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UltrasonicIn_lin_省略_Multi_classifier_XUY

UltrasonicIn_lin_省略_Multi_classifier_XUY
UltrasonicIn_lin_省略_Multi_classifier_XUY

Ultrasonic In-line Inspection of Pipeline Corrosion Based on

Support Vector Machine Multi-classifier *

XU Yun 1,2, DAI Bo 2, TIAN Xiaoping 2 , SHENG Sha 2

1. Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P.R.China

E-mail: xuyun@https://www.doczj.com/doc/5f13096058.html,

2. Beijing Institute of Petro-chemical Technology, Beijing 102617, P.R.China

E-mail: daibo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/5f13096058.html,

Abstract :Because of the complicated condition in pipeline, ultrasonic detection echoes are affected by many factors such as the line defect orientation, the defect width, the branching-point geometry, wall roughness, working state and the interaction between the different echoes. So it is difficult to distinguish ultrasonic detection echoes. Analyze ultrasonic detection echoes from experiments, use radial basis kernel function to process the signal, and achieve automatic recognition by using one-against-rest algorithm and tree algorithm. The experimental results show that the method not only improves the recognition correct rate, but also improves the computing speed, and achieves good results. Key Words :Ultrasonic Inspection, Support Vector Machine, Multi-classifier

*This work is supported by China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Science Foundation under Grant J305011.

1 INTRODUCTION

With the development of oil and gas fields, more and more attention is paid to pipelines safe operation. Long-distance pipeline inspection has become urgent to Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Department. At present, the detection technology of long-distance pipelines is mostly using traditional outside inspection in china, such as the pipeline corrosion is inspected by the catholic protection system. Although this method can detect buried pipeline not only without excavation but also without affecting the normal work, yet it belongs to an indirect method of detection of pipeline corrosion, and the raw data often require careful analysis and check. At the same time, it can not detect the pipeline buried under road, rail, marine and other areas, and also can not be achieved the overall detection [1]. For the problems of outside inspection, some developed countries have developed a number of possible pipeline corrosion detection technologies. With advantages that can detect a greater thickness of material with high-speed, a penetration ability, real-time display, light automation equipment, ultrasonic inspection has developed into a very important non-destructive method, and has been widely used in production practice. Ultrasonic in-line inspection, based on the principle of multi-channel ultrasonic automated inspection, adopts a detector with probes arrayed in a circle to scan and inspect corrosion. Because of the complicated condition in pipeline, ultrasonic detection echoes contain a lot of information about defects and also are mixed with various kinds of interference noise. The noise will result in errors in the signal-processing even cause signals to be submerged [2]. Echo signal processing is the key technology to ultrasonic in-line inspection. Ultrasonic echo signal processing methods mainly include statistical analysis, spectral analysis, fuzzy logic, wavelet analysis, support vector machines (SVM), neural network and so on. SVM is a very potential promising classification technique which is proposed by AT & TBell laboratory research team leaded by Vapnik in1963. SVM with perfect mathematical form, geometric interpretation and generalization ability, solving problems about the model selection, less learning, over learning and nonlinear; avoiding the local optimal solution; overcoming the "curse of dimensionality" effectively, has been successfully applied to many classification problems with less artificial parameters [3]. This article uses radial basis kernel function to process ultrasonic echoes signals, and achieve automatic recognition by using one-against-rest classification and tree classification. The experimental results show that the method not only improves the recognition accuracy, but also improve the computing speed, and achieves good results.

2 ULTRASONIC ECHO SIGNAL ANALYSIS

As an integrative device, ultrasonic in-line inspection system contains complex mechanism, electronic instruments and a computer, as shown in figure 1.

Ultrasonic inspection adopts the immersion pulse echo method, and a detector with probes arrayed in a circle to scan and inspect corrosion while walking through pipelines. Pipeline transportation medium is used as ultrasonic couplant material, such as petroleum. In the circle, different probes may be detected by the different pipeline wall, such as shown in figure 2, which is a

Proceedings of the 29th Chinese Control Conference July 29-31, 2010, Beijing, China

cross-sectional diagram of ultrasonic probes array

Fig.1 An ultrasonic in-line inspection device of pipelines

Pipeline wall

inspection device Ultrasonic probe

petroleum

Fig.2 Distribution of ultrasonic probes

The wall thickness at point A is greater than point B, while the probe points to the mutation interface at point C, and their ultrasonic echo signals are showed in figure 3.

