Designation:D2240–05
Standard Test Method for
Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness1
This standard is issued under the?xed designation D2240;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1.Scope
1.1This test method covers twelve types of rubber hardness measurement devices known as durometers:Types A,B,C,D, DO,E,M,O,OO,OOO,OOO-S,and R.The procedure for determining indentation hardness of substances classi?ed as thermoplastic elastomers,vulcanized(thermoset)rubber,elas-tomeric materials,cellular materials,gel-like materials,and some plastics is also described.
1.2This test method is not equivalent to other indentation hardness methods and instrument types,speci?cally those described in Test Method D1415.
1.3This test method is not applicable to the testing of coated fabrics.
1.4All materials,instruments,or equipment used for the determination of mass,force,or dimension shall have trace-ability to the National Institute for Standards and Technology, or other internationally recognized organizations parallel in nature.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.Many of the stated dimensions in SI are direct conver-sions from the U.S.Customary System to accommodate the instrumentation,practices,and procedures that existed prior to the Metric Conversion Act of1975.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lation
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D785Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for Testing
D1415Test Method for Rubber Property—International Hardness
D4483Practice for Determining Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries
F1957Test Method for Composite Foam Hardness-Durometer Hardness
2.2ISO Standard:3
ISO/IEC17025:1999General Requirements for the Com-petence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
3.Summary of Test Method
3.1This test method permits hardness measurements based on either initial indentation or indentation after a speci?ed period of time,or both.Durometers with maximum reading indicators used to determine maximum hardness values of a material may yield lower hardness when the maximum indi-cator is used.
3.2The procedures for Type M,or micro hardness durom-eters,accommodate specimens that are,by their dimensions or con?guration,ordinarily unable to have their durometer hard-ness determined by the other durometer types described.Type M durometers are intended for the testing of specimens having a thickness or cross-sectional diameter of1.25mm(0.050in.) or greater,although specimens of lesser dimensions may be successfully accommodated under the conditions speci?ed in Section6,and have a Type M durometer hardness range between20and90.Those specimens which have a durometer hardness range other than speci?ed shall use another suitable procedure for determining durometer hardness.
4.Signi?cance and Use
4.1This test method is based on the penetration of a speci?c type of indentor when forced into the material under speci?ed conditions.The indentation hardness is inversely related to the penetration and is dependent on the elastic modulus and viscoelastic behavior of the material.The geometry of the
1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11on Rubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on Physical Testing.
Current edition approved Aug.15,2005.Published September2005.Originally approved https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510710748.html,st previous edition approved in2004as D2240–04e1.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510710748.html,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510710748.html,.For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),1rue de Varembé,Case postale56,CH-1211,Geneva20,Switzerland.
Copyright?ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
indentor and the applied force in?uence the measurements such that no simple relationship exists between the measure-ments obtained with one type of durometer and those obtained with another type of durometer or other instruments used for measuring hardness .This test method is an empirical test intended primarily for control purposes.No simple relationship exists between indentation hardness determined by this test method and any fundamental property of the material tested.For speci?cation purposes,it is recommended that Test Method D 785be used for materials other than those described in 1.1.5.Apparatus
5.1Hardness Measuring Apparatus,or Durometer,and an Operating Stand ,Type 1,Type 2,or Type 3(see 5.1.2)consisting of the following components:5.1.1Durometer :
5.1.1.1Presser Foot ,the con?guration and the total area of a durometer presser foot may produce varying results when there are signi?cant differences between them.It is recom-mended that when comparing durometer hardness determina-tions of the same type (see 4.1),that the comparisons be between durometers of similar presser foot con?gurations and total area,and that the presser foot con?guration and size be noted in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4and 5.1.1.3).
5.1.1.2Presser Foot ,Types A,B,C,D,DO,E,O,OO,OOO,and OOO-S,with an ori?ce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)having a diameter as speci?ed in Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,f,and g),with the center a minimum of
6.0mm (0.24in.)from any edge of the foot.When the presser foot is not of a ?at circular design,the area shall not be less than 500mm 2(19.7in.2).
N OTE 1—The Type OOO and the Type OOO-S,designated herein,differ in their indentor con?guration,spring force,and the results obtained.See Table 1and Fig.1(e and g).
5.1.1.3Presser Foot —?at circular designs designated as Type xR ,where x is the standard durometer designation and R indicates the ?at circular press foot described herein,for example,Type aR ,dR ,and the like.The presser foot,having a
centrally located ori?ce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor)of a diameter as speci?ed in Fig.1(a through g).The ?at circular presser foot shall be 1860.5mm (0.7160.02in.)in diameter.These durometer types shall be used in an operating stand (see 5.1.2).
(a)Durometers having a presser foot con?guration other than that indicated in 5.1.1.3shall not use the Type xR designation,and it is recommended that their presser foot con?guration and size be stated in the Hardness Measurement Report (see 10.2.4).
5.1.1.4Presser Foot,Type M ,with a centrally located ori?ce (to allow for the protrusion of the indentor),having a diameter as speci?ed in Fig.1(d),with the center a minimum of 1.60mm (0.063in.)from any edge of the ?at circular presser foot.The Type M durometer shall be used in a Type 3operating stand (see 5.1.2.4).
5.1.1.5Indentor ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(a,b,c,d,e,or g),polished over the contact area so that no ?aws are visible under 203magni?cation,with an indentor extension of 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).
5.1.1.6Indentor,Type OOO-S ,formed from steel rod and hardened to 500HV10,shaped in accordance with Fig.1(f),polished over the contact area so that no ?aws are visible under 203magni?cation,with an indentor extension of 5.0060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).
5.1.1.7Indentor,Type M ,formed from steel rod and hard-ened to 500HV10and shaped in accordance with Fig.1(d),polished over the contact area so that no ?aws are visible under 503magni?cation,with an indentor extension of 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.).
5.1.1.8Indentor Extension Indicator ,analog or digital elec-tronic,having a display that is an inverse function of the indentor extension so that:
(1)The display shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor
movement,
FIG.1(a)Type A and C
Indentor
(2)The display for Type OOO-S durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions throughout the range at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor movement,
(3)The display for Type M durometers shall indicate from 0to 100with no less than 100equal divisions at a rate of one hardness point for each 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor movement,and
(4)In the case of analog dial indicators having a display of 360°,the points indicating 0and 100may be at the same point on the dial and indicate 0,100,or both.
5.1.1.9Timing Device (optional),capable of being set to a desired elapsed time,signaling the operator or holding the
hardness reading when the desired elapsed time has been reached.The timer shall be automatically activated when the presser foot is in contact with the specimen being tested,for example,the initial indentor travel has ceased.Digital elec-tronic durometers may be equipped with electronic timing devices that shall not affect the indicated reading or determi-nations attained by more than one-half of the calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.
5.1.1.10Maximum Indicators (optional),maximum indicat-ing pointers are auxiliary analog indicating hands designed to remain at the maximum hardness value attained until reset
by
FIG.1(b)Type B and D Indentor
(continued)
FIG.1(c)Type O,DO,and OO Indentor
(continued)
FIG.1(d)Type M Indentor
(continued)
the operator.Electronic maximum indicators are digital dis-plays electronically indicating and maintaining the maximum value hardness valued achieved until reset by the operator.5.1.1.11Analog maximum indicating pointers have been shown to have a nominal effect on the values attained,however,this effect is greater on durometers of lesser total mainspring loads;for example,the effect of a maximum indicating pointer on Type D durometer determinations will be less than those determinations achieved using a Type A durometer.Analog style durometers may be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.The effect of a maximum indicating pointer shall be noted at the time of calibration in the calibration report (see 10.1.5),and when reporting hardness determinations (see 10.2.4).Analog Type M,OO,OOO,and Type OOO-S durometers shall not be equipped with maximum indicating pointers.
5.1.1.12Digital electronic durometers may be equipped with electronic maximum indicators that shall not affect the indicated reading or determinations attained by more than one half of the spring calibration tolerance stated in Table 1.
