中国古典诗词的美感在英译中的体现
中文摘要
中国古典诗词的创作是一门艺术，是意境美、音韵美和形式美的和谐统一。这些美感在其英译中不但不能丧失，而且还要尽量体现。翻译难，译文学作品尤难，译诗更是难上加难。对中国古典诗词的英译，尤其是在再现原文“三美”这方面，其困境早已是译界的共识，尽管如此，译界依然不乏具有研究价值的古典诗词英译的上乘作品。本文就精选一些出自大家手笔的中国古典诗词的译作，并联系一些理论，从多个角度分析原作的意美、音美、形美是如何在其英译中体现的，并结合自己的启迪，将北朝民歌《木兰辞》在原译者的基础上改译，以求进一步体现原作的美感。
关键词：中国古典诗词；美感；英译；体现
Abstract
The production of Chinese classic poetry is a kind of art, which contains the beauty of artistic conception, temperament and form. When the Chinese classic poetry is translated into English, the beauty of the poetry is not only to be reserved, but also to be embodied. In terms of the English translation of Chinese classic poetry, the reappearance of the “three beauties” is especially a difficult work, and there are, however, still a lot of valuable English versions of Chinese classic poetry. This paper displays some excellent English versions of Chinese classic poetry by famous translators, and expounds how the “three beauties” are embodied in English translation through deep analysis. And this paper also contains a revised English translation of the classic poem “Mu Lan Ci” to further reappear the beauty.
Key words: Chinese classic poetry; beauty; English translation; reappearance
一、引言
诗歌美学认为，诗歌美是由三维组成的复合艺术系统，三维是指意象美、音乐美、绘画美[1](P65)。中国古典诗词更是如此，它形象生动，音调和谐，节奏鲜明，含蓄婉约，耐人寻味，是中华民族文学艺术宝库的精品。而在中国古典诗词的英译方面，林语堂先生在《论翻译》一文中，除了提出翻译的忠实标准和通顺标准外，还着重强调了美的标准。他认为翻译家应当将翻译视为一种艺术，必须兼顾到美感这一方面。笔者十分认同林先生的观点，因为诗的首要条件就是美感。所谓“美感”，就是原文所体现的意境之美、音韵之美和形式之美。也就是许渊冲先生所说的诗词“三美”——意美、音美、形美[2](P68)。而从文艺美学和诗美艺术的角度来看，诗词翻译就是原文审美特质和艺术魅力的再现。本文分别从意美、音美和形美三方面分析和阐述中国古典诗词的美感如何在英译中体现。
二、“三美”在英译中的体现
（一）、意美：内容的再现
何谓“意美”？对于诗歌之意，中国古典文论中有精辟论述：“诗有内外意，内意欲尽其理，外意欲尽其象。” [3](P77)诗词翻译中“意美”的内涵，不仅仅局限于“意义美”，而且还包括了“意象美”。中国古典诗词，以含蓄微妙见长，十分讲求形象思维。诗人在审美创作过程中，往往会呈现给读者一种表达其强烈思想情感和审美情趣的物象，于是主观情感与客观物象便融合成了一种“意象”。这种意象往往体现在唯一的一个炼字上，可谓“画龙点睛”。翻译诗词同样也要对字词加以锤炼和推敲，若能在译文中选用精炼贴切的词，原文的意境便能生动地体现，传神地表达。
1、意象美的再现
诗词的意象是情景交融而产生的。对于意象美的再现，李白《菩萨蛮》的译文是个好例子，这首词头两句：
原文：平林漠漠烟如织，
寒山一带伤心碧。
译文：A flat－top forest stretches far in embroidered mist,
A cluster of mountains cool is tinged with heartbreak blue[4](P78).
这是一首怀人词，写思妇盼望远方行人久去而不归的心情。这两句为远景，此处“漠漠”没有直接译出，但句中三个“f”起头的词（flat，forest，far）把“漠漠”表示出来了。[f]是唇齿音，可以拖得很长，将树林“无边无垠”的感觉体现出来了；第二句“伤心碧”的“碧”字，译者用英美传统诗中的相关意象来替换这一色彩意象，将“碧”译成“blue”，巧妙运用了blue一词多义的特点，既表达了山色碧，又传达了思妇的“忧郁”这一深层含义，一语双关，充分表现了李白用语奇特的特点。其实“blue”这个意象和“碧”在颜色上的意思并不完全一致，一个“蓝”，一个“绿”，但微妙之处在于译者根据英语语言的特点，选用了同“碧”这个意象艺术效果十分相近的意象“blue”。这就是翻译补偿法中的“功能替代法[5](P75)”。同时用“heartbreak blue”来译“伤心碧”，不仅忠于原文，而且在用语上达到了双重强调的目的，符合英美读者的欣赏习惯；第二句可分两段：A cluster of mountains cool is tinged with heartbreak blue（寒山一带伤心碧），这里运用“变序法[6](P75)”，将cool mountains调个头，变成mountains cool，是为使它同句尾blue相呼应：［u：］这个长元音在英语中常出现在表示“阴沉”、“阴郁”的词中，如gloom，doom，loom，brood等等。这是通过读音加强了诗人所要表达的“忧伤感”。如此两行译文一出，原词中行人之远与思妇伫望之深，尽在言中。
有时古典诗词的意象是包含在一个很抽象的词语里，在英译时却可以用一个生动、形象的词汇加以表达，不仅能增强诗词语言的感染力，所达到的艺术效果甚至会比原文更加传神。如林语堂先生所译的杜甫《石壕吏》中的两句：
老妪力虽衰，Although my strength is ebbing weak and low,
请从吏夜归。I?ll go with you, bailiff, to the front to serve [7](P52).
