2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
In Cambodia,the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young woman,but also a matchmaker.A man can2a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to3the marriage negotiations,or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse,giving the child little to say in the selection.4,a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days,7by the1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and8prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists,and10a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may12with them up to a year, 13they can build a new house nearby.
Divorce is legal and easy to14,but not common.Divorced persons are15with some disapproval. Each spouse retains16property he or she17into the marriage,and jointly-acquired property is 18equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender discrimination19up:The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry20the woman must wait ten months.
1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of[C]as well as[D]with regard to
2.[A]adapt to[B]provide for[C]compete with[D]decide on
3.[A]close[B]renew[C]arrange[D]postpone
4.[A]Above all[B]In theory[C]In time[D]For example
5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless
6.[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through
7.[A]since[B]but[C]or[D]so
8.[A]copy[B]test[C]recite[D]create
9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying
10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving
11.[A]meeting[B]collection[C]association[D]union
12.[A]grow[B]part[C]deal[D]live
13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]if[D]for
14.[A]obtain[B]follow[C]challenge[D]avoid
15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed
16.[A]whatever[B]however[C]whenever[D]wherever
17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed
18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided
19.[A]breaks[B]warns[C]shows[D]clears
20.[A]so that[B]while[C]once[D]in that
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that“incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health.That's a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death-as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls,about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.
The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing.Under the law,using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.
The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.
In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:“We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.”The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week(CFW),which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.
Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
21.According to the first paragraph,what would happen in France?
[A]New runways would be constructed.[B]Physical beauty would be redefined.
[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.[D]The fashion industry would decline.
22.The phrase“impinging on”(Line2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to_____.
[A]heightening the value of[B]indicating the state of
[C]losing faith in[D]doing harm to
23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?
[A]New standards are being set in Denmark.[B]The French measures have already failed.
[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse.
24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for_____.
[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions.[B]caring too much about models’character.
2016年考研英语一真题及大师兄版解析
29.The author holds that George Osborne’s preference_____.
[A]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.
[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.
[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.
[D]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.
30.In the last paragraph,the author shows his appreciation of_____.
[A]the size of population in Britain[B]the political life in today’s Britain
[C]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[D]the town-and-country planning in Britain
Text3
“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel Prize-winning economist,“That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders’money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,”says one researcher.
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with_____.
[A]tolerance[B]skepticism[C]uncertainty[D]approval
32.According to Paragraph2,CSR helps a company by_____.
[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers
[C]winning trust from consumers[D]raising the quality of its products
33.The expression“more lenient”(Line2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to_____.
[A]more effective[B]less controversial
[C]less severe[D]more lasting
34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a company’s CSR record_____.
[A]legacy businesses are becoming outdated.[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.
[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.
40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?_____.
[A]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once
[B]Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand
[C]Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good
[D]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10point)
[A]Create a new image of yourself
[B]Have confidence in yourself
[C]Decide if the time is right
[D]Understand the context
[E]Work with professionals
[F]Make it efficient
[G]Know your goals
No matter how formal or informal the work environment,the way you present yourself has an impact.This is especially true in the first impressions.According to research from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and likeability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.
The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success”era is that the range of options is so much broader.Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings,red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in others not so much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn.Chances are,your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,lennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.
So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals?Here are some tips:
41.__________________
As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions—when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut,now may be a good time.If you’re not sure,ask for honest feedback from trusted friends,colleagues and professionals.Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.
42.__________________
Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish.For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more“SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)
43.__________________
Look at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment?What conveys status?Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.
44.__________________
Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context.Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylist instead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.
45.__________________
The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.
Section III Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Mental health is our birthright.(46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy;it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend,a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned,only reawakened.It is like immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us.When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us.(47)Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.
Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem–confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness if they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.
(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice.We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought.(50)As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
SectionⅣWriting
Part A
51.Directions:
Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100words providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,e“Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address.(10points)
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of160-200words based on the following pictures.In your essay you should
1)describe the drawing briefly,
2)explain its intended meaning,and
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题
大师兄版参考答案
Section I Use of English(10points)
1.A B C D
2.A B C D
3.A B C D
4.A B C D
5.A B C D
6.A B C D
7.A B C D
8.A B C D
9.A B C D10.A B C D
11.A B C D12.A B C D13.A B C D14.A B C D15.A B C D
16.A B C D17.A B C D18.A B C D19.A B C D20.A B C D
Section II Reading Comprehension(50points)
Part A(40points)
21.A B C D22.A B C D23.A B C D24.A B C D25.A B C D
26.A B C D27.A B C D28.A B C D29.A B C D30.A B C D
31.A B C D32.A B C D33.A B C D34.A B C D35.A B C D
36.A B C D37.A B C D38.A B C D39.A B C D40.A B C D
Part B(10points)
41.A B C D E F G42.A B C D E F G43.A B C D E F G
44.A B C D E F G45.A B C D E F G
注：第29题有争议，大师兄版选B，新东方版、沪江版选A。
Section III Translation(15points)
46.我们不必去学习如何保持心理健康；我们内在具有保持心理健康的能力，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口或是修复断裂的骨头。
47.我们并不会真的失去保持心理健康的能力；这种能力可能会暂时消失不见，但我们能很快重塑这种能力，就像乌云背后的太阳总归要露出来。
48.拥有一个健康的心理能让我们在他人遇到困难时对其表示同情，遭遇痛苦时对其显示关爱，以及不管看待任何人我们都会无条件地心怀大爱。
49.尽管保持心理健康是我们生活的万灵药，但它极其普通，因为你会发现指引我们作出艰难抉择的一直都是它。
50.正如你终将会明白的那样，知道自己一直有保持心理健康的能力并相信这种能力，能让我们放慢当下的脚步，快乐地生活。
SectionⅣWriting(25points)
Part A(10points)
Notice
Dear international students,
Welcome to our university!As a librarian,I feel it necessary to give you some basic information about our library, since all of you are new here.