3(a) Ultrasonic echo signals at point A

3(b)Ultrasonic echo signals at point B

3(c)Ultrasonic echo signals at point C

Fig.3 ultrasonic echo signals

It can be seen from figure 3(a) that the ultrasonic probe emits an ultrasonic pulse P towards the inner and outside walls at point A, firstly the probe receives reflection pulse F_a from the inner wall, secondly receives reflection pulse B_a from the outside wall. The wall thickness d2 is got through calculating the interval between the two echo signals F_a and B_a. Likewise, the distance d1 between the probe and the inner wall is got through calculating the interval between the transmitted pulse P and the inner interface echo signal F_a. According to corrosion depth and ultrasonic propagation velocity in the transmission medium and pipe, the positions of reflection pulse from the inner wall or from the outside wall will change at point B, as show figure 3(b), so d1 larger and d2 smaller, which means the wall thickness reduces. The information about the corrosion of pipeline wall and the transform of the pipeline can be judged. Although it is a direct calculation with simple principle, yet when the probe points to the mutation interface, because of the mutative ultrasound intensity received from two sides of the interface, the echo amplitude changes, that brings difficulties for the interval time with the two echoes. Likewise as show figure 3(c), the wall thickness d2 is got through calculating the interval between the first two echo signals F_c and F1_c, it will cause confusion. When the ultrasonic probe is moving or wobbling, there will be a certain confusion zone, which can not give a clear mutation interface, and result in a lot of noise in the C scan picture. Therefore clear and correct classification of mutations interface is the key of ultrasonic echo signals- processing.

Because of the complicated condition in pipeline, ultrasonic detection echoes are affected by many factors such as the line defect orientation, the defect width, the branching-point geometry, wall roughness, working state and the interaction between different echoes [4]. The characteristic of time-domain is very complex, and there are thousands of scan data for an ultrasonic echo signal, so it is a high-dimensional classification and recognition problem. Ultrasonic echo signals are directly used as the feature vectors, with SVM advantage of solving the small sample, nonlinear, high-dimensional pattern recognition. To unify feature extraction and pattern classification is an effective multi-classifiers method for ultrasonic inspection.

3 ULTRASONIC ECHO SIGNAL PROCESS WITH

SVM MULTI-CLASSIFIER

The remaining pipe wall thickness represents the pipeline corrosion. The limited wall thickness is divided into several intervals and each interval corresponds to a kind of corrosion. So the ultrasonic inspection problem has become to process ultrasonic echo signals with multi-classifiers. The classifier is designed to

automatically classify a given data after study. The essence of classifier is a mathematical model. At present, different models have different branches, including: Bayesian Network Classifier, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Vector Space Model (VSM), Neural Network, SVM and so on. The weak of Bayesian Network Classifier is that the overall probability distribution and probability distribution function (Density function) about various types of samples are unknown. In order to obtain them, the sample is large enough[5]. Large amount of calculation is the disadvantage of KNN, because each classified object must to calculate its distance from all the known samples in order to obtain its K-nearest neighbor. VSM requires calculation of classified space vectors, which largely depend on the category of vector contained in the feature items. Neural Network is based on the principle of risk minimization learning algorithm, also has some inherent flaws, such as difficulties to determine the number of layers and neurons, and easily fall into local minimum, even have the phenomenon of over learning [6]. While these deficiencies can be vanished in the SVM algorithm.

The SVM algorithm is based on VC dimension theory and structural risk minimization principle. According to the limited sample of information in the model of the complexity, it seeks the best compromise between learning ability in order to obtain the best generic ability[7]. According to a preselected non-linear transformation, the input vector x is mapped to a high dimensional feature space Z; and then in this feature space, it will construct an optimal separating hyper plane, as shown in figure 4.

The most basic theory of SVM is for the binary classifications, but in actual applications still need to solve the multi-classification problem. There are some multi-classification algorithms showed as follows. In the one-against-rest algorithm, n SVM classifiers, SVM i is trained for a n-class classification problem. During training, each SVM use the samples of its corresponding class as the positive examples and the samples from all other classes as the negative samples. During testing, the test samples are evaluated against all n SVM i and the SVM k which gives highest decision value as the predicted class is chosen[3], the structure is showed in figure 5(a). In the one-against-one algorithm, one SVM classifier, SVM i,j , is constructed for every pair of classes (i, j). There are N(N +1)/2 SVM classifiers in total. During testing, the samples are evaluated against all the pairwise classifiers SVM i,j . The final decision of the class for the test samples are determined by a voting scheme. Every SVM classifier gives one vote for its predicted class. The class that receives most of the votes is chosen as the final class for the test sample [8]. Tree classification method is the improvement for the method of one again one. Firstly, k types of training samples divide into two classes; secondly, each class divides into two sub-classes; finally all the samples are separated [9,10], the structure is showed in figure 5(b). In the Decision Directed A cyclic Graph algorithm, the same as the one-against one, N(N + 1)/2 pairwise classifiers are constructed. During testing, a list with all class candidates is created. For each test with the SVM, the class candidate which is given negative label by the SVM is removed from the list. The last class that is left on the list is chosen to be the class for the test sample [11]. Weston proposed two

k-class SVM algorithms: QP-MC-SV algorithm and LP-MC-SV algorithm. Naturally, when construct the decision-making function, taking into account all of classes [11-12]. Platt et al proposed a new learning framework: Ball structural classification algorithm is using ultra balls to define the same type of data, and then the data space is changed into a super-ball formed by a lot of balls, like a collection of a lot of soap bubbles in the three-dimension[13].

