《新编大学英语5》1－6单元语言点整理
英语教育学院薛媛680361
2011-12-16
Unit 1
1. agent (Line 2) n.[C] a means of …手段，途径
1) a person who acts for or represents another，代理人
e.g. Please contact our agent in Spain for further information.
travel agent 旅行社经纪人
real estate agent 地产经纪人
agency.
e.g. an employment agency
2) a person or thing that produces a particular effect or change 产生某种效果的
人力或物质
a chemical agent, oxidizing agents
化学制剂，氧化剂
a cleaning agent除垢剂
a FBI (secret) agent (= a spy) 密探
2. subject (Line3, para.1)
A. n. [C]
1) a person who lives in or who
has the right to live in a
particular country, especially a
country with a king or queen:
臣民，公民
E.g. She is Italian by birth and a British subject by marriage.
2) 主题，对象，科目
Eg. a. What did he say on the subject of age?
b. His appearance was the subject for some critical comments.
3) subject for sth. 引起某种情感或行为的人或物
a subject for pity, ridicule, jealousy
B. subject (adj.)
subject to sth./sb.:
1) obliged to obey sth./sb.; under the authority o sth./sb. 服从，受支配
E.g. a. Everyone is subject to the law.
b. The arrangements are subject to change at short notice.
c. All such gatherings are subject to the laws on political meetings.
d. His hiring is subject to your approval.
2) often having, suffering or undergoing sth.; liable to sth.. 常患或常遭
受某事物；倾向某事物
E.g. Are you subject to colds?
The plan is subject to alteration. 计划可能有变。
3. lend ~~ to (line. 23, Para. 3)
lend：~ sth. (to sth.)
= contribute or add sth. to sth. 提供或增添某物
E.g. lend one’s services 提供服务
lend the occasion a little glamour
给这一场合增添一点光彩
E.g. His presence lent dignity to the occasion.
有他出席这一场合就更形庄严.
4. attain (Line 25, Para. 3) (formal.)
to reach or succeed in getting something; to
achieve:
eg. a. He has attained the highest grade in his music exams.
b. We need to identify the best ways of attaining our objectives / goals.
c. India attained independence in 1947, after decades of struggle.
p.s. attainable (adj.) (formal.)
possible to achieve:
E.g. We must ensure that we do not set ourselves goals that are not attainable.
5. the apple of one’s eye. (slang.) someone’s most loved person. 掌上明珠
E.g. His 2-year-old daughter is the apple of her eye.
其他与水果相关的俚语:
top banana 大老板
E.g. Who‘s your top banana? 谁是你们的老板？
the Big Apple N. Y. City
E.g. The little girl is from the Big Apple. 这个女孩来自于纽约城。
a lemon 没有价值的商品
E.g. That car is a lemon. 那辆小汽车不值钱。
Bean
豆，豆型果实(slang.) 人的头部，或少量(复数)
Bean Brain 白痴
E.g. I don't know beans about the stock market.
beans about something
对某事物一无所知
Pea 豌豆
like two peas in a pod 一模一样
Grape 葡萄
sour grapes 酸葡萄(当某人发现自己达不到或得不到某事物后而对这种事物的否定，贬低。)
E.g. The losers' scorn for the award is pure sour grapes.
Potato 土豆
couch potato 习惯懒散的人，终日赖在沙发上的人
hot potato 难对付的人
small potatoes 不重要的
6. survey (Line.35, Para.5)
A. vt.(slightly formal.) to look at or
examine all of something, especially carefully 全面研究或论述
Eg. a. He got out of the car to survey the damage.
b. She has written a book which surveys (= describes in detail) the history of
feminism.
B. Survey. (n.)
1) 全面的观察或论述，概论
a survey of the situation, subject
2) (对部分人的行为或意见等的) 调查
A public opinion survey
7. take (no/great) pleasure in (doing) sth. (Line 38, Para. 5）（不）以作某事为乐Eg. a. The naughty boy seemed to take pleasure in his parents’ suffering.
b. They take pleasure in reminding us of our poverty.
类似的表达还有take pride in sb./sth.
8. far and near: everywhere (Line 41)
up and down: moving upwards and downwards
ups and downs: good and bad periods, fortune or spirits following one another in turn
day and night: all the time
on and off: from time to time
now and then: sometimes but not very often
here and there: in different places
9. go forth (line. 50)
向前去, (命令等)被发布, 被发表
Eg. The decree had gone forth.
10. shower. v. (line. 87)
to pour down in a shower:
纷撒, 将…阵雨般倾倒下来：
E.g. ….showered confetti on the parade.
….将五彩纸屑天女散花般撒在游行队伍中
Unit 2 Manners
1. to buzz with (line 5): (of a bee) to make a continuous low sound; to be full of excitement, activity, etc. 充满兴奋（或活动等）：
e.g. 1）The room’s crowd buzzed with excitement.