First,the library is open from8a.m to10p.m throughout the year,except on pubic holidays,like the National Day, when the library will be closed.Second,a maximum of8books can be kept at a time and they must be brought back within30days.This rule is applicable to both Chinese and foreign students.Third,the humanities books are on the second floor,the science books are on the third floor and in the fourth floor there is a reading room where periodicals and newspapers in both Chinese and English are available.
For more information please follow us on WeChat.I wish you can have a good stay here.
Yours
Li Ming Part B(15points)
In the picture,on which the caption says“Better to set an example than to dictate”,the father who was sitting there watching TV asked his son to go to study.However,in the evening,the father was working against the clock,obviously trying to meet a deadline.What the meaning the picture conveys is that a good father has to be,in the first place,an example for his children.
In my opinion,the importance of a father being a model for his children can never be overestimated.As the saying goes,parents are a child’s first teacher.Parents are the ones with whom a child has most contact with,thus parents’behaviors will be imitated by the child.For example,if a father who is lazy has the habit of leaving things to the last minute,then his son will probably develop the same bad habit in late life.Therefore,a father should set good examples in his life.
To sum up,fathers as well as mothers have great influence on their children.Only when a father becomes a exemplary model for his children can he be called a good father.
15.【C】词汇题。本句句意“离过婚的人多少会…非议”。A项isolated“孤立”；C项view“看待，评价”；
D项expose“曝光；使…遭受”。根据disapproval“不同意；非难，指责”这一态度词汇，可知C项正确。
16.【A】词汇题。本句句意“离婚后，男方或女方在结婚时…的…财产都归其所保留”。显然property前面是
一个形容词。B项however“无论，多么”是副词，修饰形容词或副词，表强调；C项whenever“每当，无论何时”和D项wherever“无论哪里”都是连词。A项whatever有连词“无论何物”和形容词“任何”两个意思。
17.【B】词汇题。根据句意可知，本空表达的是“任何带进婚姻的财产”。B项bring sth into sth“带进，领进”
正确。其余三项虽然可与into搭配，但不符句意。
18.【D】词汇题。本句句意“而共同取得的财产则平均…”。D项divide“分配，分割”正确。A项withdraw
“撤退；取钱”。
19.【C】词汇题。根据下一句知“离异男女再婚所需的情况不同”，所以本空表达是“出现了性别歧视”。A
项break up“分裂；破裂；分手；解散”；B项warn不与up搭配；C项show up“出现”。D项clear up“放晴”；clear sth up“收拾；解决，澄清；治愈”。
20.【B】句意题。本句句意“离异男性不用等上一段时间才能再婚，…离异女性必须等10个月才能再婚”。
显然这是一种对比，B项while“而”正确。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text1
原文标题：A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals
原文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2015/0405/A-challenge-to-the-fashion-industry-s-body-ideals
大师兄英语点评：本文来自某网站，原文标题为《时尚界理想体型遭遇的挑战》。本文讲述法国开始出台措施来抑制模特过瘦这一现象。模特过瘦对自身健康不好，同时也会给年轻女性传达瘦就是美这种错误的观念。本文还提到了其他国家的时尚业也开始着手解决这个问题。但作者指出，解决这一问题最好的方式还是依靠道德上的劝诫。原文7段430词左右，命题人对原文仅替换了部分词汇，几乎完整保留了原文。本文难度不大。
21.【B】根据第一段第一句“France....has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women”（法国……如今已断定其时尚业已经失去了定义女性体型美的绝对权利）以及第二句、第三句的措施可知，法国将采取措施来“重新定义体型美”。所以B项正确。根据第三句可知C项“介绍节食的网站将会兴盛”错误；A项和D项均无法推断出。
22.【D】根据上下文的意思可以推测出“过瘦体型会损害健康”，而这正也是为什么法国出台措施禁止时尚业雇佣过瘦模特的原因。短语impinge on sth“冲击；侵害，侵犯”。
23.【A】根据第五段第二句“In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images”（美国、丹麦和其他一些国家的时尚业正试图为模特和时尚写真照片设置非强制的标准）可知A项“新标准将在丹麦实施”正确。B项“法国的措施已经失败”并没有提及也无法体现。C项“模特们不再有同侪压力”错误。D项“时尚业固有问题正变得糟糕”并没有提及。