且不说此译文是否在形式上忠实于原文，关键是它传神的地方在于“ebbing”一词。“ebb”的原意为“退潮”，此处运用了进行时态，比喻老妇人精力日渐衰退，不但形象贴切，而且译活了原诗，引人联想，原文内容顿时变得饱满。
此译法就是许冲渊先生所说的“深化译法”。与此类似的译法也体现在林语堂先生的又一译作中，他将苏轼的诗句“独骑瘦马踏残月”中的“残月”，译为“declining moonlight[8](P53)”，将原诗的一个画面“化静为动”，赋予了原诗以生命力，产生了一种动态美，给人以更多的联想空间和更美的感受。
2、意义美的再现
当原文没有一个特定的意象时，英译可以从整体出发，或直译或意译，目的是译出原文所要表达的思想主旨或作者的精神情感。如陆游的一首《鹧鹕天》最后两句：“逢人问道归何处，笑指船儿此是家。”这里用的是极普通的日常用字，译文也是非常口语化，几乎没有一个难字：“People ask me：where are you heading back to？Laughing，I point to the boat and say：This is home. [9](P81)”用朴质无华的语言写出了诗人浪迹江湖到处为家的人生态度。
（二）、音美：音韵的处理
诗歌是具有音乐性的语言，音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符有节奏的流动。中国古典诗词非常注重音韵节律之美，正如黑格尔曾说：“诗则绝对要有音节或韵，因为音节或韵是诗的原始的唯一的愉悦感官的芬芳气息，甚至比所谓富于意象的词藻还重要” [10](P22)。鉴于这一点，在诗词的英译中也绝不可忽视对音韵的处理。
1、押韵的处理
在音美方面，古典诗词中的乐感很多情况下是通过押韵来流露的。尽管当前在诗词翻译界也有新诗体派，即散体派，但其诗行长短、顿数多少，都没有规范，韵式也不受原诗制约，因而很多译者还是主张以押韵来实现诗歌的音韵美。笔者经过研究，认为原文的押韵在译文中是完全可以再现的。如白居易的《长相思》：
长相思Long Longing
汴水流，Waters of Bian flow,
泗水流，Waters of Si flow,
流到瓜洲古渡头，Flow to the old ferry of Guachow,
吴山点点愁。The hills in Wu bow in sorrow.
思悠悠，My longing seems to grow,
恨悠悠，My grieving seems to grow,
恨到归时方始休，Grow until comes back my yokefellow,
月明人倚楼。We lean on the rail in moonglow[11](P44).
笔者十分赞赏这种高度忠实于原文的译文。不仅译文的长短句与原文的长短句相呼应，译文中的顶真与原文中的顶真相呼应[12](P33)，而且译文和原文都是从头句押韵到尾句，且都是押同一个韵［ou］，甚至译文和原文的韵脚发音还是几乎相同的，就连题目的译文“Long Longing”也巧妙运用英语中两个形近的词汇，即贴切又雅致，译得颇具艺术感。达到如此高度的一致在古典诗词的英译中实属难得。全篇通读，一气呵成，自然流畅，词中少妇思随流水，身在妆楼，念远人而不得见，思无穷，恨亦无穷的情感随之体现得淋漓尽致。笔者认为这是一篇很有欣赏价值的全面体现原诗“三美”的译文。
在押韵的处理上，南北朝民歌《子夜歌》的译文也是值得欣赏和评论的，其原文和译文如下：
路涩无人行，The roads are muddy and forsaken,
冒寒往相觅。Despite and cold I came to thee.
若不信侬时，Go and look at the footprints in snow,
但看雪上迹。If thou wilt not believe me[13](P53).
