选修8
Unit 3 Inventors and inventions
要 点 梳 理 高效梳理·知识备考
●重点单词
1．distinguish vi. & vt.显示......的差别；使......有所不同；辨别
2．merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的；慈悲的→mercy n．宽大；仁慈
3．product n．产品
4．abrupt adj.突然的；意外的→abruptly adv.突然地，唐突地
5．convenient adj.便利的，方便的，就近的→convenience n．方便，便利→conveniently adv.便利地，方便地
6．caution n．小心，谨慎→cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的→cautiously adv.小心地，谨慎地
7．passive adj.被动的；消极的；被动语态的
8．seize vt.抓住；捉住；夺
9．file n．文件；档案；文件夹 vt.提交；将......归档
10．freezing adj.冰冻的；严寒的→freeze v．冰冻
11．innocent adj.清白的；无罪的；天真的→innocence n．天真，清白
12．bear vt.忍受；忍耐；负担
13．tap vt.轻打；轻拍；轻敲 n．轻轻地敲击(声)；(水)龙头
14．current n．(水或气)流；电流 adj.现在的；当前的
15．stable adj.稳固的；稳定的；安定的
16．associate vt.联想；联系 n．同伴，伙伴
17．practical adj.实际的；实践的；实用的
18．competence n．能力；胜任；本领
●重点短语
1．call up 给......打电话
2．now and then 偶尔；有时
3．set about 开始；着手
4．dive into 迅速把手伸入；一心投入
5．set out(to do) 开始(做)
6．hang on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住
7．out of order 次序颠倒；发生故障
8．get through 设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；
(设法)做完；通过
9．ring back 回复电话
10．ring off 挂断电话
●重点句型
1．The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. 第二天早上趁天还不太热，我就早早地起来了。
2．But once picked up, they tried to bite me.
但是它们一被捡起来，就试图咬我。
3．Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor.只有在你获得了那种认证后，你才能说是一个真正的发明家。
4．The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel.(评定)专利标准是很严格的，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。
5．Remember to include one change to your invention in case it doesn't work the first time.记住对你的发明要有变化的余地，以防它第一次不起作用。
●高考范文
(2007·海南，宁夏，全国Ⅰ)
假定你是李华，希望通过外籍教师 Peter找一位英国笔友。请写一封短信，描述一下你理想中笔友的条件，并说明为什么选这样的笔友。具体条件包括：
1．年龄； 2.性别； 3.爱好(旅游、运动、养宠物等)。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文
连贯；3.开头和结尾已为你写好。
Dear Peter，
I am writing to ask whether you are able to do me a favor.
________________________________________________________________________
Best regards，
Li Hua
[范文]
Dear_Peter，
I_am_writing_to_ask_whether_you_are_able_to_do_me_a_favor.
I want to have a penfriend, hopefully a girl in her early twenties, and with interests similar to mine. In my mind, she is someone who is interested in traveling, swimming, and
playing table tennis. Besides, it would be better for her to have a pet dog as I have kept one at home for some time. With such a penfriend, I hope I can share with her our experiences in traveling, taking care of pets, or whatever we have in common. And I believe I will improve my English by doing so and learn more about her country.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Best_regards，
Li_Hua
考 点 探 究 互动探究·能力备考
Ⅰ.词汇短语过关
1．distinguish vi.&vt. 辨别；显示......的差别
distinguished adj. 卓越的，著名的，杰出的
distinguishable adj. 易分辨的，能区分的
distinguish between...and...区分/辨别......和...... distinguish...from... 使......有别于......，使......
具有区别于......的特征
distinguish oneself (as...) (作为......)表现突出
be distinguished by/for 以......为特征/著名
[即学即练1](1)He's ____________________ himself ______ a teacher.
作为老师，他早已负有盛名。
(2)We should ______ ____________ major ______ minor work and not put the trivial above the important.
我们的工作要分主次，不能轻重倒置。
distinguished
as
distinguish between
and
(3)What was it that _____________ her ______ her classmates?
是什么使得她有别于班上其他同学呢？
distinguished
from
2．convenient adj. 方便的；便利的；附近的
convenience n. 方便，便利
It is convenient for sb. to do sth. 做某事对某人来说
是方便的。
Sth. be convenient to/for sb. 对某人来说......是方便的。
at sb's convenience 在某人方便的时候
convenience food 方便食品
convenience store 便利店
[即学即练2](1)We must ____________ a convenient time and place ______ the meeting.
