Program of Action for Sustainable Development in China in the Early 21st Century
2007-02-05
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) NEWS
In the wake of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the Chinese government published China's Agenda 21 - White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century as a platform document for guiding the country's social and economic development. That document marked the beginning of the sustainable development process in China. To help implement the sustainable development strategy, this Program of Action for Sustainable Development in China in the Early 21st Century (hereinafter referred to as the "Program") is hereby promulgated. This Program, based on past achievements and experience and taking into account new requirements for sustainable development in the new century, specifies the objectives, principles, priority areas and safeguard measures for the country's sustainable development in the early 21st century.
Part I: Achievements and Problems
After a decade of efforts, China has achieved remarkable progress in sustainable development.
- Economic development. China has maintained sustained, rapid and healthy growth of its economy. As a result, the country's overall national strength has built up considerably, with its GDP topping 1 trillion Yuan(RMB). China today is the largest recipient of direct foreign investment in the developing world and the sixth largest trading power in the world. People's livelihood and quality of life have witnessed significant improvement. Furthermore, economic growth is increasingly based on more sustainable ways, relying on enhanced efficiency rather than heavy input of resources. The economic structure is being gradually optimized.
- Social development. The trend of excessive population growth has been checked; science, technology and education have made positive headway; and remarkable progress has also been made in social security, poverty eradication, disaster relief and prevention, medical care, and narrowing the regional gap in development.
- Ecological conservation, environmental protection and rational exploitation of resources. The central government has greatly increased spending in ecological conservation and environmental protection; the pattern of energy consumption is being gradually optimized; measures for controlling water pollution have been stepped up for key water systems; breakthrough progress has been made in curbing air pollution; comprehensive use of resources has significantly improved; and the ecological environment has improved to some extend thanks to retiring fragile farmlands and switching them to conservation purposes, such as planting trees and grass, and expanding floodwater storage.
- Capacity-building for sustainable development. The strategy of sustainable development has been incorporated into various programs and plans by central government ministries and local governments. Public awareness of sustainable development has markedly increased, and relevant laws and regulations have been enacted and enforced.
However, China still faces quite a few challenges in implementing sustainable development.
- The greatest challenges are: a conflict between rapid economic growth and voluminous consumption of resources and ecological deterioration; social development lagging behind economic development; widening disparities between different regions in social and economic development; constraints posed by a large population and scarce resources; and inconsistencies between some existing laws, regulations and policies and actual needs for sustainable development.
- Major problems urgently needed to be resolved include: the comprehensive quality of the population needs improvement; aging of the population is accelerating; the social security system is inadequate; the pressure on employment is heavy; the economic structure is less than rational; the operation system of the market economy needs to be improved; clean energy has a low share in the total energy consumption; infrastructure is underdeveloped; the information infrastructure for the national economy is of a low level; a serious waste exists in the exploitation of natural resources; environmental pollution is serious; ecological deterioration is still not curbed; legislation on resources management and environmental protection needs improvement.
With increasing globalization of the world economy, the international community is enhancing its understanding of and stepping up its efforts for sustainable development and common development. China should, after its accession to the WTO, give full play to the advantage of its system of socialist market economy. In particular, China should give full play to the role of government in organizing and coordinating the implementation of the sustainable development strategy and properly handle the relationship of economic globalization and sustainable development. China should also, based on the achievements of the Johannesburg world summit on sustainable development, actively participate in international cooperation, and safeguard the country's fundamental interests, including its economic and ecological security.
Part II: Guidelines, Objectives and Principles
1. Guidelines
Human-centered
Harmony between man and nature
Centering around economic growth and proceeding from the need to improve the quality of life for the people
Seeking breakthroughs via scientific and institutional innovations
Unwaveringly promoting harmony between social and economic development on the one side and population, resources and the environment on the other
Steadily enhancing China's overall national strength and competitiveness and laying a solid foundation for the realization of the goal of building a comprehensive xiaokang (moderate prosperity) society by 2020
2. Objectives
Growing capacities for sustainable development
Marked progress in economic restructuring
Population aggregate brought under effective control
Significant improvement in the ecological environment
Markedly increased efficiency in utilization of resources
Sustainable path of development characterized by rising productivity, prosperous livelihood and a well-preserved environment
Specifically, this strategy seeks to achieve the following:
Economy restructuring Complete a transition, to be brought about through a strategic restructuring of the national economy, from the old mode of economic growth characterized by high consumption of resources, high pollution and low efficiency, to a new, sustainable pattern of low consumption, low pollution and high efficiency. Promote optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, alleviate pressure on resources and the environment, bridge regional gaps in development, and narrow the urban-rural divide.
Relieving of poverty Continue to work on poverty alleviation and rural development; further improve the basic conditions for production and livelihood in poverty-stricken areas by building up infrastructure and improving the ecological environment; gradually lift the people there out of economic, social and cultural backwardness; improve the quality of life and the overall quality of destitute population; build on successful practices and help the poverty-stricken population shed poverty.
Human resources development Strictly control population growth; raise the overall quality of the population; build an extensive social security system that encourages quality childbirth and childrearing and make it available to all; provide as much employment as possible; significantly improve public services; build up capacities for disaster prevention and relief and reduce losses; improve vocational training and improve the quality of workers through the introduction of a national accreditation system. By 2010, the total population should be kept within 1.4 billion and annual average natural growth rate within 9 per thousand. Further expand the coverage of the nine-year compulsory education; the gross enrollment rate reaches 95% for junior high schools and about 20% for higher education, and the literacy rate reaches more than 95% for adults.
Resources development Rationally develop and efficiently utilize resources; build a sustainable safeguard mechanism and strategic reserve system for important resources.
Environmental protection Significantly improve the environmental quality for most parts of the country and basically check the deterioration of the ecological balance; basically restore ecological functions and biodiversity in key regions and curb pollution of farmlands. By 2010, forest coverage will reach 20.3%; 33 million hectares of degraded, decertified and alkalized grasslands will be improved; soil erosion will be put under control on another 50 million hectares of land; discharge of main pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and industrial solid wastes will be
reduced by 10% from the preceding five years; sewage treatment will be raised to over 60% in urban areas.
Capacity-building Build a sound system of laws and regulations on sustainable development; improve the information sharing and policy support systems; build up capacities for scientific decision-making and overall coordination on the part of government; greatly increase the public's participation in sustainable development efforts; participate more in international cooperation in the area of sustainable development.
3. Principles
--Achieving sustainable, well-balanced growth. Center around economic development while promoting harmony between man and nature; balance population growth against resources and the environment; keep social and economic development in step with ecological conservation.
--Invigorating the nation through science and education and persistent innovation. Give full play to the role of science and technology as the primary productive force and the role of education as the leading, all-encompassing and fundamental factor in economic development. Step up innovation, develop all categories of education, and promote the integration of the sustainable development strategy with the "revitalizing the nation through science and education" strategy.
--Enabling the government to exercise macro-economic regulation and control and market forces to regulate the performance of the economy. Give full play to the initiatives of government, enterprises, social organizations and the public. The government should increase spending, enhance supervision, play a leading role, and provide a sound policy environment and public services. Market forces should be used fully to encourage businesses, social organizations and the general public to participate in sustainable development.
--Actively participating in international cooperation. Open wider to the outside world and participate in the process of economic globalization; take advantage of the domestic and international markets and resources to promote sustainable development.
--Achieving breakthroughs in key areas. Make overall planning, highlight priority areas, and implement them in steps. Pool human, material and financial resources to achieve breakthroughs in key areas and regions; on the basis of all this, advance the sustainable development program in an all-round way.
Part III: Priority Areas
1. Economic development
Adjust, dynamically, the industrial and regional economic structure as well as the urban-rural economic structure; participate actively in economic globalization; gradually achieve a strategic transformation of the national economy, so that economic growth will be based on lower consumption of resources and less pollution.
