Part I. 如何翻译双方签订的协议或合同
（Translation Guide: How to Translate an Agreement or a Contract between the Two Involved Parties）
I、General guide for signing an Agreement or a Contract between the Two Parties Involved
Part One: 商务合同、协议的英语翻译
商务合同和协议是双方当事人或单位就某一商业活动协商而签署的合同或达成的协议，是对当事双方都具有约束力的法律性公文。虽然这类公文的种类繁多，但格式较为统一，语言简介精练，内容拘谨缜密。必要时，不厌其烦地重复。在商务合同和协议翻译成英译时，须对其上述三项，特别是后两方面的特证特别留意，否则就会失之毫厘，谬以千里，给当事的一方或双方造成不可挽回的损失。
1．词汇特点
(1)使用公文惯用副词。
商务合同和协议属于法律公文，所以进行英文翻译时，需要使用英语惯用的公文语
词，以使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅。公文语副词是由副词here、there、where 等
分别加上after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, with等副词构成的复合公文语副词。
如hereafter, thereafter, thereon, thereupon, hereinafter等。
Example1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之目生效。
This Contract shall come into force from the date of signing hereof by the Buyer and the
Builder．
(2)准确用词。
商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。英译商务合同时，常常由于选词不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，甚至误译。
Example1：双方都应遵守合同规定。双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
英语中abide by与comply with均意为“遵守”。当主语是人时，须用abide bv，当主语是物时，则用comply with。
Example 2：
翻译时需要注意changeA to B与change A into B的差异。前者意指“把A改为B”，后者意为“把A折合成／兑换成B”。
(3)注意合同细目的翻译
为了避免英译合同中的细目，如金钱、时间、数量等出现差错，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
Example1：如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其他货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and／or cargo on board 商务合同、协议的英语翻译
商务合同和协议是双方当事人或单位就某一商业活动协商而签署的合同或达成的协议，是对当事双方都具有约束力的法律性公文。虽然这类公文的种类繁多，但格式较为统一，语言精练，内容缜密。在英译商务合同和协议时，须对其上述三项，特别是后两项特征特别留意，否则就会失之毫厘，谬以千里，给当事的一方或双方造成不可挽回的损失。
Example1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之目生效。
(2)准确用词。
商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。英译商务合
同时，常常由于选词不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，甚至误译。
Example 1：双方都应遵守合同规定。／双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
英语中abide by与comply with均意为“遵守”。当主语是人时，须用abide bv，当主语是物时，则用comply with。
Example 2：双方同意将交货期改为8月，并将美元折合成港币。
Both parties agree to change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Hong Kong dollar．
翻译时需要注意changeAtoB与changeAintoB的差异。前者意指“把A改为B”，
后者意为“把A折合成／兑换成B”。
(3)注意合同细目的翻译。
为了避免英译合同中的细目，如金钱、时间、数量等出现差错，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
Example1：
英语中的and/or意为“甲方和/或乙方”，这样就可以避免漏译其中的一部分了。
[Example Two]：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
英语中by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的。
2．句法特点
为了保证商务合同与协议翻译的准确，不引起误解，商务合同与协议的英文翻译语句一般较长，插入成分较多，句法结构也较为复杂，多使用条件状语从句、由it作形式主语的主语从句及定语从句等。
[Example Three]：
这是一保密条款中的一部分，从中我们可以看到原文较长，插入成分较多，滴水不漏地表达了句中各个部分之间的关系。
[Example Four]：
商务合同及协议中表示条件的常用的连接词有：if, in case that, in the event that, unless 等。
II．商务合同和协议的汉英翻译
针对合同用言的特征,在英译时常常需要采取一些与目标语文体相吻合的翻译手段或方法。为了说明这一点，这里首先列举中华人民共和国合同法中有关订立合同的法规，逐步说明商务合同的汉英翻译方法。
（中华人民共和国合同法）第二章合同的订立
第九条当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。
当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合同。
第十条当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。
法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面
形式的，应当采用书面形式。
第十一条书面形式是指合同书、信件和数据电文（包括电报、电传、传真、电子
数据交换和电子邮件）等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。
第十二条合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括以下条款：
（一）当事人的名称或者姓名和住所；
（二）标的；
（三）数量；
（四）质量；
（五）价款或者报酬；
（六）履行期限、地点和方式；
（七）违约责任；
（八）解决争议的方法。
当事人可以参照各类合同的示范文本订立合同。
第十三条当事人订立合同，采取要约、承诺方式。
第十四条要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列规定
（一）内容具体确定；
（二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。
第十五条要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖
公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。
商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。
第十六条要约到达受要约人时生效。
采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文
进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人
的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达时间
Conclusion of Contracts
Article 9 In concluding a contract，the parties shall have appropriate civil capacity of right 1d civil capacity of conduct．The parties may conclude a contract through an agent in accordance with the law．
Article 10 The parties may conclude a contract in written，oral or other forms．Where the laws
or administrative regulations require a contract to be concluded in written form．the contract shall be in written form．If the parties agree to do so, the contract shall be concluded in written form.
