Unit 6 How Service Experiences Affect Students During college，service participants exhibit greater increases in social self confidence and leadership ability than do non-participants.
大学期间，参加社会服务的学生比不参加社会服务的学生更能提高自己的领导能力和社交方面的自信。
1. Currently，higher education is confronting urgent calls to return to its original mission of developing a well-informed, critically thinking, and civically engaged citizenry.
当前对高等教育最迫切的要求是它能重新担负起其最初的使命，即培养广闻博见、独立思考、社会意识强的公民。
2．What exactly can higher education do to promote citizenship development among students, and at the same time address the myriad problems that continue to plague society?
高等教育究竟该怎样才能做到既能进一步提高学生的公民意识，又能解决仍在困扰社会的诸多问题呢？
3. One answer may be found within the college or university curriculum, through the simple but extremely powerful pedagogical tool known as "service learning". The basic idea behind service learning is to use a community or public service experience to enhance the meaning and impact of traditional course content. Connecting service directly with academic courses makes it quite different from "volunteer" work that is performed in the community. Service learning also involves more than simply sending a class of students into communities for additional course credit. Properly designed service learning courses relate the community service experience to the course material and require that students reflect on their experiences through writings, discussions, or class presentations. Service learning not only enriches traditional course content by giving the student an opportunity to "test" or "demonstrate" abstract theory in the real world, it also improves the quality of the service being performed by giving it an intellectual underpinning.
一种解决方案在于大学的课程设置，即把“社会服务学习”作为简
单但强有力的教育工具。“服务学习”的深层含义就是运用社区或公共服务经验来提高传统课堂教学内容的意义和影响，把社会服务直接同教学内容结合在一起，这与通常所说的“自愿者”到社区服务是完全不同的。“社会服务学习”也不意味着简单地把一班学生送到社区去以获取额外的学分。设计合理的“社会服务学习”课程是把社区服务经理用课堂内容联系在一起，并要求学生以书面、讨论或课堂发言的形式对自己的精力进行认真的思考。通过给学生提供机会，使他们能在现实社会中“验证”或“正面”抽象的理论。“社会服务学习”课程不仅丰富了传统的教学内容，而且为社会服务提供了知识基础，使其提高了服务质量。
4. Service learning may be implemented in any number of academic fields. For example, students enrolled in a psychology class could conduct counseling, mentoring, or drug education for at-risk school children. We have also examined the relationship between the service experience and 35 college outcomes in the following areas: civic responsibility, academic attainment, and life skills. The most remarkable result of the study was that all 35 student outcome measures were favorably influenced by service participation.
在任何一个学术领域中，“社会服务学习”都能够推广起来。例如，学心理学的学生就可以为那些处于危险状态的中小学生提供咨询、指导和戒毒教育的服务。为考察学生成绩和社区服务经验的关系，对大学生35门课程的学习成绩进行了一下几方面的考察：公民责任感、学术成就和生活能力。最明显的结果是：参见社会服务学习活动对学生35门课程的成就都产生了良好的影响。
5. The effects of service are the strongest in the area of civic responsibility. For example, students are asked to indicate how much their "'commitment to serving the community" had changed since entering college. More than twice as many service participants as non-participants (60 percent versus 28 percent) reported on the follow-up questionnaire that their commitment to serving the community was either "stronger" or "much stronger" than their commitment had been when they were
freshmen. Equally impressive are the results on students' plans for the near future: more than four times as many service participants as non-participants (39 percent versus 9 percent) indicated that they planned to do volunteer work in the coming fall. Further, during college, student participants were much more likely than non-participants to strengthen their commitment to the following life goals: promoting racial understanding, participating in community action programs, and influencing social values.