我们必须安排一个合适的时间和地点开会。
(2)When would ________________________ you to go?
你什么时候去方便？
(3)The hotel has a restaurant for the guests' _________.
这家旅馆为方便旅客设有餐厅。
arrange
for
it be convenient for
convenience
3．seize vt.抓住，捉住；把握(机会等)；夺取某物，占领某地
seize sth.突然抓住
seize an opportunity抓住机会
seize power夺取政权
be seized with被......侵扰；患/得(病)
seize sb. by the arm抓住某人的手臂
[即学即练3](1)He __________________ and shook it heartily.
他拉住她的手高兴地握着。
(2)The enemy __________________ after a vio
lent attack.敌人猛攻后占领了这个城镇。
(3)He ________________________ going abroad.
他抓住了那次出国的机会。
seized her hand
seized the town
seized the chance of
(4)He _________________ a slight attack of fever.
他有一点发烧。
was seized with
4．bear vt. (bore, borne)忍受；忍耐；负担；生育
bear doing/ n．/to do忍受......
bear sb./sb.'s doing忍受某人做某事
bear sb./sth. out证实；为......作证
bear with sb./sth.耐心对待；容忍
bear sth. in mind牢记
[即学即练4](1)I couldn't __________________ any longer, so I left the room.
我实在听不下去了，就离开了房间。
(2)I can't _________________ waiting.
我不能忍受长时间的等待。
(3)I doubt if that chair will __________________.
我怀疑那把椅子能否承受得了你的体重。
bear to listen
bear being kept
bear your weight
(4)You must ________________________ that your parents hope to depend on you to become a doctor.
你要记住你的父母指望你成为一名好医生。
(5)She ____________ three children.
她生了三个孩子。
bear it in mind
has borne
(6)Who ____________ the responsibility/expense?
谁要负担这责任/费用呢？
will bear
提示：(1)bear作"忍受"讲时，其后接动名词做宾语，表示习惯性的动作，也可接不定式做宾语，表示某一次具体的动作，且多与can, could及be able to等连用。
(2)borne和born是bear的两个过去分词，表示"出生，出世"时用born，并且仅用于被动语态，表示"生育"时用borne。
5．associate vt.联想，联系n.同伴，伙伴
accociation n．联合；联想；交往；协会；团体
associate sb./sth. with sb./sth.
把......和......联系在一起；由......联想到......
be associated with...和......有关
associate with sb.与某人交往或常打交道
associate oneself with sth.声称或表示自己赞同某事物
in association with...与......合伙/合作
[即学即练5](1)I've never _____________ you ______ this place.
我从未把你和这个地方联系在一起。
(2)I wouldn't want to __________________ Mckey's project.
我不想和麦基的计划有任何瓜葛。
(3)I don't like these layabouts you're ____________.
我不喜欢你结交的这些游手好闲的人。
associated
with
be associated with
associating with
6．call up 召唤；使人想起；提出；打电话
call at 访问(某地)
call on/upon 访问(某人)
call on sb. to do sth. 号召某人做某事
call back 召回，撤销
call for 需要；要求
call out 大声喊叫
call forth 唤起，引起
call in 召集；收回
call off 取消
[即学即练6](1)The trip _____________________________ of my youth.
旅行勾起了我对年轻时代的美好回忆。
(2)He ____________ all the information from the computer.他从计算机中调出了所有的信息。
called up happy memories
called up
(3)He __
______________ just to tell me that he had bought a new DVD.
他打电话就是为了告诉我他买了一台新的DVD。
called me up
拓展：与打电话有关的短语：
ring/call up 打电话
ring/call back 回复电话
ring off 挂断电话
give sb. a ring 给某人打电话
sb. be wanted on the phone 有某人的电话
answer the phone 接电话
hang/hold on 不挂断电话
7．set about (doing sth.) 开始；着手干某事
set aside 留出，拨出(时间、金钱等)，把......置于一旁
set out for＝set off for＝leave for 出发到某地去
set out to do 开始做......
set down 写下；记下；规定
set off 动身；起程；激起；引起；使爆炸
set up 建立；设置；创建；开办
[即学即练7](1)You must ________________________ at once.你必须立即开始工作。
(2)Do you know how to __________________ on this work？你知道怎样着手进行这项工作吗？
(3)Bell never ________________________ the telephone.(＝Bell never ______________________ the telephone.)