Article 11 The written forms mean the forms which can show the described contents visibly，such as a written contractual agreement，letters，and data-telex (including telegram，telex，fax，EDI and e-mails)．Article 12 The contents of a contract shall be agreed upon the parties．and shall contain the following clauses in general：
(1)Title or name and domicile of the parties：
(2)Contract object；
(3)Quantity；
(4)Quality；
(5)Price or remuneration；
(6)Time limit，place and method of performance；
(7)Liability for breach of contract；and
(8)Methods to settle disputes．
The parties may conclude a contract by reference to the model text of each kind of contract．Article l3 The parties shall conclude a contract in the form of an offer and acceptance．
Article 14 An offer is a proposal hoping to enter into a contract with other parties．The proposal shall comply with the following stipulations：
(1) Its contents shall be detailed and definite；
(2) It indicates the proposal ofthe offer or to be bound in case of acceptance．
Article 15 An invitation for offer is a proposal for requesting other parties to make offers to the principal．Price forms mailed，public notices of auction and tender,share prospectuses and commercial advertisements．etc．are invitations for offer. Where the contents of a commercial advertisement comply with the terms ofthe offer，it may be regarded as an offer．Article 16 An offer becomes effective when it reaches the Offeree．If a contract is concluded by means of data-telex，and a recipient appoints a specific system to receive the data-telex，the time when the data．telex enters the system shall be the time of arrival；if no specific system is appointed，the time when the data—telex first enters any of the recipient’s systems shall be regarded as the time of arrival．
[Vocabulary Aids]
行政法规administrative regulations 有形地visibly
数据电文data-telex 电报telegram
违约breach of contract 电传telex
标的contract object 报酬remuneration
电子数据交换EDI 争议dispute
参照reference 拍卖auction
招标tender 指定appoint
招股说明书share prospectuses 要约offer
书面解释constructive conditions 赔偿金compensatory damage
驳回dismissed 负责条款exculpatory clause
信托义务fiduciary duty 没收forfeiture
对价consideration 民事权利能力civil capacity of right
特许经营权v. franchise 欺诈fraud
II、住房协议（或称住房合同，或租赁合同）
住房协议（或称住房合同，或租赁合同）对于中国学生或青年出国深造或在国内从事涉外工作，都有一定的实用或参考价值。因为好多词和我们用汉语思维或做事的人难以想到的。如下面的一个住房协议案例：
[Example Five] A House-Leasing Contract （by Housing & Finance ）
A Perfect house-leasing contract is very useful for protecting your benefits, especially when you are living in a strange country and meet language barriers. The sample of
house-leasing contract below would be very helpful when you start to make agreement with householders。In order to protect yourself, detailed information should be listed on the contract, such as location, rental, size, obligations, equipment.
No. __________
Date: __________
Lessor (hereinafter referred to as Party A):
Lessee (hereinafter referred to as Party B):
Party A and B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract.
Location of the premises
Party A will lease to Party B the premises and attached facilities owned by itself which is located at and in good condition for_______.
Size of the premises：
The registered size of the leased premises is square meters (Gross size):
Lease term:
The lease term will be from(month) (day)(year) to(month)(day)(year). Party A will clear the premises and provide it to Party B for use before (month)(day)(year).
Rental:
Amount: the rental will beper month，management fees invoice fees.Party B will pay the rental to Party A in the form of.
Payment of rental will be one installment everymonth(s). The first installment will be paid before(month)(day)(year).Each successive installment will be paid byday of each month. Party B will pay the rental before using the premises and attached facilities (In case Party B pays the rental in the form of remittance, the date of remitting will be the day of payment and the remittance fee will be borne by the remitter.) Party A will issue a written receipt after receiving the payment.
In case the rental is more than 7 working days overdue, Party B will pay 0.3 percent of monthly rental as overdue fine every day, if the rental be paid 10 days overdue, Party B will be deemed to have with drawn from the premises and breach the contract. In this situation, Party A has the right to take back the premises and take actions against party B’s breach.
Deposit
Guarantying the safety and good conditions of the premises and attached facilities and account of relevant fees are settled on schedule during the lease term, party B will pay to party A as a deposit before(month)(day)(year). Party A will issue a written receipt after receiving the deposit.
Unless otherwise provided for by this contract, Party A will return full amount of the deposit without interest on the day when this contract expires and party B clears the premises and has paid all due rental and other expenses.
In case party B breaches this contract, party A has right to deduct the default fine, compensation for damage or any other expenses from the deposit . In case the deposit is not sufficient to cover such items, Party B should pay the insufficiency within ten days after receiving the written notice of payment from Party A.
If Party B can’t normally use the apartment because of Party A , Party A should return the deposit to Party B at once. And, Party B has the right to ask for the compensation from Party A Obligations of Party A
Party A will provide the premises and attached facilities (see the appendix of furniture list for detail) on schedule to Party B for using.
In case the premise and attached facilities are damaged by quality problems, natural damages or accidents, Party A will be resp onsible to repair and pay the relevant expenses. If Party A can ’t repair the damaged facilities in two weeks so that Party B can’t use the facilities normally, Party B has the right to terminate the contract and Party A must return the deposit.