在公民责任感方面，社会服务的影响虽强。例如，在要求学生回答入学以来他们的“社区服务贡献意识”是如何改变的时候，许多参加社会服务的学生在跟踪调查的问卷中回答道，他们的社会服务贡献意识比上大学一年级时“增强”或者“比以前强多了”，这个人数是不参加社会服务的两倍多（60%比28%）。对学生们的近期计划的问卷结果也同样受人关注，比不参加社会服务者多4倍的社会服务参加者（39%比9%）表示，他们准备在这个秋季去从事自愿者工作。此外，在大学期间，参加社会服务的学生比那些不参加社会服务的学生更有可能加强他们在下列生活目标上的贡献意识：促进种族间的理解、参加社区行动计划项目和影响社会价值观念。
6．Perhaps the most commonly voiced objection to volunteer participation during the under-graduate years is that it consumes time and energy that the student might otherwise devote to "academic" pursuits. This argument has been laid to rest by the results of our longitudinal analyses, which reveal significant positive effects on all ten academic outcomes included in the study. While the analyses reveal that the net benefit attributable to service participation is quite small in the case of a student's grade point average-- about 1 grade point -- the fact remains that the effect is indeed positive and statistically significant. Among students who had at least a B＋average in high school, 69 percent of the service participants (compared to 56 percent of the non-participants) were able to maintain at least a B＋average in college. Among those who entered college with a B or lower average, 27 percent of the service participants
(compared to 19 percent of the non-participants) were able to improve to at least a B＋average in college.
反对在大学期间自愿参加社会服务的最普遍的呼声也许是认为社会服务占去了学生的时间和精力，否则，学生会用这些时间和精力去做学术研究。这一争论已随着我们纵向分析结果的出现而平息。因为分析结果表明10门学习成绩都受到社会服务显著的正面影响。分析表明，尽管从学生的平均积分点看，对他们直接的收益很小----大约为一个积分点，但事实上其影响是积极的，从统计学角度来看很明显。在那些高中成绩至少是平均B+的学生中，69%的参加社会服务的学生（同56%的不参加社会服务的学生相比）能在大学保持至少平均B+的成绩；在那些入学时成绩为B或低于平均分的学生中，27%的参加社会服务的学生（19%不参加社会服务的学生相比）能在大学至少将成绩提高到平均为B+。
7. Service participants also are significantly more likely than non-participants to report "stronger" or "much stronger" changes during college in general knowledge, knowledge of a field or discipline, and preparation for graduate or professional school. Participants are more likely than non-participants to report that they did extra work for courses. Finally, although both groups show a net decline between pre-test and post-test in their aspirations for doctoral or advanced professional degrees, the decline is significantly greater among non-participants.
有意义的是，在基础知识方面，在某一领域或学科知识方面，以及在准备攻读研究生学位或专业学位方面，参加社会服务的学生比那些不参加社会服务的学生更有可能说大学期间他们有了“较强”或“强得多”的变化。参加社会服务的学生比那学不参加社会服务的学生往往学的课程更多一些。最后，社会服务活动后的调查分析表明，尽管两组学生在攻读博士学位或高级专业学位方面的愿望和活动前的调查分析相比都有所下降，但那些不参加社会服务的学生下降程度更大些。
8. In the area of life skills, service participants show greater positive change than do non-participants in terms of all eight outcomes analyzed,
with the largest differences occurring in understanding community problems, knowledge of different races/cultures, acceptance of different races/cultures, and interpersonal skills. Other significant differences that …favor service participants include understanding the nation's social problems, the ability to work cooperatively, skills in conflict resolution, and the ability to think critically.
在生活能力上，从所分析的8门课程成绩看，参加社会服务的学生比那些不参加社会服务的的学生表现出更为积极的变化。其中最大的变化在于对社会问题的理解，对不同种族/文化的认识，对不同种族/文化的认可，以及人际交往能力的提高。其他有益的变化还包括对这个国家的社会问题的理解，合作能力、解决社会冲突问题的能力以及严谨思考的能力的提高。
9. The "real world" value of service participation further reveals itself in the positive effects observed in three areas of student satisfaction: leadership opportunities, relevance of coursework to everyday life, and preparation for future career. Finally, during college, service participants exhibit greater increases in social self-confidence and leadership ability than do non-participants.As a matter of fact, while service participants show increases during college in their self-rated leadership abilities, non-participants actually show slight decreases in theirs.
