HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
文献翻译
题目设备更新的技术经济分系
学生姓名冯军峰
专业班级工业工程 1042 学号201011104211
系（部）管理工程学院
指导教师(职称)朱伟
完成时间 2014 年 2 月 20 日
Technology Hardware and Equipment Industry
1. Abstract
The technology hardware and equipment industry is very lucrative and ever evolving. ACER is one of the biggest players in the industry and has undergone several changes in its 34 years of existence. The rate at which it has been growing is a marvel to many. Its headquarters being in Taiwan which is of no known significance in the committee of big economies and tremendous impact on the global stage from there has made its strategy to be revered. ACER's products are for the cost conscious individuals although they are not known for quality.
This report looks into the several changes that have occurred in ACER and how it dealt with them. It further examines its business strategy and IS strategy. Based on the several analyses made such as, SWOT, Ansoff and PESTLE, recommendations were made and future directions proffere
2. Introduction
Technology is the application of science to profitable use, which in most cases is solving an industrial problem. However, in modern parlance and to a lay man, technology is a term used to describe equipment or electronic devices for work or leisure. The phrase 'latest technology' is mostly used to describe digital equipment with the most recent mind blowing feature which in most cases become outdated after just a few months or years.
The Technology hardware and equipment market is an ever growing industry with a constant need for expansion due to high demand for technology products. Owing to this, one of the most vibrant sectors in the world's most developed economies is usually the technology hardware and equipment market. Quoted companies in this sector experience high volumes of trade in stock exchanges in these leading economies.
ACER is a company in the technology hardware and equipment industry that has gone through and surmounted many challenges in its 34 years of existence. ACER is the fastest growing among the big computer brands (Woyke 2010). In this report, we are going to look into the background of technology hardware and equipment market, overview and history of ACER, business description and organisational structure. In addition, we will examine the effect of cultural change, IS/IT Strategy and current market strategies Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis, PESTLE and recommendations based on a Ansoff analysis and future directions of ACER.
3. Technology Hardware and equipment Market
Technology hardware and equipment industry is one that influences our daily lives. It is practically unimaginable in the present dynamic and fast pacing society to go a whole day without using equipment from this industry; ranging from mobile phones to PDA's and laptops. Owing to the insatiable wants of humans for a better and easier life, the technology industry is constantly evolving, developing new, more efficient and cost effective ways to deliver equipment to better their lot. Hence, the size of the industry keeps growing and is even in need for more players.
Technology hardware and equipment industry can be defined as a market that deals with electronic
equipment and gadgets, computers and their peripherals, communication equipment and other office electronics. The market value reflects end users spending (Datamonitor. 2009a).
Some of the big players in the technology and hardware industry include Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines corporation, Dell computer (Datamonitor. 2009a)corporation and of course, ACER which is the rising giant.
The computer hardware and peripheral segment is the most lucrative in this industry accounting for about 38.2% of the industry's global value, electronic equipment and instruments, 36.4%, communication equipment, 18.4% and office electronics 7.0%. Figure 1 shows the share of the various devices in the technology hardware and equipment market.
However, due to the recession and hence slashes in IT budgets of several companies in 2009 there was a decline of about 8.1% in the growth rate in this industry. Albeit the economic decline, innovations in technology and the need to upgrade equipment will boost and revive the industry in the nearest future. Table 1 below shows the annual growth rate of the technology hardware and equipment market. Before the recession, the CAGR was 5.9%, after the recession it slumped to 3.1%. Nonetheless, before then there was an average steady growth rate of about 1.98%, this shows the industry has potential.
Hewlett-Packard company accounts for 5.3% of the global technology hardware and equipment
industry's group value (Datamonitor. 2009a).
However, ACER now sells 13.4% of the world's PCs, ahead of Dell's 12.4% but far behind
Hewlett-Packard's 21% (Bruce and Tim 2010). The pie chart in figure 2 below shows the market share of IBM, HP, Dell, ACER and others which like apple, nokia, LG, NEC, Sony etc.