Party A will guarantee the lease right of the premises. In case of occurrence of ownership transfer in whole or in part and other accidents affecting the right of lease by party B, party A shall guarantee that the new owner,and other associated ,third parties shall be bound by the terms of this contract.Otherwise, Party A will be responsible to compensate party B’s losses.
Obligations of Party B
Party B will pay the rental and the deposit on time.
Party B may add new facilities with Party A’s approval. When this cont ract expires, Party B may take away the added facilities without changing the good conditions of the premises for normal use.
Party B will not transfer the lease of the premises or sublet it without Party A’s approval and should take good care of the premises. Otherwise, Party B will be responsible to compensate any damages of the premises and attached facilities caused by its fault and negligence.
Party B will use the premises lawfully according to this contract without changing the nature of the premises and storing hazardous materials in it. Otherwise, Party B will be responsible for the damages caused by it
Party B will bear the cost of utilities such as telephone communications, water, electricity, cable television and gas on time during the lease term.
Termination and dissolution of the contract
Within one month before the contract expires, Party B will notify Party A if it intends to extend the lease. In this situation, two parties will discuss matters over the extension. Under the same terms Party B has the priority to lease the premises.
When the lease term expires, Party B will return the premises and attached facilities to Party A withinthreedays. Any belongings left in it without Party A’s previous understanding will be deemed to be abandoned by Party B. In this situation, Party A has the right to dispose of it and Party A will raise no objection.
This contract will be effective after being signed by both parties. Any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party’s agreement. A nything not covered in this contract will be discussed separately by both parties.
Breach of the contract
During the lease term, any party who fails to fulfill any article of this contract without the other party’s understanding will be deemed to breach th e contract. Both parties agree that the default fine will be. In case the default fine is not sufficient to cover the loss suffered by the faultless party, the party in breach should pay additional compensation to the other party.
Both parties will solve the disputes arising from execution of the contract or in connection with the contract through friendly consultation. In case the agreement cannot be reached, any party may summit the dispute to the court that has the jurisdiction over the matter.
Miscellaneous
Any annex is the integral part of this contract. The annex and this contract are equally valid. There are 3 originals of this contract. Each party and the agent will hold 1 original(s).
Other special terms will be listed bellows:
Brand /Quantity
Air-conditioner
Colour TV
Refrigerator
VCR
VCD /VCD
Music sound
Telephone set
Washing machine
Micro-wave oven
Oven
Gas exhauster
Electric water heater
Gas water heater
Gas stove
Other：
Furniture /Quantity /Furniture /Quantity
Single bed Dinning table
Double bed Dinning chair
Children's bed Secretaire Kitchen wall units
Soft Bedroom wall units
Dress closet Hall wall units
Night stand Coffee table
TV cabinet mattress
Other：
key number
Burglarproof door: Children’s room:
Gate: Bathroom:
Bedroom: Kitchen:
Study:
Water meter reading: Ammeter reading:
Hot water meter reading: Gas meter reading:
Party A:Party B:Intermediary:
ID No:ID NO:ID NO:
Address:Address:Address:
Tel:Tel:Tel: Representative:Representative:Representative:
Date:Date:Date:
房屋租赁合同(上述住房协议的汉语译文)
合同序列号：日期：
出租方（以下简称甲方）：签约地点：
承租方（以下简称乙方）：签约时间：
根据《中华人民共和国合同法》及其他有关法律、法规之规定，甲、乙双方在平等、自愿、协商一致的基础上，就下列房屋的租赁达成如下协议：
第一条房屋的座落、面积及设备
甲方将其合法拥有的座落于楼单元室的房屋出租给乙方使用。甲方将出租的房屋房型为室厅卫，该房屋建筑面积共平方米，房地产权证号为：
甲方提供的设备见附件。
第二条房屋用途
该房屋用途为居住，除双方另有约定外，乙方不得任意改变房屋用途。
第三条租赁期限
租赁期共壹年，自年月日起至年月日止。合同期满后，如甲方仍继续出租房屋的，乙方拥有优先承租权。租赁合同因期满而终止时，如乙方确实无法找到房屋，可与甲方协商酌情延长租赁期限。
第四条租金、押金、杂费及支付方式
1、甲乙双方议定月租金为人民币元整，每三个月结算一次，由乙方以现金方式交纳给甲方。甲方在收到乙方租金后必须开具收据给予乙方。
2、甲乙双方议定押金为人民币元整，押金必须于乙方搬走时全额返还。
3、水费、电费、煤气费、电话费由乙方承担，除此之外其它费用均由甲方承担。
第五条租赁期间的房屋修缮和装饰
甲方有修缮房屋及其所提供设备的责任并承担相关的费用。甲方对出租房屋及其设备应定期检查，及时修缮，以保障乙方安全正常使用。
第六条租赁双方的变更