--Industrial restructuring. Make strategic adjustments to agriculture and the rural economy; raise efficiency in the utilization of land and water resources and reduce environmental pollution and ecological deterioration. Restructure the crop-farming and animal-farming sectors, optimize the geographical distribution of farm production, promote industrialization of agriculture, and promote technical upgrading and institutional innovation in township enterprises. Restructure and retool industry and alleviate the pressure on resources and the environment by industrial development; transform and upgrade traditional industries with high technology and advanced, appropriate technology. Select a number of backbone enterprises for transformation and implement a number of high-tech projects. Develop vigorously the services sector to boost supply capacities and quality of services to meet growing demand; develop the real estate sector centering around housing construction; improve tourism infrastructure and supporting facilities; improve and boost community service facilities; transform and improve the traditional goods distribution, transportation and postal services; develop the information industry and promote the use of information technology in government, banking, foreign trade, radio and television, education, science and technology, medicine, public health, social security and public utilities sectors. Strengthen construction of infrastructure: boosting flood-control capacities centering around the harnessing of major rivers and lakes; step up the construction of major water-control projects such as the diversion of water from the south to the north; speed up the construction of key trunk line roads; and build and upgrade main railways.
--Regional development and poverty alleviation. Redesign the regional structure and alleviate imbalances in regional development; step up the construction of water conservation, transportation, energy, telecommunications, radio and television facilities and urban infrastructure in western China through the implementation of poverty-relief projects and the Western Development program; accelerate the development of the local economies based on local features; raise the efficiency of resources utilization; and reduce discharge of pollutants. Gradually eliminate abject poverty and reduce relative poverty: continue to implement the development-as-relief program; implement a strategy of "government taking the lead and the public participating", taking an integrated approach to alleviate poverty that encompasses social, economic, ecological and environmental measures to improve the basic conditions for production and livelihood and medical care in poverty-stricken areas; actively and prudently proceed with the emigration program in ecologically fragile regions to enhance ecological conservation and restoration.
--Urbanization and small-town development. Improve urban planning: actively develop medium and small-sized cities; improve the functions of regional hub cities and allow large cities to boost development of surrounding regions through their "radiating effect"; develop small towns in selected regions. Fine-tune the layout of administrative divisions and create an institutional framework, policy framework and planning system compatible with sustainable development in urban areas in China; actively and prudently promote the urbanization process in China; improve urban socioeconomic planning and guide the development of different types of towns. Develop unified markets for labor, capital and other factors across urban and rural areas and accelerate the shift of rural population to urban areas. Combine small-town development with the rational concentration of rural enterprises, improvement of rural market systems, and industrialization of agriculture including supporting services. Build up capacities of small towns to absorb rural populations; in particular, improve urban infrastructure so as to increase job opportunities.
Improve the living conditions, public services and social services of towns. Improve urban community management; build and manage new orderly, civilized, harmonious communities and create a sound human settlement environment. Strengthen urban management, improve the urban environment, create different styles of towns and cities, and improve the comprehensive management of towns and cities.
--Economic globalization. Optimize the export goods mix and improve management of imports; increase the export of machinery and electronics products and high-tech products; restrict and prohibit the import and export of products and technologies that affect human health and safety and hurt the environment; gradually raise the environmental and quality standards for import and export products and create a regulatory system that protects human, animal and plant health and the environment; develop international trade and economic cooperation and attract foreign investment into areas and regions that are encouraged by the state's industrial policy. Encourage capable domestic enterprises to go abroad. Enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese industries and transform the traditionally resource-intensive industries into labor-, technology- and capital-intensive industries. Actively participate in formulating rules pertaining multilateral trade and the environment and work together with the international community in opposing the establishment of new trade barriers in the name of the environment and human rights and ensuring the smooth implementation of the sustainable development strategy.
2. Social development
Build a sound system for population management and quality childbirth and child rearing, stabilize the fertility rate at a low level; control the population aggregate and improve the population quality. Build a health and medical care system, employment structure and social safety net compatible with the country's level of economic development; greatly improve public services; create a disaster monitoring and forecast system and an emergency relief system and build up disaster-prevention and relief capacities.
--Population management. Adhere to the basic state policy of family planning and maintain consistency of the current fertility policy; accelerate legislative work in population management; improve family planning work at the grassroots level, i.e. villages and hamlets in rural areas and communities in urban areas; hold the legal representatives of companies and institutions responsible for the family planning work of their units; improve the technical service network building for family planning and the management of family planning workers; improve the publicity of and education on new fertility concepts; introduce incentives to encourage responsible fertility behaviors and build a social security system that encourages family planning. Take measures to encourage households to practice family planning and step up protection of the rights and interests of those who practice family planning. Strengthen management of the migrant population. Universalize the nine-year compulsory education; ensure preschool education; universalize senior middle school education in cities and economically developed areas; improve higher education; develop continuing education; improve the quality of the population.
--Social security. Build a standardized social security net independent of enterprises and institutions and with multiple sources of funding. Readjust and improve the pension system for
urban workers; steadily convert the existing "minimum living expense guarantee" system for
laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises into a standardized unemployment insurance system and perfect such a system. Expand the coverage of basic medical care insurance, including workplace accident insurance and childbirth insurance. Strengthen and improve the social relief system based on the program of subsistence allowances for needy city dwellers; step up development of social welfare undertakings such as community old-age care facilities. In places where conditions permit, explore ways to provide rural residents with pension, medical care and subsistence allowances. Introduce a societal mechanism for social security management and services; improve the collection and management of social security funds; step up social security legislation; build up information systems for social security management; practice an proactive employment policy, expand employment opportunities and develop labor-intensive industries. Encourage people from all sectors of society to have new concepts of employment, introduce flexible forms of employment and encourage self-employment. Improve employment services, and enhance vocational training to raise the skill levels of laborers.
--Health care. Build a sound legal system and supervision and enforcement procedures for health care. Continue to deepen reform of the medical establishment and improve regulation of the medical sector. Rationalize the allocation of resources in the medical care sector to set up a new type of accessible and efficient urban health care system based on community services with a clear division of responsibilities between various levels of service providers. Step up health care in rural areas and build a rural health care network that meets the requirements of rural socioeconomic development and is capable of providing disease prevention, health care and other basic medical services; provide all rural residents with basic health care services. Build up capacities to handle emergencies (including the outbreak of epidemics) and improve prevention and control of serious diseases. Effectively improve health care for women and children and increase the immunization level for children. Improve health care and rehabilitation services for senior citizens, including boosting services of hospitals, community medical centers and family care. Improve prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and protect the health of workers. Publicize health care knowledge and promote healthy practices and lifestyles.
--Disaster management. Further improve laws and regulations on disaster management and enhance public awareness of disaster prevention and alleviation; develop plans for disaster prevention and alleviation and for tackling emergencies; build and improve the monitoring, forecast and warning systems for major natural calamities and accidents, fully upgrade and consolidate information processing capacities and raise the timeliness and accuracy of forecasts; improve inter-agency coordination and collaboration and build a crisis-management system and coordinating mechanism for disaster relief; strengthen project construction for disaster management and the reserve of relief materials and equipment; build a rapid-response
disaster-relief task force and emergency relief capacities; alleviate human casualties and economic losses arising from disasters. Encourage private donations and put in place institutional arrangements that are favorable to private disaster-relief efforts.
3. Resource Allocation, Utilization and Protection
Rationally use, conserve and protect resources and improve the efficiency of resources utilization. Create a system that ensures the security of supply of major resources and a strategic reserve system to make certain that the needs of the national economy for resources are met.
--Water resources. Improve laws and regulations on the development, management and protection of water resources and enforce stricter policies on water resources management. Introduce a system of water management that combines the management-by-valley model with the management-by-administrative region model. Clarify water ownership rights, introduce a system that allocates water resources along water system and administrative region lines, and ensure the reasonable consumption of water resources for daily life, industrial and ecological purposes. Introduce a water resources hearing system for the formulation of national socioeconomic development plans, urban planning, and major construction projects and promote the balanced development of water resources and the population, environment, society and the economy. Build a rational pricing system and introduce incentives; institute an integrated water-resource management mechanism that combines planned water use with rationing; introduce water use auditing and promote the rational utilization of water resources. Reallocate the water resources by diverting water from the South to the North. Encourage the development of water-efficient agriculture and industry; build water-efficient cities and communities to raise the utilization of water resources; introduce a system of water zoning for various purposes and effectively protect water resources. Promote utilization of non-conventional water resources such as waste water recycling. Carry out the south-to-north water diversion project and improve the general distribution of water resources. Develop sea water resources along the coast, and promote and apply sea water desalinization technologies to compensate for fresh water deficiencies.