In recent times, Asia-Pacific has shown a high demand for technology hardware and equipment. America, the United States in particular has been the world's major consumer and producer of this industry's equipment. Production however, is shifting to the Asia region because of the cheap cost of labour. Europe's share of the market is about 28.79%. The others just trail behind, especially Africa where the illiteracy level is high and therefore the market cannot thrive. Below is a table that shows the global technology hardware and equipment industry group's value.
4. History of ACER
Mr. Stan Shih, together with his wife, Ms. Carolyn Yeh, and five other partners co-founded Acer in 1976. Acer was originally known as Multitech. The company designed Taiwan's first mass produced computer product for export in 1976 and by 1985, the company began its expansion into overseas markets by setting up branch offices in Japan and Germany. Soon after, in 1990, the company acquired Altos, a manufacturer of UNIX computer systems. This was followed, in 1997, by the acquisition of Texas Instruments' mobile computing business.
In 2000, Acer established its design and manufacturing services and Acer brand operations units and separated its original equipment manufacturing (OEM) and branded businesses from these units. In 2007 Acer acquired Gateway, one of the largest PC companies in the USA. In January 2008, Acer's subsidiaries, Acer Europe and Gateway acquired a controlling stake in PB Holding Company, the parent company of Packard Bell. In February 2008, the company announced its intention to launch low cost PCs. In June 2008, Acer launched Aspire one, the company's first Internet device. Aspire one is a communication device designed to provide mobile and wireless experience through continuous access to the Internet. In the next month, the company appointed Hsueh J. Sung to its board of directors. In June 2009, Acer joined Open Handset Alliance, a group of mobile and technology leaders who work towards
changing the mobile experience for consumers. Acer also announced plans to launch smart phones based on the Android, an open mobile platform of the alliance, in the fourth quarter of 2009. In the same month, Acer announced plans to launch its first Aspire One net book featuring the Android operating system to offer users wireless internet capability, in the fourth quarter of 2009(Datamonitor. 2009b).
5. Business Description
ACER is committed to developing easy-to-use and dependable products that meet customers' needs at the most affordable rates. Its long-term mission is Breaking the barriers between people and technology through the creation of empowering hardware, software and services (ACER-GROUP 2010a). It offers three main categories of products;
?computer peripherals
?consumer electronic products
Presently Acer is comprised of four different brands in which its products are sold. They are: ?Acer
?Packard Bell
?eMachine and
?Gateway.
These four brands produce different types of electronic products with distinguished brand characteristics to meet varying customer needs. The company operates in Taiwan, Europe, Asia, and North America. Its headquarters is in Taipei, Taiwan and employs about 7,000 people (ACER-GROUP 2010a).
ACER is popular for its netbooks and aspire notebooks which are relatively affordable. Its other products include: servers and storage products, mp3 players, monitors etc. Services include business solutions and communication and technology solutions.
Its products are sold by leading retailers, e-tailers and channel partners in Europe, Asia and America.
In the bid to build a global reputation ACER has partnered with many international companies which include; CISCO systems, IBM, Hitachi, Yahoo, General Electric and many other companies. These alliances have helped ACER acquire a number of companies in markets such as Mexico and other developing countries and also introduced ground breaking innovations such as Acer-Hitachi SMS 100, a storage device designed for the needs of SMEs. ACER has helped potential businesses such as Pack OS to grow, and also gotten some patent litigations, that of HP being the most popular.
Below is a diagram showing the market share of ACER and other big players in the world wide notebook market. As seen below ACER's rising profile from 2003 to quarter 1, 2010 has been relatively stable despite the economic down turn in 2009.