5(a) the one-against-rest algorithm

5(b) the tree algorithm

Figure 5The SVM multi- classification algorithm

For the multi-classifier, the known training samples divide into n sub-classes,

n l n l n x x x x K K K ,,,

,,11111 Where k

i x belongs to the k th class.

Consider the set of linear function

k k k b x x f +×=)()(w ,k =1,,K n (1)

The aim is to construct n functions, making the rules :

m={}

])[(,],)[(max arg 11n n

b x b x +×+×w w K

(2)

can error-free separate training samples ,where the inequality

[()][()]1k k m m i k i m x b x b w w ×+-×+≥ (3) for k =1,,K n,k m 1 and i =1,,K k l are established.

If the above inequality has a solution, ?=n

k k k 1),(w w has

minimum.

If the training samples can not be error-free separated, Minimize functional is defined by

k

i

n k l i n

k k k

k

C ???===+×11

1

)(x w w

(4)

With constraint conditions :

[()][()]1k k m m k i k i m i x b x b w w x ×+-×+-≥ (5)

Where k =1,,K n,k m 1and i =1,

,K k l , C is penalty factor.

To solute above inequality, Lagrange multiplier optimization technology is used to expand the function )(x f k in support vector, having the following expression:

))(,()(1

k i

k m l i i k x

x m k x f k

×=

??1=a

k m j k m l j j b x x k m m

+×-??1=))(,(1

a (6)

Where ),(m k i a is expansion

coefficient,k =1,,K n,k m 1,i =1,,K k l ,j =1,,K m l . Minimize functional is described as follow:

???=1==n

k k m l i i k

m k W 11

),([)(a a

??1*=*×-k m k j k i j l j i i x x m k m k k

))(,(),((21

1

,a a ))(,(),(11

**×+*

==??

m j

m i

j l i l j i x x k m k m m

m

a a

))])(,(),(211

m j k i j l i l j i x x k m m k k

m

×-*==??a a

(7)

With constraint conditions:

0(,)i m k m k C a 1?

≤≤ (8)

),(),(1

1

k m m k k m l j j

k m l i i

m

k

????1=1==a

a ,k =1,

,K n (9) From the above derivation, it needs to construct SVM to

replace the corresponding formula )(s j r i x x × with kernel

function )(s j r i x x K × [7].

5 The EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS of

MULTI-CLASSIFIERS

Adjustable high-speed ultrasonic capture card with the sampling frequency 100MHz and the ultrasonic probe with frequency 5MHz are used in this experiment. According to over-sampling techniques and the accuracy, the sampling frequency is 50MHz. The ultrasonic probe located above the plate does uniform motion, and detect planes or mutation interfaces between two planes. The material of the standard sample tube is close to the actual steel pipe, and the thickness of steel plate is ladder-like, respectively 25,19,12,6 mm. Different thicknesses planes simulate different normal wall, the mutation interface simulates the border of pipeline corrosion pit, layered corrosion, mechanical corrosion, as shown in figure 6.

Figure 6 Pipeline Corrosion Inspection Experiment

A training classifier is often based on different technology or the same technology but with different parameters, or different training samples or different sample characteristics. The classifier by different methods has different decision spaces. According to the feature of the classifier, find out the optimal classifier which around the area of input samples, and consider output as classification results. Radial Basis Function

)

exp(),(2

2

s

j

i j i x x x x K --=, one-against-rest

algorithm and tree algorithm are used in this experiment.

Penalty factor C which is the normal number, determines the punishment degree beyond the limits of error of the sample. The different constant value C has different effects. When the value of C is bigger than a certain value, its change will decrease the impact of the analysis. In this experiment C= 15.The ultrasonic echo signals are

put in the SVM model for automatic classification, results are showed as follows:

7(a) Results of one-against-rest classifier

7(b) Results of tree classifier Fig7 Four Classification Results

The correct rate is used to determine the SVM classification effect, showed as follows:

Tab.1

Correct rate of one-against-rest classifier

Tab.2

Correct rate of tree classifier

From Table 1 and Table 2 it can be seen that when the parameter s = 2, accuracy in various locations is relatively high. With the value s increasing, the correct rate is gradually lower. On this basis, the correct rate and classification time correspond to change, with ultrasonic

echo signals in the proportions 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, as shown in table 3 and table 4.

Tab.3 Correct rate of one-against-rest algorithm

With

different sample points

Tab.4 Correct rate of tree classifier With

different sample points

From Table 3 and Table 4 it can be seen that: With the reduction of sampling points, the time for classification also reduces, but the correct classification rate does not significantly reduce; Although the accuracy of tree algorithm is relatively higher than one-against-rest classification, compared with one-against-rest classification, the time for tree classification is relatively shorter and faster.