--Rational use of land. Implement the basic state policy of treasuring and rationally utilizing land and effectively protecting farmland, practicing the strictest land-management system in the world. Strengthen land resources survey, evaluation and monitoring practices, and formulate a scientific overall plan for land use and strictly enforce it. Reinforce farmland protection and construction, prevent farmland degradation, and ensure food security of the country. Strengthen forest protection and forest resources buildup to ensure the ecological security of the country. Rationally readjust land use structure and layout to improve the efficiency of land use. Strengthen the management of land use for construction, control the scale of land use for such purposes, encourage rural residents to settle in towns and industrial enterprises to relocate to industrial parks, and guarantee land supply needed for economic development. Actively undertake land leveling and reclamation and adequately develop land reserve resources. Improve land asset management, deepening land-use restructuring by aggressively introducing a market-oriented approach to
land-use rights, improving the land pricing system and land tax system, and promoting efficient land use. Improve the land property system and safeguard the contractual rights of farmers. Reform the land expropriation system. Deepen research and application of land science and technology; expand land remote sensing surveys; and improve land-use management information systems. Strengthen land legislation, improve laws and regulations and law enforcement.
--Energy efficiency. Develop natural gas, hydraulic power, renewable energy, new energy and other forms of clean energy; develop clean-fuel buses and electric-powered buses; utilize overseas oil and gas resources; and reduce the share of coal in energy consumption. Greatly develop clean
coal and thermal-power central heating technology; strengthen energy conservation; improve efficiency of energy utilization, and reduce environmental pollution. Wherever appropriate, develop methane, fuel-efficient stoves, solar energy and wind energy; improve energy consumption in rural areas. Implement the west-east gas pipeline project and the transmission of power from the west to the east to improve the energy structure.
--Forest resources. Tighten protection, management and oversight of forest resources and improve law enforcement; stop unlawful felling and enhance public awareness of forest protection. Clarify the obligations, rights and interests in forest protection; deepen reform of the forestry sector by adjusting and improve outdated forest policies and reducing taxes. Apply high technology to transform traditional industries and phase out outdated production modes; accelerate the development of fast-growing, high-yield timber production bases and industries. Step up ecological conservation and implement on a full scale key projects of protecting natural forests.
--Grassland resources. Improve institutional building for grassland protection and strengthen grassland management and enforcement. Clarify the obligations, rights and interests in grassland protection; apply high technology to transform the way grassland resources are utilized from quantity-based to quality- and efficiency-based growth. Implement a series of projects to protect natural grasslands such as artificial grass-planting, grass-planting by airborne seed-sowing, imposing a moratorium on grazing, grassland improvement, and pest control. Make double efforts to improve desertified, alkalized and degraded grasslands.
--Mineral resources. Improve legislation on mineral resources protection; scientifically draft and strictly implement plans for mineral resources development; strengthen macro-regulation of mineral resources development; and promote rational distribution of mineral resources exploration and development. Further improve work in mineral resources surveying, evaluation and exploration, and enhance security of mineral resources. Implement a protective development policy for strategic mineral resources. Improve the system of utilizing mineral resources at a cost. Promote structural improvement and optimization for mineral resources utilization toward greater efficiency through advances in science and technology and scientific management. Make full use of domestic and international capital, resources and markets and build large mineral resources bases and overseas mineral resources bases. Strengthen ecological conservation in mineral-rich areas and gradually build environmentally sound mines.
--Marine resources. Develop plans for rationally utilizing and protecting marine resources. Strictly implement plans for allocation of marine functions; strengthen marine management; tighten examination and approval of marine resources utilization; and fully introduce the practice of using marine resources at a cost. Build up capacities for maritime monitoring and enforcement management. Conduct a nationwide study on the state of the country's maritime ecology. Develop high technology to develop deep-sea and oceanic resources.
--Climate resources. Further enhance public awareness of climate resources. Improve legislation on climate resources utilization and protection. Develop plans for the reasonable utilization and protection of climate resources; revise and update climate resources plans in a timely fashion. Adopt advanced computer information processing technologies and remote-sensing technology
and improve climate resources monitoring and evaluation. Build pilot bases for reasonably utilizing climate resources, in particular focusing on the monitoring, planning and piloting of agricultural climate resources, wind energy and solar energy.
--Strategic mineral resources reserves. Establish a strategic mineral resources reserve system and improve relevant economic policies and management practices. Build an early-warning system for the security of supply of strategic mineral resources and introduce a water reserve system of multiple water sources in large cities. Build up strategic reserves for oil and other major mineral resources through a combination of public and private efforts.
4. Ecological Conservation and Development
Build a scientific and sound system for ecological monitoring and management and establish nature reserves of all types with rational distribution and appropriate sizes. Build an
anti-desertification system and reinforce efforts to combat soil erosion. Improve the ecological environment for farming; improve afforestation in urban areas, thereby ameliorating the quality of the ecological environment.
--Ecological monitoring and security evaluation. Build a sound technical and standard system for ecological monitoring and security evaluation at different levels: national, regional and protection zone. Adopt remote-sensing and terrestrial monitoring technology to monitor and manage the following: forests, grasslands, wetlands, farmlands, nature reserves, deserts, soil conservation, agricultural ecology, biodiversity, large ecological projects, major resources development areas, and changes in land use. Introduce emergency monitoring for disasters such as serious pollution accidents, red tides, oil spills and sandstorms. Build an ecological security evaluation and early-warning system.
--Key ecological projects. Focus on the protection of natural forests in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, and the natural forests in northeast China. Curb soil erosion, alleviate damages done by sandstorm, strengthen protection of biodiversity, build fast-growing and high-yield timber production bases, and gradually meet demands for ecological soundness and forest products. Step up implementation of six key projects: protection of natural forests and return unfit cultivated farmland to forest; remove sandstorm sources around Beijing and Tianjin; build shelter belts in north China, northeast China and northwest China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; construction of wild animal and plant protection parks and nature reserves; and the construction of fast-growing,
high-yield timber production bases in targeted regions.
--Nature reserves. Build up existing nature reserves - including those of forest ecosystems, rare wild animal protection zones, desert ecosystems, inland wetland and water ecosystems, grassland and meadow ecosystems, marine and coastline ecosystems, wild plants, geological sites, and paleontologic sites. Build a number of high-quality and highly-effective nature reserves in source regions for major rivers such as the Yangtze and Yellow rivers and major natural wetlands in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, and in ecologically volatile regions such as southeast, northeast and
northwest China and habitats for rare and near-extinct species. Rationalize the distribution of nature reserves and step up construction of biological corridors.
--Ecological conservation zones. Strengthen construction and management of existing ecological conservation zones. Build new conservation zones in source areas for rivers; important wetlands (lakes) in the valleys of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Songhuajiang River and inland river systems such as the Tarim River and the Heihe River; hilly red-earth regions in the south, the Loess Plateau, and earth-rock mountainous areas in the north; areas where farming and animal husbandry are intermingled; drought-hit grassland areas; and coastal water fishing zones. Adjust the industrial structure in those conservation zones by developing environmentally-friendly industries and minimizing the impact of human activities on the ecosystem. Adhere to the principles of "conservation through moratorium on productive activities" and restore and rebuild the ecosystem.
--Anti-desertification. Develop operational mechanisms and policies favorable to economic development in desertified regions; study and apply appropriate farming techniques that can prevent or curb land desertification. Build an anti-desertification system that combines prevention with control and utilization. Focus on conservation of existing vegetation in desert-bordering and oasis areas and build shelter belts in peripheral areas around oases; conserve and restore vegetation in semi-desertified areas; for high-altitude desertified areas, improve desertified land in areas where there is a heavy concentration of human activities while ensuring conservation of existing vegetation. Fully improve and develop wherever possible desertified land in the semi-wet or wet parts of the Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Plain; comprehensively improve and develop desertified land in the south. Take measures to prohibit development of whole tracts of desertified land not appropriate for control or development.
--Soil conservation. Improve the soil conservation policy; implement state policies that encourage retirement of unfit farmlands and switching them to planting trees and grass; improve water conservation for basic farmlands and grasslands. Integrate water conservation with development, anti-soil erosion efforts with efforts to fight poverty and develop the local economies; introduce an integrated approach to fight soil erosion by treating large river systems as backbone and small river valleys as components, so as to prevent man-made soil erosion in the course of massive development and construction. Build a comprehensive anti-soil erosion mechanism that combines engineering measures with biological and farming measures. Study, develop and apply appropriate techniques for soil preservation. Step up international cooperation and exchanges and introduce advanced technologies, superior varieties, management methods and means.