5.1.1.13Calibrated Spring ,for applying force to the inden-tor,in accordance with Fig.1(a through g)and capable of applying the forces as speci?ed in Table 1.5.1.2Operating Stand (Fig.2):
5.1.2.1Type 1,Type 2,and Type 3shall be capable of supporting the durometer presser foot surface parallel to the specimen support table (Fig.3)throughout the travel of each.The durometer presser foot to specimen support table parallel-ism shall be veri?ed each time the test specimen support table is adjusted to accommodate specimens of varying dimensions.This may be accomplished by applying the durometer presser foot to the point of contact with the specimen support table and making adjustments by way of the durometer mounting assem-bly or as speci?ed by the manufacturer.
5.1.2.2Operating Stand,Type 1(specimen to indentor type),shall be capable of applying the specimen to the indentor in a manner that minimizes shock.
5.1.2.3Operating Stand,Type 2(indentor to specimen type),shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.20mm/s
(0.125
FIG.1(e)Type OOO Indentor
(continued)
FIG.1(f)Type OOO-S Indentor
(continued)
in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.
5.1.2.4Operating Stand,Type 3(indentor to specimen type),hydraulic dampening,pneumatic dampening,or electro-mechanical (required for the operation of Type M durometers)shall be capable of controlling the rate of descent of the indentor to the specimen at a maximum of 3.2mm/s (0.125in./s)and applying a force sufficient to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.Manual application,Type 1or Type 2operating stands are not acceptable for Type M durometer operation.
5.1.2.5The entire instrument should be plumb and level,and resting on a surface that will minimize vibration.Operating the instrument under adverse conditions will negatively affect the determinations attained.
5.1.2.6Specimen Support Table ,(Fig.3)integral to the operating stand,and having a solid ?at surface.The specimen support platform may have ori?ces designed to accept various inserts or support ?xtures (Fig.3)to provide for the support of irregularly con?gured specimens.When inserts are used to support test specimens,care must be taken to align the indentor to the center of the insert,or the point at which the indentor is to contact the specimen.Care should be exercised to assure that
the indentor does not abruptly contact the specimen support table as damage to the indentor may result.6.Test Specimen
6.1The test specimen,herein referred to as “specimen”or “test specimen”interchangeably,shall be at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)in thickness unless it is known that results equivalent to the 6.0-mm (0.24-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.6.1.1A specimen may be composed of plied pieces to obtain the necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens,as the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen shall be sufficient to permit measurements at least 12.0mm (0.48in.)from any edge,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at a lesser distance from an edge.
6.1.2The surfaces of the specimen shall be ?at and parallel over an area to permit the presser foot to contact the specimen over an area having a radius of at least 6.0mm (0.24in.)from the indentor point.The specimen shall be suitably supported to provide for positioning and stability.A suitable
hardness
FIG.1(g)Type E Indentor (continued)TABLE 1Durometer Spring Force Calibration A
All Values are in N
Indicated Value Type A,B,E,O Type C,D,DO Type M Type OO,OOO Type OOO-S 00.5500.3240.2030.16710 1.3 4.4450.3680.2940.34320 2.058.890.4120.3850.52030 2.813.3350.4560.4760.69640 3.5517.780.50.5660.87350 4.322.2250.5440.657 1.04960 5.0526.670.5890.748 1.22670 5.831.1150.6330.839 1.40280 6.5535.560.6770.93 1.579907.340.0050.721 1.02 1.755100
8.0544.450.765 1.111 1.932N/durometer unit 0.0750.44450.00440.009080.01765Spring Calibration Tolerance
60.075N
60.4445N
60.0176N
60.0182N
60.0353N
A
Refer to 5.1.1.3for the Type xR
designation.
determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.
6.2Type OOO,OOO-S,and M test specimens should be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in thickness,unless it is known that
results equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.
6.2.1A Type M specimen that is not of a con?guration described in 6.2.2may be composed of plied pieces to
obtain
FIG.2Durometer Operating
Stand
FIG.3Small Specimen Support
Table
the necessary thickness,but determinations made on such specimens may not agree with those made on solid specimens because the surfaces of the plied specimens may not be in complete contact.The lateral dimensions of the specimen should be sufficient to permit measurements at least 2.50mm (0.10in.)from any edge unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made at lesser distance from an edge.A suitable hardness determination cannot be made on an uneven or rough point of contact with the indentor.6.2.2The Type M specimen,when con?gured as an o-ring,circular band,or other irregular shape shall be at least 1.25mm (0.05in.)in cross-sectional diameter,unless it is known that results equivalent to the 1.25-mm (0.05-in.)values are obtained with a thinner specimen.The specimen shall be suitably supported in a ?xture (Fig.3)to provide for positioning and stability.
6.3The minimum requirement for the thickness of the specimen is dependent on the extent of penetration of the indentor into the specimen;for example,thinner specimens may be used for materials having higher hardness values.The minimum distance from the edge at which measurements may be made likewise decreases as the hardness increases.
7.Calibration
7.1Indentor Extension Adjustment Procedure :
7.1.1Place precision ground dimensional blocks (Grade B or better)on the support table and beneath the durometer presser foot and indentor.Arrange the blocks so that the durometer presser foot contacts the larger block(s)and the indentor tip just contacts the smaller block (Fig.4).It is necessary to observe the arrangement of the blocks and the presser foot/indentor under a minimum of 203magni?cation to assure proper alignment.
7.1.2Indentor extension and shape shall be in accordance with 5.1.1.5,5.1.1.6,or 5.1.1.7,respective to durometer type.See Fig.1(a through g).Examination of the indentor under 203magni?cation,503for Type M indentors,is required to examine the indentor condition.Misshapen or damaged inden-tors shall be replaced.
7.1.3A combination of dimensional gage blocks shall be used to achieve a difference of 2.54+0.00/–0.0254mm (0.100+0.00/–0.001in.)between them.For Type OOO-S durometers,the gage block dimensions are 5.08+0.00/–0.0508mm (0.200+0.00/–0.002in.).For Type M durometers,the gage block
dimensions are 1.27+0.0/–0.0127mm (0.050+0.00/–0.0005in.)between them (Fig.4).
7.1.4Carefully lower the durometer presser foot until it contacts the largest dimensional block(s),the indentor tip should just contact the smaller block,verifying full indentor extension.
7.1.5Adjust the indentor extension to 2.5060.04mm (0.09860.002in.).For Type OOO-S durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 5.060.04mm (0.19860.002in.).For Type M durometers,adjust the indentor extension to 1.2560.02mm (0.04960.001in.),following the manufacturer’s recommended procedure.
7.1.5.1When performing the procedures in 7.1,care should be used so as not to cause damage to the indentor tip.Fig.4depicts a suitable arrangement for gaging indentor extension.7.1.6Parallelism of the durometer presser foot to the support surface,and hence the dimensional gage blocks,at the time of instrument calibration,may be in accordance with Test Methods D 374,Machinist’s Micrometers,or otherwise ac-complished in accordance with the procedures speci?ed by the manufacturer.
7.2Indentor Display Adjustment :
7.2.1After adjusting the indentor extension as indicated in 7.1,use a similar arrangement of dimensional gage blocks to verify the linear relationship between indentor travel and indicated display at two points:0and 100.Following the manufacturer’s recommendations,make adjustments so that:7.2.2The indicator displays a value equal to the indentor travel measured to within:
–0.0+1.0durometer units measured at 0;60.50durometer units measured at 100;
61durometer units at all other points delineated in 7.4.7.2.3Each durometer point indicated is equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel,except for:
7.2.3.1Type M Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel;
7.2.3.2Type OOO-S Durometers,each indicated point is equal to 0.050mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.
7.2.4The indicator shall not display a value greater than 100or less than 0at the time of calibration.
7.2.5Other means of determining indentor extension or indentor travel,such as optical or laser measurement methods,are acceptable.The instrumentation used shall have traceability as described in 1.4.
7.2.6The durometer shall be supported in a suitable fashion when performing the procedures described in 7.1and 7.2.7.3Calibration Device :
7.3.1The durometer spring shall be calibrated by support-ing the durometer in a calibrating device,see Fig.5,in a vertical position and applying a measurable force to the indentor tip.The force may be measured by means of a balance as depicted in Fig.5,or an electronic force cell.The calibrating device shall be capable of measuring applied force to within 0.5%of the maximum spring force necessary to achieve 100durometer units.
7.3.2Care should be taken to ensure that the force is applied vertically to the indentor tip,as lateral force will cause errors in calibration.See 7.1.5.1and 7.1.6
.