原诗二，四句押韵，韵脚为［i：］，而译者灵活变通：首先，将原诗后两句的位置先后
在译文中对调，以求达到与原诗句式押韵一致的目的；其次，译者独具匠心，选用代词thee （［古］汝，尔，你），thee的原型是thou，thee是thou的宾格。译者为了配合原诗的押韵，恰当地选用了thee同最后一句末尾的me构成押韵，并且巧妙的是，这一用法恰巧形成了和原诗相同的韵脚［i：］，这样就在与原诗的相似度上又进了一步；再次，原型thou和宾格thee同时在译文的两处出现，用的都是古用法，贴切地配合了古典诗的意境，增强了译文对原诗美感的再现度。最后，值得一提的是，译文中“forsaken”这个词的意思是“被抛弃，被舍弃”，意义上肯定，语气上被动；而对应的原文“无人行”，意义上否定，语气上主动。此处以肯定译否定，以被动译主动，颇具意韵，符合英语语言的特点。
许渊冲说：“翻译唐诗即使百分之百地传达了原诗的…意美?，如果没有押韵，也不可能保存原诗的风格和情趣。” [14](P64)押韵若用得得当能增强译文的感染力。如李后主的名句：
问君能有几多愁？恰似一江春水向东流。
译文：
How much sorrow，pray，can a person carry？Like the spring torrent flowing eastward without tarry [15](P23).
“without tarry”表现了江水不断东流，与上句carry构成押韵，十分有力，使人感到“愁”在诗人身上压得多重。这方面最有力的例子莫过于寥世美《好事近》的结尾两句：“（短棹弄长笛）惊起一双飞去，听波声拍拍”（Surprised，a pair of birds fly away flapping／As I listen to the waves my canoe lapping[16](P11)）这里押韵的flapping和lapping，一个形容飞鸟振翅，一个形容河水轻拍船头，两个都是拟声词，把当时的景色描绘得淋漓尽致，使读者几乎听到了鸟飞和轻浪拍打小舟的声音。
2、叠字的处理
除了押韵之外，叠字或叠音词也是诗词音韵之美的重要体现。汉语叠字就是用重叠词素或音节来构成的词，绘声绘色，琅琅上口。我国古典诗词常用叠字来摹声、状物、抒情，叠字在增强诗词乐感上的作用不可忽视。而中国古典诗词中最典型的叠字佳作之一当属李清照的《声声慢》的开头三行。
相信此词已经被不少学者译过，笔者经过对比挑选，选出两篇最令笔者欣赏的不同翻译大师所译的《声声慢》，现将原文和译文呈现如下：
许渊冲译：
寻寻觅觅，I look for what I miss,
冷冷清清，I know not what it is,
凄凄惨惨戚戚。I feel so sad, so drear,
So lonely without cheer[17](P95).
这三行一连用了七对叠字，写出主人公一整天的愁苦心情，从“I look for what I miss”开始“寻寻觅觅”，可见她从一起床就开始百无聊赖，若有所失，于是东张西望，希望找到点什么来寄托自己的空虚寂寞。下文“冷冷清清”是“寻寻觅觅”的结果，结果是一无所获，于是“ I know not what it is”，不但如此，一种孤寂清冷的气氛袭来，使自己感到凄惨忧戚，于是紧接着一句“凄凄惨惨戚戚”，凄厉之情一层更似一层。译文“so sad, so drear,so lonely without cheer”亦以反复的形式出现，同原文一样，在此处增加了凄婉的基调。更妙的是，译文中的
miss与“觅”，cheer与“戚”不但元音相似，连前面的辅音也相同[18](P95)，完美地传达了原文愁惨凄厉的基调。而且，从节奏感来看，译文前两行的miss与is,及后两行的drear与cheer 的押韵都起到了很好的修辞效果。
许渊冲先生对《声声慢》的译文称得上巧夺天工，除此之外，笔者还十分欣赏林语堂先生同样对《声声慢》的这七对叠字别出心裁的译文：
林语堂译：
寻寻觅觅，So dim, so dark,
冷冷清清，So dense, so dull,
凄凄惨惨戚戚。So damp, so dank, so dead[19](P54).