--"Green" agriculture. Step up enforcement of legislation on protection of wild agricultural biological resources; collect specimens from key areas and build pilot conservation areas or sites. Introduce protective farming techniques and continue to implement dry farming pilot projects in drought-hit counties. Develop effective policies and management mechanisms; develop and apply key technologies and models for "green" agriculture; encouraging farmers to adopt
clean-production technologies and use less chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Recycle agricultural wastes and build a sustainable ecosystem for agricultural development. Improve legislation, standards and testing procedures for organic or pollution-free farm products; better the testing,
evaluating and pre-warning systems for the agricultural ecosystem; build up agricultural production bases and improve product safety management; create demonstration bases and brands for organic or environment-friendly agricultural production.
--Scenic spots protection. Develop and implement plans for scenic spots in accordance with the principle of "strict protection, uniform management, rational development and sustainable utilization". Specify the scope of protection for the core part of a scenic spot (which includes ecological, natural or historic sites) when making plans for overall protection. Make special plans, identify key areas and take special measures to protect those key areas. Prevent any construction project unrelated to resources conservation from taking place within the core areas of scenic spots. Align the planning of scenic spots to local land use planning.
--Urban environment. Rationally plan land use for urban construction; establish and strictly implement a "green line" rule for urban management. Ensure a certain portion of public green in urban planning and a sizable area of a shelter belt around large cities as befitting modern cities. Step up urban landscaping and improve the air quality in urban areas. Promote Garden Cities and alleviate the "urban thermal-island effect". Improve management of construction sites and streets and reduce dust and noise.
5. Environmental Protection and Pollution Control
Control the aggregate discharge of pollutants and curb water pollution in river systems. Reinforce air pollution control in key cities and water cleanup efforts in key sea areas. Improve legislation and law enforcement on environmental protection and revise technical standards for environmental protection. Aggressively apply clean production and environmental-protection industries and actively participate in regional and global environmental initiatives, contributing to global environmental conservation while improving the quality of China's environment.
--Water pollution control. Step up water pollution control along major rivers and lakes and tighten protection of drinking water sources; clean up lakes and reinforce pollution control at water sources. Promote clean production and further reduce discharge of pollutants. Control the total discharge of pollutants and increase wastewater treatment. Introduce zero discharge of wastewater in selected industries. Continue to build up infrastructure for urban sewage and garbage disposal. Rationalize the industrial and product mix; develop and apply high technology and processes for curbing heavy pollution in line with China's national conditions; raise the overall level of industrial development and water pollution control.
--Marine pollution control. Improve the national marine monitoring network to boost monitoring of marine pollution and the ecological environment. Reduce discharge of land-based pollutants into the sea and sea pollution caused by marine production and development activities. Control the total discharge of pollutants into the sea. Clean up the environment in key sea areas and step up protection and construction of the ecological environment along the coast.
--Air pollution control. Control the emission of acid rain-causing substances, hazardous and harmful industrial gases; control acid rain, particulate substances, optical chemical smog and indoor air pollution.
--Urban traffic management. Improve urban traffic structures by giving priority to public transit. Develop rail transportation in mega cities and build a road system that favors public transit. Control automobile exhaust emission and noise pollution in cities.
--Solid waste control. Gradually introduce garbage sorting, collection and recycling and increase environment-friendly garbage disposal rate and recycling rate. Further raise the recycling rate for solid wastes and step up ecological conservation and restoration efforts at mines. Improve the safe disposal of hazardous wastes.
--The environmental protection industry. Regulate the environmental protection industry and market; rationalize the industrial structure by building a market-oriented technical service system and a sound market mechanism through commercializing pollution control. Develop policies to support the development of the environmental protection industry and intensify R&D of key technologies and processes for environmental protection; boost the production capacity for
high-efficiency and practical environmental protection equipment and promote the serialization and standardization of key equipment. Guide the development of the environmental protection industry through standards, technical policies, demonstration projects and key practical technologies. Introduce the ISO14000 environmental management system and
"environment-friendly" labeling and certification practices. Improve intermediary services, technical and engineering services to facilitate environmental protection.
6. Capacity Building
Build a legal framework for population, resources and environmental management and improve law enforcement. Make full use of the mass media to enhance public awareness of sustainable development. Build a set of indicators and monitoring system for sustainable development and establish an information-sharing system for government offices, the general public and the research community.
--Legislation and enforcement. Strengthen legislation on sustainable development and improve the legal system. Draft and improve laws and regulations on population, resources, the ecological environment, prevention and alleviation of natural disasters, and information sharing and utilization, based on the principle of sustainable development. Revise relevant laws and regulations in line with market rules and the WTO rules. Establish and improve a law enforcement mechanism to ensure that laws are enforced.
--Indicator system, monitoring and evaluation. Build an indicator system and
monitoring/evaluation system in line with China's conditions to measure sustainable development. Monitor and evaluate sustainable development at both national and regional levels and regularly publish relevant reports.
--Information sharing. Build databases on basic public data, population, socioeconomics, resources, ecology, the environment and disasters to allow information sharing based on
high-speed networking; make information publicly available and enable the databases to process and analyze data. Build an information-sharing network that meets the government's needs for decision-making.
Part IV: Safeguard Measures
Adopt administrative, economic, scientific and technological and legal measures to realize the goals set forth in this Program against the backdrop of the current international and domestic environment. Steps include better inter-agency coordination, expanded funding channels, bolstered support for science, technology and education, and improved laws and regulations. Implement the sustainable development strategy with a heightened sense of responsibility and mission, in compliance with the requirements of the "Three Represents" theory (the Chinese Communist Party represents the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China).
1. Employ administrative means to improve decision-making
--Strengthen leadership. Governments at all levels should carry out the sustainable development strategy conscientiously, incorporating the tasks listed in the Program on population, resources and the environment into their routine work agendas. The policy of holding the chief executive responsible for population, resources and the environmental work should be continued and faithfully executed. Responsibilities should be divided clearly between governments at different levels. Governments should be responsible for coordinating different departments in
decision-making, ensuring that responsibilities, measures and funding fall into the right places. The government should make continuous efforts to improve its ability to plan, coordinate and standardize management.
--Reinforce supervision. Develop a standardized and rational performance review and award system for public servants to motivate leading government officials at all levels to pay great attention to sustainable development of population, resources and the environment. Governments at all levels should ensure that the idea of sustainable development be incorporated into relevant strategies, programs and plans and be integrated into the entire process of implementation. Over time, government officials should be evaluated chiefly by their performance in implementing sustainable development, as measured by the outcome of the evaluation and final inspection mission.
--Balanced development. Build and improve a coordinating mechanism for balanced development of the population, resources and the environment and social and economic development, as well as an incentive mechanism for integrated decision-making. Develop an indicator system favorable to measuring the level of sustainable development in targeted areas and enterprises and introduce, on a trial basis, the cost of resources and the environment into the accounting system of the national economy. Introduce, on a trial basis, the system of assessing the
impact on sustainable development for major projects and decisions. Create ways for public participation in decision-making and improve public services for promoting sustainable development.
2. Create an investment regime that favors sustainable development through economic leverages
Build a fund-raising mechanism conducive to sustainable development. Gradually increase spending by governments at all levels in sustainable development, encouraging non-state sector capital or even foreign capital to go into sustainable development and drastically improving the security and stability of funding for sustainable development. Improve management and efficiency of funding.
Establish a more reasonable pricing mechanism that encourages all stakeholders to participate in sustainable development. Use pricing to encourage all stakeholders to strengthen conservation of resources, strictly protect the ecological environment in both urban and rural areas, and give full play to the role of pricing in regulating resources supply and demand and sustainable utilization.
3. Provide strong support for promotion of sustainable development through scientific advances and advocacy.
--Deepening the reform of the system for science and technology. Establish a science and technology regime that meets market requirements while conforming to development of science and technology. Rationalize the allocation of resources; further boost R&D and services for sustainable development; motivate scientists and technicians to engage in R&D and commercialization of sustainable development; promote the sustainable development of population, resources and the environment.