24.【C】根据第六段前两句和第三句“The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week”（该章程的主要施行工具就是禁止违反规定的设计师和模特经纪机构参加哥本哈根时装周）可知设计师如果不意识到自己对模特理想体型的影响，即一味强调瘦为美导致模特不顾健康追求瘦，他就会被禁止参加CFW。所以C项“不太关注健康因素”正确；D项“为模特设定的年龄门槛比较高”并未提及。
25.【A】本文主要讲述时尚业有一种畸形的文化：美就是瘦到皮包骨。这种理想体型的观念是错误的，它不仅有害身体健康，而且还会对年轻女性产生负面示范作用。正因为此，法国、丹麦等国开始采取措施，要求时尚业来改变“瘦即美”、“皮包骨就是理想体型”这种不良风气。所以A项“时尚业理想体型遭遇挑战”最
符合本文标题。B项“法国饥饿模特面临两难境地”、C项“又一轮追求美的热潮”、D项“时尚业面临的巨大威胁”等都与本文无关。
Text2
原文标题：Is Ukip the only party that cares about the British countryside?来源：The Guardian
原文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,/commentisfree/2014/nov/05/ukip-british-countryside-environment-brownfield
大师兄英语点评：本文来自2014年11月5日刊《卫报》，原文标题为《独立党是唯一关心英国乡村的政党吗？》。本文讲述是英国各政党就该不该在英国乡村大规模建设住房这一问题阐明各自的立场。保守党认为“乡村建设”要优先于“乡村保护”，工党则希望终止那些遭到当地议会反对的开发计划。只有英国独立党明确反对在英国乡村建设住房的计划。本文作者的态度和独立党一样，也是反对开发乡村的。作者认为大规模开发会让乡村失去自然风景。原文11段700余词，命题人节选了6段。本文难度较大，完全理解比较困难。
背景介绍：近年来移民增加导致英国伦敦房价上涨、住房紧缺。呼吁建设更多住房的声音愈发强烈。但在哪里建设这些住房却让各政党和利益集团陷入争论。以全国托管组织（National Trust，英国保护名胜古迹的民间组织）为首的一方反对政府在乡村大规模建设住房，他们认为这会破坏英国人引以为豪的乡村自然风光和绿化地带；而开发商、建筑商等游说团体则极力支持在乡村建设住房。各政党在此问题上的立场也不尽相同。其中，英国独立党明确反对，而其他政党多支持这一计划。
26.【D】根据第一段第二句“While polls show Britons rate“the countryside”alongside....as what make them proudest of their country,this has limited political support”（尽管英国人把“乡村”随皇室、莎翁和国民医疗服务制度一起列为英国四大骄傲，但英国人的这种观点并没有得到多少政治支持）可知D项“并没有在政治上得到很好地反映”正确。
27.【A】根据第二段第四句“They don’t make countryside any more,and every year concrete consumes more of it”（如今公园和绿化带不再造就乡村，相反，混凝土建筑一年一年蚕食乡村）可知A项“被逐渐破坏”正确。B项“被有效地强化”；C项“大都被比的黯然失色”；D项“得到了适当保护”。
28.【A】根据第三段第六句“Only Ukip,sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land”（只有英国独立党选择和那些呼吁政府在使用绿地方面要三思的人站在一起，因为该党觉得自己的机会来了）可知A项“独立可能从支持乡村保护中获益”正确。根据第三段第二句“The Conservatives’planning reform....even authorizing“off–plan”building...”（保守党的规划改革明确表态要给乡村建设而不是乡村保护以优先权，该改革方案甚至批准建设项目的“未建先售”模式）可知B项“保守党可能放弃‘未建先售’建设项目”错误。C项“自由民主党正在失去政治影响力”、D项“工党因反对乡村发展而遭到攻击”都无法体现。
29.【B】根据第五段最后三句“Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruin rural ones?”（当高楼大厦保持在城镇和村庄的边缘、尊重它们的特色时，这些城镇和村庄才能发展得最好。我们没有毁掉城市的保护区。为什么要去毁掉乡村的保护区呢？）可知作者认为“在乡村建设住房等建筑会破坏掉农村，没有尊重乡村地区的特色”，所以B项“显示了他对乡村地区特点的忽视”正确。A项“显示出了对城市地区的强烈偏见”无法根据第三句“George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal”（英国财政大臣乔治·奥斯本选择支持在乡村建设新住房的计划，而不是对城市地区进行改造和翻新）推出。C 项“突显了缓解住房危机的必要性”和D项“突出了他反对游说集团压力的坚定立场”未提及。
30.【D】根据第六段第二句“Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence”（但半个世纪以来，科学的规划使得英国得以保留了另他国羡慕的乡村的原汁原味性）可知D项“英国的城镇和乡村规划”正确。
Text3
原文标题：Corporate social responsibility:The halo effect来源：The Economist
原文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,/news/business/21656218-do-gooding-policies-help-firms-when-they-get-prosecuted-halo-effect
大师兄英语点评：本文来自2015年6月27日刊《经济学人》，原文标题为《企业社会责任：成见效应》。本文讲述的是企业在社会责任方面的投入能从三个方面给企业带来经济上的效益。第一，消费者会认为企业在社会责任方面支出多是企业产品质量好的标志；第二，消费者会通过购买产品来支持企业的善举；第三，“成见效应”会让很多人购买时考虑该公司产品。本文主要探讨了“成见效应”对企业的影响。原文8段620余词。本文的难度不大。
31.【B】根据第一段第二句“But even if you accept Friedman’s premise...things may not be absolutely clear-act”（但即便你接受了弗里德曼的这一假设性的观点……事情或许并非绝对的简单明了）可知B项“质疑，怀疑”正确。A项tolerance“宽容；C项uncertainty“不确定性”；D项“赞同”。