林语堂先生的此译文运用头韵，而且难能可贵的是，原文是十四个音节，译文正好也是十四个音节，均匀和谐，在音韵上达到了与原文的高度一致，在意境上也与原文旗鼓相当。同样是一篇风格独特的再现原文韵律美的精彩译文。
中国古诗词讲究平仄，富有节奏，英文没有平声，仄声之分，但有重读轻读音节之分，其节奏是通过重读音节和轻读音节表现出来的。因此在翻译叠字时，有时可以不受韵律局限，而由节奏控制。如许渊冲对柳永的《雨霖铃》其中两句的英译：
念去去/千里烟波
译文：
You?ll go your way/Far, far away/On miles and miles way of misty waves where sail the ships[20](P66)
译诗在选词上也可考虑词汇的音乐性。如原文中“念去去”中的叠字“去去”译成“Far, far away”，前文在分析李白《菩萨蛮》的英译时已经提到过，[f]是唇齿音，可以拖得很长，所以far读起来尾音较长，把送别者那种恋恋不舍，伤感难言的心情体现得相当充分，使得整个气氛得以烘托。这种译法在词义上忠于原文，在形式上是一种创新。
（三）、形美：形式的把握
诗词的形美，即诗句、词句在对仗和格律上都长短一致、工整对称。既易于体现音韵之美，又有助于传达意境之美。工整的对仗在我国古典诗词中也大量运用，因此译文也应该尽可能，至少要从整体上保留原文在结构和形式上的特点。
1、对仗工整的把握
林语堂先生在古诗英译的形美方面，也下了一番功夫。以下就呈现林先生所译的辛弃疾《丑奴儿·书博山道中壁》，再次领略林先生的精彩译笔：
少年不识愁滋味，In my younger days, I had tasted only gladness,
爱上层楼，But loved to mount the top floor,
爱上层楼，But loved to mount the top floor,
为赋新词强说愁。To write a song pretending sadness,
而今识尽愁滋味，And now I?ve tasted Sorrow?s flavors, bitter and sour,
欲说还休，And can?t find a word,
欲说还休，And can?t find a word,
却道天凉好个秋。But merely say，“what a gold en autumn hour！”[21](P54)
宋词在对仗上有较为严格的限制。本例是一首宋词，分上下两阙，上下阙形式和长短完全一致，且两阙的一、四行都是七字，第二、三行都是四字叠句，长短结合，错落有致，读来琅琅上口。译文基本上保留了原文的结构特点，上下片也是一、四行长，第二、三行短，而且长行末尾gladness和sadness，sour和hour分别押了韵，短行更是忠于了原句，从而更深入的表达了原词的意境。
杜甫的《登高》中的两句也是对仗工整的典型范例，原文及许渊冲译文如下：
无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。
译文：
The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower,
The endless river roll its waves hour after hour[22](P94).
原文中的“无边”对应“不尽”，“落木”对应“长江”，“萧萧”对应“滚滚”，译文用boundless 极恰当地传译出了“无边”壮观的景象和浓深的秋意，用endless传神地译出了长江之水的浩淼深邃。对于原文而对叠字“萧萧”和“滚滚”，译文同样以叠字译叠字，恰好shower与“萧”发音相似，又与hour构成押韵,声形兼得，加强了摹声的效果。整篇译文完整地保留了原诗的形式美，整体或细节上皆见细腻，又一次完美地体现了原诗的音韵美和形式美。
2、格律整齐的把握
在古典诗词中，格律体诗词占很大多数，在字数一致上要求严格，因此在英译中也应该对译文的每一行的词语数进行约束。看以下一首《木兰辞》及其译文：
唧唧复唧唧，Click click again click click,
木兰当户织。Mu-lan at the door is weaving.
不闻机杼声，Sound of shuttle you no longer hear,
唯闻女叹息。Only a girl you hear grieving[23](P63).
若按“信、达、雅”的标准，这首民歌的译文只达到了“信”，整首译文在长短句上同原文很不一致，显得参差不齐，因此笔者根据原文“形美”的标准，改译如下：
唧唧复唧唧，Click click again click click,
木兰当户织。Mu Lan at door weaving.
不闻机杼声，Sound of shuttle never heard,
唯闻女叹息。Grieving of girl only heard.
笔者之所以如此改译，是为了尽量使译文在音节上与原文一致，与原文一样每行都是五个词，并把后两句部分词语删除和对调，重复使用heard，也包含一些“音美”的成分。
三、结语
翻译艺术的追求是无止境的。一首古诗词，如果译的传神，译文兼顾意蕴，音律，形式
的和谐统一，那么不仅能使英美读者感受到中国古典诗词独特的韵味和丰富的精神内涵，又能通过优美流畅的译文向汉民族读者展现英语语言的魅力，两种不同语言相互协调，相映成辉。因此中国古典诗词的翻译应该以再现原作之艺术为宗旨，不拘泥于形式，巧妙补偿，灵活变通，最大程度地发挥译语的优势，力求使译文达到同原文“神似”的境界，并且在功能上形成同原文的对等，其过程就是寻找跨语言文化差异的最平衡点的过程。把古典诗词这一中华民族灿烂文化的瑰宝以艺术的形式更为准确地再现给西方读者，这是译界永不言弃的追求，也是完全有可能实现的追求。
参考文献：
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《登高》赏析 《登高》全诗如下： 首联风急天高猿啸哀,渚清沙白鸟飞回。 颔联无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。 颈联万里悲秋常作客,百年多病独登台。 尾联艰难苦恨繁霜鬓,潦倒新停浊酒杯。 《登高》是唐代伟大诗人杜甫最有名的一首七律诗,全诗可以分为两部分:前四句是对景物的描写,即诗人登高所见的秋江景色;后四句是抒情,倾诉了诗人长年漂泊、老病孤愁的复杂情感。全诗不仅语言精练而且对仗自然，可以说是杜甫的巅峰之作。在对《登高》的赏析中,我选择了四首英译文作比较分析。其中许渊冲先生1984的译文标注为译文1[1],杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇的的译文标注为译文2 [2],许渊冲先生1988年的译文标注为译文3 [3],朱纯深先生的译文标注为译文 4[4]。 首联的四种译文如下: 译文1The wind so swift and sky so wide, apes wail and cry; Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. 译文2 Wind blusters high in the sky and monkeys wail; Clear the islet with white sand where birds are wheeling. 译文3The wind so swift, the sky so steep, sad gibbons cry; Water so clear and sand so white, backward birds fly. 译文4Gusty gorge, lofty sky. Gibbons sadly cry. Clear-cut islets, white sands blown birds fly. 首联的译文2把原诗意象“天高”和“沙白”分别译成了“ in the sky”和“with white sand”,我觉得减弱了原诗中意象叠加所带来的视觉的艺术效果，不能深入的将读者带到原诗的氛围中。而译文1和译文3均使用and连接前后两个并列成分：译文1中的“and”用于连接前后两个意象和前后两个并列动词;译文3中的“and”也是连接前后两个意象;另外,“so”的加入还起到了强调了后面的形容词的作用。但译文1中的“wail and cry”和“wheel and fly”是把两个近义动词简单的连在了一起，不免有累赘之嫌。许渊冲先生可能也意识到了这一点,修改后的译文3用了“sad”和“backward”,这样不仅避免了动词重复,而且与原诗在句型结构上更为接近。再看译文4,《登高》是以巫峡为背景的,因此朱纯深先生就把“风急”直接译成了“Gusty gorge”两者之间构成了联想关系，可谓极具想象力的创造。然而译文4既没用“and”也没用“so”,只用逗号和句号把每行的三个意象隔开。这样的译文与原诗在形式和内容两方面均保持对等,六个并列关系的“景物”所产生的景中画的特殊艺术效果也得到了很好的体现。