6 CONCLUSION

In practice, the problem of multi-class classification is needed to solve, so the study has an important practical value. Because of the complicated condition in pipeline, the recognition of ultrasonic detection echoes is difficult. Analyze ultrasonic detection echoes ’ data from experiments, use radial basis kernel function to process the signal, and achieve automatic recognition by using one-to-many and trees two ways. The experimental results show that the method not only improves the classified recognition accuracy rate, but also improve the computing speed, and achieves good results.

REFERENCES

[1] Tang Jian. Research on Ultrasonic Inspection of Pipeline Corrosion [D]. Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2005.

[2]DaiBo, Zhao Jin, Zhou Yan. Ultrasonic in-line inspection of pipeline corrosion based on support vector machine. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China), 2008, 59 (7): 1812-.1817.

[3] Vapnik V N. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory [M] 1New York: Springer Verlag, 2000.

[4] Wu Dexin, Yang Xiaolin. Identification of waveforms and

defects in ultrasonic inspection. Nonde Structive Testing, 2007, 24 (7): 312-316.

[5] ZHOU Yanjun; WANG Shuangcheng; WANG Hui. Research

for the classifiers based on Bayesian networks. Journal of Northeast Normal University ,2003,2:21-27.

[6] WEI Hao; GONG Ning-sheng. Handwritten Chinese

character recognition based on multi-level classifier and neural network ensemble. Computer Engineering and Design.2009, 9:2267-2269

[7] Bai Peng, Zhang Bin. Support Vector Machine and its

Application in Mixed Gas Infrared Spectrum Analysis [M].Xi'an Electronic Science and Technology University Press, 2008, 47-48

[8] Osuna E, Freund R, Giro si F1 T raining Support Vector

Machines: An Application to Face Detection [R].In Proceedings of CV PR’97 Puerto Rico, 1997. [9]Guo G, L I S, Chan K1Face Recognition by Support Vector

Machines. Proceedings of the International Conferences on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. 2000: 196-201. [10]Erin J, Bredensteinerl, Kristin P, etc. Multiclass

Classification by Support Vector https://www.doczj.com/doc/5f13096058.html,putational Optimization and Applications, 1999, 12:53-59.

[11] Platt J. Large Margin DA Gs for Multiclass Classification in

Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 12, MIT Press, 2000, 547-553.

[12] Weston J , Watkins C. Multiclass Support Vector Machines.

TR CSDTR 9804, Department of Computer Science Egham , Survey TW 2003x, England, 1998.

[13] Zhu M L. Solving the Problem of Multiclass Pattern

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(2):153-158.

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2. 特别提示 (1) there be结构的倒装句型中,除了be动词之外,there后还可接lie, live, seem to be等。如:There lived an old man in the village long long ago. 很久很久以前,村子里住着一位老人。 (2) here, there, now, then, up, down, away, out等副词位于句首,主语为代词时不到装。如:Away it flew. 它飞走了。 (3) 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首,主句倒装,主句倒装,但是主语为代词时不倒装。如:“You have to finish it tonight,” she said. “今晚你必须完成它,”她说。 (4) so位于句首不倒装的情况:

① 主语与前句相同,表赞同,译为“确实如此”。如: — Mike studies hard. 迈克学习很刻苦。 — So he does. 确实是。 ② 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事,前句如果列举了两种事实以上,用“so it is/was with sb./sth.”回答。如: — Tom is kind and often helps those in trouble. 汤姆很友好,经常帮助处于困境中的人。 — So it is with his father. 他父亲也是。 (5) 使用as/though进行倒装时注意: ①句首有名词,名词不能带任何冠词。如:Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. 尽管他是个孩子,却能够明辨是非。 ②句首是实义动词时,其他助动词则放在主语之后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,则宾语和状语随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如: Try hard as he will, he never seems to be able to do the work satisfactorily. 虽然他尽力了,但他的工作总做得不尽如人意。 (6) not until位于句首的倒装结构中,如果是复合句,只有主句用倒装,从句不用。如: Not until he loses his health will he give up smoking. 他直到失去健康才会戒烟。 二、省略句 高考命题导向:省略是一种避免重复,保持简洁的语法手段。缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分,但在一定语境中能够独立存在,意义明确,并且能发挥交际功能的句子叫作省略句。高考主要是考查省略在固定结构中的运用。 省略句用法一览表:

省略号和破折号的作用和例句

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(1)不可滥用省略号。一是省略号后语境不明的不能用省略号,而是没有上述特殊语意不能用省略号。 (2)、用了"等"、"等等"就不能再用省略号。(省略号和"等"、"等等"有不同,省略号表示的可以是各种需要省略的,而后者只能是类似的词语或意思。) (3)要正确处理省略号前后的点号问题:一是省略号前是个完整的句子的,省略号前应使用句末标点,表示省略的是句子;二是省略号前不是完整句子的,省略号前一般不用点号,表示省略的是词语、短语;三是省略号后一般不用标点。 (4)、如果省略的是一大段或几段文字,就用十二个圆点表示,单独成行,不顶格。 破折号的作用和例句 破折号是一个用途比较广的标号。它的主要用法可以归纳如下。 1 1. 用以表示对上文的解释说明或补充。例如:?亚洲大陆有世界上最高的山系——喜玛拉雅山,有目前地球上最高的山峰——珠穆朗玛峰。? 括号也表示解释说明,但是破折号引出的解释说明是正文的一部分,是较重要的信息,要读出来的。而括号里的解释说明不是正文,只是注释,没有它不影响句子的完整性,读时也不必连着正文念出来。 解释说明或补充的语句如果是插在句子中间的,可以前后各用一个破折号。例如:?太阳系除了九个大行星——水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星和冥王星——以外,还有40个卫星以及为数众多的小行星、彗星和流星体等。??直觉——尽管它并不总是可靠的——告诉我,这事可能出了什么问题。?

破折号、省略号的作用

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1、先就是听见它得声音从,从很远得山林里传来,从很高得山坡山传来——沙啦啦,沙啦啦……( 1、表示破折号后面就是解释说明得部分。) 2、来得突然——跟着一阵阵湿润得山风,跟着一缕缕轻盈得云雾,鱼,悄悄地来了。( 1、表示破折号后面就是解释说明得部分。) 3、丁——冬——丁——冬……( 4、表示语音得延长) 4、它们散居在两棵大树下面——这就是两簇野灌丛……(1、表示破折号后面就是解释说明得部分。) 5、这样得“路”,还可以过汽车——汽车吼叫着,车身摇晃着,卵石挤碰着…… (1、表示破折号后面就是解释说明得部分。) 6、孩子虽然不多——只有两个,可就是全靠她一个人张罗。( 1、表示破折号后面就是解释说明得部分。) 7、我瞧见一堆焦黄得马草——这些日子我卖给她所有得马草。( 1、表示破折号后面就是解释说明得部分。) 8、她就是一位老太太,非常瘦,满头白发,不过——她就是聋子。( 4、表示语音得延长) 9、巴拉那河上有一条世界著名得大瀑布——赛特凯达

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2019 小升初英语语法省略句知识点:空缺与增补 小升初英语语法省略句知识点:空缺与增补 两个主语不同的句子,谓语有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用 连词连接起来实行对比,则其相同部分在后面分句中能够省略,这样,后 面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺” 处通常被省略的是动词, 或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如: A sound must be heard ,a colour seen ,a flavour tasted , an odour inhaled.,颜色必须目视,滋味必须口尝,气味必须鼻吸。( 后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise;mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend. ;数学使人精细;逻辑和修辞 使人善辩。( 原文后两句省略make men) 注意 than 引出的比较从句中,套有 when引导的时间从句或 if 引导的条 件从句,而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则 比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如: My uncle is better than when I wrote to 我伯父的身体比我上 次给你去信时好些了(...than 后面省略了he was) 灵活使用 对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活,指的是按正常语法规则 分析,有的无法增补,有的要用不同的方式来增补,使之成为完全句。 所以,汉译英时,视上下文加以灵活处理。 1.“宾语 +主语 +谓语 and + 谓语”结构 其中 and 连接的,是用作不同成分的同一个词,这个词既是第一分 句的宾语,又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是,把宾语提到句

省略号和破折号的作用

省略号的作用: 1、表示引文中的省略 2、表示列举的省略 3、表示说话的断断续续 4、表示话没有说完 5、表示重复词语的省略 省略号的作用 省略号(……),又称删节号,用于省略原文的符号,中间不能断开,不能用在一行之首。 “引文的省略,用省略号标明。” “举例的省略,用省略号标明。” “说话断断续续,可以用省略号标示。” “用在表示节省原文或语句未完、意思未尽等。” 省略号 省略号是表明文句中省略内容的标号。 省略号的主要用法是表示省略。省略的内容主要有四:一是引文;二是重复性词语;

三是类似语句;四是列举。 除省略外,省略号还有以下几种用法: 1、表示沉默,无语: 例:何为:梅伯母的身体已经经不起路上的颠簸了!欧阳平:…… 2、表语言中断: 例:穿长袍的问:"这位是……""我的兄弟。"戴礼帽的回答。 破折号也可表语言中断,但两者有不同:破折号表语言戛然而止,省略号表余音未尽。 3、表语言断断续续。 例:上级……派我……到这儿……工作,我没……有……完成……上级……交给我的……任务。 4、表含糊其辞,欲言又止 例:我即刻胆怯了起来,便想全翻过先前的话来,"那是……实在,……我说不清……。其实,究竟有没有魂灵,我也说不清。" 5、表明语意未尽。 例:"可恶!然而……。"四叔说。

6、话还未说完被别人前去说了。 例:孔乙己睁大眼睛说,“你怎么这样凭空污人清白……”“什么清白?我前天亲眼看见你偷了何家的书,吊着打。” 简而言之省略号作用就是: ①表引文或引述的话有所省略; ②表重复词语的省略; ③表列举同类事物和序数词语的省略; ④表静默或思考; ⑤表说话断断续续; ⑥表语言的中断; ⑦表话未说完,语意未尽。 使用省略号应注意: ①省略号就表示“等”、“等等”,省略号和“等”字,都可表列举省略,两者用一即可,不能同时使用; ②省略号后面一般不用点号。

中考文言文翻译实用方法经典讲解(带试题实例!)