32.【C】根据第二段第三至五句“First,consumers may take CSR spending...Second,customers may be willing to buy a company’s products...And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others”（第一，消费者可能会把企业社会责任开支看做是一个“信号”，即：一公司的产品质量上乘。第二，消费者可能会愿意买一公司的产品……第三，公司通过“成见效应”这一效果更广泛的方式获益，即一公司的善行让消费者和其他人有购买需求时能更多地考虑该公司）可知C项“赢得消费者的信任”正确。A项“防止企业做出不当举动”和B项、D项无法体现。
33.【C】根据前文提到的“halo effect”和下文第五段第二句“....or increasing corporate giving by about20%, results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment...”（……或通过把企业的社会捐赠增加20%，因贿赂外国官员而遭起诉企业能得到较低的罚款额，这一额度要比通常的罚款额大体上低40%）可知C项“不太严重”正确。
34.【A】根据第五段第一句“the study concludes that...they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR”（这份研究得出这样的结论……但他们的确似乎会受到当事公司在企业社会责任方面的表现的影响）可知A项“对检察官的判决产生影响”正确。B项“让人觉得是可靠的证据”；C项“增加被处罚的几率”；D 项“成为调查的一部分”。
35.【B】根据第六段第一句“Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR”（研究者们承认，他们的研究并没有解答企业应该在企业社会责任上支出多少这一问题）可知B项“企业在企业社会责任方面的必要支出数额是多少尚不知晓”正确。A项“企业社会责任对企业的消极影响常常被忽视”错误，本文未提到企业社会责任的消极影响。C项“企业开展企业社会责任活动的经济能力被高估了”和D项“企业社会责任给银行业带来了不少好处”未提及。
Text4
原文标题：One Way to Phase Out Newspapers:Make Them a Luxury Good来源：The Atlantic
原文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,/technology/archive/2015/03/print-newspapers-are-for-rich-people/大师兄英语点评：本文来自2015年3月刊《大西洋周刊》，原文标题为《逐步放弃报纸的方式：让它成为一种奢侈品》。本文讲述的是，在互联网时代《纽约时报》该不该放弃纸质版这一问题。Jonah Peretti认为贸然舍弃纸质版是一个错误，因为这会让忠实读者失望。他指出，正确的方式是逐步提高价格让该报成为一种小众商品，以此来增加营收，因为最忠实的读者即便是在提价以后还会购买。原文8段600余词。本文稍有难度。
36.【A】根据第二段第二句“The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper...isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive”（做一份纸质版报纸的硬件设施……不只是贵，这些硬件设施的开支简直是离谱了）可知A项“运营的高昂成本”正确。其他三项未提及。
37.【D】根据第三段第二句“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them”（对《纽约时报》来说，花时间去想出一个能加快其转型的办法才是有意义的）可知D项“作出战略调整”正确。A项“寻找新的读者群来源”和C项“努力实现高效管理”在本文中均未提及；而根据第三段第一句可知B项“永久地终止纸质版”错误。
38.【B】根据第五段第一句“The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor”（最忠实的客户依旧还会买他们所钟爱的产品）和第四句“In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it”（换句话说，如果你想做一份纸质版报纸，那么你就要以那些已经痴迷上它的人为目标客户）可知B项“专为最忠实的客户制作”正确。A项“帮助恢复以前的荣耀”；C项“将让
印刷成本减少”；D项“扩大报纸的人气”。
39.【C】根据第六段第二至三句“But we’re going to have questions like that...when the market changes and the world changes.In those situations,it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive”（当市场和世界都改变时……我们也就会面临类似的难题。在这些情况下，激进举措要好于不痛不痒之举）可知C项“激进能更好应对挑战”正确。A项“小众产品行业正变得过时”；B项“谨慎有益于解决问题”；D项“传统奢侈品能不受影响”。
40.【C】本文主要讲述《纽约时报》该不该放弃纸质版的问题。在第二段Jonah Peretti说到“贸然停止纸质版是一个错误”；在第四段Jonah Peretti说到“我会提高价格，让该报成为一种小众产品（legacy product）”；在第五段和第六段，作者围绕Jonah Peretti所说的“小众化产品”描写。所以说本文可以用make your newspaper a legacy product来概括，即C项“让你的报纸成为一种奢侈品（小众化产品）”最符合本文的题目。A项“一下子转向在线报纸”；B项“珍惜还在你手中的报纸”；D项“让你的报纸永远流行”。
Part B
原文标题：Here Is How You Should Upgrade Your Professional Image
原文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,/article/247521
大师兄英语点评：本文来自名为“企业家”的网站，原文标题为《如何提升你的职业形象》。本文讲述的是人们需不需要提升自我形象，什么时候提升自我形象最好以及如何提升自我形象。文章和题目的难度均不大。自2010年考研英语分英语一和英语二以来，英语一的阅读Part B题型为七选五填空和七选五排序两种题型交替，而英语一出现七选五小标题尚属首次。该种题型是英语二的常见题型，难度上小于其他两种题型。值得注意的是2015年阅读Part B难度较大，这可能促使命题人在2016年降低这部分的难度。
41.【C】本段讲述何时该进行一个形象的提升。根据第一句“I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions”（我见过形象提升在人们的转型阶段尤为有益的诸多事例）和第二句“If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut,now may be a good time”（如果你在一个转型期或是感觉自己的生活太单调和一成不变，那这个时候就是提升形象的一个不错时机）可知C项“判断时机是否适宜”最能概括本段的内容。