My China dream As we all know, everyone has a dream, every Chinese has a Chinese dream. I have a Chinese dream, too. I am a student in a middle school. My Chinese dream is to inherit on the generation of their dedication, make our motherland more powerful, more and more people rich. At the same time, let the next generation a better condition to realize their dream of china. Before we state the poor and weak, suffering from bullying, when every Chinese people want to own a powerful motherland, the motherland strong, can we live a happy life? Make our country strong, let the Chinese people stand up, this is our pursuit of the last generation Chinese dream! After a struggle, a generation of people's dream has been fulfilled, have a look have a look around us, with a smile of you. As a generation of people dream of witness, I feel honored, also feel a heavy responsibility, they put more dreams give us, today, we will the Chinese dream continue. Our motherland is strong, the people rich. We have no reason to do better than the last generation difference. I will insist, hard, don't give up, even if the way in the pursuit of a dream continues to receive serious rebuff, stumble, I will climb up, continue to go forward. We have to unite, work hard. A regular, but it is also true of middle school students, we should do their own work. Before university, almost all learning is in laying the foundation for the future. Perhaps what fractional equation, geometric, appreciation of the interpretation of sentences, etc. in the future will not be used, but this is not certain to be used. Math training our thinking, Chinese and English to improve our expression, without these how to realize our dream of China? Although today we don't need to go through the baptism of fire, but we have a responsibility to carry forward the national spirit, the strength of its own for all contribute to the motherland. Inheritance of a generation of Chinese dream, to the next generation of Chinese dream, this is my China dream! Thousands on thousands of high school students dream will collect a great Chinese dream, this is our Chinese dream. When the thousands on thousands of parents to live a good life, thousands on thousands of students to become the pillars of our nation, we have no reason not to realize the Chinese dream! I know, although I am not a genius intellect, no extraordinary talent, but I have a heart of gold. Many people think that cannot realize the dream is the slogan, sometimes dream existence value lies not in whether it can achieve, but in the process of quest. My China dream built on our growing prosperity and development of culture, to the motherland as the basis, therefore I feel proud and proud. I, a student of new times, I am proud of my Chinese dream, proud of our motherland. People together can make one person alone cannot make career; wisdom, hands, in combination with the power, is almost universal. "I t is not afraid of hard, attacking the book don’t afraid of difficulties. Science has dangers, fighting hard to pass." I took it as my motto. We all have our own dreams, a man without a dream is like in the boundless sea, lost the direction, the dream is like a compass, guide your direction, a dream is just like a distant lighthouse, flashing the lights, light your way, and through their own hard work, to realize their dreams, to complete his beautiful and happy dream...... My dream of China never fades.