--Development and application of environmentally friendly technologies. Pool resources to develop host of key technologies that are crucial to sustainable development and raise the technical level and capacity. Promote clean production in the course of business restructuring. Accelerate the transition at all types of enterprises from end-control to whole process control by combining clean production with technical advancement, energy conservation, resources recycling and management improvement. Step up the establishment of an integrated industrial pollution control model focusing on clean production; encourage and support enterprises to adopt high and new technologies, new types of energy and clean production techniques with less consumption of energy and materials and less pollution. Select qualified regions or enterprises and support the establishment of a number of ecological and environmental R&D centers; pool resources to tackle key problems in technological and equipment development, so as to boost China's capacity to manufacture complete and serialized sets of equipment.
--Developing education at all levels and enhancing public awareness of sustainable development. Reinforce human resources development and build up the public's capacities to participate in sustainable development. Add sustainable development to the textbooks used in elementary and higher education; introduce "science" courses in primary and middle schools; build a number of model parks (zones) at selected colleges; increase spending in publicity,
promotion and application of sustainable development. Open research institutes to the public; use mass media to disseminate knowledge on sustainable development. Train a large number of researchers, public servants and volunteers who are well-versed in quality childbirth and child rearing, environmental protection, resources conservation and environmentally friendly consumption. Actively encourage and support social organizations and non-governmental organizations to participate in activities promoting sustainable development.
4. Improve legislation on sustainable development
--Continue to improve legislation. Study and draft a number of new laws and rules; step up revision of existing laws and regulations; form a legal framework for sustainable development. Draft local regulations in line with national laws and regulations and local conditions, in order to promote sustainable development on a local level.
--Supporting institutions and standard-development. Build and improve rules and procedures for sustainable development, including existing ones on environmental management, management of ownership rights for natural resources, compensation rights, transfer of use (property) rights, and management of migrant population; establish an institutional framework for the management of population, resources and the environment with Chinese characteristics.
--Public supervision. Improve governance by law and strengthen law enforcement personnel and step up law enforcement. Allow the mass media and social organizations to play their due role in supervision and ensure that governments and law enforcement departments at different levels exercise their duties in accordance with law. Pay attention to the publicity, promotion and education on laws and regulations on sustainable development to enhance public awareness of those laws and regulations.
5. Select key regions and fields as model projects
Improve pilot work for sustainable development, summarize experience, and gradually promote the implementation of the sustainable development strategy. Build a number of bases of sustainable development through modeling that integrates technology with management, policy and institutionalization. Conduct policy and strategic studies and key technology R&D centering around key issues in sustainable development. Solve problems faced universally by local governments such as how to utilize resources, how to preserve the ecological environment, and how to restructure the economy toward efficiency-based growth. Develop different models and apply those models in neighboring regions.
6. Strengthen international cooperation to create a sound external environment for sustainable development at home
Actively participate in global cooperation in environmental protection and develop strategies for participating in various environmental treaties and conventions. Implement in earnest all the international treaties that China has acceded to and carry out resolutions and decisions reached at the Johannesburg summit meeting and other international meetings. Pay great attention to and
actively participate in bilateral and multilateral cooperation; capitalize on all occasions to promote environmental protection at home and safeguard China's national interests. Create a sound international environment for sustainable development. Meet the requirements of globalization and China's accession to the WTO. Establish and improve an investment and trade policy framework spearheaded by "green" products, technology and services, in light of economic globalization and China's accession to the World Trade Organization; make full use of both domestic and international resources and markets to advance the cause of sustainable development in China.
硬件类常用英语词汇 下面是小编整理的硬件类常用英语词汇，希望对大家有帮助。 计算机英语词汇大全 常见硬件篇 CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理单元，又叫中央处理器或微处理器，被喻为电脑的心脏。 LD：Laser Disk，镭射光盘，又称激光视盘。 CD：Compact Disc，压缩光盘，又称激光唱盘。 CD-ROM：Compact Disc-Read Only Memory，压缩光盘-只读记忆(存储)，又叫“只读光盘”。 VCD：Video Compact Disc，视频压缩光盘，即人们通常所说的“小影碟”。 RAM：Random Access Memory，随机存储器，即人们常说的“内存”。 ROM：Read-Only Memory，只读存储器。 Seagate：美国希捷硬盘生产商。Seagate英文意思为“通往海洋的门户”，常指通海的运河等。 Quantum：英文含意为“定量，总量”。著名硬盘商标，美国昆腾硬盘生产商(Quantum Corporation)。
Maxtor：“水晶”，美国Maxtor硬盘公司。 PCI：Peripheral Component Interconnection，局部总线(总线是计算机用于把信息从一个设备传送到另一个设备的高速通道)。PCI总线是目前较为先进的一种总线结构，其功能比其他总线有很大的提高，可支持突发读写操作，最高传输率可达132Mbps，是数据传输最快的总线之一，可同时支持多组外围设备。PCI不受制于 CPU处理器，并能兼容现有的各种总线，其主板插槽体积小，因此成本低，利于推广。 EDO：Extended Data Output，扩充数据输出。当CPU的处 理速度不断提高时，也相应地要求不断提高DRAM传送数据速度， 一般来说，FPM(Fast Page Model)DRAM传送数据速度在60-70ns，而EDO DRAM比FPM快3倍，达20ns。目前最快的是SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM，同步动态存储器)，其存取速度高 达10ns。 SDRAM：Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory，同步动态随机存储器，又称同步DRAM，为新一代动态 存储器。它可以与CPU总线使用同一个时钟，因此，SDRAM存储 器较EDO存储器能使计算机的性能大大提高。 Cache：英文含义为“(勘探人员等贮藏粮食、器材等的)地窖; 藏物处”。电脑中为高速缓冲存储器，是位于CPU和主存储器 DRAM(Dynamic Randon Access Memory)之间，规模较小，但 速度很高的存储器，通常由SRAM(Static Random Access
企业各职位英文缩写： GM(General Manager)总经理 VP(Vice President)副总裁 FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁 AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理 CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官，类似总经理、总裁，是企业的法人代表。 COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官，类似常务总经理 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官，类似财务总经理 CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官，主管企业信息的收集和发布CTO(Chief technology officer)首席技术官类似总工程师 HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监 OD(Operations Director)运营总监 MD(Marketing Director)市场总监 OM(Operations Manager)运作经理 PM(Production Manager)生产经理 (Product Manager)产品经理 其他： CAO: Art 艺术总监 CBO: Business 商务总监 CCO: Content 内容总监 CDO: Development 开发总监 CGO: Gonverment 政府关系 CHO: Human resource 人事总监 CJO: Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人 CKO: Knowledge 知识总监 CLO: Labour 工会主席 CMO: Marketing 市场总监 CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表CPO: Public relation 公关总监 CQO: Quality control 质控总监 CRO: Research 研究总监 CSO: Sales 销售总监 CUO: User 客户总监 CVO: Valuation 评估总监 CWO: Women 妇联主席 CXO: 什么都可以管的不管部部长 CYO: Yes 什么都点头的老好人 CZO: 现在排最后，等待接班的太子 常用聊天英语缩写