42.【G】本段主旨句第一句“Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have”（首先要明白自己希望有什么样的影响）。第二至第四句则列举了不同人的目的，如“For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriously....”（对于有的人来说，这一目标可能就是让别人把他放在眼里…）和“For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable...”（而对于其他人来说，这一目标可能就是让自己看起来更平易近人…），所以根据本段的主要内容和关键词“goal”可知G项“了解自己的目标”正确。
43.【D】本段主旨句第一句“Look at your work environment like an anthropologist”（像一个人类学家一样审视自己的工作环境）。第二至第四句则列举了需要审视的几个方面。根据本段内容和最后一句“The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact”（你对这些文化背景了解得越好，你就能对自己的影响力有更多的掌控）中的关键词“context”可知D项“理解你的环境”最能概括本段。
44.【E】本段第一句“Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context”（争取到专业人士来帮助自己，告诉他们你的目标和你所处的环境），第二至第四句则列举了三个具体例子，如“Hire a personal stylist”、“Try a hair stylist instead of a barber”和“Work with a professional photographer”。根据本段的主要内容和关键词“professional”可知E项“找专业人士来包装自己”正确。
45.【F】本段第一和第二句“The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue”（形象提升的意义不是要让你做更多徒劳之事或是纠结于每天穿什么这样的小事上。相反，你要把它当做减轻抉择困难症的一个良机）。所以F项“要有效率”最能概括本段。
SectionⅢTranslation
原文标题：Mental Health,Toolkit of The Mind
原文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,/df/1323914779372.pdf
大师兄英语点评：本文节选自一本名为《Slowing Down to The Speed of Life》的ChapterⅠ的《Mental Health, Toolkit of The Mind》章节。本文讲述的是心理健康的重要性以及我们如何保持心理健康。作者指出，心理健康是我们与生俱来的权利，保持这种能力不需要我们去刻意学习，因为我们每个人都具有这种能力。本文的难度不大，但较为抽象。命题人替换了原文的个别词汇和句子。例如本文第三段第一句为“Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions”，但原文是两句“Although mental health is the panacea for living our lives,it is nothing short of ordinary.If you reflect on you life,you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions”。大师兄认为命题人的修改一定程度上改变了原文的意思。
46.本句有三个难点，分别是“it is built into us”、“in the same way as”和“heal a cut”。第一个直译就是“它被建造在我们身上”，但这个翻译并不通顺，我们可以把英语中的常用的被动语态翻译成更符合汉语习惯的主动语态，将“我们”作为主语，“心理健康”作为宾语。即“我们内在具有保持心理健康的能力”；“in the same way”直译就是“用与…相同的方式”，但更符合汉语的表达是“就像，如同”；“heal a cut”译为“愈合伤口”。
译文：我们不必去学习如何保持心理健康；我们内在具有保持心理健康的能力，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口或是修复断裂的骨头。
47.本句有两个难点：“like the sun behind a cloud”和“it can be temporarily hidden from view”。前者是一个介词短语，可以当做一个插入语放在最后翻译。而第二个句子中的“it”是难点，相当多考生搞不明白它代指的是什么。这里代指的是“mental health”，因为这个句子紧跟着第一个句子，都是描写mental health的。不可以认为it代指的“the sun”。
译文：这种能力可能会暂时消失不见，但我们能很快重塑这种能力，就像乌云背后的太阳总归要露出来。
48.本句有两个难点：“allows us to”和“no matter who they are”。前者的“allow”不可以翻译成“允许”，而是要翻译成“使…能够，能让”；“no matter who they are”直译是“不管他们是谁”，这样的翻译比较奇怪。大师兄的方法就是还原整个句子。这个“no matter who they are”实际上是一种强调的表达，可以理解为“anyone”或“all people”，完整句子是“view all people with unconditional love”。译为“看待所有人”、“不管看待何人”。
译文：拥有一个健康的心理能让我们在他人遇到困难时对其表示同情，遭遇痛苦时对其显示关爱，以及不管看待何人我们都会无条件地心怀大爱。
49.本句有两个难点，同时也比较特殊，因为命题人对这个句子改动比较大，将两个句子合并成了一个句子。第一个难点就是“cure-all”，字面翻译“治好一切”，可以译为“万灵药”；第二个难点就是“as”，这里是“因为”的意思。
译文：尽管保持心理健康是我们生活的万灵药，但它极其普通，因为你会发现指引我们作出艰难抉择的一直都是它。
50.本句有三个难点。第一个难点是“as”,这里的as和上一题中的as不同，这里的as引导的是定语从句，相当于非限定性定语从句which you will come to see置于句尾，可译为“正如”。第二个难点是“will come to see”，“come to do”表示“达到做某事的境界”，如：come to realize/come to understand等。这里译为“终将会明白”；第三个难点是“available”，直译是“可得到的，存在的，有的”。大师兄所强调的就是译文符合中文习惯，所以这里可以把这个形容词译为动词“有”。
译文：正如你终将会明白的那样，知道自己一直有保持心理健康的能力并相信这种能力，能让我们放慢当下的脚步，快乐地生活。
SectionⅣWriting