5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS
ACER is involved in the manufacturing of electronic hardware. It does the research, design and also distribution of its products. The four strong brands in which ACER operates under gives it versatility and thus an advantage over the other companies in the technology hardware and equipment market. Also, ACER's presence and growth in the net book market makes it a force to reckon with. Nonetheless, strong competition and innovations such as iPad by apple in the note book market could influence its market share and effective performance. The objective of every profit making venture is to get a higher return on
investment and to have an edge over its competitors. To achieve this ACER must have a higher patronage from technology hardware consumers.
5.1.1 Strengths
?Strong corporate culture. The key elements here being it offers a clear corporate vision; it is supported by corporate values consistent with the aims of the company and aligned with the
personal values of organization members; a high value is placed on employees at all levels and there is extensive employee interaction across many levels; and the culture is adaptable, adjusting to external conditions, and consistent, treating all employees equally and fairly (El-Nadi 2010).
?Alliances for potential development. ACER has deals with a number of companies such as CISCO systems, IBM, Hitachi, Yahoo, General Electric etc. With these partnerships ACER has brought about great innovations as well as created room for expansion of its business. In addition, it has helped in building its brand name and put it on a global pedestal. Having acquired Gateway in 2007 and Packard Bell in 2008, there seem to be more prospects in sight for acquisition.
?Strong financial position. At the moment ACER has consolidated revenue of $5.1 billion for the first quarter of 2010 and operating income of $137.8 million (ACER Group 2010). This gives it the financial backing to implement whatever innovations and ideas to give it an edge over its
competitors.
?Supporting employee participation and ideas. Employees are given the free will to make
suggestions and give ideas they think will better a product or yield higher efficiency of the system.
5.1.2 Weaknesses
?Uniformity in culture and demography across acquired companies. Inducing the ACER
corporate culture and values in the acquired companies is tasking and demanding. Since it cuts across several continents with different demographies and cultures ACER may as well allow them to continue if the system is efficient.
?Managing its growth. Due to the rate at which ACER is growing coordination might seem a little tasking. Looking at the organisational structure in figure 4 although the subsidiaries are
semi-autonomous if there is a lawsuit to be attended to in China; it has to go to the corporate
headquarters in Taiwan first before it can be tackled.
?Limited operating income. ACER presently has an operating income of $137.8 million, this is only a fraction of the biggest player in the market HP whose net income for same period is $2.3 billion
?Dependence on the European market. Bulk of ACERs income comes from Europe especially UK. Between 2007 and 2009, an average of 51% of its revenue came from this region. With the uncertainty of UK's economy, there will be hampering of its forecasts.
5.1.3 Opportunities
?Economic recovery. Many companies cut their IT budgets in 2009 due to the economic down turn. However, in 2010 the economy has started improving and will likely have an effect on
companies which might increase their IT budgets. Hence, there is likely to be a massive purchase of computer hardware.
?Growing knowledge of IT and internet. The internet has become part of everyday's life.
E-commerce and e-tailing have revolutionised the internet and there is a growing need for computer hard wares. Using Nigeria as an example, between 2000 and 2010 the growth of internet users has grown from a meagre 0.1% to about 16% of the population.
?Growing smart phone market. Today smart phones can be used to do just about anything a PC does. Smart phones can now be used to pay bills and even make purchases.
?Development of software with varying capabilities. ACER is in a unique position, haven been trusted for relatively cheap and reliable product. This trust can be harnessed by building the required hardware to suit the needs of the latest soft wares such as new operating systems etc at a cheap rate.
5.1.4 Threats
?Minimal Demand. In the face of economic meltdown there has been a low demand for computer hardware. Improvement of the present situation is still uncertain.
?New innovations from competitors. The introduction of iPad by Apple might bring about a
decrease in the sale of netbooks since it offers virtually everything a netbook has such as wi-fi and much more.
?Market congestion. There are so many products in the market and competitors are finding better means for distribution of their products. ACER might be forced to further reduce their prices or find a better alternative to compete effectively in the market.
?Law suits. ACER had about 10 patent law suits from HP. These have long been resolved
although it will most likely have an effect on its brand as a copy cat.