1、如甲方按法定手续程序将房产所有权转移给第三方时，本合同对新的房产所有者继续有效。
2、乙方需要将房屋转租他人时，应事先征得甲方同意，甲方应当支持乙方的合理要求。
3、租赁期间，任何一方提出终止合同，需提前壹个月通知对方，经双方协商后签订终止合同书，在终止合同书生效前，本合同仍有效。
第七条违约责任
甲乙双方在签署本合同时，具有完全民事行为能力，对各自权利义务责任清楚明白，并按合同规定严格执行。合同双方若一方违反本协定，造成对方损失，应负赔偿责任。
第八条免责条件
1、房屋如因不可抗拒的原因导致损毁或造成损失的，甲乙双方互不承担责任。
2、因市政建设需要拆除或改造已租赁的房屋，使甲乙双方造成损失，互不承担责任。
因上述原因而终止合同的，租金按实际使用时间计算，多退少补。
第九条争议解决的方式
本合同在履行中如发生争议，双方应协商解决；协商不成时，任何一方均可向房屋租赁管理机关申请调解，调解无效时，可向市工商行政管理局经济合同仲裁委员会申请仲裁，也可以向人民法院起诉。
第十条其他条款
1、本合同未尽事宜，经双方协商一致，可订立补充协议。补充协议与本合同不一致的，以补充协议为准。
2、本合同及其补充协议内空格部分填写的文字与打印文字具有同等效力。
3、本合同及其补充协议未规定的事项，均遵照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规和政策执行。
4、本合同正本壹式贰份。甲乙双方各执壹份，签字即生效。
出租方：（签名）承租方：（签名）地址：地址：
电话：电话：
身份证号码：身份证号码：
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针对合同的特征,在英译时常常需要采取一些与目标语文体相吻合的翻译手段或方法。
1. 合理补充公文语惯用副词。为了使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅,且符合英文商务合同的表达习惯,在英译时,酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,会使译文更地道、流畅。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副词常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。
实际上,这种公文语惯用副词为数并不多,而且构词简单易记，常用的这类副词是由here 、there、where 等副词分别加上after , by, in, of , on, to , under, upon, with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。
[Example IX] 合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
译文: This Contract hereby comes into effect from the date of execution by the Purchaser and the Builder.
比较: This Contract comes into effect from the date signed by the Buyer and the Builder.
[Example X] 下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。
译文: The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is appropriate are made in China.
比较: The signer below agrees that the new products are made in China and this trade name is appropriate.
从以上两句译文比较发现: Example IX 中合理补充了hereby 后更充分地体现了“签署”和“生效”的因果关系,译文更有逻辑感; Example X 补充了hereby和whereto 两个副词后,把两个并列分句改编成了从属关系, 更符合原文表达, 加入古体连词whereto 引导定语从句,与“to which”同义。
2. 谨慎选词,力克模糊。英译商务合同时,常常由于选词不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此,了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别极为重要,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一。下面用几个典型实例加以说明。
[Example XI] 双方都应遵守/ 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
译文: Both parties shall abide by/ All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.
句中的两个“遵守”翻译应不一样。当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用comply with 英译“遵守”。
[Example XII]发票货值须货到付给。
译文: The invoice value is to be paid on / upon arrival of the goods.
[Example XIII]卖方须在6 月15 日(含当日) 前将货交给买方。
译文: The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15. (or : before June 16)
[Example XIV]我公司的条件是: 3 个月内,即不得晚于5 月1 日,支付现金。
译文: Our terms are cash payment within three months , i. e. on or before (or : not later than) May 1.
[Example XV]本合同有效期至2012 年1 月1 日。
译文: This Contract expires till January 1 ,2012 (inclusive) .
Examples 12 至15 都含有时间的不同表达方式。[Example XII] 中“······到后,就······”须用介词on/ upon ,而不用after ,因为after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。Example13中“······之前”要根据具体情况确定,如果包括所写日期,就用介词by ,如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词before 。英语中,时间的界定只有依靠介词的微小区别来判别,翻译时应慎之又慎。
[Example XVI]交货期改为8 月并将美元折合成人民币。
译文:Both parties agree that the time of shipment is changed to August and the US dollar is changed into RMB.
Example[Example XVI]中,英译“把A 改为B”用“change A to B”,英译“把A 折合成/ 兑换成B”用“change A into B”, 两者不可混淆。另外, shipping advice 和shipping instructions 不一样,前者是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主) 发给进口商(买主) 的,而后者则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主) 发给出口商(卖主) 的。
3. 慎重处理合同细目。一般来说,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,不是大的陈述性条款,恰恰是一些关键的细目,比如金钱、时间、数量等。
为了避免出差错,英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
[Example XVII]如果上述货物对船舶和(或) 船上其他货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。
译文: The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/ or cargo onboard.
[Example XVIII]买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
[Example XVIII] This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller , whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
Example17 中的“和(或) ”用对等的“and/ or”能完整准确地表达双方应承担的责任。Example18中的“by and between”强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行
合同所赋予的责任,比单纯的用“by”更准确合理,这种表达往往作为英文合同的开头。
[Example XIX]聘方须每月付给受聘方500 美元整。
译文:Party A ( The Employer) shall pay Party B ( The Employee) a monthly salary of US ＄500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY) .