一.增就是增补,在翻译时增补文言文省略句中的省略成分。 注意:补出省略的成分或语句,要加括号。 1、增补原文省略的主语、谓语或宾语 例1:“一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭。”“再”“三”后省略了谓语“鼓”,翻译时要补上。 例2:“见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。”译句:“(桃源中人)一见渔人,大为惊奇,问他是从哪里来的。” 例3:“君与具来。”“与”后省略了宾语“之”。 2、增补使语义明了的关联词 例:“不治将益深”是一个假设句,译句:“(如果)不治疗就会更加深入”。 二 .删就是删除,凡是古汉语中的发语词、在句子结构上起标志作用的助词和凑足音节的助词等虚词,因在现代汉语中是没有词能代替,故翻译时无须译出,可删去。 例1:“师道之不传也久矣。”译句:“从师学习的风尚已经很久不存在 了。”“也”为句中语气助词,起到舒缓语气的作用,没有实在意义。在翻译时,完全可以去掉。 例2:“孔子云:何陋之有?”译句:“孔子说:有什么简陋的呢?”“之”为宾语前置的标志,删去不译。 例3:“夫战,勇气也。”译句:“战斗,靠的是勇气”。“夫”为发语词,删去不译。 三.调就是调整,在翻译文言文倒装句时,应把古汉语倒装句式调整为现代汉语句式,使之符合现代汉语的表达习惯、译句通顺。这就需要调整语句语序, 大体有三种情况:

1、后置定语前移例:“群臣吏民,能面刺寡人之过者,受上赏。”可调成“能面刺寡人之过群臣吏民,受上赏。” 2、前置谓语后移例:“甚矣!汝之不惠。”可调成“汝之不惠甚矣。” 3、介宾短语前移。例:“还自扬州”可调成“自扬州还”。 4、前置宾语后移例:“何以战?”可调成“以何战?” 四.留就是保留,凡是古今意义相同的词、专有名词、国号、年号、人名、物名、人名、官职、地名等,在翻译时可保留不变。 例:“庆历四年春,滕子京谪守巴陵郡。”译句:“庆历四年的春天,滕子京被贬到巴陵郡做太守。”“庆历四年”为年号,“巴陵郡”是地名,可直接保留。 五.扩就是扩展。 1、言简义丰的句子,根据句义扩展其内容。 例:“怀敌附远,何招而不至?”译句:“使敌人降服,让远方的人归附,招抚谁,谁会不来呢?” 2、单音节词扩为同义的双音节词或多音节词。 例:“更若役,复若赋,则如何?”译句:“变更你的差役,恢复你的赋税,那么怎么样呢?”“役”“赋”扩展为双音节词。 六.缩就是凝缩,文言文中的有些句子,为了增强气势,故意实用繁笔,在翻译时应将其意思凝缩。 例:“有席卷天下,包举宇内,囊括四海之意,并吞八荒之心。”译句:“(秦)有吞并天下,统一四海的雄心。” 七.直即直译,就是指紧扣原文,按原文的词句进行对等翻译的今译方法。对于文言文的实词、大部分虚词、活用词和通假字,一般是要直接翻译的,否则, 在考查过程中是不能算作准取得翻译。 例:“清荣峻茂,良多趣味。”译句:“水清,树茂,山高,草盛,实在是趣味无穷。”

标点符号复习(引号的用法复习、省略号的作用、破折号的作用)

五年级语文标点符号的作用练习 姓名学号 一、引号 1、引号的作用: ①表示直接引用:②表示突出强调:③表示否定或者讽刺:④表示特定称谓: ⑤用来引用俗语、谚语、歇后语、古语等: 2、练习 1、这样的“聪明人”还是少一点好。() 2、这是我们组办的“热爱大自然”的手抄报。() 3、“满招损,谦受益”这句格言,流传到今天至少有两千年了。() 4、罪恶的子弹还要挟着“和平之花”。() 5、像这样一条多灾多难的祸河,怎么能成为中华民族的“摇篮”呢?() 6、说他“特别”,因为他爱鱼到了忘我的境界。() 7、鲸鱼的外形是极为理想的“流线型”。() 8、大家采集起“茅茅针”来。() 9、爸爸一定送你一顶“蓝盔”。() 10、从山脚向上望,只见火把排成许多“之”字形,一直连到天上。() 11、罪恶的子弹还要挟着“和平之花”。() 12、像这样一条多灾多难的祸河,怎么能成为中华民族的“摇篮”呢?() 13、他在学下读书的时候,大家都称他为“辩论家”。() 14、说他“特别”,因为他爱鱼到了忘我的境界。() 15、大家采集起“茅茅针”来。() 16、荷兰获得了“欧洲花园”的美誉。() 二、省略号 1、作用 ①表引文或引述的话有所省略;②表重复词语的省略; ③表列举同类事物和序数词语的省略;④表静默或思考; ⑤表说话断断续续;⑥表语言的中断; ⑦表话未说完,语意未尽。