参与社会服务的现实价值进一步显示在令学生满意的三个积极作用上：提供领导机遇、课堂教学与日常生活密切联系、为将来的择业做好准备。最后，在大学期间，参加社会服务的学生社交自信心和领导能力比那学不参加社会服务的学生都提高的快。事实上，在参加社会服务的学生自我评价领导能力提高的同时，那些不参加社会服务的学生却表明了在这方面的能力略有下降。
打印看外国文献的方法 1.科研牛人一（从phd到现在工作半年,发了12篇paper, 7篇first author.） 我现在每天还保持读至少2-3篇的文献的习惯.读文献有不同的读法.但最重要的自己总结概括这篇文献到底说了什么,否则就是白读,读的时候好像什么都明白,一合上就什么都不知道,这是读文献的大忌,既浪费时间,最重要的是,没有养成良好的习惯,导致以后不愿意读文献. 1. 每次读完文献(不管是细读还是粗读), 合上文献后,想想看,文章最重要的take home message是什么, 如果不知道,就从abstract, conclusion里找, 并且从discuss里最好确认一下. 这样一来, 一篇文章就过关了. take home message其实都不会很多, 基本上是一些concepts, 如果你发现你需要记得很多,那往往是没有读到重点. 2.扩充知识面的读法, 重点读introduction, 看人家提出的问题, 以及目前的进展类似的文章, 每天读一两篇,一个月内就基本上对这个领域的某个方向有个大概的了解.读好的review也行, 但这样人容易懒惰. 3. 为了写文章的读法,读文章的时候, 尤其是看discussion的时候, 看到好的英文句型, 最好有意识的记一下,看一下作者是谁,哪篇文章,哪个期刊, 这样以后照猫画虎写的时候,效率高些.比自己在那里半天琢磨出一个句子强的多. 当然,读的多,写的多,你需要记得句型就越少.其实很简单,有意识的去总结和记亿, 就不容易忘记. 2.科研牛人二告诉研究生怎么看文献，怎么写论文 一、先看综述先读综述,可以更好地认识课题,知道已经做出什么，自己要做什么,,还有什么问题没有解决。对于国内文献一般批评的声音很多.但它是你迅速了解你的研究领域的入口,在此之后,你再看外文文献会比一开始直接看外文文献理解的快得多。而国外的综述多为本学科的资深人士撰写，涉及范围广，可以让人事半功倍。 二、有针对地选择文献针对你自己的方向,找相近的论文来读,从中理解文章中回答什么问题,通过哪些技术手段来证明,有哪些结论?从这些文章中,了解研究思路,逻辑推论,学习技术方法. 1.关键词、主题词检索：关键词、主题词一定要选好，这样，才能保证你所要的内容的全面。因为，换个主题词，可以有新的内容出现。 2. 检索某个学者：查SCI,知道了某个在这个领域有建树的学者，找他近期发表的文章。 3. 参考综述检索：如果有与自己课题相关或有切入点的综述，可以根据相应的参考文献找到那些原始的研究论文。 4. 注意文章的参考价值：刊物的影响因子、文章的被引次数能反映文章的参考价值。但要注意引用这篇文章的其它文章是如何评价这篇文章的 三、如何阅读文献 1.注重摘要：摘要可以说是一个论文的窗口。多数文章看摘要，少数文章看全文。真正有用的全文并不多，过分追求全文是浪费，不可走极端。当然只看摘要也是不对的。多数文章题目、摘要简单浏览后，直接把几个Figure及Title与legend一看，一般能掌握大部分。 2.通读全文：读第一遍的时候一定要认真，争取明白每句的大意，能不查字典最好先不查字典。因为读论文的目的并不是学英语，而是获取信息，查了字典以后思维会非常混乱，往往读完全文不知所谓。可以在读的过程中将生字标记，待通读全文后再查找其意思。 3.归纳总结：较长的文章，容易遗忘。好在虽然论文的句子都长，但每段的句数并不多，可以每一段用一个词组标一个标题。
Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation 1.Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. 2.Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作） 2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions 3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental description title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge 5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications 6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials 3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing; syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary; Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word Principles or Criteria of Translation Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries. Unit 2 professional papers 2.1.Definition of professional papers A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. 2.2.Classification of professional papers
1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确