[Example XIX]中金额的表达也是英文合同中的惯用方法,即在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,在大写文字前加上“SAY”, 意为“大写”, 在最后加上“ONLY”,意思为“整”。必须注意小写与大写的金额数量要一致。另外,在表达金额时,必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。还有金额中是小数点还是分节号,千万不得疏忽,否则后果不堪设想。
C、海洋货物运输包装、发货及保险单填写要求（Demands of packaging of marine cargo, named port shipment and delivery, and transportation Insurance Policy,）
[Sample IV] 原产地证书
V
consign v. 委托marks n. 唛头
criteria n. 标准certification n. 证明
undersign v. 签署hereby adv. 以此方式
comply with v. 符合specified adj. 规定的，指定的
[Sample V] 指定装运港远洋交货
Original text：
启运港船上交货(Free On Board)
“启运港船上交货”是当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。这意味着买方必须从该点起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。FOB术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。
该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。如当事各方无意越过船舷交货，则应使用FCA术语。
A、卖方义务
B、买方义务
AI、提供符合合同规定的货物
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票或有同等作用的电子信息，以及销售合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
B1 支付价款
买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。
A2许可证、其他许可和手续
卖方必须自担风险和费用，取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。
B2许可证、其他许可和手续
买方必须白担风险和费用，取得任何进口许可证或其他官方许可，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物进口和在必要时从他国过境所需的一切海关手续。
A3运输合同和保险合同
(a)运输合同
无义务。
(b)保险合同
无义务。
B3运输合同和保险合同
(a)运输合同
买方必须白付费用订立从指定的装运港运输货物的合同。
(b)保险合同
无义务。
A4交货
卖方必须在约定的口期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。
B4受领货物
买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时受领货物。
A. THE SELLER’S OBLIGATIONS ．
B. THE BUYER’S OBLIGATl0NS
A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice，or its equivalent electronic message，in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity winch may be required by the contract．
B1 Payment of the price
The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale．
A2 Licenses，authorizations and formalities
The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export license or other official authorization and carry out，where applicable，all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods．
B2 Licenses，authorizations and formalities
The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import license or other official authorization and carry out，where applicable，all customs formalities for the import of the goods and，where necessary，for their transit through any country．
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a)Contract of carriage
No obligation
b)Contract of insurance
No obligation
B3 Contract of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment．
b)Contract of insurance
No obligation．
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyer．
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in accordance
Part II
How to Write an Agreement or a Contract between the Two
Involved Parties
如何撰写双方签订的协议或合同
I.合同撰写的基本项目和格式要求
合同或协议，通常都是为了共同的利益，双方同意建设某种工程项目或开展某种科研交流，雇佣人员等在志愿基础上结果协商而签订的一种凭证。要求各方都履行所规定的义务，保证享受充分的权利。合同有许多类型，但格式基本相同下面以商业合同为例看看合同的基本行文格式。一份正式的商业合同通常包括标题、序言、正文、结尾及附件。
1．标题
常以“合同”（Contract）的字样为题，为使合同标题标示内容的意思清楚
明白，让人一目了然，可标明合同的性质或交易货物的名称。如《××产品专有技术合同》、《中国广东格力空调出口蒙古人民共和国销售合同》等。
2．序言
该部分一般要并列分行，写明立约单位的全称(或简称，用“买方、卖方”或“甲方、乙方”（Party A and Party B）表示)和代表人签约日期、地点、依据及缘由。我国对外贸易公司的国际货物的销售合同，多在合同标题下方右侧标出合同编号。
3．正文
即合同的主体，分条列出各项条款的具体内容。通常是：
①定义条款。
②基本条款(即主要条款，是合同的核一心)。
③一般条款(即共性条款，法律性比较强)，含：
a．合同的有效期。
b．违约及索赔。
e．合同的转让。
d．不可抗力。
e．全部协议(指合同签订后，所有在此以前有过的意向
书、备忘录、协议书等都不再有效，而以合同为准)。
f．准据法或适用的法律。
g．仲裁及法院管辖。
h．通知(规定通知的送达方式及由合同目的而确定的通知送达人)。
i．文字(规定合同所用的语言文字)。
4．结尾
即双方签名。在合同正文下，双方的名称分列于左右两侧。双方代表单位的名称、代表的姓名要亲笔签于合同上。
有些规格要求较高的合同，还需要注明签约日期及正、副本份数，双方分执的份数。
5．附件
根据需要可以备有附件。合同的附件是合同的不可分割的组成部分，譬如下列情况下常用附件：双方商定的某些内容不宜在合同中作详细说明，但又需交代的，则可备附件作说明；有些商品规格复杂，在合同规格项下未能详细列出，也可用附件说明；大型设备的验收一安装、派遣人员等事宜，也用附件说明；多次成交的同类产品第一次制订合同，以后每一次成交可只用附件交换形式进行。
[Sample I] Contract for Sale of Goods
Agreement made and entered into this [date] , by and between [name of seller], of [address] [city] , [state] , herein referred to as "Seller", and [name of buyer] , of [address] [city] , [state] , herein referred to as "Buyer".