人教版新起点小学英语词汇总 一年级上（没有分单元） book书ruler尺子pencil铅笔eraser橡皮pencil case 铅笔盒 backpack书包school学校 eye眼睛hand手ear耳朵mouth嘴nose鼻子foot(feet)脚 face脸leg腿arm手臂 cat猫bird鸟rabbit兔dog狗chicken鸡duck鸭 monkey猴子tiger虎panda熊猫elephant 大象fish鱼 one一two二three三four四five五six六 seven七eight八nine九ten十 red红色(的) yellow黄色(的) purple紫色(的) brown棕色(的) orange橙色(的) white白色(的) green绿色(的) pink粉红色(的) blue蓝色(的) black黑色(的) apple苹果banana香蕉peach桃melon瓜 pear梨orange橙子grape葡萄strawberry草莓pineapple菠萝 一年级下 Unit9 classroom 教室door门window窗户blackboard黑板wall 墙desk 桌子chair 椅子boy 男孩girl 女孩in 里面on 上面under下面where哪里 unit 10 room房间closet衣柜telephone电话computer 电脑TV 电视bed 床picture图片table餐桌lamp台灯armchair 沙发behind后面next to旁边 Unit 11 Toys玩具plane飞机boat船train火车ball球teddy bear玩具熊 bus公交车Car小汽车doll玩具娃娃pinwheel风车box盒子 Unit 13 Shapes图形circle圆形triangle三角形rectangle长方形square 正方形 eleven 11 twelve12 Thirteen13 fourteen14 fifteen15 sixteen16 seventeen17 eighteen18 nineteen19 twenty20 Unit 14 Clothes衣服T-shirt T恤衫pants 裤子shorts短裤jacket 夹克 Sweater毛衣skirt短裙dress连衣裙shoe鞋子sock袜子 Unit 15 Food食物drink 饮料rice 米饭noodles面条jiaozi 饺子tofu豆腐Vegetables蔬菜meat牛肉fish 鱼肉chicken鸡肉bread 面包 milk牛奶ice cream冰激凌juice果汁egg鸡蛋
计算机英语-常见硬件 CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理单元，又叫中央处理器或微处理器，被喻为电脑的心脏。 RAM：Random Access Memory，随机存储器，即人们常说的"内存"。 ROM：Read－Only Memory，只读存储器。 EDO：Extended Data Output，扩充数据输出。当CPU的处理速度不断提高时，也相应地要求不断提高DRAM传送数据速度，一般来说，FPM（Fast Page Model）DRAM传送数据速度在60－70ns，而EDO DRAM比FPM快3倍，达20ns.目前最快的是SDRAM（Synchronous DRAM，同步动态存储器），其存取速度高达10ns. SDRAM：Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory，同步动态随机存储器，又称同步DRAM，为新一代动态存储器。它可以与CPU总线使用同一个时钟，因此，SDRAM存储器较EDO存储器能使计算机的性能大大提高。 Cache：英文含义为"（勘探人员等贮藏粮食、器材等的）地窖；藏物处"。电脑中为高速缓冲存储器，是位于CPU和主存储器DRAM（Dynamic Randon Access Memory）之间，规模较小，但速度很高的存储器，通常由SRAM（Static Random Access Memory静态存储器）组成。 CMOS：是Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor的缩写，含义为互补金属氧化物半导体（指互补金属氧化物半导体存储器）。CMOS是目前绝大多数电脑中都使用的一种用电池供电的存储器（RAM）。它是确定系统的硬件配置，优化微机整体性能，进行系统维护的重要工具。它保存一些有关系统硬件设置等方面的信息，在关机以后，这些信息也继续存在（这一点与RAM完全不同）。开机时，电脑需要用这些信息来启动系统。如果不慎或发生意外而弄乱了CMOS中保留的信息，电脑系统将不能正常启动。 PCI：Peripheral Component Interconnection，局部总线（总线是计算机用于把信息从一个设备传送到另一个设备的高速通道）。PCI总线是目前较为先进的一种总线结构，其功能比其他总线有很大的提高，可支持突发读写操作，传输率可达132Mbps，是数据传输最快的总线之一，可同时支持多组外围设备。PCI不受制于CPU处理器，并能兼容现有的各种总线，其主板插槽体积小，因此成本低，利于推广。
单元教材分析： 第一单元主要学习关于教室的3个单词desk, chair, blackboard ,三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under;以及询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is…？It'under/ in/ on…。本单元是学生开学后的第一单元，与学生生活实际紧密联系，学习教室有关的物品名称，易于学生接受，容简单实用，易于教师操练。本单元为下个单元Room做了很好的铺垫，由教室到房间，使得下一步的学习变的简单，过度自然。 单元教学目标： 1、语言技能目标 (1)能够听懂、会说与教室有关的三个词汇：chair, desk, blackboard，以及三个表达位置的词汇：under/ in/ on。 (2)能够听懂、会说有关询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is…？It'under/ in/ on…，并能在恰当的情境中初步运用。 (3)能够听懂简短的课堂指令语，女口：Put your ... in/on/under ...等，并作出相应的反应。 (4)能够借助日常生活图片识别、会说大写英文字母A、B、C、D。 2、情感目标 (1)能够跟随录音大胆模仿说唱歌曲和歌谣。 (2)能够对英语学习保持兴趣，并积极参与课堂上组织的各种活动；能做到有序参与，积极使用英语。 (3)能够在活动中逐步养成爱护教室的课桌椅和学习用品的习惯。 单元教学重点：与教室有关的3个词汇：desk, chair, blackboard ;三个表达物品位置的介词：under / in / on 。 单元教学难点：句型Where is…？It's…的使用。 单元课时安排：五课时 第一课时 教学目标： 能够在适当场景下听懂、说出与教室有关的三个词汇：blackboard，desk，chair;以及三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, un der. 教学重难点： 能听懂、说出与教室有关的三个单词：blackboard，desk，chair；以及三个
DARPA ：国防高级研究计划局 ARPARNET(Internet) ：阿帕网 ICCC ：国际计算机通信会议 CCITT ：国际电报电话咨询委员会 SNA ：系统网络体系结构(IBM) DNA ：数字网络体系结构(DEC) CSMA/CD ：载波监听多路访问/冲突检测(Xerox) NGI ：下一代INTERNET Internet2 ：第二代INTERNET TCP/IP SNA SPX/IPX AppleT alk ：网络协议 NII ：国家信息基础设施(信息高速公路) GII ：全球信息基础设施 MIPS ：PC的处理能力 Petabit ：10^15BIT/S Cu芯片: ：铜 OC48 ：光缆通信 SDH ：同步数字复用 WDH ：波分复用 ADSL ：不对称数字用户服务线 HFE/HFC：结构和Cable-modem 机顶盒 PCS ：便携式智能终端 CODEC ：编码解码器 ASK(amplitude shift keying) ：幅移键控法 FSK(frequency shift keying) ：频移键控法 PSK(phase shift keying) ：相移键控法 NRZ (Non return to zero) ：不归零制 PCM(pulse code modulation) ：脉冲代码调制nonlinear encoding ：非线性编程 FDM ：频分多路复用 TDM ：时分多路复用 STDM ：统计时分多路复用 DS0 ：64kb/s DS1 ：24DS0 DS1C ：48DS0 DS2 ：96DS0 DS3 ：762DS0 DS4 ：4032DS0 CSU(channel service unit) ：信道服务部件SONET/SDH ：同步光纤网络接口 LRC ：纵向冗余校验 CRC ：循环冗余校验 ARQ ：自动重发请求 ACK ：确认 NAK ：不确认
电子类常用缩写(英文翻译) AC(alternating current) 交流(电) A／D(analog to digital) 模拟／数字转换 ADC(analog to digital convertor) 模拟／数字转换器 ADM(adaptive delta modulation) 自适应增量调制 ADPCM(adaptive differential pulse code modulation) 自适应差分脉冲编码调制 ALU(arithmetic logic unit) 算术逻辑单元 ASCII(American standard code for information interchange) 美国信息交换标准码 AV(audio visual) 声视，视听 BCD(binary coded decimal) 二进制编码的十进制数 BCR(bi-directional controlled rectifier)双向晶闸管 BCR(buffer courtier reset) 缓冲计数器 BZ(buzzer) 蜂鸣器，蜂音器 C(capacitance，capacitor) 电容量，电容器 CATV(cable television) 电缆电视 CCD(charge-coupled device) 电荷耦合器件 CCTV(closed-circuit television) 闭路电视 CMOS(complementary) 互补MOS CPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元 CS(control signal) 控制信号 D(diode) 二极管 DAST(direct analog store technology) 直接模拟存储技术 DC(direct current) 直流 DIP(dual in-line package) 双列直插封装 DP(dial pulse) 拨号脉冲 DRAM(dynamic random access memory) 动态随机存储器 DTL(diode-transistor logic) 二极管晶体管逻辑 DUT(device under test) 被测器件 DVM(digital voltmeter) 数字电压表 ECG(electrocardiograph) 心电图 ECL(emitter coupled logic) 射极耦合逻辑 EDI(electronic data interchange) 电子数据交换 EIA(Electronic Industries Association) 电子工业联合会 EOC(end of conversion) 转换结束 EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器 EEPROM(electrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器 ESD(electro-static discharge) 静电放电 FET(field-effect transistor) 场效应晶体管 FS(full scale) 满量程 F／V(frequency to voltage convertor) 频率／电压转换 FM(frequency modulation) 调频
招呼篇 GTSY：Glad To See You高兴认识你 PMJI：Pardon My Jumping In ＝PMFJI：Pardon Me For Jumping In 败势，加入你们的谈话 WB：Welcome Back 欢迎回来 LTNS：Long Time No See 好久不见 笑篇 BEG：Big Evil Grin （非常）邪恶的笑 C＆G：Chuckle And Grin 喀喀笑 GMBO：Giggling My Butt Off 笑掉我的屁屁 BWL：Bursting With Laughter 笑掉不行 CSG：Chuckle Snicker Grin 嘿嘿窃笑 KMA：Kiss My A$$ ＝MKB：Kiss My Butt 亲我的屁屁 LMAO：Laughing My A$$ Of ＝LMBO：Laughing My Butt Off ＝LMHO：Laughing My Head Off 笑死我了 LOL：Laughing Out Loud 放声笑 LSHMBB：Laughing So Hard My Belly Is Bouncing ＝LSHMBH：Laughing So Hard My Belly Hurts 笑到我肚子痛 告知篇 AFK：Away From Keyboard 离开键盘 BBL：Be Back Later ＝BBS：Be Back Soon ＝BRB：Be Right Back 稍待回来 CNP：Continue In Next Post 请看下一个留言 FYI：For Your Information 只给你知道 OIC：Oh，I See 喔，瞭 PS：Post Script 附注 QSL：Reply 回答 RTF：Read The FAQ 请看常见问题 AKA：Also Known As 又名为 FAQ：Frequently Asked Question 最常被问的问题 IC：I See 瞭 IGP：I Gotta Pee 我要去尿尿 POOF：I Have Left Chat 我已经离开聊天室啰 PM：Private Massage 私下寄消息。在聊天室常见的功能，你可以单独对有兴趣的人私下聊
一年级下册英语录音内容 新起点一年级下册课文录音材料 49 A项：In my classroom I can see, A desk, a chair, For you and me. In my classroom I can see, A window, a door, For you and me. In my classroom I can see, A wall, a blackboard, For you and me. 50 A项：CHANT Where’s Angel?Whe re’s Angel? She’s in the pencil case. Where’s Angel?Where’s Angel? She’s on the pencil case. Where’s Angel ?Where’s Angel? She’s under the pencil case.Oh, oh! Lily: Under the desk? B and G: No! Lily: Under the chair? B and G: No! Lily: In the desk? B and G: Yes! 51 A项Where is the blue ruler? Blue ruler? Blue ruler? Where is the blue ruler? It’s under the desk. Where is the red star? red star? red star? Where is the red star? It’s on the wall. Where is the black pencil? Black pencil? Black pencil? Where is the bl ack pencil? It’s in the pencil case. Bill: Where is the blue ruler? Lily: It’s under your desk, 52 A项: Put the pencil in the pencil case. Put the ruler in the pencil case. Put the eraser in the pencil case. Put the pencil case in the backpack.