FIG.4Detail of Indentor Extension and Display
Adjustment
7.4Spring Calibration —The durometer spring shall be calibrated at displayed readings of 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,and 90.The measured force (9.83mass in kilograms)shall be within the spring calibration tolerance speci?ed in Table 1.Table 1identi?es the measured force applied to the indentor for the entire range of the instrument,although it is necessary only to verify the spring calibration at points listed herein.7.5Spring Calibration Procedure :
7.5.1Ensure that the indentor extension has been adjusted in accordance with 7.1,and the linear relationship between indentor travel and display is as speci?ed in 7.2.
7.5.2Place the durometer in the calibration device as depicted in Fig.5.Apply the forces indicated in Table 1so that forces applied are aligned with the centerline of the indentor in a fashion that eliminates shock or vibration and adjust the durometer according to manufacturers’recommendations so that:
7.5.3At the points enumerated in 7.4,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.025mm (0.001in.)of indentor travel.For Type OOO-S durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.05mm (0.002in.)of indentor travel.For Type M durometers,the display shall indicate a value equal to 0.0125mm (0.0005in.)of indentor travel within the spring calibration tolerances speci?ed in 7.6.
7.6Spring calibration tolerances are 61.0durometer units for Types A,B,C,D,E,O,and DO,62.0durometer units for Types OO,OOO,and OOO-S,and 64.0durometer units for Type M,while not indicating below 0or above 100at the time of calibration (see Table 1).
7.7Spring Force Combinations :
7.7.1For Type A,B,E,and O durometers:Force,N =0.55+0.075HA
Where HA =hardness reading on Type A,B,E,and O durometers.
7.7.2For Type C,D,and DO durometers:Force,N =0.4445HD
Where HD =hardness reading on Type C,D,and DO durometers.
7.7.3For Type M durometers:Force,N =0.324+0.0044HM
Where HM =hardness reading on Type M durometers.
7.7.4For Type OO and OOO durometers:Force,N =0.203+0.00908HOO
Where HOO =hardness reading on Type OO durometers.7.7.5For Type OOO-S durometers:
Force,N =0.167+0.01765HOOO-S
Where HOOO-S =hardness reading on Type OOO-S durometers.
7.8The rubber reference block(s)provided for verifying durometer operation and state of calibration are not to be relied upon as calibration standards.The calibration procedures outlined in Section 7are the only valid calibration procedures.7.8.1The use of metal reference blocks is no longer recommended (see Note 2).
7.9Verifying the state of durometer calibration,during routine use ,may be accomplished by:
7.9.1Verifying that the zero reading is no more than 1indicated point above zero,and not below zero (on durometers so equipped),when the durometer is positioned so that no external force is placed upon the indentor.
7.9.2Verifying that the 100reading is no more than 100and no less than 99when the durometer is positioned on a ?at surface of a non-metallic material so that the presser foot is in complete contact,causing the indentor to be fully retracted.7.9.2.1It is important that when performing the veri?cation of 100,as described in 7.9.2,that extreme care be taken so as to not cause damage to the indentor.Veri?cation of the 100value is not recommended for durometers having a spring force greater than 10N (Types C,D,and DO).
7.9.2.2When performing the veri?cation of 100,as de-scribed in 7.9.2,the non-metallic material shall be of a hardness value greater than 100of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.Tempered glass of a thickness greater than 6.35mm (0.25in.)has been found satisfactory for this application.
7.9.3Verifying the displayed reading at any other point using commercially available rubber reference blocks which are certi?ed to a stated value of the type (scale)of the durometer being employed.The displayed value of the durom-eter should be within 62durometer points of the reference block’s stated value.
7.9.4Veri?cation of the zero and 100readings of a durom-eter provide reasonable assurance that the linear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.
7.9.5Veri?cation of points between zero and 100provide reasonable assurance that the curvilinear relationship between the indicated display and the durometer mechanism remain valid.
7.9.6This is not a calibration procedure,it is a means by which a user may routinely verify that the durometer may be functioning correctly.(See Note 2.)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510710748.html,boratory Atmosphere and Test Specimen Conditioning
8.1Tests shall be conducted in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as de?ned in Practice D 618,Section 4.2.
8.2The instrument shall be maintained in the standard laboratory atmosphere,as de?ned in Practice D 618,Section 4.1,for 12h prior to performing a
test.
FIG.5Example of Durometer Calibration
Apparatus
8.3The specimen shall be conditioned in accordance with condition40/23exclusive of humidity control,as described in Practice D618,Section8.1,Procedure A and tested under the same conditions,exclusive of humidity control.
8.4These procedures may be modi?ed if agreed upon between laboratories or between supplier and user and are in accordance with alternative procedures identi?ed in Practice D618.
8.5No conclusive evaluation has been made on durometers at temperatures other than23.06 2.0°C(73.46 3.6°F). Conditioning at temperatures other than the above may show changes in calibration.Durometer use at temperatures other than the above should be decided locally(see Practice D1349).
9.Procedure
9.1Operating Stand Operation(Type3Operating Stand Required for Type M):
9.1.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.
9.1.2Adjust the presser foot to support table parallelism as described in5.1.2.1.It is necessary to make this adjustment each time the support table is moved to accommodate speci-mens of varying dimensions.
9.1.3Prior to conducting a test,adjust the vertical distance from the presser foot to the contact surface of the test specimen to25.462.5mm(1.0060.100in.),unless it is known that identical results are obtained with presser foot at a greater or lesser vertical distance from the test specimen contact surface, or if otherwise stipulated by the manufacturer.
9.1.4Place the specimen on the specimen support table,in
a manner that the contact point of the indentor is in accordance with Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance from the edge of the test specimen.
9.1.5Actuate the release lever(Fig.2)of the operating stand or activate the electromechanical device,allowing the durometer to descend at a controlled rate and apply the presser foot to the specimen in accordance with5.1.2.In the case of “specimen to indentor”type operating stands,operate the lever or other mechanism to apply the specimen to the indentor in a manner that assures parallel contact of the specimen to the durometer presser foot without shock and with just sufficient force to overcome the calibrated spring force as shown in Table 1.
9.1.6An operating stand that applies the mass at a con-trolled rate of descent,without shock is mandatory for Type M durometers.Hand-held application or the use of a Type1or Type2operating stand for the Type M durometer is not an acceptable practice,see5.1.2.4.
9.1.7For any material covered in1.1,once the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,for example,when the initial indentor travel has ceased,the maximum indicated reading shall be recorded.The time interval of1s,between initial indentor travel cessation and the recording of the indicated reading,shall be considered standard.Other time intervals, when agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user,may be used and reported accordingly.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.
9.1.7.1If the durometer is equipped with an electronic maximum indicator or timing device(refer to5.1.1.9)the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.3s of the cessation of indentor travel and reported(refer to10.2.9for reporting protocols),unless otherwise noted.
9.1.7.2If the durometer is equipped with an analog type maximum indicator(refer to5.1.1.10),the maximum indicated reading may be recorded and shall be reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.
9.1.7.3If the durometer is not equipped with the devices described in5.1.1.9or5.1.1.10,the indicated reading shall be recorded within1s as is possible and reported(refer to10.2.9), unless otherwise noted.
9.1.8Make?ve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart,0.80 mm(0.030in.)apart for Type M;and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to 10.2.8
9.2Manual(Hand Held)Operation of Durometer:
9.2.1Care shall be exercised to minimize the exposure of the instrument to environmental conditions that are adverse to the performance of the instrument,or adversely affect test results.
9.2.2Place the specimen on a?at,hard,horizontal surface. Hold the durometer in a vertical position with the indentor tip at a distance from any edge of the specimen as described in Section6,unless it is known that identical results are obtained when measurements are made with the indentor at a lesser distance.
9.2.3Apply the presser foot to the specimen,maintaining it in a vertical position keeping the presser foot parallel to the specimen,with a?rm smooth downward action that will avoid shock,rolling of the presser foot over the specimen,or the application of lateral force.Apply sufficient pressure to assure ?rm contact between the presser foot and the specimen.