?Exchange rate. ACERs products sells in a number of countries worldwide and thus exchange rates will have an effect on its income and pricings. If the exchange rate does not favour ACER it will record losses.
技术硬件及设备行业
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5d12485851.html,/essays/information-technology/technology-ha
rdware-and-equipment-industry.php
1,摘要
技术硬件及设备行业是一个利润丰厚、不断变化发展的行业。宏基是同行业
中最大的玩家，在其存在的34年中也经历过几多变化，其成长速度对很多同行者
来说是一个奇迹。该公司总部设立在在全球环境和大经济体下没有任何显著优势
与特征的台湾，但该公司的策略是正确且值得推崇的。宏基的产品是为了个体的成本意识尽管它们的质量不是知名的。
这篇报告探讨宏基的数个变化及他们的解决方法，进一步对其商业和IS策略进行审查。以对SWOT、安索夫、PESTLE的分析为基础提出了建议及未来的发展方向
2,引言
科学技术是有利可图的应用程序，多数情况下，被用于解决工业问题。然而，用现代的说法，对一个外行人而言，技术只是一个用来描述设备或用于工作及休闲的电子装置术语。“最新技术”通常指那些带有最前沿思想潮流特征的数码设备，而这些特征也会在经历几个月甚至几年后变的过时。
由于人们对电子产品的高需求，技术硬件及设备市场是一个需要不断扩张的行业。鉴于此，一个最有活力的行业在世界上最发达的经济体中通常是技术硬件和设备市场。在证券交易所这些主导经济体中，上市公司在这一领域拥有较高贸易成交量。
宏基在其存在的34年中，在技术硬件及设备行业经历和克服了许多挑战。宏基是大电脑品牌中增长最快的（Woyke 2010）。在这份报告中，我们要看看技术硬件和设备市场背景，概览宏基的发展历史，业务描述和组织结构。此外，我们将探讨文化变迁的影响，IT战略和目前的市场策略，波特的五种力量分析，SWOT 分析，一些建议基于对安索夫的分析和宏基的未来发展方向。
3，技术硬件和设备市场
技术硬件和设备影响着我们的日常生活。在当前动态和快速博学的社会中如果一整天不使用这个行业设备几乎是难以想象的。包括移动电话、PDA和笔记本电脑。由于人类贪得无厌的想要更好、更便捷的生活，技术行业不断演变，不断开发新的，高效的和有效成本的途径来提供设备改善他们更多的需求。因此，该行业的规模越来越大，甚至需要更多的玩家。
技术硬件和设备行业可以被定义为一个市场，应对电子设备和工具的交易，电脑及其周边设备，通讯设备和其他办公设备。市场价值反映了最终用户的消费（Datamonitor。2009a）。
一些在技术和硬件产业的大牌球员，包括休利特帕卡德，国际商业机器公司，戴尔电脑（Datamonitor。2009a）公司，当然，宏基是正在崛起的巨人。
计算机硬件和外设段在这行业是最赚钱的占全球价值38.2%，电子设备和仪器，36.4%，通讯设备，办公设备18.4%和7%。图1显示的各种设备在技术硬件及设备市场中。
然而，由于经济衰退，因此削减IT预算的几家公司2009年在这个行业中增长率下降约8.1%。尽管经济衰退，在技术创新和设备升级方面在不久的将来会有所复苏和提高将
下列表1显示了技术硬件和设备市场成长速度。在经济衰退前，复合年增长率为5.9%，此后经济衰退暴跌至3.1%。然而，在此之前，有一个平均增长率保持在1.98%左右，这表明该行业有潜力。休利特帕卡德公司占全球技术硬件和设备行业5.3%（Datamonitor。2009a）。然而，宏基现在销售世界的13.4%的个人电脑领先戴尔的12.4%，但远远落后休利特帕卡德21%（布鲁斯和提姆2010）。图2下面的饼图显示IBM，惠普、、戴尔、宏基的市场份额，还有其他比如苹果，诺基亚、乐金、NEC、索尼等。