南桥芯片（South Bridge） 北桥芯片（North Bridge） Memory Controller Hub (MCH)－内存控制中心，Intel 8xx（例如820或840）芯片组中用于控制AGP、CPU、内存（RDRAM）等组件工作的芯片。 ICH（Input/Output Controller Hub，输入/输出控制中心） Front Buffer，前置缓冲 FSAA（Full Scene Anti－aliasing，全景抗锯齿） FSB: Front Side Bus，前置总线，即外部总线 FSE（Frequency Shifter Effect，频率转换效果） FSUB（Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减） FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议） FWH（Firmware Hub，固件中心） GART（Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表） GDI（Graphics Device Interface，图形设备接口） Ghost:（General Hardware Oriented System Transfer，全面硬件导向系统转移） Gigabyte GMCH（Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心） GMR（giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻） Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色 GPF（General protect fault，一般保护性错误） GPIs（General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入） GPS（Global Positioning System，全球定位系统） GPU（Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器） GTF（Generalized Timing Formula，一般程序时间，定义了产生画面所需要的时间，包括了诸如画面刷新率等） GUI（Graphics User Interface，图形用户界面） GVPP（Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器） HAL（Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层） hardware motion compensation（硬件运动补偿） HCI: Host Controller Interface，主机控制接口 HCT：Hardware Compatibility Test，硬件兼容性测试 HDA（head disk assembly，磁头集合） HDSL: High bit rate DSL，高比特率数字订阅线路 HDTV（high definition television，高清晰度电视） HEL: Hardware Emulation Layer（硬件模拟层） HiFD（high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘） high triangle count（复杂三角形计数）
Unit 1 Unit 1 My neighbourhood Excuse me. Where is the hospital? 不好意思。医院在哪里？ Go straight. It's on your right. 直走。在你右手边。 It's next to the restaurant. 紧挨餐厅。 Excuse me. How can I get to the post office? 不好意思。请问怎么去邮局？ Go straight and turn left at the first crossroads. 直走，在第一个十字路口左转。It's between the bookshop and the grocery. 它在书店和杂货店之间。Lesson 1 第一课 A Look, Listen and repeat. 看，听并重复。 restaurant 餐馆 post office 邮局 bank 银行 grocery 食品杂货店 across from 对面 next to 紧邻 between 在……之间 Yaoyao's aunt comes to vist her family. 瑶瑶的阿姨来她家做客。
Yaoyao is showing her around the neighbourhood. 瑶瑶带着她参观街坊。"Look, this is a post office. Our school is next to it." “看，这有一间邮局。我们学校在它旁边。” "Oh, I see. What's that?" "哦，我看到啦。那是什么？” "That's a restaurant. We can eat Beijing duck there. “那是一家餐厅。我们可以在那吃北京烤鸭。" We often have a grocery in the neibourhood. 我们小区还有一间杂货店。 It's across from the park. 就在公园对面。 Mum often buys fruit and vegetables there." 妈妈总在那买水果和蔬菜。” "I want to buy some gifts. Is there a supermarket here?" “我想买一些礼物。这有超市吗？” "Yes, of course. It is between the bank and the park." “当然。就在银行和公园中间。” B Look and say. 看和说。 Where is the bank?银行在哪里 It's between the supermarket and Sunday Park.在超市和周日公园中间。 Lesson 2 第二课 A Look, listen and repeat. 看，听并重复。 turn left 向左转 go straight 直行
duno=don't know u=you ur=your kinda=kind of sorta=sort of 2=two或to 4=for shoulda=should have congrat=congratulation thx=thanks X'mas=Christmas wat=what biz=business ad=advertisement ft.=featuring abt=about pls=please rgds=regards ---问好--- 1,hiho=hola=yo=hi=hey=hellow=你好，大家好 2,wuz up=sup=what's up=(原意：怎么样你？/有什么事儿嘛？)也可作为问好用(当然是比较熟的两个人之间的问候)，回答时有事说事，没事用"nothing/nothin much/not much/nm等回答就可以。 ---再见--- 1,cya=cu=see ya=see you=再见 2,laterz=later=cya later=see ya later=see you later=再见 3,gn=gn8=gnight=good night=晚安 4,nn=nite=晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。 ---惊叹赞扬--- 1,OMG=oh my god=我的天；**！ 2,OMFG=oh my f ucking god=我的老天；**靠； 3,wtf=what the f uck=怎么会事！？；*！； 4,n1=nice 1=nice one=漂亮 5, pwnz=ownz=牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) 6,rullz=强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) 7,you rock!=你牛比！(口语中常用，irc中偶尔能看到。) ---笑--- 1,lol=laughing out loud /laugh out loud=大笑 2,lmao=laughing my ass off=笑的屁股尿流 3,rofl=roll on floor laughing=笑翻天了 排序:hehe 人教版新起点一年级上册单词表Unit 1 book 书，书本 ruler 尺子 pencil 铅笔 schoolbag 书包 teacher 教师 I 我 have 有 a/an 一（个） Unit 2 face 脸 ear 耳朵 eye 眼睛 nose 鼻子 mouth 嘴巴 this 这（个） is 是 my 我的 Unit 3 dog 狗 bird 鸟 tiger 老虎 monkey 猴子 cat 猫 what 什么 it 它 Unit 4 one 一 two 二 three 三 four 四 five 五 six 六seven 七 eight 八 nine 九 ten 十 how 多少 many 多的，许多的 are 是 there （代替主语） Unit 5 black 黑色；黑色的 yellow 黄色；黄色的 blue 蓝色；蓝色的 red 红色；红色的 green 绿色；绿色的 colour 颜色 Unit 6 apple 苹果 pear 梨 banana 香蕉 orange 柑橘；橙 do （助动词） you 你；你们 like 喜欢；喜爱 yes 是，是的 no 不，不是 人教版新起点一年级下册单词表Unit 1 chair 椅子 desk 书桌，写字台blackboard 黑板 on在……上 under 在……下面/下方 in在……里面 where 在哪里 the 放在名词前，特指人、事或物Unit 2 light 灯 bed 床 door 门，出入口 box 箱子，盒子 near 靠近，接近 behind 在...