从培根《论读书》和王佐良译本中看英汉翻译技巧
引言
《论读书》是弗朗西斯·培根《论说文集》中的不朽之作,王佐良之译文更可谓是经典译作,堪与培根的原文媲美。王佐良在翻译时，使用了多种翻译技巧，如：重译法、增译法、减译法、词汇转换法、正说反译，反说正译法、分译法、语态变换法等等。
一、原文及译文简介
?《论读书》是英国著名哲学家、文学家培根的说理散文。主要论述读书做学问方法和目的。全文用词古雅,简洁明快。在用词方面多用庄严、文雅的大词及正式用语,其中包括正式程度极高的拉丁词,如: cymni sectores. 由于文章写于十七世纪早期,其语言属于早期现代英语。
?由于原文不属于现代汉语,其中多处表达不符合今天的英语用法与习惯。王佐良先生超越表层语言结构的束缚,深入探究原文的思维逻辑及原作者的真实意图,并能熟练运用双语转换的各种技巧,如词法、句法等方面对译文进行调整、补充,使译文既反映原文的精确意义又符合汉语的表达习惯。
翻译技巧
?词类转移法Conversion
在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就叫做词类转换法。
?例如：（1）Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring;for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment,and disposition of business.（名词-动词）
译文:其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
?例如：(2) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.（名-动）
译文:读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。
?评语：王先生在翻译时,充分发挥了汉语的动词优势,即把英语中的一些名词和介词转换成汉语的动词或动词结构式。比如名词译成动词的有:delight, ornament, ability分别译为动词“怡情,
傅彩,长才”; privateness and retiring, discourse, the
judgment,and disposition of business分别译为动词“独处幽居、高谈阔论、处世判事”。
?例如：（3）Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.. (名词词组→形容词)
译文：读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
?例如：（4）Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring;for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment,and disposition of business.（介词-动词）
译文:其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
?语态变换法The Change of The Voices
语态（voice）是语言借助动词表示主语与谓语关系的一种形式，包括主动语态和被动语态两种。在英语语言中，凡是不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或是为了便于连贯上下文等场合都可以使用被动。与英语相比，汉语主动句使用较多，被动句使用较少，其使用范围相对而言也要狭窄得多。
因此在英汉互译中，要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道而自然。
?例1.They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are.....and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
译文:读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干....而书中所示，如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。
?例2.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。
?例3. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by bothers........else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
译文:书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要.......否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。
评论：原文属于论说文体,含有丰富的信息，因此比较频繁的使用了被动句。在全文16句中，被动句共计5句，而且主要为结构被动句，表现形式也多样，包含限定动词的被动式( are perfected by) ,非限定动词的被动式( to be tasted) ,还有情态动词所引导的被动式(may be read)。
译文完全是用汉语的主动形式,即“以词汇手段”来表达英语的被动
意义, 符合汉语的表达习惯。译文“古朴、典雅”，文笔优美，意
韵隽永。读罢此译文，毫无生涩拗口之感，亦无欧化痕迹，实
?增译法Amplification
为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达
习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。
例如：（1）Histories maketh men wise; poets (maketh men) witty; the mathematics (maketh men ) subtle; natural philosophy (maketh men) deep; moral (maketh men) grave; logic and rhetoric (maketh men) able to content. Abeunt studia in mores.
译文:读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学
使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩:凡有所
学,皆成性格。
?例如：（2) Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast，gentle walking for the stomach ，riding for the head;
译文：滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑。评论：原文使用了一个动词maketh, 显得简洁流畅,而译文重复使用了动词“使”,加强了排比效果,也更加符合汉语表达习惯。
原文只用了一个good,而译文则重复了动词“利”,加强了语气。
?减译法Omission
冠词、连词、代词（尤其是人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现。所以翻译时常常省略。
例如：（1）And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have agreatmemory; if he confer little, he had need have a p resent wit:and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem toknow, that he doth not.
译文:因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。
例如：（2）If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores.
译文：如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人。例如：（3）If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the
lawyers' cases.