9.2.4For any material covered in1.1,after the presser foot is in contact with the specimen,the indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s,or after any period of time agreed upon among laboratories or between supplier and user.If the durometer is equipped with a maximum indicator,the maxi-mum indicated reading shall be recorded within160.1s of the cessation of initial indentor travel.The indicated hardness reading may change with time.
9.2.5Make?ve determinations of hardness at different positions on the specimen at least6.0mm(0.24in.)apart and calculate the arithmetic mean,or alternatively calculate the median.The means of calculating the determinations shall be reported according to10.2.8.
9.3It is acknowledged that durometer readings below20or above90are not considered reliable.It is suggested that readings in these ranges not be recorded.
9.4Manual operation(handheld)of a durometer will cause variations in the results attained.Improved repeatability may be obtained by using a mass,securely affixed to the durometer and centered on the axis of the indentor.Recommended
masses
are1kg for Type A,B,E,and O durometers,5kg for Type C, D,and DO durometers,and400g for Type OO,OOO,and OOO-S durometers.The introduction of an additional mass on Type M durometers is not permitted.Further improvement may be achieved by the use of a durometer operating stand that controls the rate of descent of the durometer presser foot to the test specimen and incorporates the masses described above.
10.Report
10.1Instrument Calibration Report(Durometer or Operat-ing Stand):
10.1.1Date of calibration.
10.1.2Date of last calibration.
10.1.3Calibration due date(see Note2).
10.1.4Manufacturer,type,model,and serial number of the instrument,and a notation when a maximum indicator or timing device is present.
10.1.5Values obtained(pre-and post-calibration results), including a notation of the effect of a maximum indicator,if present.The method of reporting the calibrated value shall be by attaining the arithmetic mean of the determinations.
10.1.6Ambient temperature.
10.1.7Relative humidity.
10.1.8Technician identi?cation.
10.1.9Applicable standards to which the instrument is calibrated.
10.1.10Calibrating instrument information to include type, serial number,manufacturer,date of last calibration,calibration due date(see Note2),and a statement of traceability of standards used to NIST or other acceptable organization.See 1.4.
10.2Hardness Measurement Report:
10.2.1Date of test.
10.2.2Relative humidity.
10.2.3Ambient temperature.
10.2.4Manufacturer,type,and serial number of the durom-eter or operating stand,or both,including a notation when a maximum indicator or timing device is present,date of last calibration,and calibration due date(see Note2).
N OTE2—The calibration interval(calibration due date)for a durometer is to be determined by the user,based upon frequency of use,severity of conditions,environmental factors,and other variables.
Periodic checking of the operation and state of durometer calibration using commercially available rubber test blocks(refer to7.8),speci?cally designed for this purpose,is recommended.
An instrument that has been exposed to severe shock,is visibly damaged,produces test determinations more than2points different from calibrated rubber test blocks or other reference standard,or is otherwise suspected of unreliability,should be removed from service and returned to a quali?ed calibration facility.
A calibration interval of one year is recommended for durometer test blocks and durometer instruments that are infrequently used,more often for others.
The calibration interval for instruments and peripheral devices em-ployed in the calibration of durometers is to be determined by the calibration service provider.It is recommended that the protocols outlined in ISO/IEC17025,as required by the manufacturer,and those to which the service is provided,be followed.
10.2.5Means of testing,whether manual(hand held),Type 1operating stand(specimen to indentor),Type2operating stand(indentor to specimen type),or Type3operating stand (electromechanical or hydraulically dampened).
10.2.6Description of test specimen,including thickness, number of pieces plied if less than the thickness indicated in Section6,including the vulcanization date.
10.2.7Complete identi?cation of material tested.
10.2.8Hardness value obtained and method of calculation, either arithmetic mean or alternatively,the median.
TABLE2Type1Precision—Type M Durometer Method Material Within Laboratories Between Laboratories MEAN Sr A r B(r)C SR D R E(R)F 131.8 1.26 3.5811.24 3.7610.6333.41 240.8 1.14 3.237.90 2.477.0017.13 354.00.975 2.76 5.11 2.38 6.7312.46 462.80.782 2.21 3.52 2.24 6.3410.10 570.90.709 2.01 2.830.974 2.76 3.89 680.6 1.686 4.77 5.92 1.61 4.56 5.65 787.7 1.15 3.25 3.71 2.637.458.50 832.40.947 2.688.26 3.6410.2931.73 941.80.797 2.26 5.40 2.23 6.3115.11 1053.30.669 1.89 3.55 2.29 6.4912.17 1163.20.485 1.37 2.17 2.19 6.209.80 1269.60.737 2.09 3.000.99 2.80 4.02 1378.30.784 2.22 2.84 1.04 2.94 3.75 1487.6 1.121 3.17 3.62 2.657.498.55 1534.10.85 2.407.05 1.84 5.2015.25 1642.30.635 1.80 4.25 1.20 3.398.01 1754.60.56 1.59 2.90 2.15 6.0911.15 1862.9 1.12 3.17 5.04 1.47 4.16 6.61 1970.30.689 1.95 2.770.944 2.67 3.80 2081.70.483 1.37 1.67 1.10 3.10 3.80 2187.90.879 2.49 2.83 2.07 5.86 6.67 AVERAGE61.4
POOLED
VALUES
0.924 2.62 4.26 2.146 6.079.89
A Sr=repeatability standard deviation,measurement units.
B r=repeatability=2.833Sr,measurement units.
C(r)=repeatability,relative,(that is,in percent).
D SR=reproducibility standard deviation,measurement units.
E R=reproducibility=2.833SR,measurement units.
F(R)=reproducibility,relative,(that is,in percent).
TABLE3Type1Precision—Type A Durometer Method Material
Average
Level
Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr A r B(r)C SR D R E(R)F 151.40.646 1.83 3.56 1.56 4.418.59 265.30.878 2.48 3.81 2.21 6.069.27 368.00.433 1.23 1.80 2.28 6.459.49 Pooled61.60.677 1.92 3.11 2.018 5.729.28
A Sr=repeatability standard deviation,measurement units.
B r=repeatability=2.833Sr,measurement units.
C(r)=repeatability,relative,(that is,in percent).
D SR=reproducibility standard deviation,measurement units.
E R=reproducibility=2.833SR,measurement units.
F(R)=reproducibility,relative,(that is,in percent).
TABLE4Type1Precision—Type D Durometer Method Material
Average
Level
Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr A r B(r)C SR D R E(R)F 142.60.3160.894 2.10 2.827.9818.7 254.50.791 2.24 4.11 3.5410.018.4 382.3 1.01 2.86 3.47 3.5410.012.2 Pooled59.80.762 2.16 3.61 3.329.4015.7
A Sr=repeatability standard deviation,measurement units.
B r=repeatability=2.833Sr,measurement units.
C(r)=repeatability,relative,(that is,in percent).
D SR=reproducibility standard deviation,measurement units.
E R=reproducibility=2.833SR,measurement units.
F(R)=reproducibility,relative,(that is,in
percent).
10.2.9Indentation hardness time interval at which determi-nation was made.Readings may be reported in the form:M/60/1where M is the type of durometer,60the reading,and 1the time in seconds that the presser foot is in contact with the specimen or from an electronic timing device.
11.Precision and Bias
11.1These precision and bias statements have been pre-pared in accordance with Practice D 4483.Refer to this Practice for terminology and other testing and statistical concepts.
11.2The Type 1precision for the Type M method was determined from an interlaboratory program with 21materials of varying hardness,with six participating laboratories.Tests were conducted on two separate days in each laboratory for the Type M testing program.All materials were supplied from a single source,being those commonly supplied as reference materials with the instruments from the manufacturer.
11.3The precision results in this precision and bias section give an estimate of the precision of this test method with the materials (rubbers)used in the particular interlaboratory pro-gram as described above.The precision parameters should not be used for acceptance or rejection testing,or both,of any group of materials without documentation that they are appli-cable to those particular materials and the speci?c testing protocols that include this test method.
11.4The Type 1precision for both Type A and D methods was determined from an interlaboratory program with 3materials of varying hardness,with six participating laborato-ries.Tests were conducted on two separate days in each laboratory for both A and D testing programs.All materials were supplied from a single source.
11.5A test result for hardness,for Types A,D,and M,was the median of ?ve individual hardness readings on each day in each laboratory.