背后 Unit 3 plane 飞机 ball 球 doll 玩偶，玩具娃娃 train 列车，火车 car 小汽车，轿车 bear 玩具熊，熊 can 可以，能够 sure 当然 sorry 对不起，抱歉 Unit 4 rice 米饭，米 noodles 面条 vegetable 蔬菜 fish 鱼肉，鱼 chicken 鸡肉，鸡 egg 鸡蛋 hungry 饥饿的 want 要，想要 and 和 Unit 5 juice 果汁，蔬菜汁 tea 茶，茶叶 milk 奶，牛奶 water 水 thirsty 口渴的thanks 感谢 Unit 6 shirt 衬衫 T-shirt T恤衫，短袖圆领衬衫skirt 裙子 dress 连衣裙，套裙 socks 短袜 shorts 短裤 your 你的，你们的 人教版新起点二年级上册单词表Unit 1 father 父亲 mother 母亲 brother 兄；弟 sister 姐；妹grandmother （外）祖母grandfather （外）祖父 who 谁 he 他 she 她 Unit 2 classmate 同班同学 friend 朋友 woman 女人 girl 女孩 man 男人 boy 男孩 look 看；瞧 his 他的 name 名字 her 她的 or 还是 Unit 3 计算机硬件英汉对照表 VDD、VCC 电源 5VSB = 5V StandBy 待机5V电源 Acer--> 宏基公司?]@8 A/D--> 模拟/数据(@= Address bus--> 地址总线-=:!g ALT=Alternate--> 转换键/更改/更动=. ALT=Alteration Switch--> 转换开关rP AMD=Advanced Micro Devices Inc. --> 高级微设备公司G^(WN AMI=American Megatrends Inc. --> 美国米格特雷德公司%@lu~ AGP=Accelerated Graphics Port --> 图形加速端口} API=Application Program Interface --> 应用程序接口Z6#e9- APM=Advanced Power Driver --> 高级动力驱动器"^p!"_ ASCII=American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换用标准码t2L BIN --> 收集器/二进制+ZTo-u BIOS=Basic Input/Output System --> 基本输入输出系统V%iI` Bit --> 位=RQ Block --> 模块d BS=Backspace --> 退格键^l[?7 Cache --> 高速缓存X9 与外国人聊天常用缩略词 刚上线时一般的使用:----------------------------- 1. Hi 嗨 2. Hey 嘿 3. Yo 喂 4. WOW 哇 5. ICQ 我找你. I seek you. 6. TNS 好久不见. Long time no see. 7. VG 很好 Very good. 8. yep 是 <俚> yes. 9. yup 是 <俚> yes. 10. yeah 是 = yes. 11. RYOK 你好吧? Are you ok? 12. YR 对,是的. yeah,right. 中间有事离开一会儿:----------------------------- 13. bbiam 我很快回来 Be back in a minuta. 14. hang on 等一下. 15. bll 过一会儿回来. Be back late. 16. BRB 很快回来. Be right back. 17. RSN 马上 Real soon now. 19. afk 暂时离开(键盘) away from keyboard. 20. bak 回(键盘前)来了. back at keyboard. 21. BBIAB 马上回来. be back in a bit. 告诉对方欲下线:---------------------------- 22. TAFN 到此为止. That's all for now. 23. GTGB 得走了.再见. Got to go,Bye. 24. SRI 对不起. Sorry. 25. Gotta go 我得走了. Gotta go=have to go=I have to go. 告别:---------------------------------------------- 26. Bye 再见. 27. CU 再见. See you. 28. CU2 再见. See you too. 29. CUL 下次再会. See you later. 30. CUA 再会. See you again. 31. HTH 睡觉去了. Hit the hay (hay <俚> 床) 33. See ya. 再见. See ya = See you (ya 表示 you 或 young adult) 34. AMF 再会,我的朋友. Adios my friend. 人教版新起点英语一年级下册全册教案 (最新) Unit 1 Classroom 单元教材分析： 第一单元主要学习关于教室的3个单词desk,chair,blackboard,三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under；以及询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is …? It’s under/ in/ on…。本单元是学生开学后的第一单元,与学生生活实际紧密联系,学习教室有关的物品名称,易于学生接受,内容简单实用,易于教师操练。本单元为下个单元Room 做了很好的铺垫,由教室到房间,使得下一步的学习变的简单,过度自然。 单元教学目标： 1、语言技能目标 （1）能够听懂、会说与教室有关的三个词汇：chair, desk, blackboard,以及三个表达位置的词汇：under/ in/ on。 （2）能够听懂、会说有关询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is…? It’s under/ in/ on…,并能在恰当的情境中初步运用。 （3）能够听懂简短的课堂指令语, 如：Put your ... in/on/under ...等,并作出相应的反应。 （4）能够借助日常生活图片识别、会说大写英文字母A、B、C、D。 2、情感目标 （1）能够跟随录音大胆模仿说唱歌曲和歌谣。 （2）能够对英语学习保持兴趣,并积极参与课堂上组织的各种活动；能做到有序参与,积极使用英语。 （3）能够在活动中逐步养成爱护教室的课桌椅和学习用品的习惯。 单元教学重点：与教室有关的3个词汇：desk, chair, blackboard；三个表达物品位置的介词：under / in / on。 单元教学难点：句型Where is …? It’s …的使用。 单元课时安排：五课时 第一课时 教学目标： 能够在适当场景下听懂、说出与教室有关的三个词汇：blackboard,desk,chair；以及三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under. 教学重难点： 能听懂、说出与教室有关的三个单词：blackboard,desk,chair；以及三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under。 教学准备：课件 教学时间：年月日 教学过程： 一、热身 教师发出指令,请学生听指令完成任务,如：Show me your ruler / book.等。 常见电脑英文及缩写 作者：ivy 文章来源：Internet 点击数：439 更新时间：2006-11-2 rsonal Computer，个人计算机、个人电脑，又称微型计算机或微机。 twork Computer，网络计算机。 C ltimedia Personal Computer，多媒体个人电脑。 X MultiMedia eXtensions(多媒体扩展)的缩写，是第六代CPU芯片的重要特点。MMX技术是在加入了特地为视频信号(Video Signal)，音频信号(Audio Signal)以及图像处理(Graphical lation)而设计的57条指令，因此，MMX CPU极大地提高了电脑的多媒体(如立体声、视频、三等)处理功能。 tel Pentium 166MHz MMXTM tel Pentium是英特尔(Intel)公司生产的“奔腾”CPU。166MHz指CPU时钟频率，MHz即Mega 的缩写。MMXTM中的TM是“Trade Mark”的简写，意为“注册商标”。 P ject Oriented Programming，面向对象的程序设计。所谓“对象”就是一个或一组数据以及些数据的方法和过程的集合。面向对象的程序设计完全不同于传统的面向过程程序设计，它大 低了软件开发的难度，使编程就像搭积木一样简单，是当今电脑编程的一股势不可挡的潮流。VGA 是指彩色显示器上的黄光网点间距(点距)，点距越小的显示器，图像就越细腻、越好，这是因屏幕上的每个像点都是由一组红、绿、蓝光汇聚而成的，由于在技术上三束光还不能100％地一点上，因此会产生一种黄光网点的间隔，这种间隔越小，屏幕上显示的图像越清晰。VGA是Graphics Array(视频图形阵列)的缩写。 T le Allocation Table，文件分配表，它的作用是记录硬盘中有关文件如何被分散存储在不同信息。 A vironmental Protection Agency的简称，美国环境保护署。EPA于1992年宣布了“能源之nergy Star)计划，并得到了国际社会的积极响应。只要启动电脑，过不了几秒钟就能见到屏现“能源之星”的标志。能源之星的目标是当电脑系统的各个部件不活动时自动进入低功耗状部件的能动性恢复(即当键盘、鼠标等被使用)时，电脑系统自动回到完全清醒的状态。对于符之星规范的产品，EPA将发给能源之星标志“EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER”，意为“美国环境保可的防污染的节能产品”。 卡 telligent Card，智能卡。 X人教版新起点小学英语一起点1-6年级单词表汇总2018
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与外国人聊天常用缩略词
人教版新起点英语一年级下册全册教案 (最新)
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