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry 1.What is poetry? ?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language. ?“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” ?“Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.” ?Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty. ?Poetry is the image of man and nature. ?“诗言志，歌咏言。” ---《虞书》 ?“诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。” ---《诗·大序》 ?“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。” ---艾青：《诗论》 2.The Sound System of English Poetry a. The prosodic features ?Prosody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language. ?Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed. ?Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables. eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /bright In the /forest /of the/ night, What im/mortal /hand or /eye Could frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. Blake Length: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect. eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. ---Thomas Gray Long vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting. Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry. b. Meter or measure (格律) poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis; Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed and
高一英语励志美文诗歌赏析 很多事情努力了未必有结果，但是不努力却什么改变也没有。 下面是小编分享的高一英语美文励志，一起来看一下吧。 A man found acocoonof a butterfly. One day, a small opening appeared; he sat and watched thecocoonfor several hours as it struggled to force its body through that little hole. But it seemed to stop making any progress. It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could, and it could go no further. 一个人捡到一个蝴蝶茧。一天，茧上出现了一个小孔;他坐下观察了这茧几个小时。 茧内的蝴蝶努力挣扎着让身体通过茧孔。但是，看起来没有什么进展。茧里的蝴 蝶似乎已经使尽了全部力气，再也钻不动了。 Then the man decided to help the butterfly, so he took a pair of scissors and snipped off the remaining bit of thecocoon. The butterfly then emerged easily. But it had aswollenbody and small,shriveledwings. 于是这个人决定帮助这只蝴蝶,他拿剪刀剪掉了茧的剩余部分。 蝴蝶很容易就出来了。但是它的身体臃肿，翅膀也萎缩了。 The man continued to watch the butterfly because he expected that at any moment the wings would enlarge andexpandto be able to support the body, which wouldcontractin time. 这个人继续观察着蝴蝶,他期望有那么一刻蝴蝶的翅膀会变大，张开支撑住身体,臃肿的身体也会及时缩小。 Neither happened! In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its lifecrawling around with aswollenbody andshriveledwings. It never was able to fly. 什么都没有发生!事实上这只蝴蝶只能拖着臃肿的身体和萎缩的翅膀度过余生了。 它飞不起来。 What the man in his kindness and fast action didn’t understand was that therestrictingcocoonand the struggle required for the butterfly to get through the tiny opening were nature’s way of forcingfluidfrom the body of the butterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved freedom from thecocoon. 这个好心而性急的人没有明白的是，茧的束缚和蝴蝶通过小孔的努力是把体内的 营养挤压到翅膀的自然方式，这样它破茧而出的时候就可以展翅而飞了。
2013中考英语作文参考：我的中国梦 假如你是漳州一中初三(1)班的李华，今年即将初中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文，谈谈你对初三生活的看法。 (1)对获得的帮助表示感谢; (2)消除与同学之间的误会; (3)努力学习，实现“我的中国梦”; (4)对学弟、学妹的建议。 注意： (1)可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯; (2)词数：100左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。 High school is regarded as the best time in a person's life. As a senior 3 student, it won't take lon g before I graduate. 【猜题理由】本篇书面表达能比较真实地反映学生的生活实际，话题内容关注学生的社交生活和树立健康的人生观，具有考查的现实意义和指导意义;在语言表达上，能够让学生充分运用所学知识，毫无词汇障碍地表达自己的思想;此外，在语言表达的设置上也有一定的伸展性，能有效地激发学生个性观点的创建。 【构思点拨】本篇书面表达是常见的提纲类型的写作，要点明确清楚，便于学生组织文章，理清脉络。行文时要注意处理好语言表达的控制性和伸展性之间的关系。 【参考范文】 High school is regarded as the best time in a person's life. As a senior three student, I will graduate very soon. Now, I have many things to share with you. Firstly, I would like to show my thanks to those people who help and care about me, especially my teachers, parents and friends Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, it's time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood.
Enjoying English Poetry Course Essay Student’s Name: Class Number: Date: 2015/12/21 Wordsworth’s View on Nature Based on the Reading of I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Che Hongyu Wordsworth was a British poet in the 19th century and the poet laureate since 1843 till his death in 1850. He was born and grew up in the English Lake District and the beautiful scenery of his hometown nurtured his deep love for nature and his purpose of praising nature in his work. He called himself “Prophet of Nature” in The Prelude, and claimed that prophets of nature “will speak a lasting inspiration, sanctified by reason, blest by faith: what we have loved, others will love and we will teach them how”(Wordsworth, 1979: 482), by which he means he, as a nature worshipper, will write about his love for nature in his work and show the readers what he loves about nature, so as to teach them how to love nature and evoke their love for nature. This essay will analyze the poem I wandered Lonely as a Cloud from the aspects of writing background, metrical patterns, figures of speech and images so as to examine William Wordsworth’s view on nature. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud was written in 1804 and believed to be one of the most beautiful poems written on nature. The poet wrote this poem based on his experience on April 15th, 1802. That day, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy Wordsworth were walking in the Lake District, to quote Dorothy in Grasmere Journals, “It was a threatening misty morning-but mild. We set off after dinner…The wind was furious & we thought we must have returned…We first rested in the large
中国梦我的梦英语作文 我的中国梦英语作文： On September 1, 2010 is the beginning of a new school year, I and order response to a call for more than two hundred million primary and middle school students across the country, with my father and mother watched recorded by China central television and the ministry of education, the school first class. The first lesson in the start of this year's theme of "I love you" in China, as the name suggests, is "love" as the theme. Will be divided into four parts： power is sharing, love is love, love is, love is the glory. In the form of theme class meeting, four by telling a story about "love", let us realize deeply： love is not language, not a single, is a practical action, is varied. The "bear" is love let me very moved. It a call with the children in the peng-fei ma... Peng-fei ma is a child who lost his parents, raised by my grandma. Grandma but needy, to save money for his life, lead to blind and despair. But not peng-fei ma despair, hold housework from now on. Outstanding achievement and still go to school, until today. The calendar to make all the people present more tears. Wrote here, I also can't help but feel admire for peng-fei ma the obstinate and insist on. If a person can stick to a few days or ten days, I'm not surprised. But he has lasted nearly a decade. In now society, also can have such a "decathlon" teenagers, this let a person how to also can't believe it. But peng-fei ma did.