11.6Table 2shows the precision results for Type M method,4Table 3shows the precision results for Type A method,5and Table 4gives the precision results for Type D method.5
11.7Precision —The precision of this test method may be expressed in the format of the following statements which use as appropriate value r ,R ,(r),or (R),that is,that value to be used in decisions about test results (obtained with the test method).The appropriate value is that value of r or R associated with a mean level in Table 1closest to the mean level under consideration (at any given time,for any given material)in routine testing operations.
N OTE 3—A Type 1precision statement for Types E,OOO,OOO-S,and R have not yet been made available.
11.7.1Repeatability —The repeatability,r ,of these test methods has been established as the appropriate value tabu-lated in Tables 2-4.Two single test results,obtained under normal test method procedures,that differ by more than this tabulated r (for any given level)must be considered as derived from different or non-identical sample populations.
11.7.2Reproducibility —The reproducibility,R ,of these test methods has been established as the appropriate value tabu-lated in Tables 2-4.Two single test results obtained in two different laboratories,under normal test method procedures,that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any given level)must be considered to have come from different or non-identical sample populations.
11.7.3Repeatability and reproducibility are expressed as a percentage of the mean level,(r)and (R),and have equivalent application statements as above for r and R .For the (r)and (R)statements,the difference in the two single test results is expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean of the two test results.
11.8Bias —In test method terminology,bias is the differ-ence between an average test value and the reference (or true)test property value.Reference values do not exist for this test method since the value (of the test property)is exclusively de?ned by this test method.Bias,therefore cannot be deter-mined.12.Keywords
12.1durometer;durometer hardness;hardness;indentation hardness;micro durometer hardness
4
Supporting data have been ?led at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D11-1091.5
Supporting data have been ?led at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:
D11-1029.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.DUROMETER SELECTION GUIDE X1.1The durometer selection guide is designed to assist in
the selection of the proper durometer type for various applica-
tions.
X1.2It is generally recognized that durometer hardness
determination below20and above90are unreliable.It is
recommended that the next lower or higher type(scale)be used
in these situations.
X1.3It is also recommended that,whenever possible,an
operating stand be employed in performing durometer hardness
tests.
X2.RELATED TEST METHODS2
C367Test Methods for Strength Properties of Prefabricated Architectural Acoustical Tile or Lay-In Ceiling Panels
C473Test Methods for Physical Testing of Gypsum Panel Products
C581Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Struc-tures Intended for Liquid Service
C661Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Elastomeric-Type Sealants by Means of a Durometer
C836Speci?cation for High Solids Content,Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproo?ng Membrane for Use with Separate Wearing Course
D461Test Methods for Felt
D531Test Method for Rubber Property—Pusey and Jones Indentation
D619Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electri-cal Insulation
D1037Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
D1054Test Method for Rubber Property—Resilience Us-ing a Goodyear-Healey Rebound Pendulum
D1414Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings
D1474Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
D2134Test Method for Determining the Hardness of Or-ganic Coatings with a Sward-Type Hardness Rocker
D2287Speci?cation for Nonrigid Vinyl Chloride Polymer and Copolymer Molding and Extrusion Compounds
D2583Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
TABLE X1.1Durometer Selection:Typical Uses
Type (Scale)Typical Examples of Materials Tested
Durometer Hardness
(Typical Uses)
A Soft vulcanized rubber,natural rubber,nitriles,thermoplastic
elastomers,?exible polyacrylics and thermosets,wax,felt,and
leathers
20–90A
B Moderately hard rubber,thermoplastic elastomers,paper products,
and?brous materials Above90A Below20D
C Medium-hard rubber,thermoplastic elastomers,medium-hard
plastics,and thermoplastics Above90B Below20D
D Hard rubber,thermoplastic elastomers,harder plastics,and rigid
thermoplastics
Above90A
DO Moderately hard rubber,thermoplastic elastomers,and very dense textile windings Above90C Below20D
M Thin,irregularly shaped rubber,thermoplastic elastomer,and plastic
specimens
20–85A
O Soft rubber,thermoplastic elastomers,very soft plastics and
thermoplastics,medium-density textile windings
Below20DO
OO Extremely soft rubber,thermoplastic elastomers,sponge,extremely
soft plastics and thermoplastics,foams,low-density textile windings,
human and animal tissue
Below20O
CF Composite foam materials,such as amusement ride safety cushions,vehicle seats,dashboards,headrests,armrests,and door panels
See Test Method F
1957
D2632Test Method for Rubber Property—Resilience by Vertical Rebound
D4289Test Method for Elastomer Compatibility of Lubri-cating Greases and Fluids
D5672Test Method for Flexible Cellular Materials Mea-surement of Indentation Force De?ection Using a25-mm (1-in.)De?ection Technique
D6546Test Methods for and Suggested Limits for Deter-mining Compatibility of Elastomer Seals for Industrial Hy-draulic Fluid Applications
F1151Test Method for Determining Variations in Hardness of Film Ribbon Pancakes
N OTE X2.1—The hardness testing of other nonmetallic materials may be under the jurisdiction of one or more ASTM committees;the respective committee should be contacted for speci?c information.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510710748.html,ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every?ve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510710748.html,(e-mail);or through the ASTM website