近年来，亚太地区已经显示出对技术硬件和设备的高需求。美国，英国一直是工业设备中世界上主要的消费者和生产者的。但生产，转移到了亚洲地区由于劳动力成本低廉。欧洲的市场份额约为28.79%。其余的人只是落后，特别是在非洲的文化程度高，因此市场不能茁壮成长。下面是一个表显示了全球技术硬件和设备产业集团的价值。
4，宏基的历史
施振荣先生，与他的妻子-----卡洛琳女士，和其他五个合作伙伴在1967年共同创办宏基。宏基最初称为百科。本公司设计了台湾的第一个大规模生产、出口电脑产品在1976至1985，该公司开始拓展海外市场通过在日本和德国设立分支机构。不久之后，在1990，该公司收购期间，制造商的UNIX计算机系统。在这之后，在1997，被德克萨斯仪器的移动计算业务的收购。
2000年，宏基成立了设计和制造服务、宏基品牌运营单位、分离的原始设备制造（OEM）和品牌企业从这些单位。2007宏基收购Gateway，美国一个最大的电脑
公司。2008一月，宏基的子公司，宏基欧洲和网关获得铅持股公司---帕卡德Bell 的母公司的控股股权。2008二月，公司宣布推出低成本电脑。2008六月正是推出，宏基Aspire One，公司的第一个互联网设备。Aspire One是一个通信设备通过不断的互联网接入提供货移动和无线。在接下来的一个月，该公司任命薛J.进董事会。2009六月，宏基加入开放手机联盟，一组移动技术的领导者，致力于改变消费者的移动体验。宏基还宣布计划推出基于Android系统的智能手机，开放移动联盟的平台，在2009第四季度（Datamonitor。2009b）。在同一个月，宏基宣布计划推出其第一次的Aspire One上网本采用Android操作系统向用户提供无线上网功能四季度
5，业务描述
宏基致力于开发一个易于使用和可靠的产品，以最实惠的价格满足客户的需求。长期的使命是打破人与技术之间的障碍，通过授权的硬件创新，软件和服务（acer-group 2010A）。它提供了三种产品的主要类别；
计算机外围设备
消费电子产品
宏基目前销售四种不同的品牌的产品。它们是：
宏碁
帕卡德-贝尔
易美逊
网关。
这四个品牌产生不同类型的电子产品具有卓越的品牌特性，满足不同的客户需求。该公司在台湾，欧洲，亚洲，美国和北美都有经营。它的总部在台北，拥有员工约7000人（acer-group 2010A）。
宏基因其小本电及相对负担得起而流行。其他产品包括：服务器和存储产品、MP3播放器、显示器等，服务包括商务解决方案和通信技术解决方案。
在欧洲，亚洲和美国产品被主要的零售商，电子零售商和渠道合作伙伴销售。
在申办建设宏基享誉全球，已与许多国际企业包括思科，IBM；，日立，雅虎，通用电气和其他许多公司。这些联盟帮助宏基收购一些诸如墨西哥和其他发展中国家的市场，还介绍了突破性的创新如宏基公司100日立短信，存储设备，专为中小企业的需求。宏基已经帮助潜在的企业如包装操作系统的增长，并取得了一些专利诉讼，惠普是最受欢迎的。
下面的图显示宏基和其他大的球员在世界范围的笔记本市场的市场份额。看下面的宏基的崛起从2003季度的1，2010已相对稳定，尽管在2009年经济下降。
5.1，SWOT分析
宏基是参与电子硬件制造。它做一些产品的研究，设计及销售。碁的四个强大的品牌运作下使它多才多艺，因此优于其他公司的技术硬件和设备市场。同时，宏基的存在和在上网本市场的增长是一个可怕的力量。然而，激烈的竞争和创新，如在笔记本市场的苹果ipad可以影响其市场份额和有效性。每一个盈利企业的目标是获得较高的投资回报率和有竞争优势。为了实现这种宏基必须从技术硬件消费者中找到较高的赞助人。
5.1.1优势
强大的企业文化。这里的关键因素是它提供了一个明确的企业愿景；它被企业的价值观和公司的目标和组织成员的个人价值观所支持；高价值是放置在各级员工和有广泛的员工相互作用在许多水平；与文化的适应性，适应外部条件的，一致性，对所有员工一视同仁，公平（EL纳迪2010）。
潜在的发展联盟。宏基已与多家公司合作，如思科，IBM，雅虎，日立，交易，通用电气等，由于这些合作关系宏基带来了巨大的革新以及建立其业务扩张。此外，它有助于建立品牌的名字并把它放在一个全球性的底座。获得网关2007和帕卡德Bell2008，似乎有更多的前景在望收购。