贝尔从来没打算去发明电话。
set about your work
set about going
set out to invent
set about inventing
(4)When are we ____________ (＝___________) on our trip？我们什么时候动身去旅行？
setting out
setting off
8．get through 打通(电话)，完成(工作)，通过(考试)；克服(困难)
get across 被理解；使人了解
get down to 认真地静下心(工作)(to为介词)
get on/along 相处
get out of 避免；摆脱
get over 克服
get in 收获
get around/round 到处走动；传播出去
get away/off 逃脱，离开
[即学即练8]写出下列句子中get through的意思。
(1)I tried several times, but couldn't get through.
___________________
(2)You'll get through this problem.
_________________________
打通(电话)
克服(困难)
(3)I'll get through this work by noon.
____________________
(4)We were very glad when we heard that you had got through your exam.
___________________
完成(工作)
通过(考试)
拓展：go through 经历；翻阅；检查
look through 浏览，仔细检查
live through 活过一段时间；经历
put through 把电话接通
Ⅱ.重点句型详解
1．But once_picked_up,_they tried to bite me.
但是它们一被捡起来，就试图咬我。
(1)once作为连接词引导时间状语从句时，后面可接现在分词或过去分词。
①Once opened, the museum will be very popular with the citizens.
博物馆一旦开放，肯定会受到市民的欢迎。(表被动)
②Once talking with him, you'll find him an easygoing man. 一旦与他交谈，你就会发现他是一个随和的人。(表主动)
(2)once 引导的从句中，要用一般时代替将来时。
①Once you have grasped English, you'll be easy to get a well－paid job.
一旦你掌握了英语，你就会很容易找到一份报酬很高的工作。(现在完成时代替将来完成时)
②Once he a
rrives, we can start.他一到我们就可以开始。(一般现在时代替一般将来时)
[即境活用1] (2007·福建) You will be successful in the interview ______ you have confidence.
A．before B．once
C．until D．though
答案：B
解析：考查状语从句。once "一旦"引导时间状语从句。before"在......以前"；until "直到......"；though"虽然"。
2．Remember to include one change to your invention in_case it doesn't work the first time.记住对你的发明要有变化的余地，以防它第一次不起作用。
in case(以防)万一
in case 后可接从句，也可置于句末。
in case of 要是......；在......时候(后接名词或代词)
in this case 如果这样的话
in that case 如果那样的话
in any case 无论如何
in no case 决不(位于句首，句子应使用倒装语序)
①Take your umbrella in case it rains.
拿着你的雨伞以防下雨。
②In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
如果我忘记了我的诺言，请提醒我。
③In case of fire, open this safety door.
一旦发生火灾，打开这扇安全门。
④In no case may you leave the baby alone at home.
你决不能把孩子一个人留在家里。
[即境活用2] (2007·北京)Leave your key with a neighbor ______ you lock yourself out one day.
A．ever since B．even if
C．soon after D．in case
答案：D
解析：A项意为"自从......以来"，B项意为"即使"，C项意为"不久之后"，D项意为"以防；以免"。句意为"留一把钥匙给邻居，以免有一天你把自己锁在门外"。
易 错 点 拨 自我完善·误区备考
case构成的短语的用法
[应用] (1)It is reported that there will be a heavy rain tomorrow, ______ the hike would be put off.
A．in any case B．in which case
C．in no case D．in case
答案：B
解析：该题考查case的相关短语及定语从句，根据前面说"据说明天有大雨"，可知hike在这种情况下要推迟，which引导定语从句，指代整个主句。
(2)－The first bus has just left and the next bus will come in twenty minutes.
－______， we will have to wait.
A．In this case B．In this way
C．By this means D．In the end
答案：A
(3)John may phone tonight. I don't want to go out ______ he phones.
A．as long as B．in order that
C．in case D．so that
答案：C
解析：as long as意为"只要"，in order that意为"为了"，in case意为"以防"，so that意为"以致；为了"。in case引导条件状语从句。
(4)I don't think I'll need any money, but I'll bring some ______.
A．at last B．in case
C．once again D．in time
答案：B
解析：根据句子中所说自己目前不需要钱，可是要带一点备用或者以防万一。in case是"以防万一"的意思，恰好符合此意。in time是"及时，恰好，迟早"的意思。
(5)You'd
better take something to read when you go to see the doctor ______ you have to wait.
A．even if B．as if
C．in case D．in order that
答案：C
高 效 作 业 自我测评·技能备考
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Success in money－making is not always a good c__________ of real success in life.
2．It's f___________ outside. You'd better put on more clothes.
3．The packet of white p_________ the police found in his room turned out to be cocaine.