新视野大学英语第四册Unit 1课文翻译 An artist who seeks fame is like a dog chasing his own tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it.艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。 The cruelty of success is that it often leads those who seek such success to participate in their own destruction. 成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。 "Don't quit your day job!"is advice frequently given by understandably pessimistic family members and friends to a budding artist who is trying hard to succeed. 对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能 丢！”他们的担心不无道理。 The conquest of fame is difficult at best, and many end up emotionally if not financially bankrupt.追求出人头地，最乐观地说也困难重重，许多人到最 后即使不是穷困潦倒，也是几近精神崩溃。 Still, impure motives such as the desire for worshipping fans and praise from peers may spur the artist on. 尽管如此，希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。 The lure of drowning in fame's imperial glory is not easily resisted. 享受成功的无上光荣，这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。 Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of exploiting their talent for singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc.成名者之所以成名，大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长，并能形成自己的风格。 They develop a style that agents market aggressively to hasten popularity, and their ride on the express elevator to the top is a blur. 为了能迅速走红，代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。 Most would be hard-pressed to tell you how they even got there. 他们究竟是怎么成功的，大多数人也都说不上来。 Artists cannot remain idle, though. When the performer, painter or writer becomes bored, their w o r k beg i ns t o s h ow a lack of continuity in its appeal and it becomes difficult to sustain the attention of the public.若表演者、画家或作家感 到无聊，他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力，也就难以保持公众的注意力。
如何查文献 1、数据库傻瓜搜索法 这个不做解释，相信大家都会。但是由于每个人所在的学校购买的数据库不一样，所以能够搜索到的文献也不一样。以我个人为例，我常使用CNKI搜索中文文献，web of science搜索英文文献。数据库里文献毕竟有限，所以现在我已经很少很少使用了。 2、google人肉搜索法 我自己使用google学术搜索文献较多，也推荐大家首选google学术搜索，因为这个是跨数据库的，可以搜到的文献比较多。而且google学术较为方便，直接输入想要搜索的关键词即可，但有一点需要注意的是，如果需要将一个词组作为一个关键词，那么搜索的时候需要加上引号，例如你要搜索conflict adaptation effect，那么你应该输入（“conflict adaptation effect”）。当google学术搜索到某篇文献的时候，经常会出现无法下载的情况，这是由于你所在的学校没有购买相关的数据库，这时你可以尝试着搜索这篇文章的第一作者和通讯作者，很多老外都会把自己发表的文章放在自己的主页上供大家下载。同时，也可以尝试着去一些论坛求助，比如愚愚学园，我自己想要的文献95%以上都可以在此论坛求助成功。 3、经典文献顺藤摸瓜法 Google学术搜索固然强大，但是有时会出现海量的文献，那么如何从海量的文献中找到自己想要的而又不遗漏掉重要的文献这就需要下点功夫了。我个人的一点体会是，可以先找到一篇本领域较为经典文献。如果此文发表的年代较早，那么可以去搜索这篇文献的被引文献，这个直接在google学术里就可以做到，直接点击此文被引XXXX次那里，这时你就可以看到这篇文章发表后有哪些文章引用过它；如果是年代较近的经典文献，可以直接搜索其参考文献中列举的本领域较为重要的文献。通过这种搜索“引用”和“被引”的方法，可以在比较短的时间内将本领域重要的文献打捞上来，效率较高。 4、杂志社alerts法 前面将的是如何搜文献，这里讲讲如果获得最新的一些文献信息。每一本杂志都会有一个叫做alerts的服务，也就是你可以再主页订阅新杂志的目录，每当一期新杂志出版的时候，出版社就会将这期杂志最新的目录发到你邮箱里。一般情况，将本领域重要的杂志全部锁定，然后每期新杂志出版的时候你都会收到最近目录，这样本领域的新进展你就可以尽在掌握了。 如何读文献 1、取法乎上 古人云：取法乎上得乎中，取法乎中得乎下。因此做研究、读文献也应该这样，读最好的文献，向高手学习，这个不做解释。列举一些重要的杂志：science、nature、PNAS，这些是顶级的综合类杂志，上面会偶尔有些心理学的文章，全部值得认真学习；Annual review of psychology, psychological bulletin, psychological review, psychological science, journal of