(https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510710748.html,).
1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth.... 1 随着…的飞速发展/越来越多的关注，越来越… (e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the people's minds at ease.) 例：随着建筑业的大力推进，人们对建立越来越多的房屋建筑感到宽心。 2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern. 2 近来，某事/某问题引起了人们的普遍关注/成了公众关注的焦点。 (e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.) 例：近来失业问题引起了人们的普遍关注，各级政府已把它列为首要议程。 3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that... 3 我们面临的一个普遍问题是… /一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题 是… (e.g. One of the universal issues that draw (cause) growing concern is whether it is wise of man to have invented the automobile.) 例：一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是，发明汽车是否为人 4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. . 4 在过去的几年里，…经历了突飞猛进/迅猛增长/下降。 (e.g. In the past ten years, there has been a sharp decline in the number of species.) 例：在过去的几年里，物种数量骤然下降。 5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is... 5 如今对我们社会更（最）为重要的（危险的）事情是… (e.g. Nowadays, most dangerous for our society is the tendency to take advantage of each other in political circles.) 例：对我们社会最为危险的事情是政界倾向于互相利用。 6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that... 6 根据图表资料，我们可以发现… 7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in... 7 根据图表（数字）显示，…明显增长（下降）/发生了有利（不利）变化。 8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份) 8 据上面图表（数字）所示，从某年到某年某方面发生了剧烈的（相当大的；巨大的）变化。
北语14秋《高级英语I》导学资料一 Unit1, Unit2& Unit3 一、本阶段学习内容概述 各位同学，大家好，本课程第一阶段学习的主要内容为Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence中包括课前练习（Warm-up）、单词和词组（New words and phrases）、课文（Text）、课后练习（Exercises）及补充阅读（Supplementary readings）中的指定内容。 课前练习：大家应先了解课前练习的要求，根据已有的知识思考其中问题，或者利用网络与同学开展一些讨论，争取在阅读课文前了解文章主要论述的问题，有利于更好的了解作者的思想观点和思维过程，从而了解文章所反映的思想文化，这样既能提高阅读理解能力又能获取知识和信息。 单词和词组:名词、动词和形容词是词汇练习和记忆中的重要部分。Unit 1、2、3中所列出的新单词绝大部分都是这三类，因此，大家一定要掌握好新单词。要开发利用多种方法记单词，如联想法、音节法、构词法等。单词和词组基本上给出了英语直接释义，可以培养大家英语思维的习惯。如果在阅读释义后还有疑问，一定要查阅英语词典，寻找一些相关的解释来加深对单词的理解和记忆。许多词的释义中给出了若干同义词或近义词，能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，同时，课后练习的词汇（Vocabulary Study）部分又给出了一些相关的练习，大家可以在学习完单词和词组后，乘热打铁，立即做词汇练习的第一小题（选择填空）和第二小题（找出意义相近的替代词）这样可以及时巩固所学单词，大概了解这些词的用法，为正确阅读课文打下基础，也能使得练习题做起来不是那么难。 （特别说明：高级英语阶段的学习，提高词汇量和词汇运用能力是一个很大，并且很重要，同时又是比较难的问题，这是我们必须面对的问题，所以，请大家务必花时间多熟悉单词。所谓的磨刀不误砍材功，先熟悉单词和短语，才能流畅的阅读文章。更关键的是，单词和短语在考试中所占比例不少！） 课文：每单元有一篇课文（Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence）。在掌握单词和词组之后，阅读课后注释，学习课文的背景资料、作者介绍和相关内容，如人物、事件、地点等的解释，这能帮助大家准确快速的理解文章的内容。在课件资源的帮助下，认真学习课文，包括课文中常用词语和句型的用法。文章比较长，大家一定要有耐心和毅力，坚持就是胜利。在学习完整篇文章后，及时完成课文理解（Comprehension Check）的练习。其中第一小题是根据课文内容选择最佳答案，第二小题是将部分文中的句子用英语注释。只要认真学习了课件资料，相信能很快准确地完成。同时也考察大家对课文理解的程度，督促大家很好的阅读课文。 课后练习：共有四个大题。 1.课文理解（Comprehension Check）：有两个题型。在借助课件学习完课文之后，大家可以先自己做这一部分的练习，然后再看课件，对正答案的同时，再重温课文的大意。 2.词汇（Vocabulary Study）：有两个题型。在学完课文和单词后，大家可以自己先做这一部分的词汇练习，不会做得可以看课件，并牢固掌握，对于补充的单词也要掌握。这样有利于快速扩充词汇量。 3.翻译（Translation）：有的单元是汉译英，有的单元是英译汉。都是一段与课文内容相近的短文。先认真思考，仔细看文章，如果有一定的难度，可以参考课件的解说，然后再组织语言完成翻译练习。
高级英语写作1-10课翻译
The Delicate Art of the Forest 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会
英语专业(高级翻译)简介 ·日期：2007-06-07 ·点击次数： 1446 培养目标：本专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础，较强的语言交际能力和跨文化交际能力，掌握多方面的翻译知识和技巧，能熟练地运用英、汉语在外事、外交、经贸、文化、科技等部门从事口译、笔译的专门人才。 知识能力 要求：1．语音、语调准确，清楚自然。 2．词法、句法、章法(包括遣词造句与谋篇布局)规范、表达得体。 3．认知词汇10000~12000，且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5000~6000个单词及其最常用的搭配。 4．听、说、读、写、译技能熟练，具有较强的英语综合运用能力。毕业时达到英语专业八级水平。 听的能力：听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话；听懂英 语国家广播电台以及电视台(如VOA, BBC, CNN)有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科技 等方面的新闻、现场报道、专题报道、综合 评述以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后 的问答；听懂电视时事报道和电视短剧中的 对话。语速为每分钟150~180个单词，理解 准确率不低于60%。 说的能力：能就国内外重大问题与外宾进行流利而得体 的交流；能系统、深入、连贯地发表自己的 见解。 读的能力：能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、 英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和 文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观 点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。能在
5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章 的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。 写的能力：能写各类体裁的文章，做到内容充实，语言 通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。写作速度为30 分钟300~400个单词。能撰写长度为 5000~6000个单词的毕业论文，要求思路清 晰、内容充实、语言通顺。 译的能力：1)笔译：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报 刊上的文章、文学、科技、文化、经贸方面 的原文译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的 文章、一般文学作品、科技、文化、经贸方 面的原文译成英语，速度为每小时250~300 个单词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 2)口译：掌握连续或同步口译所需的技巧及基 本要求，能担任外经外贸、外事、外交、国 际文化、科技交流活动的口译和国际会议的 同声传译任务。 5．具有宽广的英语专业知识和相关学科知识。英语专业知识包括文学、语言学和对象国社会与文化的知识。相关学科的知识涉及教育学、教育心理学、语言习得理论、英语教学法、英语测试理论与实践、课程设置等领域。6．具有获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。 7．熟悉中、英两种文字计算机基本技术并能实际应用。 主干课程：基础英语、高级英语、散文选读、英语泛读、英语口语、基础英语写作、高级英语写作、英汉/汉英口译、英汉笔译、英语视听说、英语报刊选读、英美文学，同声传译、连续传译、经贸法律翻译等。 修业年4年
北京理工大学翻硕(MTI)考研应用文写 作复习方法及指导 有无目标是成功者与平庸者的根本差别。凯程北京理工大学翻译硕士老师给大家详细讲解所遇到的问题。特别申明，以下信息绝对准确，凯程就是王牌的北京理工大学翻译硕士考研机构！ 一、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研复习指导 1．基础英语： 基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。 2．翻译英语： 翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。 凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。 词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。 英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。 凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。 3．百科： 先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。 接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。 最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。 最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。 二、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读 （一）、参考书的阅读方法 （1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。 （2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能
T h e D e l i c a t e A r t o f t h e F o r e s t 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚
In return作为（对某物）的付款或回报What do we give them in return. Conceive of 想像、认为 I laughed to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never conceived of us billion-dollar Babies（俚语：人）。 对于那些认为我们从不会成为腰缠万贯的巨富的先生和女士们，我们总是暗自嘲笑他们。 Scores of很多 Scores of young people. Strike sb. as … 给某人留下印象 These conclusion strike me as reasonable. 我认为他们的话是合情合理的 Drop out 脱离传统社会 Ever since自从 In hopes of 怀着…希望 Every since civilization began，certain individuals（人）have tried to run away from it in hopes of finding a simpler，more pastoral，and more peaceful life Support oneself自食其力 Run out of没有，用完，耗尽 Our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes. 我们地球上高尚的野蛮人和未玷污的地方越来越少 the other way （round）相反 come off 成功 These are the ones whose revolutions did not come off. In need of 需要 It dawns on a familiar，workaday place，still in need of groceries and sewage disposal. 它洒在一个司空见惯，平凡庸碌的地方，一个仍然无法摆脱食品杂货，污水处理的地方。 In short supply供应不足，短缺 Break down瓦解，崩溃 Broke down our resolve. 丧失了我们的决心 Out of work失业 dawn on sb. 逐渐明白 It dawned on us rather suddenly that the number of passengers on the small spaceship we inhabit is doubling about every forty years. Come down （from…）（to…）从一处来到另一处 Eat sth. up 吃光 In profusion 大量地 She had magnificent blonde hair，in profusion. Take a shot猜测 As a point of departure 起点 As doctors often do I take a trial shot at it as a point of departure. 作为医生我经常根据猜测可能出现的总是进行提问 as yet到现在为止 As yet,no man has set foot on Mars. 到目前为止还没有人登上火星。 Get somewhere 有进展，取得一些成就 If only 只要 If only they wouldn‘t use the word “hurt” I might be able to get somewhere. Up to sb.取决于某人
《高级英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明 1．课程的性质与目的 《高级英语》是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料，包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力，拓宽学生的人文学科知识和科技知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，加深学生对社会和人生的理解，帮助学生继续打好语言基本功，牢固掌握英语专业知识，巩固和提高学生的英语语言技能以及综合运用英语进行交际的能力。 2．教学要求和任务 1）要求学生能读懂难度相当于美国Times 或New York Times的社论和政论文；能读懂难度相当于The Great Gatsby的文学原著，难度相当于The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 的历史传记；语言能力较高的学生要求能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品。要求在理解的基础上分析文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。 2）选材涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，体裁多样。学生阅读后能够进行说、写、译方面的表达：能够比较系统地口头描述所阅读材料的概要，能够比较流畅和准确地跟同学交流自己的思想和观点；能够写出故事梗概、读书报告等，还能够撰写课程论文以及正式的书信等，要求内容充实、语言正确，表达得体，具有一定的思想深度；能够运用翻译理论和技巧对所阅读的材料进行英汉互译，译文忠实原文，语言通顺。 3）学生能够熟练使用各种英英词典、大型百科全书，独立解决语言问题和部分知识方面的疑难问题，能够有效地通过计算机网络查阅资料，获取知识，独立从事某些简单课题研究。 4）学生能够加深对当代英语的不同侧面，西方社会和文化等的认识，能够在扩大知识面的同时习得语言，提高文化素养。 二、学生在选读本课程之前应具有的语言知识和能力 1) 具有比较扎实的语言基本知识，掌握一定的听、说、读、写、译技能以及各项技能的综合运用能力； 2）大量阅读英语简易读物，基本看懂英语原著，具有较好的语言理解能力、分析能力、综合能力与概括能力；具有一定的思维能力和语言学习过程中的发现问题和解决问题等创新能力； 3）具有课外自主收集相关阅读材料进行拓展性学习的能力； 4）具有英汉语言和英汉文化差异的敏感性，掌握一定的跨文化交际能力。 三、采用的教材和学生应读的参考书 目前使用的教材是李观仪主编的A New English Cours e Book 5 — 6 (revised edition) {《新编英语教程》5、6册。学生在修读本课程期间还须完成以下读物的学习： A、词汇类
高级英语句子例句品读 句子的分类概要 ▲简单句 ●简单句的五种基本句型 ★1.主语+系动词+表语（s+v+p） I’m a teacher ./ This shirt is mine ./ It sounds like a song . / The cake tastes delicious . My wish is to become a doctor . / She is eighty . / Mary’s face turned red . The weather is becoming warmer and warmer . ★2.主语+不及物动词（s+vi.） They are talking . / You must go now . / The bus stopped . / I am eating . ★3.主语+及物动词+宾语（s+vt.+o） She is watching TV. / I’ve found my key to the bike . He wants a cup of tea . / She missed us very much . ★4.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（s+vt.+o+c） His father asked him to go to bed at once . / We found the book on the table . Let him out . / We called him Xiao Liu . / I’ll have my hair cut after school . I’ll set you free. / I saw him go into the room . / Let’s sing an English song . Don’t make him laugh any longer . ★5.主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语/间接宾语) Pass me that book , please . / He teaches us English . He gave his new book to me . / She is writing a letter to her boy friend . She showed her new shirt to us . / My father bought a new pen for me . Our teacher is singing an English song for us . / Get some chalk for me , please . He often asks me questions . / He often asks questions of me . ●陈述句 She is a nurse . / He is very happy . / I have been to Beijing . They are planting trees near the river . / He is not a nurse . / I have not a dog . / They cannot speak Japanese . / We will not go skating with him . He will not go there . / They don’t live here . / He doesn’t go home now . She didn’t meet her mother at the gate . / I have never been to Guangzhou . I know nothing about it . / He has no brothers or sisters . He can hardly speak an English word . / I could hardly believe him . No one knows what they talked about . / Nothing is in this bottle . 另外：（翻译下列句子） Neither of them knows French . / Neither John nor Mary is here . Both of them didn’t attend the meeting . None of these answers is / are right . / Nobody agrees with what you said . Not many people like music . / Not every girl likes singing and dancing . All these books are not mine . / All that gliters is not gold . I don’t think it will be very cold today . / We don’t believe that he can do it . He cannot read and write .= He can read but he cannot write . He is not rich and kind . = He is rich but he is not kind .
翻译硕士考研指导 关于翻译硕士考研院校选择： 写在前面的话：近年来由于个别案例被放大，导致在择校问题上有不少误传，比如只能报考第一批次，只能报考211、985高校，再比如这个专业学费高昂，等等。这些，我们手上是有几乎全部院校的数据的，在此举几个简单的例子就足以说明问题： 首先，批次只代表开设时间长短，没有其他特殊含义，比如西南大学是第一批开设的，川外却是第二批，国际关系学院更是第三批才开放。 第二，针对211、985，参评的多数都是理工类院校，比如MTI招生校中的华南理工，但MTI 毕竟是个语言类专业，一些非常不错的，比如北语比如广外，既不是211也不是985。教学评估也是一样的道理，上海对外贸易大学，不知道有多少人听说过？不是211，不是985，强项是外语文学法学等专业，教学评估排行也就30名的样子，但是你知不知道世贸组织全球14个教席大学里，咱们国家唯一入选的就是它了？再比如，你知不知道复旦的教学评估居然是全国最后一名？各种原因，不足为外人道也。总之：名校虽好，但是更多的代表的是一种科研能力，于语言这种重在应用的学科没有太多的含义。 再次，关于学费的问题，这个要考虑学校的资源，建设的成本等问题，比如13年北语的学费是9千，外语相对较弱的北林却是1万5，这就是新开专业建设成本较高导致的，而同样优秀的广外，学费也是上完，这就是资源成本了，每年的广交会的翻译基本都是广外承担的，学校让学生去历练，其实是淡了很大的风险的。 ____________________________________________________________ 北京师范大学1-庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，20022-叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。北京：清华大学出版社，20013-张汉熙，《高级英语》（修订本）第1、2册。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，19954-张卫平，《英语报刊选读》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，20055-张岱年，《中国文化概论》。