《英语诗歌欣赏》课程教学诗选 Types of Poetry Unit one Nature The Pasture Robert Frost (1874–1963) I’M going out to clean the pasture spring; I’ll only stop to rake the leaves away (And wait to watch the water clear, I may): I shan’t be gone long.—You come too. I’m going out to fetch the little calf That’s standing by the mother. It’s so young, It totters when she licks it with her tongue. I shan’t be gone long.—You come too. 牧场 罗伯特·弗罗斯特 (1874–1963) 我去清一清牧场的泉水， 我只停下来把落叶全耙去 （还瞧着泉水变得明净—也许）； 我不会去得太久。—你也来吧。 我去把那幼小的牛犊抱来， 它站在母牛身边，小得可怜，一摇一晃，当母牛给她舔舔；我不会去得太久。—你也来吧。 （方平译） Daffodils William Wordsworth (1770-1850) I wondered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;
中国梦初三英语作文 篇一：中国梦 RecentlywehadaclassmeetingonthetopicofMyChineseDream.InspiredbyPresidentXi’sChineseDream,everyon etalkedenthusiasticallyabouthisunderstandingoftheChineseDream.Weallbelievethatthisdreamwillcometr ueinthefuture. dge. 。 Myfriendsaskedmewhy.Itoldthemmystory.WhenIwasasmallboyIwasveryweak.OnceIwasterriblyiii.Ihadahighf ever.Myparentssentmetothehospitalbutthedoctorscoulddonothingforme.thenmyparentsheardtherewasavery gooddoctorinanothertown.theytookmethere.Iwassaved. Agooddoctorcansavepeople'slives.FromthenonIdecidedtobecomeadoctor.Iknowitisnoteasytobeadoctor.But Iamdeterminedtostudyhard.Iamsuremydreamwillcometrue. 【参考译文】
昨天，我们进行了一次讨论。话题是。我的梦想是什么?每个人都有自己的梦想。有些人想当教师，有些人想当科学家。我的梦想是成为一名医生。 我的朋友问我为什么。我告诉他们我的故事。当我还是个小男孩的时候，我很虚弱。我病得很厉害，我发高烧。我的父母送我去医院，但医生对我无能为力。然后我的父母听说在另一个镇有一个非常好的医生。他们带我去的。我得救了。 一个好医生能挽救人们的生命。从那时起，我决定成为一名医生。我知道做一个医生不容易，但我下定决心要努力学习。我相信我的梦想会实现的。
我的梦中国梦英语作文范文 导语：中国梦是历史的、现实的、也是未来的;中国梦是国家的、民族的、也是每个中国人的;中国梦是我们的，更是你们青年一代的。今天就看看为大家准备,我的中国梦，希望对大家有所帮助，欢迎阅读，仅供参考，更多相关的知识，请关注FLA学习网我的中国梦英语作文： On September 1, xx is the beginning of a new school year, I and order response to a call for more than two hundred million primary and middle school students across the country, with my father and mother watched recorded by China central television and the ministry of education, the school first class. The first lesson in the start of this year's theme of "I love you" in China, as the name suggests, is "love" as the theme. Will be divided into four parts: power is sharing, love is love, love is, love is the glory. In the form of theme class meeting, four by telling a story about "love", let us realize deeply: love is not language, not a single, is a practical action, is varied. The "bear" is love let me very moved. It a call with the children in the peng-fei ma... Peng-fei ma is a child who lost his parents, raised by my grandma. Grandma but needy, to save money for his life, lead to blind and despair. But not peng-fei ma despair, hold
中国古典诗歌鉴赏知识点归纳汇总 一、古诗释义 中国古代诗歌，一般称作旧诗，是指用文言文和传统格律创作的诗，广义的中国古代诗歌，可以包括各种中国古代的韵文如赋、词、曲等，狭义则仅包括古体诗和近体诗。 二、中国古典诗歌的发展史 早期的诗 人类许多民族在语言的发展中产生了适合本民族语言的诗歌形式。在中国，最早的诗歌总集是《诗经》，其中最早的诗作于西周初期，最晚的作品成于春秋时期中叶。 中国古典诗歌最早起源于民歌，劳动创造了诗歌。《诗经》是我国的第一部诗歌总集。它收录了西周初年至春秋中叶约五百年间的诗歌作品305篇，也被称为“诗三百”。《诗经》按内容分为“风、雅、颂”三部分，其中“风”为民歌，是其中的精华部分。《诗经》的主要表现手法是赋、比、兴。四言为主的句式和重叠反复的章法，也是这一时期诗体的主要特色。后来有人将“风、雅、颂、赋、比、兴”归纳为《诗经》六义。 在战国后期，出现了中国文学史上第一位文人诗人和他在楚歌的基础上创制的诗体，这就是屈原和楚辞。因楚辞的代表作是《离骚》，故楚辞也被称为骚体诗。究其缘由，主要是因为到了战国时期，在南方的楚国华夏族和百越族语言逐渐融合，其诗歌集《楚辞》突破了《诗经》的一些形式限制，更能体现南方语言的特点。楚辞是在楚地民歌基础上发展起来的，并以屈原为其杰出代表。楚辞句式以六言、七言为主，长短参差，灵活多变，多用语气词“兮”字。 《诗经》中的《国风》和楚辞中的《离骚》，并称“风骚”，成了中国古代诗歌的两个典范，分别开创了中国文学现实主义和浪漫主义的诗歌传统，因此该词也常用来代称文学作品，或代表现实主义和浪漫主义的创作传统。 汉代的古体诗 诗歌在汉代又出现了一种新的形式，即汉乐府民歌，汉代时乐府诗形成。乐府，最先是指汉朝的音乐机关，主要任务是搜集歌辞，训练乐工。魏晋六朝将乐府所唱的诗叫“乐府”，于是乐府由官府名称演变成一种带音乐性诗体的名称。
My Chinese dream As we all know, America has American dream. I believe all Chinese have Chinese dreams. I have a dream that our country will be stronger and stronger. I have a dream that each Chinese will live a happy life and have the opportunity to achieve their dreams by working hard. I have a dream that the air will be fresher and the sky is bluer so that people can live comfortably and healthily. I have a dream that one day each Chinese, poor or rich, young or old, has equal right and opportunity to get education and health care. To realize the Chinese dream, each Chinese needs to work hard. For students, we should love our country and keep it in mind. Besides, we must study hard in order to make our country stronger. More importantly, we should be a good person.