2、练习 (1)“我再也受不住了!……我给您跪下了,我会永远为您祷告上帝。带我离开这儿吧,要不,我就要死了!……”()(2)短短的一段新闻还没看完,就听见啪,啪……几声尖锐的枪响,接着就是一阵纷乱的喊叫。() (3)我的生活没有指望了,连狗都不如……我问候安辽娜,问候独眼的艾果尔,问候马车夫。() (4)我常常会想起这位顶碗少年,想起他那一次的演出,每每想起,总会有一阵微微的激动……() (5)观众们屏住气,目不转睛地盯着他头上的碗……眼看身体已经转过来。() (6)听到这个消息,我们仿佛又看见老人和海鸥在翠湖边相依相随......(语意未尽) (7)”你看他们那小模样!啧啧......”海鸥听见老人呼唤,马上飞了过来,把团团围住。( ) (8)她轻轻地哼起了《摇篮曲》:“月儿明,风儿静,树叶儿遮窗棂 啊……”() (9)辞典可以告诉我们许多词语,包括人名、地名、制度、成语、典故……的含义。( ) (10)“我……对不起……大家,我……没有……完成……任务。”() (11)“生活?生活当然……”猩猩犹豫着,“不过,乐在其中,那个'乐'字总有点刺眼。”() 三、破折号 1、作用 (1)用以表示对上文的解释说明或补充。

引号、破折号、省略号的作用练习(改)

二联小学五年级第二学期语文基础卷一 班级_________ 姓名__________ 成绩__________ 引号的作用: 1、表示引用 2、表示特殊含义 3、表示否定或讽刺 (一)请把引号的作用相对应的序号填在括号内 1、石碑上,“革命烈士永垂不朽”这八个大字在阳光下闪闪发光。() 2、贺捷生奶奶居然可以“走”完长征,十分了不起。() 3、春天,布谷鸟“布谷、布谷”地啼叫着。() 4、机器人被人们誉为“千里眼”、“顺风耳”、“飞毛腿”。() 5、我问布谷鸟:“你做些什么”() 6、听爷爷说,鸟儿是会“说话”的。() 7、不过,这张“网”是通过无数条“线”把亿万台电脑连接起来的。() 8、我们可以足不出户逛“网上商场”,用“电子钱包”付款。() 9、我们现在生活的世界真像一个“地球村”。() 10、富兰克林大胆地提出,那是大自然的一种“放电现象”。() 11、富兰克林还发明了“避雷针”。() 12、这里关在“笼子”里的不是动物,而是游人!() 13、“斑马!斑马!”阿里指着右前方喊起来。() 14、人们把狮子称为“百兽之王”。() 破折号的作用: 1表示对上文的解释或补充说明。2表示话题的转换。 3表示意思的递进。4表示声音延长。 二、请把破折号的作用的相应序号写在括号内 1、我把带着体温的银元放到他手里——他的手多瘦啊!() 2、先是听见它的声音从,从很远的山林里传来,从很高的山坡山传来——沙啦啦,沙啦啦。

() 3、孩子虽然不多——只有两个,可是全靠她一个人张罗。() 4、她是一位老太太,非常瘦,满头白发,不过——她是聋子。() 5、巴拉那河上有一条世界著名的大瀑布——赛特凯达斯大瀑布。() 6、小狐狸也许在叫“妈妈——妈妈——”,这小狐狸真可怜() 7、一个矮小而结实的日本中年人——内山老板走了过来。() 8、我摸了摸里衫上的衣袋——袋里只剩下一块多钱……() 9、“嗨——”李莱发出震耳欲聋的喊声。() 10、他飞奔回客店,把刚才弹的曲子——《月光曲》记录了下来() 11、他不喜欢乘马车游公园—除非为了炫一下他的新衣服。() 省略号的作用: 1表示说话的断断续续。2表示内容的省略。 3表示列举的省略。4表示意犹未尽。 三、请把省略号的作用相对应的序号写在括号内 1、家乡小桥的名称也美极了。千岁桥、如意桥、震龙桥、元宝桥、娘娘桥、骆驼桥……() 2、她轻轻地哼起了《摇篮曲》:“月儿明,风儿静,树叶儿遮窗棂……” ( ) 3、我支支吾吾地说“我没……没看……看见。”() 4、“我嘛……缝缝补补……风吼得这么凶,真叫人害怕。我可替你担心呢!”桑那说。() 5、我鼻子一酸,攥着钱跑了出去……() 6、在新垦的田野上,荷兰人种满自己心爱的花儿,郁金香、风信子、百合花……