信用合作社的会员增长，多个成员团体以 及代理控制问题 Keith J.Leggett，Robert W.Strand 美国银行家协会，美国，华盛顿特区20036-3902，北部康涅狄格大道1120 2001年8月30日接收 摘要 从1982开始，联邦信贷联盟监管机构允许信用合作社添加多个会员组。该政策在1988年被美国最高法院驳回，但之后美国国会在晚些时候使其重新生效。允许信用社附加多个会员组，大大促进了行业的快速发展。为信用社增加无关的群体扩大，所有权和控制权的分离增加的前景，创造了潜在的代理控制问题。这可能是由一信用合作社一人一票的治理结构形成的。本研究发现的证据表明，由于信用社增加会员组和成员，代理问题才发展。如果一个信用联盟，接纳多个会员组，当会员增加时，管理层显然是能够把剩余收益又会员（在净息差高的形式）向自己引导（更高的工资和运营费用）。?2002爱思维尔科学公司版权所有。JEL分类:G21；G28；G34 关键词:信用联社；公司治理结构 1.介绍 Keith J.Leggett，Robert W.Strand/金融经济学回顾Ⅱ（2002）37-46 信用合作社资产 数据来源据国家信用合作社管理局 在过去的二十年里，美国信用社行业又有飞速增长。如图1所示，在这个时期行业资产年均增长近11%，大部分的增长可以归因于在1982年由美国国家信用合作社管理局（NCUA）的一个决定。联邦政府特许的信用合作社的监管机构允许不同的会员团体加入。在最高法院裁定NCUA多个集团政策违反了联邦信用社法案之后，国会于1998年考证了立法监管机构的行为。 最近发生的这些事情可能会影响管理者和信用合作社所有者之间的权力平衡。不像其他存款金融机构（银行和储蓄机构），由于他们无需被征联邦所得税，信用合作社享受补贴收入。管理者可能会充分利用统治结构请求更大份额的税务补贴。信用社是免税的金融机构。 *联系人/：+1-202-663-5506；传真：+1-202-828-4547 电子邮箱：kleggett@https://www.doczj.com/doc/538857705.html,(K.J.Leggett).
Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。
读书笔记的要求： 1、Topic 主题是什么（重要吗？） 2、Theory 理论背景是什么（充分吗？） 3、Issue 要研究的问题是什么（有趣吗？/有意义吗？） 4、Hypothesis 研究假设是什么，推导的逻辑是什么（合理吗？） 5、Study 求证的方法是什么（科学吗？） 6、Result 主要的结果是什么（令人惊奇吗？surprise?) 7、Explanation 结果的意料/意外是什么，基于文献如何解释，有什么意义和启示，存在的问题（有价值/不足吗？) 8、Implication 对该领域的研究有什么启发，对你的研究有什么借鉴（有实用/收获吗？） 9、如果让你来做这样一个研究，你会这么做吗？你还能怎么做？ 一篇文献阅读笔记都要对以上问题给予回答，从读每一篇文献开始积累idea，为今后 的 study 积累素材。 上一个读书笔记的要求是把具体细节都给说清楚了，下面是关于读书笔记写法。 读书笔记的写法是： （1）什么杂志，第几期，什么地方有关于什么问题的什么论述，它对于我即将做的博论文有什么参考作用，或者我对于这个问题有什么自己的见解，可能会有什么贡献等等。 （2）读书笔记要进行分类，如分为数学模型方面的；实证研究方面的；中文文献方面的；外文文献方面的；数据方面的；纯理论方面的；政策分析方面的；学术争论方面的；案例材料方面的等等。 （3）重点分析或者精读几篇代表性的文献； （4）重要的是要写心得体会； （5）重要的数据要及时记下来； （6）前面的过程可能有反复，自己的见解也会有变化的。 以上只是简单的对网络上关于读书笔记写法的一个汇总。有点乱，但是还比较全。等自己写出一篇像样的读书笔记后，再结合自己的写作过程好好修改整理下该日志。 做好读书笔记是获取知识的一种基本工具，一篇好的读书笔记要让自己几乎不用阅读原文就可以掌握大致内容。所以读书笔记的结构、内容不重要，重要的是能提供一个直观的理解。以本人阅读经济管理类外文的经验，做这类读书笔记一般包括以下几个方面： 一、作者简介 要简要说明作者的学术和工作背景，主要成就、主要书籍、论文和研究方向。 二、当前学习的动机（motivation） 读书笔记开头就应该明确地交代本文的写作背景或者写作目的，即本文是为了解决什么理论问题或解释现实问题的。通常的做法，就是简要交代一下文章所追叙的理论线索。这部分的内容单单依靠原文的综述怕是不够，需要作者自己整理。
中国的俗语翻译成英语怎么说？ 1.爱屋及乌Love me, love my dog. 2.百闻不如一见Seeing is believing. 3.比上不足比下有余worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 4.笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不眠之夜white night 6.不以物喜不以己悲not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 7.不遗余力spare no effort; go all out; do one's best 8.不打不成交No discord, no concord. 9.拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul 10.辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 11.大事化小小事化了try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 12.大开眼界open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener 13.国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace 14.过犹不及going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 15.功夫不负有心人Everything comes to him who waits. 16.好了伤疤忘了疼once on shore, one prays no more 17.好事不出门恶事传千里Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide. 18.和气生财Harmony brings wealth. 19.