Seller hereby agrees to transfer and deliver to buyer, on or before [date] , the following goods:
Buyer agrees to accept the goods and pay for them in accordance with the terms of the contract.
Buyer and Seller agree that identification shall not be deemed to have been made until both parties have agreed that the goods in question are to be appropriated and fulfill the requirements of performance of said contract with the buyer.
Buyer agrees to pay for the goods at the time they are delivered and at the place where he receives said goods.
Goods shall be deemed received by buyer when delivered to address of buyer as herein described.
Until such time as said goods have been received by buyer, all risk of loss from any causualty to said goods shall be on seller.
Seller warrants that the goods are now free from any security interest or other lien or encumbrance, that they shall be free from same at the time of delivery, and that he neither knows nor has reason to know of any outstanding title or claim of title hostile to his rights in the goods.
Buyer has the right to examine the goods on arrival and has [number] of days to notify seller of any claim for damages on account of the condition, grade or quality of the goods. That said notice must specifically set forth the basis of his claim, and that his failure to either notice seller within the stipulated period of time or to set forth specifically the basis of his claim will constitute
irrevocable acceptance of the goods.
This agreement has been executed in duplicate, whereby both buyer and seller have retained one copy each, on [date] .
______________________________
______________________________
[Signatures]
[Notes to the above Sample] 在上面的合同例文中，buyer 和seller, 在正式合同中，均可以Party A 和Party B 替换。
[Sample II] Car Selling Contract
This contract is tagged with these keywords: car selling contract, car, automobile, motor vehicle, bill of sale
Contract for Purchase of a Car
Buyer's Name and Address, and Seller's Name andAddress are omitted.
The Seller hereby conveys to the Buyer full ownership and title to the motor vehicle described below:
Description of Motor Vehicle Sold:
Year ___________ Make ________ Model _______
VIN: _______________________________________________
The Buyer hereby agrees to pay the Seller $X on MM/DD/YY, and $Y on the Nth day of each month beginning MM/DD/YY, until all payments made to the Seller total $X.
If Buyer fails to make a payment on or before its due date, a late fee of $X shall be added to the balance due and shall be payable immediately.
Both parties hereby agree that this is an "as-is" sale, with no warranties of any kind expressed or implied.
This agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of ______________ and the County of _________________ and any applicable U. S. laws.
The parties hereby signify their agreement to the terms above by their signatures affixed below:
_____________________________________
Buyer's signature, date
_________________________________
Seller's signature, date
This contract is tagged with these keywords: car selling contract, car, automobile, motor vehicle, bill of sale
(Formatted and ready to use with Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or any other word processor that can open the .DOC file format.)
[Sample III] (Contract of Employment聘约合同)
Contract of Employment
The Foreign Languages Department of the Sichuan Normal University(the engaging party)has engaged Mr．Patrick(the engaged party)as a teacher of English．The two parties in the spirit of friendship and cooperation have entered into an agreement to sign and to comply with the present contact．
1．The term of service is one year，that is，from Sept．1，2005，the first day of the term of office，to Sept．1，2006，the last day of the term of office．
2．By mutual consultation the work of the engaged party is decided as follows：
(1)Training teachers of English，research students and students taking refresher courses；
(2)Conducting senior English classes and advising students on extra-curricular activities of the language：
(3)Compiling English textbooks and supplementary teaching materials，undertaking tape recording and other work connected with the language；
(4)Having 14 up to 16 teaching periods in a week．
3．The engaged party works five days a week and eight hours a day．The engaged party will have legal holidays as prescribed by the Chinese Government．The vacation is fixed by the school calendar．
4．The engaging party pays the engaged party a monthly salary of sixty hundred Yuan(Chinese currency)and provides him with various benefits．
5．The engaged party must observe the regulations of the Chinese Government concerning residence，wages and benefits，and travel for foreigners when entering，leaving and passing through the territory of the country，and must follow the working system of the engaging party．The engaging party welcomes any suggestions put forward by the engaged party and will take them into favorable consideration in so far as circumstances permit．The engaged party will observe the decisions of the engaging party and is to do his work in the spirit of active cooperation to accomplish the tasks assigned．
6．Neither party shall without sufficient cause or reason cancel the contract．
If the engaging party finds it imperative to terminate the contract，then，in addition to bearing the corresponding expenses "or wages and benefits，it must pay the engaged party one month’s extra salary as compensation allowance，and arrange for him and his
family to go back to their own country within a month．
If the engaged party submits his resignation in the course of his service，the engaging party will stop paying him his salary from the day when his resignation is approved by the engaging party，and the engaged party will no longer enjoy the wages and benefits provided．When leaving China，the engaged party and his family will have to pay for everything themselves．
7．The present contract comes into effect on the first day of the term of service herein stipulated and ceases to be effective at its expiration．If either pany wishes to renew the contract，the other party shall be notified before it expires．Upon agreement by both parties through consultation a new contract may be signed．
8．The engaged party agrees to a1I the articles in this contract．
9．The present contract is done in Chinese and English，both versions being equally valid．(Signature)