大师兄英语点评：
2016年的小作文是一篇Notice，题目要求是：Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100words providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.“通知”类的应用文最为常见，难度并不大。大作文是一幅名为“与其只提要求，不如做个榜样”的漫画作文，要求考生：1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your comments。题材可以归结为“思想品质类”，这是英语一大作文最常考的题材之一。另外几类题材是：社会现象类（如2015年的“手机时代的聚会”）、道德伦理类（如2014年的“孝道”）、文化教育类（如2010年的“文化火锅”）。
考研英语一的大小作文基本上每年都是这种题型。这部分可按照大师兄整理的历年英语一作文解析及范文和预测15篇来复习。关于应用文，考生需要熟记几种主要应用文的格式、固定用语、常见句型；关于大作文，考生需要记住写作思路、固定结构、常见句型等。但做到这些都还是不够的。写作的高分还是体现在用词和句型上，大师兄并不提倡背诵作文模版的复习方式，更强调在借鉴模板的基础上灵活运用句型，比如少用简单句，多用复合句，如定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句、it形式主语、强调句和倒装句。其次，作文用词要有多样、高端，比如大作文中表达某现象的原因可以用“be responsible for”、“account for”、“be attributed to”、“be to blame for”等多种表达。运用各类从句和同义词等可以使文章更为的地道。千篇一律的模版式的作文也不会得到阅卷老师的青睐。大师兄强调“吸收，借鉴和创造”，即：先吸收和提炼模版，然后因地制宜使用。
写作的内容上，小作文的字数只有100个左右，大作文160到200字。由于字数本身的限制，大小作文不可能写得多有深度，小作文写明两点或三点理由或事项，大作文写明三点就能满足字数要求。一般来说应用型小作文可以按照：何人，何事，何时，何地，何目的等方面来写。大作文一般涉及到考生自己的解读，这个因人而异，但总体上也是遵循：陈述内容，深度解读，辩证分析原因，总结前文并发出号召的大体顺序写。
Part A
小作文题目：假设你是你大学的图书馆管理员，写一个通知，告诉新近入学的外国留学生关于图书馆的相关信息。
写作思路：第一段写明写这个通知的目的；第二段写通知的具体内容，列三个事项最佳；第三段为结尾段，表达祝愿等。
大师兄中文范文：
通知
亲爱的留学生们：
欢迎来到我们学校！鉴于你们都刚来，作为图书馆的管理员，我觉得很有必要给你们介绍一下我们图书馆的基本信息。
第一，图书馆的全年开放时间是每天早8点到晚10点。在诸如春节、国庆节等全国法定假日，本馆不对外开放。第二，本馆图书的借阅期限是30天，每人的最大借阅量为8本，本规定同时适用于中国学生和留学生。第三，本馆第二层为人文社科类图书，第三层为理工类图书，第四层为阅览室，读者可以阅览各种中文和英文版期刊和报纸。
更多详情可以扫描二维码关注我馆的官方微信，祝各位在我校的生活愉快！
李明大师兄英语范文：
Notice
Dear international students,
Welcome to our university!As a librarian,I feel it necessary to give you some basic information about our library, since all of you are new here.
First,the library is open from8a.m to10p.m throughout the year,except on pubic holidays,like the National Day, when the library will be closed.Second,a maximum of8books can be kept at a time and they must be brought back within30days.This rule is applicable to both Chinese and foreign students.Third,the humanities books are on the second floor,the science books are on the third floor and in the fourth floor there is a reading room where periodicals and newspapers in both Chinese and English are available.
For more information please follow us on WeChat.I wish you can have a good stay here.
Yours
Li Ming
Part B
大作文题目：描述一篇名为《与其只提要求，不如做个榜样》的漫画，解释其含义并给出你的观点。
写作思路：本篇作文含义可以从两个角度解读，第一个突出父子关系，即以身作则的父亲才是孩子的榜样。第二个角度则是忽略父子关系，突出“其身正，不令而行”这种含义，即只有自己做到才能要求别人也做到。大师兄选择以第一个角度为切入点。首段描述图片，并在末句点明漫画含义：一个好的父亲首先要是儿子的榜样。第二段围绕这个含义给出两三个观点或理由，也可以不分点整段论述自己观点。第三段总结段，一两句话总结前文观点。
大师兄中文范文：
在这幅标题为《与其只提要求，不如做个榜样》图片中，一位正坐在那里看电视的父亲要求他的儿子去学习。然而，到了晚上，这位父亲却加班加点工作，显然试图要在某个截止时间前完成。这幅图片传达的含义就是：一个好的的父亲首先得是孩子的榜样。
我认为，父亲给孩子树立榜样的重要意义怎么强调都不为过。正如俗话说的那样，父母是孩子的第一任老师。孩子跟父母接触的时间远大于其他人，因此父母的行为会被孩子所模仿。例如，如果一位懒父亲有把事情拖到最后一刻做的习惯，那么他的儿子很可能将来也会有这种坏习惯。因此，父亲需要在生活中树立好的榜样。
总之。父亲以及母亲对孩子有重大影响。只有当父亲成为了孩子的榜样时，他才能被称为一位合格的父亲。
大师兄英语范文：
In the picture,on which the caption says“Better to set an example than to dictate”,the father who was sitting there watching TV asked his son to go to study.However,in the evening,the father was working against the clock,obviously trying to meet a deadline.What the meaning the picture conveys is that a good father has to be,in the first place,an example for his children.