4．What we need is a s__________ government.
5．Your invention is ingenious, but not very p__________.
criterion
freezing
powder
stable
practical
6．He is __________(清白的，无罪的) of the charge.
7．He_____________ (使......扬名) himself by his courage at that time.
8．I keep my reference books near my desk for _________ (方便)．
9．He ate a light lunch in ____________ (期望) of a good dinner.
10．She likes inventions and she has applied for ________
(专利)．
innocent
distinguished
convenience
expectation
patent
Ⅱ .单项选择
1．－Jack, you ______ on the phone.
－______.
A．are wanted; Coming
B．are needed; I'm coming
C．are called; I'll come
D．are rung up; Thanks
答案：A
解析：考查电话用语。叫人接电话时常用表达有：You are wanted on the phone. /There is a call for you./ For you.回答用：I'm coming.或Coming.
2．Whoever invented ______ wheel is believed to have made ______ most useful invention in ______ history.
A．a; the; / B．the; the; /
C．the; /; / D．a; a; the
答案：B
解析：发明物的前面必须用 the；第二空用 the表示最高级，故加定冠词 the; in history 为固定搭配，意为"在历史上"，不加任何冠词。
3．Water can absorb and give off a lot of heat without big changes in temperature, thus creating a ______ environment.
A．peaceful B．sensitive
C．common D．stable
答案：D
解析：A项"平静的"；B项"敏感的"；C项"共同的"；D项"稳定的"。句意为：水能吸收和放出许多热量，这在温度上没有大的变化，因而就创造出了一个稳定的环境。
4．Having decided to rent a flat, we ______ contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city.
A．set about B．set down
C．set out D．set up
答案：A
解析：考查动词短语。set about doing＝set out to do开始着手做某事；set down 写下，记下；set up 建立。
5．Color blind people often find it difficult to ______between blue and green.
A．separate B．distinguish
C．compare D．contrast
答案：B
解析：句意为：色盲的人经常感到很难区分蓝色和绿色。separate "分离，分开"，但与 between 不能连用；distinguish between "分辨，辨别"；compare (to/with) 比较，对照；contrast (with) 形成对比。
6．When we plan our vacation, Mother often offers ______ suggestions.
A．ca
reful B．practical
C．effective D．acceptable
答案：B
解析：本题考查形容词词义辨析。careful "仔细的，小心的"；practical "可行的，实用的"；effective "有效的，生效的"；acceptable "可接受的，受到欢迎的"。本句的意思是：当我们计划假期的时候，妈妈经常提出实用、可行的建议。因此B项最佳。
7．-Are you ready to leave?
-Almost. I'll be ready to go as soon as I ______ putting the clean dishes away.
A．get through B．give up
C．go on D．set about
答案：A
解析：get through (doing) sth. 完成某事。give up (doing) sth. 放弃；go on doing 继续；set about doing 开始做。
8．I am sure that Laura's latest play, ______ staged, will prove a great success.
A．since B．unless
C．once D．until
答案：C
解析：考查"once＋过去分词"。其中为省略句 once the latest play is staged。
9．(2010·安徽皖南八校二联)Without the help of my English teacher, I ______ the first prize in the English speaking competition.
A．would win B．would have won
C．would not win D．would not have won
答案：D
解析：考查虚拟语气。这是一个隐含的虚拟条件句，含有if my English teacher hadn't helped me with my spoken English之意，表示与过去的事实相反，故用与过去相反的虚拟语气，因此D项符合题意。
10．Would it be ______ for you to pick me up at four o'clock and take me to the airport?
A．free B．vacant
C．handy D．convenient
答案：D
解析：句意：你四点钟接我并把我送到机场方便吗？It is convenient for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事方便。
11．Does this meal cost $50? I ______ something far better than this!
A．prefer B．expect
C．suggest D．suppose
答案：B
解析：考查动词辨析。expect期望；期盼；prefer更喜欢；suggest建议；suppose猜想；认为。
12．He can't bear ______ in public.
A．to laugh at B．to be laughed at
C．laughing at D．laugh at
答案：B
解析：本题中 bear为"承受"的意思。也可表示为 bear being laughed at。
13．As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village ______ scenes of my childhood.
A．called up B．called for
C．called on D．called in
答案：A
解析：A."唤起"，B."需要"，C."号召"，D."召集"。本题题意为"......本次参观使我想起了童年的情景"。因此选A。
14．(2010·北京东城期末)－Hello, everyone! Have you heard the meeting will be put off till next Tuesday?