The engaging party The engaged party
(Signature) (Signature)
May 10，2010 May 10，2010
合同翻译 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词: 特此, 因此,兹用法: 常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后, 紧邻主语. 例1 ： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内, 按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价, 或合同规定的 其它应支付的款项, 以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1) hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2) covenant: v. makea formal agreement 立约, 签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement 具有法律约束的正式合同
(4) therein: in the Works 在本工程中 (5) the Contract Price: 合同总价, 指工程的总造价 (6) such...as: 关系代词, 相当于that, which (7) under: in accordance with 根据, 按照 (8) the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract 合同条款 例2 ： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 注释： ( 1) hereby ：特此 ( 2) to the best of our knowledge ：as far as we know 据我们所知 ( 3) foregoing statement ：above-mentioned statement 上述声明 ( 4) herein ：in this, in the statement 在声明中 ( 5) documentary proof ：证明文件参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。 This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter
一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。 例3： This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方 （3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 英语合同的特点和翻译 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________
一.用词特点与翻译要点 合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性1.要求选词专业化（professional）,正式（formal）. 准确（accurate）.具体体现在下列方面： 1, may, shall, must, may not （或shall not）的使用 may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候）， must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not（或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。May not do在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not，但 may do不能。 2, 用语正式（formal） 合同英语有着严肃的风格，如"因为"的短语多用" by virtue of ",远远多于"due to" 一般不用a because of;" 财务年度末 "一般用"at the close of the fiscal year",而不用"in the end of the fiscal year";"在之前"一 般用 ................... "prior to ",而不用"before"; 关于 "常用" as regards’, concerning '或"relating to ",而不会用"about";"事实上" 用"in effect",而不用"in fact":"开始" 用 "commencement",而不用"start"或"begin";"停止做" 用"cease to do",而不用"stop to do";何时开会并由某 某主持"的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中"召开" 不用"hold 或call",而用"convene";"主持’不用"chair" 或"be in charge of "而用"preside";"其他事项" 用"miscellaneous",而不用"other matters/events"; 理解合同"用"construe a contract"或"comprehend a contract"或"comprehend a contract",而不用"understand a contract";"认为"用"deem",用"consider"少，不用”think”或"believe". 3, 用词专业（technical） 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的” 瑕疵”，”救济“，“不可抗力”，“管辖”，“毁损”，“失业”等就可能让非行业人士费 解，在英语以上表达分另U为defect ,remedy, force 马绝热，jurisdiction , damage and/or loss。 另夕卜几乎每个合同者E 少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of, hereby,用"compensation"; 不动产转让 " 用"conveyance",而不用"transfer of real estate";"房屋出租"用"tendency",而"财产出租"用"lease of property";"停止"用"wind up a business" 或"cease （名词是cessation） a business,而不用"end/stop a business"; 依照合同相关规定“或一般说"pursuant to provisions contained herein"或"as provided herein" 等，不说'according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract ”。 4, 同义词，近义词，相关词的并列使用 英文合同出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，made and entered into", by and between", for and in consideration of", covenants and agreements", 6n the terms and subject to the conditions" terms and conditions" "release and discharge' 5, 古英语与外来词的应用（borrowing words） 使用古英语最为突出的是较多使用here, there, where加后缀in, by after, from 等介词构成的 词。在法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，避免歧义，使行文准确，简洁。常用例词 如下: hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter, thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith, whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc. 合同中也会使用一些外来词汇，常用的有拉丁语和法语词汇。如比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多；从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer,不经常用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance, 委托代理人多用agent ad litem
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。 合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.doczj.com/doc/569830204.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:
英文合同中简单长句的翻译技巧 英文合同中使用的大量长句，主要分为三大类：简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系，然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。今天我们就先说一下简单长句和并列长句的翻译。 简单长句及其翻译 在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系；然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分，翻译时以句子的主干为主导；最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。下面举三个简单长句翻译的例子来说明： 1．The Buyers may， within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination， lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspecti on Certificate issued by areputable public surveyor. 这是一个简单长句，其主干为The Buyers may…lodge a claim…。 修饰谓语动词的状语有三个， a.分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination b.方式 being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public survey or和 c.目的for short-weight 而且状语中还有状语，作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语 by a reputable public surveyor。 众多状语，尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活，然而按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前；而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理，例如本句中的时间状语，可以提前至句首。因此，上句可译成：货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。 2. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract，the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by openin g an irrevocable L/C for the fullamount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller t hrough a bank at export port. 此句的主干为…the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price…to the Seller，其中含有一个时间状语 within30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。