In my opinion,the importance of a father being a model for his children can never be overestimated.As the saying goes,parents are a child’s first teacher.Parents are the ones with whom a child has most contact with,thus parents’behaviors will be imitated by the child.For example,if a father who is lazy has the habit of leaving things to the last minute,then his son will probably develop the same bad habit in late life.Therefore,a father should set good examples in his life.
To sum up,fathers as well as mothers have great influence on their children.Only when a father becomes a exemplary model for his children can he be called a good father.
2015 Text 1 Paragraph 1 1、King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ?kings don`t abdicate, they die in their sleep.? But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 西班牙国王胡安?卡洛斯曾说?国王不会退位，他们逝世于睡眠中?。但是最近几次欧洲大选中，丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安?卡洛斯收回之前的言论，并被迫退位。 1.1 abdicate英/'?bd?ke?t/ 美/'?bd?ket/vt. 退位；放弃vi. 退位；放弃 1.2 scandal英/'sk?nd(?)l/ 美/'sk?ndl/n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；诽谤；公愤 2、So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? 如此说来，西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路？是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改？ 2.1 monarchy英 /'m?n?k?/ 美/'mɑn?ki/n. 君主政体；君主国；君主政治 2.2 the writing is on the wall某事将失败的不祥预兆 2.3 royal英/'r???l/ 美/'r???l/n. 王室；王室成员adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的 2.4 magnificent英/m?g'n?f?s(?)nt/ 美/m?g'n?f?snt/adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的 2.5 majestic英 /m?'d?est?k/ 美/m?'d??st?k/adj. 庄严的；宏伟的 Paragraph 2 1、The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. 西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据，也提供了反对君主制的论据。 2、When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ?mere? politics and ?embody? a spirit of national unity.这时公众意见呈现出两极分化，弗 2.1 particularly英/p?'t?kj?l?l?/ 美/p?'t?kj?l?l?/adv. 特别地，独特地；详细地，具体地；明确地，细致地 2.2 polarise 英/’p??l?ra?z/ 美/’p?ul?raiz/vt. 极化（等于polarize）polarize英/'p?ul?raiz/ 美/'pol?'ra?z/vt. （使）极化；（使）偏振；（使）两极分化vi. 极化；偏振；两极分化 2.3 regime英 /re?'?i?m/ 美/re'?im/n. 政权，政体；社会制度；管理体制 2.4 monarch英 /'m?n?k/ 美/'mɑn?k/n. 君主，帝王；最高统治者 Paragraph 3 1、It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs` continuing popularity polarized. 正是这次明显的超越对君主作为国家元首继续流行做出了解释。 1.1 transcendence英/tr?n'send?ns/ 美/tr?n'send?ns/n. 超越；卓越；超然存在 2、And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). 正因如此，除中东外，欧洲是世界上君主制最盛行的地区，有10位国王（梵蒂冈和安道尔不算在内）。 2.1 infested adj. 为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v. 害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词)；遍布于 3、But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. 但是，与海湾地区和亚洲的专制国家不同，欧洲皇室能够留存下来，是因为他们让选民免于苦心孤诣地寻找一个没有争议且受尊崇的公众人物。 3.1 absolutist英/'?bs?lu:tist/ 美/'?bs?lu:tist/n. 绝对论者；专制主义者 Paragraph 4 1、Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. 即使如此，毋庸臵疑君主还是在衰落。 1.1 ownside英 /'da?nsa?d/ 美/'da?nsa?d/n. 负面，缺点；下降趋势；底侧adj. 底侧的 2、Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. 即使他们声称自己是国家统一的象征，但他们的历史和今日的行为方式都代表着他们享有的特权和他们身上体现出的不公平已经过时，且站不住脚。
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American. 49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay. “To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brou ght almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores. 思路： 1.大致介绍文章主要内容 2. 逐段介绍每段的主要内容→分析句子结构→指出翻译时需要注意的点→试译→整理译文→总结翻译技巧和需掌握的单词
历年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析38 英译汉：考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。要求译文准确、完整、通顺。 2014年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析 Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Most people would define optimism as endlessly happ y, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and wh at doesn’t. Final ly, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter. 翻译 大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。 Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一
常用翻译技巧总结 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 二、 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) (4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词) (5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light