活到老学到老One is never too old to learn. 20.既往不咎let bygones be bygones 21.金无足赤人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect. 22.金玉满堂Treasures fill the home. 23.脚踏实地be down-to-earth 24.脚踩两只船sit on the fence 25.君子之交淡如水the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green 26.老生常谈陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché 27.礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity. 28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope. 29.马到成功achieve immediate victory; win instant success 30.名利双收gain in both fame and wealth 31.茅塞顿开be suddenly enlightened 32.没有规矩不成方圆Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most. 34.谋事在人成事在天The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes. 35.弄巧成拙be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself 36.拿手好戏masterpiece 37.赔了夫人又折兵throw good money after bad 38.抛砖引玉a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale 39.破釜沉舟cut off all means of retreat；burn one‘s own way of
Discussion about the application of the anchor bar on the slope construction Fu Ming Fu , Zhang Tian Abstract:There are some advantages in strengthening slope with the anchor bar, such as low project cost, convenient for construction and so on. It not only meets the requirement of the reliability of the construction, but also is economic and reasonable for the construction. Key words: anchor bar; slope; strengthening 1.Introduction Anchor technique uses strata geotechnical’s shear strength around bolt to deliver structures pulling force or keep strata of the excavation own stability. Due to the use of the anchor rod, Anchor strata produce compressive zone and have reinforcement effect to strata, can enhance the strength of strata, improve mechanical properties of strata, make structure and stratum together formed a kind of work together complex. Anchor system can effectively sustain tension and shear, improve shear strength of the potential sliding surface, so it can effectively prevent slope to produce sliding damage. Fig 1 after excavation of the slope 2.Project profile The length of a slope is about 60m, the most slope height is about 23m,the angle up to 50°~ 75°, a five-layer frame structure buildings is far from about 1.5 to 4m at its base edge, its foundation is artificial bored pile and its bearing stratum is in weathered phyllite. Due to the strong weathering of rocks, it was chunky, loosely structured, multi-muddy filling. It has residual slope deposits of silty clay overlying and local folder with a pulpy, low strength. Slope had
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/538857705.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/538857705.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.doczj.com/doc/538857705.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.doczj.com/doc/538857705.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