The commentary of The Passionate Shepherd to His Love This term, we took the English Poem course, in which Mr. Luo guided us fling in the poem world to appreciate the beauty of poems. In all of the poems we have learnt, I appreciate The Passionate Shepherd to His Love most. Yet I really don’t know how to appreciate a poem. Indeed, I haven’t got to the level to appreciate poems. So, I just write my own understanding to this beautiful poem. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, was written by Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593○)who was an English dramatist and poet，translator of the Elizabethan area, born in Canterbury，England, died in Deptford, England. Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian until his mysterious early death. Marlowe greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was born in the same year as Marlowe and who rose to become the eminent Elizabethan playwright after Marlowe’s death. Marlowe’s plays are known for the use of blank verse, and their overreaching protagonists. Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. He brought to the English stage a new concept of tragedy, one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a man overwhelmed by his passions and ambitions. ○2This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. It derives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern. The first time I read the poem, I just thought it was too directly for the shepherd to express his love to the girl he loved. For me, if I were the girl, I would not accept the shepherd’s love because his love was so intensely that I don’t know how to respond his love. But the second I read it carefully, almost word by word. I was deeply moved by the shepherd’s real and pure love. In the world he created for himself and his love, the girl lived an ease life like a princess. He showed a picture on what he would promise if she accepts to be his love. There was a heavenly like scene in the picture, he imagined them sitting upon the rocks, watching the other busy shepherd who had to work hard, and they relaxed themselves by listening to the birds' singing, and seeing the river falls. The shepherd also ensured her that he is willing to do whatever it takes to please her. He was so infatuated with the girl that I am a little jealous of her. The girl was so lucky to be loved by such a infatuated and romantic man. The structure of the poem is very clear. The poetry started out with a direct initiation. The speaker showed his purpose clearly, which is asking the woman he admired to be his lover. The following stanza showed a picture on what he would promise if she accepts to be his love. Then he drew different scenes when they were together. The shepherd also ensured her that he is willing to do whatever it takes to please her. This could be seen from the line 9~18. He made promises on difficult mission such as making bed of roses, thousand fragrant posies, and leaves of myrtle, coral clasps and amber studs…ext. From line 19, it responded to the idea of the first stanza that is to persuade the woman to be his love and to live with him. The repeating sentences "come live with me and be my love," may work as the function of emphasizing, and expression of eagerness. The style and writing type of the poem is very good. This poem is a typical pastoral, that is, a type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life. It sings