2015考研英语二翻译真题解析 英语二的翻译一直应该是考生应该得分的题目，今年的题目总体来说与去年相当，甚至略微简单，文章来自心理学网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/6744557.html,。节选标题为“The Well-Travelled Road Effect: Why Familiar Routes Fly By”的一篇文章，经过命题人改编，共156个词，有8句话，符合英语二翻译模式与难度。所以文章长度基本保持不变，内容涉及领域为心理学，共三段，长短句相间，短句较多，涉及知识点有表语从句、宾语从句、原因状语从句、时间状语从句。但是都较为简单。考生只要在考前进行过一定数量的段落练习。相信翻译是考生争取拿分的题目。 继去年一篇积极心理学的文章后，今年又出了一篇心理方面的文章，但是专业程度不强，所以对学生来说还是很容易接受的。 首先文章中阐释的一种心理现象是“well-travelled road effect”是考生们不熟悉的一个词语，但是通过全文阅读会发现，这是人们生活中一种常见的现象，所以考生可以自己进行总结，而且这个中心词中没有出现生词，所以对于考生来说还是比较简单的。 其它稍微可能有难度的词语为commute：通勤;perceive：察觉;well-travelled road effect： 熟悉路线效应;underestimate：低估;route：道路;allocate：分配，掌握了这些词汇，应该就没有大问题了。 下面来分析其中稍微有难度的句子。 Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. 【解析】首先“twist and turn”的意思是迂回曲折，具体到路上表示的就是指道路的拐弯、曲折。其次“know sth like the back of your hand”的英文释义为： to have very good and detailed knowledge of something，即对某件事情非常了解、了如指掌。 【翻译】不管是哪一条路，你对每一个拐每一个弯都了如指掌，非常熟悉。 文中包括一个以上从句的句子有The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.这是由一个表语从句和宾语从句组成的复合句，但是都可以直接按顺序翻译，所以不涉及翻译技巧。 其他句子较简单，在此不做详解，下附全文翻译： 设想一下，你正开车行驶在一条非常熟悉的路线上。可能是你每天上下班、去城里、或是回家的路。不管是哪一条路，你对每一个拐每一个弯都了如指掌，非常熟悉。在这样的路途中，我们容易在开车的时候心不在焉，对途中的景色也几乎是全然不顾。如此一来，你会觉得路上所花的时间比实际要少。 这就是“熟悉路线效应”：人们往往会低估行驶在熟悉的路上所花费的时间。 这一效应由我们分配精力的方式引起。当行驶在熟悉的路上时，由于我们不用太过集中精力，时间似乎飞逝而过。 随后，我们回想行车过程时，由于我们没有过多关注，所以对行车的印象也很模糊。因
2012年考研英语翻译真题及答案 Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (1)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is beco mi ng less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (2)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering
2015年考研英语一翻译真题解析 一、来源：今年的文章来源于An outline of American history(1954)(《美国历史纲要(1954年英文版)》)，是其中一章The Colonial Period(殖民时期)的节选。这个符合历年来翻译的考查规律，往往都是从书籍中节选段落进行翻译，内容相对于阅读而言，相对于2014年“贝多芬”而言，有些难懂。 二、难度：5句话共151词，相当平稳。其中48题最长，35词;50题最简单，24词。可以说，不同基础的同学都可以从中找到自己熟悉的部分，不至于在这个题上一分未得。 三、句型特点：今年的5句话中，有2句(46，48)是简单句，另外3句(47，49，50)是复合句。其中的复合句无一例外都考查的是定语从句的翻译，并没有涉及到其他从句类型。简单句中考查最多的也是后置定语的翻译。所以，中公考研考前为大家预测的难点中，定语的翻译是绝对考点和重点。 四、逐题详解： 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 重点词组：out of a wilderness(摆脱荒凉)，by its nature(就其本质而言，从本质来说)，uncharted(未知的;图上未标明的)。 结构分析：整个句子是一个简单句，由and并列谓语动词built和shaped。driven by powerful and diverse motivations是后置定语，修饰movement;out of a wilderness是后置定语，修饰nation;of an uncharted continent是后置定语，修饰character and destiny。 参考译文：这项运动，由多种强大的动机驱动，建立了一个摆脱荒凉的国家，并且从本质上来讲，塑造了一块不为人熟悉的大陆的性格和命运。 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 重点词组：product(产物)，principal(主要的;首要的)，peoples(民族)，impact(影响) 结构分析：句子的主干是The United States is the product of two principal forces，破折号解释说明forces。of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics是后置定语，修饰immigration;of a new country which modified these traits是后置定语，修饰impact，其中包含一个定语从句which modified these traits，修饰country。 参考译文：美国是两股主要力量的产物——带有不同思想、风俗习惯和国家特征的欧洲民族的移民，和修改这些特征的新兴国家的影响。 48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the carried national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. 重点词组：peculiar(特有的，独特的)，interplay(互相影响)，sheer(独特的) 结构分析：整个句子是简单句，主语由三个名词短语用and并列承担，谓宾部分比较短小caused significant changes。主语1中，of geographic conditions peculiar to America是后置
考研英语翻译模拟试题及答案解析 (1)Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities place upon the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education, often defined as personal growth. Perhaps a useful way of viewing the notion of personal growth would be to picture the very large and general term“education” as being all-embracing, including as subsets within it academic and nonacademic components. This may be one of the most difficult concepts to convey to someone who is not intimately familiar with American higher education. Few educational systems in other countries place the same emphasis on this blend of academic and personal education. The majority of colleges and universities in the United States make some attempt to integrate personal and intellectual growth in the undergraduate years. (2) If the ultimate goal of undergraduate education in America were simply to convey a set body of knowledge, the term of studies could undoubtedly be reduced. Yet the terms of studies are extended in order to give students a chance to grow and develop in other ways. Numerous opportunities are made available to students to become involved in sports, student government, musical and dramatic organizations, and countless other organized and individual activities designed to enhance one’s personal growth and provide some recreation