北京：北京师范大学出版社，2004、20106- 夏晓鸣，《应用文写作》。上海：复旦大学出版社，2010 西安外国语学院1-张汉熙，《高级英语》(修订本)第1、2册，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，19952-刘宓庆，《文体与翻译》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，19983-冯国华、吴群，《英译汉别裁》，北京：外文出版社，20014-杨月蓉，《实用汉语语法与修辞》，重庆：西南师范大学出版社，19995-叶朗，《中国文化读本》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，20086-卢晓江，《自然科学史十二讲》，北京：中国轻工业出版社，2007 东北师范大学1-《现代大学英语精读5》杨立民总主编梅仁毅主编外语教学与研究出版社，2007 年2-《现代大学英语精读6》杨立民总主编梅仁毅主编外语教学与研究出版社，2008年4-《英语笔译实务（3级）》黄源深总主编外文出版社，2009年3-《大学写作教程》何明东北师范大学出版社，2006年4-《英语笔译实务3级》全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试辅导丛书总主编：黄源深主编：韩忠华、王大伟外文出版社2008年2009年 华东师范大学1-Poole:Introduction to linguistics;《新编英语语法教程》章振邦，上海外语教育出版社2-《综合英语教程》第5-6册，邹为诚编，北京、高等教育出版社（2002.7-2003.1）3-《谈语言：写作读本》AboutLanguage:A Reader for Writers(5thedition)William H.Roberts&Gregoire Turgeon，外语教学与研究出版社，汤姆森学习出版社（2000.8)4-《简明英汉翻译教程》章培基等，上海外语教育出版社5-《新实用汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇，湖北教育出版社6-《英汉、汉英翻译教程》(第一版)张春柏主编，高等教育出版社（2003） 四川外国语学院1-《中国文学史》袁行霈4本2-《中国文化概论》张岱年、方克立3-《汉语通识
《高级商务英语写作》课程考核说明 一、有关说明 ( 三) 考核目标本课程的考核目标分商务英语写作基础知识和写作技能要求两方面。 1. 知识要求: 1) 能结合语境准确和恰当地使用所学的语言和表示方式。 2) 了解并掌握商务英语中的英汉互译的方法。 3) 了解或掌握商务英语写作中的结构逻辑关系。 2. 写作要求: 1) 能以书面形式比较自如地表示个人观点; 2) 能在规定时间内根据作文题目、提纲或图表等完成写作任务; 3) 能写简短的求职应聘、企业对外宣传、商务社交、业务磋商、执行合同等场景有关的商务文件。 在完成上述任务时, 做到语句连贯, 条理清楚, 结构合理, 语言正确, 表示得体。 ( 四) 考核方式及计分方法 本课程的考核采取两种形式: 形成性考核和课程终结考试。课程总成绩为百分制, 形成性考核占30%, 课程终结性考试占70%。 形成性考核包括对”形成性考核及学习档案”中作业的完成情况以及参与教学活动情况的考核。 ( 五) 考核依据本课程形成性考核的内容和课程终结考试
的命题依据”高级商务英语写作教学大纲”和《高级商务英语写作》( 中央广播电视大学出版社, ) 二、考核方式具体要求 ( 一) 形成性考核 1. 考核目的本课程形成性考核的目的旨在加强对学生平时自主学习过程的指导和监督, 重在对学生自主学习过程进行评价和检测, 引导学生按照教学要求和学习计划完成学习任务, 达到掌握知识、提高能力的目标。 2. 考核手段 形成性考核当前采用纸质形成性考核册。与地方电大教师共同实现教学过程的引导、指导和管理。 3. 形成性考核各部分所占比重及计分方法 形成性考核由学习内容考核和学习过程考核构成。学习内容考核以单元计分作业形式、由中央电大统一设计并发布。形成性考核中, 学习内容考核占80分, 学习过程考核占20分。 学习过程考核的具体形式与评价方式由形成性考核指导教师确定。 4. 考核计分方法 教师随课程进度, 安排布置和提交学习内容考核任务的具体时间, 原则上可依照下表中的时间安排。 形成性考核任务与要求
为了更好地搞好翻译理论与实践的基本教学，特制定本教学大纲： 一、教学目的 通过本门课程的系统学习，学生应了解基本的翻译理论和技巧，并在初步翻译实践的基础上，掌握一般的非文学性的句子、段落以及篇章材料的英语到汉语的翻译，达到基本忠实、通顺的翻译标准，且能做到译作具有较高的可读性。 二、教学对象 以高中为起点的、网络学院的非脱产英语专业的专科学生。 三、教学内容 1、翻译的基本概念和问题 2、从语言文化对比角度看翻译 3、文化与翻译 4、翻译的过程 5、翻译的基本技巧 6、翻译单位 7、套语的翻译 8、语言前景概念在翻译中的应用 9、翻译中的西方表达法 10、全球化和语言标准化与片的翻译 11、中国翻译研究简述 四、教学安排 本课程每周开设6学时，连续16周，共96学时。 五、教学测试 本课程讲述基本翻译理论，帮助学生在一定科学理论指导下进行翻译实践，但理论部分不列入考试部分。本课程的考试，主要是测试学生在基本翻译理论指导下独立进行翻译实践的能力，达到何种水平，译作是否能做到忠实、通顺。测试内容主要包括单句和段落翻译。 （撰写：张新元）
本课程讲述基本翻译理论，帮助学生在一定科学理论指导下进行翻译实践，但理论部分不列入考试部分。本课程的考试，主要是测试学生在基本翻译理论指导下独立进行翻译实践的能力，达到何种水平，译作是否能做到忠实、通顺。测试内容主要包括单句和段落翻译。为了更好地帮助学生搞好本课程的复习，特制定本考试大纲： 一、考试目的 通过本门课程的系统学习，学生应了解基本的翻译理论和技巧，并在初步翻译实践的基础上，掌握一般的非文学性的句子、段落以及篇章材料的英语到汉语的翻译，达到基本忠实、通顺的翻译标准，且能做到译作具有较高的可读性。本考试的目的就是检测这种翻译能力。 二、考试对象 以高中为起点的、网络学院的非脱产英语专业的专科学生。 三、考试内容 要求熟悉和掌握下列翻译方法： 1、词性转换法 2、增减重复法 3、反面着笔罚 4、分合移位法 5、定语从句的译法 6、状语从句的译法 7、被动语态的译法 8、套语的翻译 9、100-200字左右段落的翻译 10、非文学性的篇章或实用翻译。 四、考试时间 本课程的考试为2小时。 五、考试题型 20个单句翻译，2个段落翻译，均为主观性试题。 （撰写：张新元）
《高级写作B》教学大纲 英文名称：Advanced Writing B 一、课程目标 1、课程性质: 《高级英语写作B》高级英语写作是英语专业高年级的一门必修课程，该课程的教学任务和目的是使学生在掌握句子和段落层面基础上继续培养学生的写作能力，尤其是毕业论文的写作能力。通过本课程的学习，以期达到如下要求:1.系统了解英语毕业论文写作的主要过程和基本方法。2.系统了解选题方法以及文献检索的主要方法和途径。3.掌握规范编制英语论文的注释、参考文献以及引文的主要方法。4.查阅语言学、文学、翻译等方面的英语论文，了解英语论文的语言、结构、切入展开方法，熟悉给定研究领域的写作规范。5.通过英语毕业论文写作的训练，提高研究性学习的能力和创新思维能力。 写作课程的主要任务体现在以下几方面：在语言方面，教师应该帮助学生在已有的基础上，不断提高表达思想的准确性与鲜明性，逐步使他们感觉到英语具有极强的表达力，从而研究自己所感兴趣的话题；在内容方面，要求学生要言之有物，观点正确，条理清晰，逻辑顺畅；在书写格式上，要求学生做到规范、准确。论文写作课程的训练是全方面的训练，不仅有助于提高学生的语言水平；有助于提高学生的观察分析、逻辑思考能力、还有助于培养学生严谨的工作作风和学习态度。 2、教学方法：讲练结合，讲评结合。 1.考虑到本课程的实践性较强，因而应当安排适当的教学时间阅读英语学术论文，也可留出一定的时间在图书馆进行实地研究和文献检索训练。 2．本课程的教学应当与学生毕业论文挂钩，以帮助学生写好毕业论文。 3．教学中可适当组织学生分组就某一主题进行研究和讨论 4．课堂教学以学生为主体，教师为主导，采取范文阅读，教师讲解和学生练习相结合的方法，采用启发式，讨论式，注重培养学生实际写作能力。写作以初写、小组讨论和定稿的形式。教师批改以后，要求学生订正错误并对自己的作文写出评语，提出改进的措施。通过系统学习和刻苦训练，使学生最终掌握教材所规定的全部写作基本概念、基本理论和基本用法。 5、教学手段现代化。现代化的教学手段为英语写作提供了好的方式，教师将利用幻灯片来集体批阅学生的写作。
中考满分高级英语作文20篇附带翻译 小编为初中的小伙伴们整理了20篇最优秀满分英语作文，并且20篇作文都附带翻译，大家写英语作文时可以参考一下。 【My Bedroom 我的卧室】篇1 Look , I have a nice room . Come and have a look . It’s small and nice . There is a big bed , a small desk , a shelf and a closet . The bed is near the desk . There is a shelf near the closet too . Many good books are in the shelf . I like the books very much . Oh , yes , There is a big board on the wall . I often write and draw pictures on the board . Oh , My bedroom is too beautiful . I like it very much . Do you like my bedroom? Can you tell me about your beroom , please ? 看，我有一个舒适的房间，过来看一看，它小而漂亮，那有一张大床，一张小桌，一个书架和衣柜，床在桌子旁边，书架也在衣柜旁边，很多好的书都在书架上，我非常喜欢书，哦，是的，那有一个大的黑板在墙上，我经常写和画一些图片在黑板上. 哦，我的卧室太漂亮了，我非常喜欢它，你喜欢我的卧室吗，可以请告诉我你的卧室吗? 【Our School 我们学校】篇2 Our school is in the west of the city. It is very big with a tall teaching building. There are thirty classrooms, a modern library,a dinning hall and a gym. There is a big playground where we often have sports. There are lots of trees and flowers beside the playground. There are more than five hundred students and teachers in our school and we all work hard. Our school is so beautiful that we all like it very much. 我们学校在城市的西部。这是非常大的一个高大的教学楼。有30间教室，一个现代化的图书馆，食堂和健身房。有一个大操场，我们经常做运动。有许多树木和花草在操场旁边。有超过500的学生和教师在我们的学校，我们都努力工作。我们学校是如此的美丽，我们都非常喜欢它。 【My English Teacher 我的英语老师】篇3 Ms. Gao our English teacher is my favorite is slim and beautiful with curly,long hair. She is in her early thirties. She is always full of energy and her lessons are always well-prepared . All of us like her lessons very much because we can gain much from her lessons. Besides, I admire that she is always friendly and kind so she can make friends easily with us outside the classroom. When we have any difficulties, we all like asking her for is truly a wise teacher. 我最喜欢的人是高老师，她身材苗条、漂亮、卷长发。她30出头。她总是精力充沛，她的课总是精心准备。我们都喜欢上她的课，因为我们可以从她的课收获很多。此外，我钦佩她总是很友善，因此她总能轻松地在课下和我们交朋友。当我们遇到困难总喜欢向她求教。高老师的确是相当聪明的老师。 【Never Wasting the Food杜绝浪费】篇4 When I was small, I like to eat a lot of food, but I have a habit, I will not eat up all the food, I just like to taste all of it. When my mother saw this, she felt bad for me, she told me that all the food was the farmers’hard work, I should not waste it. Thinking about this, I felt so shameful about my bad behavior, I decided to eat up the food. 在我小的时候，我喜欢吃很多东西，但是我有一个习惯，我不会把东西吃完，我喜欢浪费食物。当我的妈妈看到这些，她对我感觉不好，她告诉我所有的食物都是农民辛勤劳作的，