英文合同翻译汇总【是栓哥呕心沥血之作吗？】来源：卢瑞的日志 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employ er hereby cov enants to pay the Contractor in conside ration of the execution and completio n of the Works and the remedy ing of defects therein the C ontract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the prov isions of the C ont ract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the C ontract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)he reby: by reason of this 特此 (2)cov enant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Wo rks在本工程中 (5)the C ontract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, w hich (7)under: in accordance w ith 根据,按照 (8)the prov isions of the C ontract: terms and conditio ns of the C ontract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our know ledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all av ailable information and data hav e been supplied herein, and that w e agree to prov ide documentary proof upon y our request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our know ledge：as far as w e know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：abov e-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。 例3： This C ontract is hereby made and concluded by and betw een C o. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and C o. (hereinaft er referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), C hina, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amic able consultation. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方 （3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上 （4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商 参考译文：
【摘要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言，用词准确、正式、严谨，具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析，探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。 【关键词】商务英文合同词汇特征翻译 商务合同是商品经济的产物，它随着商品经济的产生而产生，也随着商品经济的发展而发展，是商品交换关系在法律上的体现，受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天，国际商务活动日益频繁，贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务，具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点，同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。 一、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体(frozen style)，正式文体(formal style)，商议文体（consultative style），随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical term留学生论文网https://www.doczj.com/doc/569830204.html, s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义，且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据，商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如，policy（保险单），negotiable（可转让的），liability（责任、义务），right of recourse （追索权），factoring（保理）等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释，简化交易过程，提高工作效率。 2.法律专业术语 为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务，商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语，此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多，如：imputed negligence (转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移，它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障，是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语，如action(诉讼)，party(当事人)，financial responsibility(经济责任，指违约责任，具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性，因此要格外留意。如，“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受，合同随即订立。”而实际上，“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语，其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”，前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意，而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。 3.外来词和古体词 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语，有些则是由其词根派生或合成，许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定，利于精确地表达概念，例如：ad valorem duty (拉丁语)从价(关)税，bona fide holder (拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人，pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语，即proportional tax rate)，insurance premium per capita (拉丁语)人均保险费，force majeure(法语)不可抗力，pro forma (拉丁语)估算表。
编号： QT-20217637 甲 方：______________________________ 乙 方：______________________________ 日 期：_________年________月_______日 英文翻译合同书范本 The parties shall, when making a contract, have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct.
[标签: titlecontent] 甲方全名: 乙方全名: 甲乙双方经友好协商,就资料翻译服务事宜签订此合同。合同中价格以人民币为单位(含税)。 一、甲方委托乙方将主题为_______________资料由__________文译成__________文,资料共计为字(终以实际的翻译字数为准),甲方同意为此交付对应的服务费用。 二、交稿日期及方式:从合同生效日(即甲方支付翻译费定金日)开始的_____天内(不包括周六,周日),也就是______年_____月_____日起至______年_____月_____日止。如果实际的翻译字数超过了合同约定字数,则按每日平均_____字的速度顺延。如果乙方在合同期内未能完成该翻译项目,则乙方必须按照甲方指定的日期内完成未完成的部分(即该部分)。如果仍未按时完成,则甲方有权仅支付乙方翻译费用总额的5%。稿件交付方式为_____。为减轻双方核算的麻烦,双方在此同意,乙方交稿后,甲方在两日内(确认期)对其予以确认,包括数量和质量。超过两日甲方未做任何答复, 则视为甲方对乙方所交付的翻译稿件为可接
商务合同英译的注意事项(实例版) 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereonthereupon；在其下：thereunder；对于这个：hereto；对于那个：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。 2.1 shipping advice与shipping instruction sshipping advice是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而shipping instructions则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与vendee(买主)，consignor(发货人)与consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。 2.2abide by与comply with
商务英语合同翻译的特点与技巧 与的有无区别 在英语中，合同一般称为，协议一般称为。 何谓“”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对定义为：A t , , , . 根据这一定义，合同平 等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 H. 编著的“”中将定义为“ a , a , , a .”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律 救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 在其编撰的字典“A ”给的定义：“ a ”根据这一 定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“”，即可将事同说成是“” 或者说成是“”，也可以说：。
何谓“”? “A , , , .”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 “”有两个定义。一个是：“A , ”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是： , , , a .根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 (合同)和(协议)是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 编著的“A ”提到“”
1. (要约和绝对接受) 2. (意思表示一致，也叫 ) 3. (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. (同意的真实性) 5. (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. (标的物的合法性) 7. (履行的可能性) 8. (条款的确定性) 9. (等价有偿) “”中解释道： "", a , . a ." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（）。
合同英文 合同英文 第一篇： 合同英文this ontrat is made in to originals that should be held b eah part. 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。hat is left unmentioned in ontrat ma be added there as an appendix. 本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。 the ontrat is ritten in quadrupliate hih shall bee valid on the date of signature. 本合同一式四份（正副本各两份）自签署后生效 this ontrat is exeuted in to ounterparts eah in hinese and english, eah of hih shall be deemed equall authenti. this ontrat is in 2 opies effetive sine being signedsealed b both parties. 本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签字（盖章）之日起生效。 this ontrat is made b and beteen the buers and sellers，hereb the buers agree to bu and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. modities aording to the terms and onditions stipulated belo. 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。