译文：如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。
?分译法Negation
分译法指将英语句中某些特定词汇从复杂的结构中分离出来，当作独立的外位成分或分句来翻译，如副词、介词短语、分词短语等，也指将英语的两级结构句子（如主句加从句、句子加带有浓厚动词意味的短语）译成汉语的并列结构或分句。
例如：（1）Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring。
译文：其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时。
例如（2）So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
译文：如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。
评论：原文在声律上节奏感强，为了使译文读上去铿锵悦耳，掷地有声。英文中的长句被分译为短句，使译文读起来与原文一样。
?正说反译，反说正译法Division
为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。
例如：（1）others to be read, but not curiously;
译文：有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读。
结语
?王佐良的译文则浓淡相宜,简洁明快,富于文采,在整篇风格上与原文和谐一致,符合培根“善写警句,文字紧,又有点古奥”的特点,其用词精到传神,不过分炫耀,如怡情、长才、高谈阔论、纵观统筹等。
?在译文中王佐良还运用了很多本文中没有提到的翻译技巧，这值得我们慢慢研究和思考。
?资料来源：
[1] 陈新. 英汉文体翻译教程. 北京：北京大学出版社，
1999.4
[2] 郭著章、李庆生. 英汉互译实用教程. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2003.8
[3] 刘宓庆. 翻译教学：实务与理论. 北京：中国对外翻译出版社，2003.1
[4] 王佐良. 英国诗文选译集.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,
1980.8
[5] 王守仁. 英国文学选读.北京：高等教育出版社，2005.5
谢谢观赏
培根《论读书》读后感 姓名：赵雅琴 学号：2011134057 专业：2011级汉语言文学
力量之始，精神之源 ——培根《论读书》读后感有一份心情，我们从未停下脚步去追寻； 有一份梦想，我们从未放下翅膀去采撷。 读书之梦、之乐。关于读书，我们保存着心情，娱情，写实以记录精彩人生。 ——题记 “读书可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。”文章一开始就指出读书的目的。“消遣、装饰、增长才干”。犹如站立在一片浩瀚大海之前，我们张开双臂，拥抱清新空气与灿烂阳光。 弗朗西斯.培根，是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文作家，唯物主义哲学家，被马克思称为“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。”他不但在文学，哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域内，也取得了重大成就。他是经历过生活坎坷磨难的贵族子弟，生活的磨难使他的思想成熟，言论深邃，富含哲理。她的整个世界观是现世的而非宗教的，她崇尚理性主义，是一位经验论者和现实主义者。 《论读书》是培根较为重要的作品之一，其中提出了读书的重要性等。其实一个学生似乎已然对读书这一名词并不陌生，而读书之好、之乐、之用，我们却如婴孩，仍在认识世界里处于感知阶段。 怎样去读书？培根在文章中将书籍比作食品，或浅尝、或吞咽、或仔细咀嚼、或请人代读，都是较为科学且蕴含哲学意味的方式了。 读书的重要性，培根则是较为重点的进行论述了。他指出：“读书可作为消遣，可作
为装饰，可增长才干。”实际静心、专心，莫不是如此！ 我们的世界里，书书本本并不是什么难见之物，似乎它们已是如同空气分子一般的存在。而我们，是不是有一份心情，一份追求去对待阅读呢？ 高尔基曾说过：“书籍是人类进步的阶梯”，林语堂也曾发文特指出阅读的好处，其实文人是应该最了解读书的好处的罢。“知识就是力量”“知识改变命运”等等关于知识，关于教育的口号，亦已显出读书作用了。 或许，我们读书，是为了它的作用，而更多的，这是一份关于人生漫步的幽静小道，不是么？生命之源，源于力量；力量之起，起于精神；精神之始，始于我们思想文化内涵，而读书则真如一片浩瀚之海，拥有无尽的能量了。
英汉翻译技巧大全 定语从句: 定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。 Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around theworld to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place. 皮而森汇集了...生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历(它)能够... 定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即:如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的;如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如: 1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。 2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。 3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。 4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。 5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities
《培根随笔》好句摘抄及部分赏析、读后感.txt让人想念而死，是谋杀的至高境界，就连法医也鉴定不出死因。。。。。。 论求知 求知可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。 当你孤独寂寞时，阅读可以消遣。当你高谈阔论时，知识可供装饰。当你处世行事时，正确运用知识意味着力量。懂得事物因果的人是幸福的。有实际经验的人虽能够办理个别性的事务，但若要综观整体，运筹全局，却唯有掌握知识方能办到。 求知太慢会弛惰，为装潢而求知是自欺欺人，完全照书本条条办事会变成偏执的书呆子。 求知可以改进人和天性，而实验又可以改进知识本身。人的天性犹如野生的花草， 求知学习好比修剪移栽。实习尝试则可检验修正知识本身的真伪。 狡诈者轻鄙学问，愚鲁者羡慕学问，唯聪明者善于运用学问。知识本身并没有告诉人怎样运用它，运用的方法乃在书本之外。这是一门技艺。不经实验就不能学到。不可专为挑剔辩驳去读书，但也不可轻易相信书本。求知的目的不是为了吹嘘炫耀，而应该是为了寻找真理，启迪智慧。 有的知识只须浅尝，有的知识只要粗知。只有少数专门知识需要深入钻研，仔细揣摩。所以，有的书只要读其中一部分，有的书只须知其中梗概即可，而对于少数好书，则要精读，细读，反复地读。 有的书可以请人代读，然后看他的笔记摘要就行了。但这只限于质量粗劣的书。否则一本好书将象已被蒸馏过的水，变得淡而无味了！ 读书使人的头脑充实，讨论使人明辩是非，作笔记则能使知识精确。 因此，如果一个人还原做笔记，他的记忆力就必须强而可靠。如果一个人只愿孤独探索，他的头脑就必须格外锐利。如果有人不读书又想冒充博学多知，他就必定很狡黠，才能掩饰他的无知。 读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，演算使人精密，哲理使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩。总之，“知识能塑造人的性格”。
培根论读书赏析