高中英语语法中的省略现象

在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下: 一、并列复合句中的省略 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如: a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。 c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。 d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959 年,傅彪出生于1963 年。 二、主从复合句中的省略 1.状语从句中的省略 一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once 等引导的时间状语从句;由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句;由though , although ,even if ,whatever 等引导的让步状语从句;由as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句;由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。

省略法在专业英语翻译中的运用

省略法在专业英语翻译中的运用 耿悦 (沈阳音乐学院辽宁沈阳110818) 摘要:省略法是英汉翻译过程中一种常用方法。译者在抓住原文基本精神 的前提下,运用省略法,可以将译文的语言表达得更为精练、准确、流畅。省 略法有自己的规律,它是一种有章可循的、实用的翻译方法。本文作者结合自 己从事的音乐专业英语翻译教学工作,阐述了省略法的实用性。 语言服从思想,形式服从内容,这是翻译中必须遵守的原则。不同的语言在词语的使用数量上存在很大的差异。为了兼顾汉语行文流畅简洁,避免嗦累赘,我们在英汉翻译中,有时可以对少数词语减省不译,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的,这就是省略翻译法。但省略绝不是把原文的某些思想内容删去,也不是随心所欲地断章取义。 一、实词的省略 实词是指名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数词等,在任何语言中都起很重要的作用,不可或缺。一般来说,在翻译中不可省去。但有时为使译文语言简洁、严谨,在翻译成汉语时,可以省去重复的词汇及起语法作用的词,以避免语义的含混。 (一)省略名词 例1 Fugue is a type of contrapuntal compositions for particular number of parts or voices. 译文:赋格是一种用对位法写作的作品体裁,有特定数量的声部。 句中的part和voice都是“声部”的意思,为了简洁及汉语表达的通顺,不必重复翻译。 例2 Various methods called “ornament” and “grace-note” were created by composers in order to give the effect of a sustained note. 译文:为了产生持续音的效果,作曲家们创造了各种装饰音。名词ornament和grace-note同义,一个事物,两个名称,翻译成 汉语时,为了避免累赘,略去重复翻译。

教案[英语语法]省略句

省略句 定义:为了使语言简洁或避免重复,要省略句中的一个或几个成分,这种语法现象称之为省略。 1,状语从句的省略 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though 等引导的状语从句中,其实是:包括时间,让步,方式等一些状语从句中,若从句主语和主句主语相同,或者是it时,且从句的主语为be动词时,则从句中的主语和be 动词常全部被省略。 If _______________(heat), water will boil . When ___________(walk) the dog , you were careless and it got loose . 常用的一些短语: 1, if possible , when/ if necessary, as … as possible, as please (随便) I will do what I can _____________(help) you when necessary. If necessary , I will write him a letter . 2, if so (如果是这样),if ever (如果曾经发生过),if any(如果有些),if not (如果不),even so (即便如此) I will go to the party. If not, I will let you know. I do not like reading popular novels. If any, I can read it. It is likely to rain tomorrow. If so, I will stay at home surfing the Internet. 3, 在as, than, however,whatever, no matter what 等引导的从句中,常省略某些成分。 After two hours she became quieter (than she had been). ) 2,虚拟语气中的省略: 1),常省略if,而将had,were, should 提前,构成部分倒装。 __________ he _________(take) my advice, he would have succeeded. 2),在suggest动词串中,应用虚拟语气虚拟语气(should +动词原形),should 可省略。 It suggested that we (should ) go to see a film. 3,在定语从句和名词性从句中的省略。 1),在限定性定语从句中,常将在从句中做宾语或状语的关系词who, whom, that省略。 The girl _________________ the teacher spoke to is my sister. I don't like the way ________________she speaks to her mother . 2), 在know, think, consider等动词后所接的宾语从句中,连词that可以省略,若连接的是两个宾语从句,只有第一个 that可以省略,其余的不可以省略。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 5, 动词不定式的省略。 1),使役动词let, make, have, 及感官动词see, watch, hear,等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省去to,但是被动语态要加上to I saw the boy fall from the tree. =>The boy was seen to fall from the tree. The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him______.A not B not to C not to do D not to do it 2), 有时候为了避免重复,与前文所表达的内容相同的不定式to后面的内容要省略,而只是保持不定式的符号to。Could you go shopping with me?I am glad to. 3), 不定式作某些动词的宾语时,可省略不定式内容,只保留不定式to, 这类动词包括有like, love, hope, wish, expect, refuse, mean, try, agree等 You can do it if you mean to. 注意:省略的不定式的内容若有作助动词用的have 或be的任何形式时,to 后面的have 或be 要保留。 He did not come, but he ought ________

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