－That's what we ______ about when you came in.
A．are talking B．were talking
C．talk D．talked
答案：B
解析：考查动词的时态。"那就是你进来时我们正在讨论的事情"。此处"讨论"的动作发生在"你进来时"，所以用进行时态，同时从came in可以看出用"过去进
行时态"。答案应该选B项。
15．(2010·唐山摸底考试)He was so deep in thought, thinking of the problem ______ he knocked into the tree without noticing it.
A．when B．while
C．because D．that
答案：D
解析：考查状语从句的引导词。so...that表示"如此，以致"。他思考问题太投入了，以致一不留神儿撞到了树上。
Ⅲ .阅读理解
A
China will plan to make new rules to give more controls over the growing number of blogs and webcasts (网上直播)．
Nowadays, advanced network technologies, such as Hogging and webcasting, are being improved to challenge the government's ability to watch over the Internet.
Chinese government was in the middle of making new rules over Internet publishing, and blogs and websites that publishing webcasts would fall under these rules.
Government officials hope the new rules would ensure a more healthy and active Internet environment and would fully respect and protect Chinese citizens' freedom of speech. Specific details on what kind of rules would be carried out are still unknown to the public.
Despite the growing popularity, bloggers and webcasters have been unpopular with publication institutions.
In 2006, a series of cases involving bloggers who had dived into other people's privacy and written materials ruining others' fame urged the government to consider whether to require bloggers to use their real names when they log in.
Webcasting without copyright and illegally "copying" products from copyrighted materials have also led government officials to consider starting a nationwide check of online video broadcasting, and allow only qualified websites to continue offering webcasts.
1．What can be the best title of the passage?
A．The Increases of Blogs and Webcasts
B．New Rules to Control Internet Publishing
C．Technologies Challenge the Government
D．The Popularity of Online Video Broadcasting
答案及解析：
1．B。主旨大意题。第一段就概括了本文的大意。
2. Chinese government thinks the current Internet environment is ______.
A．quite healthy B．less active
C．rather hopeful D．less piloted
答案及解析： 2．D。由第四段可知。
3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Publication institutions are unhappy with bloggers and webcasters.
B.All bloggers and webcasters like to dig out other people's privacy.
C.Webcasters are quite aware of the copyright issues while online.
D.Copyrighted materials can only be offered to qualified websites.
答案及解析： 3．A。由第五段可知A项正确。
B
The world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming(逼近) hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy c
risis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis.
Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years. And oil prices have increased more than three times since the stavt of 2004. These food prices increases, combined with soaring energy costs, will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine(破坏) political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist, but we'll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.
So, what should be done？Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert(防止， 避免) the potential for a global disaster. The first is to scaleup(按比例增加，扩大) the dramatic success of Malawi, a famineprone(遭遇饥荒) country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and highyield seeds.
Malawi's harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10 billion in all.
Second, the US and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing(给补助金) the conversion of food into biofuels(生物燃料)．
Third, we urgently need to weatherproof(使防风雨) the world's crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond-which collects rainwater to be used for
emergency irrigation in a dry spell-can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions, climateproof vital economic activities such as food production and health care, but has not yet acted upon the promise.
The food crisis provides not only a warning but also an opportunity. We need to invest vastly more in sustainable development in order to achieve true global security and economic growth.
4. Which of the following is the best title?
A. How to End the Global Food Shortage.
B. How to End the Global Disaster.
C. How to Help the Farmers in the Poor Countries.
D. How to Subsidize the Farmers to Increase Food Products.
答案及解析： 4．A。主旨大意题。文章主要讲如何结束全球食物短缺，A能概括文章中的主要内容。B、C、D都是文章中的一部分。
5. The word "woes" in paragraph one is most likely to mean ______.
A. hunger B. things
C. matters D. disasters
答案及解析： 5．D。词义猜测题。从下文中Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert(防止， 避免) the potential for a global disaster.可以猜出词义。
6. What does the author think of the global food shortage?
A. People in the world can do nothing.
B. The global food crisis wil
l continue.
C. The food crisis provides not only a warning but also an opportunity.
D. We don' know.
答案及解析： 6．C。事实细节题，文中最后一段可知。
7. What measures should be taken to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a global disaster?
A. To scale－up the dramatic success of Malawi.
B. The U．S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels.
C. To prevent the world's crops from being destroyed by weather as soon and as effectively as possible.
D. All above.
答案及解析： 7．D。事实细节题，从文章中第二、三、四段可知。