T o B e a Full Man from Reading We all know that study can cultivate a man and even make a full man. A full man should have a positive view of world, life and value, which is usually based on a balanced knowledge system. And how can we obtain this necessary knowledge Of Studies is the answer to this question. In Bacon's essay Of Studies, reading piirposes and functions are discussed in detail. Bacon also analyzes the different attitudes to reading and introduces various methods of reading. Above all. Bacon tells us how to be a full man from reading. In the very beginning, Bacon points out that reading can serve for delight, for ornament. and for ability. We can see that reading has three functions. It delights you; it beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability. The author also says that their chief use for delight is in private life and retiring. That is to say, when you stay aione, book is your best com panion which eases loneliness and brings happiness. If you are really absorbed in the book, you may not feel lonely. *Tor ornament, is in discourse』When communicating or negotiating with others, knowledge learned from books can make you decent and educated. In other words. reading beautifies you in that occasion. "And for ability, is in the judgment and disposition/* Faced with affairs, an expert man can judge of particulars one by one. But to general people. he should act decisively. It means he can hold the whole situation and think out a plan. Where does this kind of ability come from Reading. If you read all kinds of books, you are able to taste what might not happen to you in real life, and then ask yourself what you would do in that situation. Reading helps you make fewer mistakes. For that, you can learn mistake exam pies from books so that you may make no mistakes when you are in the same situation. According to the essay, reading perfects peopk's nature. Tlie gold have no foot red, the person has no perfect person. Defects can be made up and reading is a superexceHent methods. Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study, Reading ten thousand books is like traveling ten thousand miles. You can accumulate knowledge little by little and one day you may find yourself wiser than others. This wisdom is not born with you but acquired after years' effort. "Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested?*
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。 ［注释］：许多人把scale译为"范围"，和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。
培根美文《论读书》原文及三种译文鉴赏 阅读是我们获取知识的重要手段，下面是培根着名的关于读书的一篇美文——论读书，并奉上另外两个版本的译文。对于好的书，可以多加研读，对于普通书籍，知其大意即可，就像在快速阅读中，阅读是弹性的，你可以选择对内容把握程度的深浅。“有些书可以浅尝辄止，有些书可以生吞，而有少数书应该细嚼慢咽，融会贯通”—— 谈读书 ——王佐良译 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。 读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。 有一技之长鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然读书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而五味矣。 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演算须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。 【原文】音频 Of Studies ——Francis Bacon
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧 要真正掌握英文翻译的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难，下面就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐，来欣赏一下吧。 英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐 首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。 二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。 另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的*，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。 正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，
以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词) He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜 欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词) 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。
Studies serve for delight, for , and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is ; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning (pruning) by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use;
常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 1、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）
《论读书》翻译赏析 班级： 姓名: 学号：
Of Studies by Francis Bacon Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. T hey perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty;
第5章英汉常用的方法和技巧（中） 5.1 分句、合句法 一、试译下列各句，将斜体的单词或短语译成一个汉语句子 1. At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 【译文】现在的人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。 2. George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind. 【译文】乔治点点头，他妻子不是那种絮絮叨叨的人，对此他心存感激。 3. The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and permanent effect. 【译文】直接赠予的意图必须明白无误，转让行为必须立即产生效力，且该效力应具有永久性。 4. Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants. 【译文】离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有十几家民族餐馆，热闹得如
