 GF：girlfriend女朋友 IAE：In any event无论如何 IC：I see我明白 ILY：I love you我爱你 IMHO：In my humble opinion依愚人之见 IMO：In my opinion依我所见 IOW：In other words换句话说 LOL：laughing out loudly大声笑 NRN：No reply necessary不必回信 OIC：Oh, I see哦,我知道 PEM：Privacy enhanced mail保密邮件 RSVP：Reply if you please请答复 TIA：Thanks in advance十分感谢 TTUL：Talk to you later以后再讲 TY：Thank you谢谢 VG：very good很好 WRT：With respect to关于与外国人聊天常用缩略词
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网络英语聊天中常用缩写短语
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