较强的财务状况。目前，宏基有美元2010第一季度5100000000的综合收入和运营利润137800000美元（宏基集团2010）。这给了它的财政支持来实施任何创新和想法给它超越其竞争对手的优势。
支持员工参与和思想。员工提出建议并给予他们认为自由意志将更好的产品或产量更高的系统效率。
5.1.2弱势
在收购的公司统一的文化和人口统计。在公司的诱导宏基的企业文化和价值观是任务和要求。因为它跨越几个大洲不同的人口统计变数和文化，如果系统是有效的继续宏基不妨让他们。
管理其生长。由于宏基速率增长协调似乎有点难度。在图4中的组织结构虽然是半自治的子公司如果有诉讼需在中国出席，在解决前那它必须首先由公司的法人去台湾总部。
公司营业收入。宏基目前有137800000美元的营业收入，这只是惠普这个市场上最大的玩家净收入额的一小部分，惠普同期的净收入为2300000000美元。
对欧洲市场的依赖。宏基的大部分收入来自欧洲特别是英国的。2007至2009年间，其平均收入的51%来自这地区。但随着英国经济的不确定性，会阻碍它的预测。
5.1.3机会
经济复苏。许多公司削减了IT预算在2009年由于经济下滑。然而，在2010个经济开始改善，将可能影响公司增加IT预算。因此，有可能有很大市场销售计算机硬件。
IT及互联网方面的知识增长。互联网已成为日常生活的一部分。电子商务已经彻底改变了互联网人们对计算机硬件的需求不断增长。以尼日利亚为例，在2000至2010的互联网用户的增长已经从微薄的0.1%增长到约16%的人口。
智能手机市场的发展。今天的智能手机可以用来做几乎任何一个PC机。智能手机现在可以用来支付账单，甚至购买。
不同功能软的件开发。宏基在市场上一个独特的地位，因相对廉价和可靠的产品而被信任。这种信任可以通过所需的硬件适应最新的软件来维持，比如需要新的利用率低的操作系统等。
5.1.4威胁
最小的需求。面对经济危机可能市场上对计算机硬件的需求很低。目前形势的改善仍不确定。
竞争对手的新创新。苹果公司的ipad产品可能使笔记本的销售下降，因为它提供了几乎所有上网本功能如Wi-Fi甚至更多。
市场拥挤。市场上有许多产品和竞争着寻求更好的途径来分发产品。宏基可能被迫进一步降低价格，或找到一个更好的选择来在市场中进行有效竞争。
法律诉讼。宏基和惠普大约有10专利需诉讼。虽然这些案件早已解决但这很有可能对谁是山寨品牌有很大的影响。
汇率。宏基的产品销售在世界上许多国家，因此汇率将对其收入和价格有很大影响。如果汇率不利于宏基那就意味着损失。
文献来源
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华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
文献信息： 文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇） 国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字 外文文献： Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5d12485851.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 JSP JSP (JavaServer Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*. htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*. jsp). Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems. JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy. Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function. JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit. JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to