同第二个唐人街。 5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot. 【译文】那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家都容易看出来的。 6. The depth of some of those changes is , to me at least, pleasingly remarkable and extraordinary. 【译文】其中一些变化有深度，至少在我看来是非常了不起的，不同凡响，令我由衷地高兴。 7. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four. 【译文】大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。 8. A cold that rapidly grew worse caused his unlamented return to Paris. 【译文】他得了感冒，而且越来越严重，只好回巴黎去了。但是，对他的离去，谁也没有感到遗憾。 9. There is also distressing possibility that Alunni isn’t quite the catch the police thought. 【译文】还存在这样一种可能性：被抓住的那位阿鲁尼不见得就是警察当局所设想的那位头号人物。当然，这种可能性说出来叫人泄气。
英汉翻译常用技巧 2008-05-29 20:47:46| 分类：英汉笔译|举报|字号订阅 一、在翻译过程中如何进行词义的选择? 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意思。一词多义是说同一词在同一词类中，有几个不同的词义。词义的选择可以从以下三方面着手。 （一）根据词类 1、The earth goes round （介词）the sun. 地球环绕太阳运行。 2、 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing （动词）food. 食品供应无法跟上人口增长的步伐，这意味着在粮食的生产和销售方面 我们将陷入危机。 分析:market可以既作名词又作动词。在作名词时，可译为“市场”、 “行业”、“需求”等等。例句中的market是作动词用的，可以 译为“买，卖”或“销售”，根据句中描述的情形，用“销售”更 妥当。 （二）根据上下文和搭配关系 3、Power can be transmitted over a long distance. 电力可以被输送到很远的地方。 4、A car needs a lot of power to go fast. 汽车高速行驶需要很大的动力。 5、Explosive technological development after1990gave the medical profession enormous power to fight disease and sickness. 1990年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力。 （三）根据可数或不可数
Of Study Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse;and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。 For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。 Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are,like common distilled waters, flashy things. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。
An Applied Course in English-Chinese Translation Skills and Practice 实用英汉翻译技巧与实践 (Definition of Translation) 1.2 翻译的原则(Principles of Translation) 忠实(Faithfulness) 通顺(Smoothness) 1.3 翻译的基本步骤(Basic Steps in Translation) a. 原文理解（Comprehension of Source Texts) ?词义确定（Determination of Word Meaning) It is quite another story now. The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post. The white-haired girl's story is one of the saddest. A young man came to police station with a story. ?语法分析（Grammatical Analysis) W hile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. ?逻辑判断（Logical Judgement) H e bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be replica. ?文体把握（Understanding of Style) 旅游景点警示语：路滑, 小心跌倒！ 译1：The road is slippery, fall down carefully！ 译2：The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down. 译3：Slippery // Wet path！ b.译文表达（Expression of Target Texts) c. 译文校核(Proofreading of Target Texts) 1.4 翻译的主要方法（Major Translation Approaches) a. 直译法（Literal Translation） p aper tiger l ose face r unning dog G ood to begin well, better to end well. b. 意译法（Free Translation） Q ueen’s English s mall talk r eceive glove money E very life has its roses and thorns． c. 归化法（Domestication） b lack sheep a s timid as a hare d.异化法（Foreignization） 1.5 翻译的常用技巧（Practical Translation Skills)
培根论读书 《论读书》是培根随笔中的一篇 读书可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。 孤独寂寞时，阅读可以消遣。高谈阔论时，知识可供装饰。处世行事时，知识意味着才干。懂得事务因果的人是幸运的。有实际经验的人虽能够处理个别性的事务，但若要综观整体，运筹全局，却唯有学识方能办到。 读书太慢的人驰惰，为装潢而读书是欺人，完全按照书本做事就是呆子。 求知可以改进人性，而经验又可以改进知识本身。人的天性犹如野生的花草，求知学习好比修剪移栽。学问虽能指引方向，但往往流于浅泛，必须依靠 经验才能扎下根基。 狡诈者轻鄙学问，愚鲁者羡慕学问，聪明者则运用学问。知识本身并没有告诉人怎样运用它，运用的智慧在于书本之外。这是技艺，不体验就学不到。 读书的目的是为了认识事物原理。为挑剔辩驳去读书是无聊的。但也不可过于迷信书本。求知的目的不是为了吹嘘炫耀，而应该是为了寻找真理，启迪 智慧。 书籍好比食品。有些只须浅尝，有些可以吞咽，只有少数需要仔细咀嚼，慢慢品味。所以，有的书只要读其中一部分，有的书只须知其梗概，而对于少 数好书，则应当通读，细读，反复读。 有的书可以请人代读，然后看他的笔记摘要就行了。但这只应限于不太重要的议论和质量粗劣的书。否则一本书将像已被蒸馏过的水，变得淡而无味了。 读书使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作则能使人精确。 因此，如果有人不读书又想冒充博学多知，他就必须很狡黠，才能掩人耳目。如果一个懒于动笔，他的记忆力就必须强而可靠。如果一个人要孤独探索， 他的头脑就必须格外锐利。 读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，学习数学使人精密，物理学使人深刻，伦理学使人高尚，逻辑修辞使人善辩。总之，“知识能塑造人的性格”。 不仅如此，精神上的各种缺陷，都可以通过求知来改善——正如身体上的缺陷，可能通过适当的运动来改善一样。例如打球有利于腰背，射箭可扩胸利肺，散步则有助于消化，骑术使人反应敏捷，等等。同样道理，一个思维不集中的人，他可以研习数学，因为数学稍不仔细就会出错。缺乏分析判断的人，他可以研习而上学，因为这门学问最讲究细琐的辩证。不善于推理的人，可以研习法律案例。如此等等。这种心灵上的缺陷，都可以通过学习而得到改善。