2）The place was buzzing with journalists.
3) New York buzzes from dawn to dusk.
2. to gather together/up (line 14，47): bring things together that have been spread around
e.g. 1) The child gathered up his toys and put them away.
2), 3) p.54
区别：to gather in: to harvest
e.g. This enabled us to gather in the summer crops in time.
3. Be laden with(para1, line15)
Note: load; lade-laded-laden; carrying a load or burden
Eg. There are many passengers laden with luggage at the train station.
4. to dish up (line 23): to put (food) into dishes; serve
e.g. 1) Help me to dish up the vegetables, please.
2), 3) p.54
to dish up:
e.g. 1) He dished up a lot of useful facts and figures at the meeting.
2) Our history teacher has been dishing up the same old lessons for 20 years.
5. Give and take/ give-and-take (line 35) n./v. 公平交易；互谅互让；交谈；交换意见
1) Negotiation entails ~.
2) Married life is said to be a matter of ~.
3) They sat down for a lengthy ~.
4) We must all ~ a little if we want peace.
6. to lecture on/about (line 40)
to scold or warn solemnly( especially at some length) 教训，训斥，告诫
e.g. 1) The doctor lectured his patient about smoking too much.
2），3）p54
7. stride(L69) v.&n. to move with large steps; improvement 大步行走; 进展Eg. 1) The firm has made great strides since it was taken over by the larger company. 自从这个公司被大公司收购，就取得了巨大的进展。
2) The country has made great strides towards self-sufficiency.
这个国家在自给自足方面已经取得了长足的进步。
3), 4) p53
p.s. 区别stripe, strive
stripe: 条纹，线条
Strive：try very hard to achieve sth.力争，力求
8. To sum up
1) to buzz with
2) to gather up
3) to be laden with
4) to dish up
5) give and take
6) to lecture on
7) to make strides in/towards
Unit 3 Business Strategies
1.(make/have) impacts on 对…产生影响
1) Global warming has a great impact on the environment.
2) Her speech made a profound impact on everyone.
3) Higher mortgage rates have already had a major impact on spending.
4) The resignation of the president has made a significant impact on government
policy.
2. Sustitute (n./v.) for 替代
1) The course teaches yo u the theory but there’s no substitute for practical
experience.
2) The local bus service was a poor substitute for their car.
3) If you cannot go yourself, please find someone to substitute for you.
4) The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.
5) The coach has to find a substitute for Tim who was taken ill before the game. 3. Adapt to 适应
1) We have had to adapt quickly to the new system.
2) A large organization can be slow to adapt to change.
3) It took him quite a while to adapt himself to his new surroundings.
4) The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
4. In conflict with/over 跟谁有矛盾
1) She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
2) John often comes into conflict with his boss.
3) The principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality.
4) Andrew and Rebecca are in conflict over who should be responsible for the accident.
5. Business Terms in Text
Subsidiary 子公司
joint venture合资公司
cut cost降低成本
downsize裁员
increase profit增加利润
shareholders股东
innovation革新
go bankrupt破产
fierce competition激烈的竞争
the market economy市场经济
Unit 4 Friends and Friendship
1. draw out: demand or elicit the full expression of
使…充分发挥
Eg. a. 这个新任务充分发挥了他的才智。
The new mission drew out his talents.
b. 慢慢地，巴罗夫人的影响开始发挥出这个女子隐藏的品质。
Slowly, Mrs. Burrow’s influence began to draw out the woman’s hidden
qualities.
c. 新的责任使他潜在的才智充分发挥出来了。
The new responsibilities drew out his latent talents.
Cf. draw on/upon：use sth. 使用; 利用; 运用
Eg. a. 我们这一项目自始至终都借助她的经验.
We drew on her experience throughout the project.
b. 我只好动用我的储蓄.
I shall have to draw on my savings.
2. not so much…as…not one thing but rather sth else 不是...而是...
She's not so much rich as careless with money.
她倒不是有钱而是太不在乎钱了.
Linda is not so much a teacher as a sister.
琳达与其说是老师还不如说是个姐姐。
3. Leave off (page139, line77, para9)
break off; stop doing sth.; 停止；中断
1）我希望雨能中断、停5分钟。
I wish the rain would leave off for 5 minutes.
2) 让我们从中断处开始。
Let’s start again from where we left off.
3）Br.E别喊了！我在这儿没法思考了。
Leave off shouting! Can’t hear myself think in here.
4. strike up (Line 78,Para.9)
1) (cause to) start to play music or sing; to start to play or sing (something): （使）
开始歌唱或演奏音乐
Eg. a. 乐队突然开始演奏。
The band suddenly struck up.
b. 管弦乐队开始演奏圆舞曲。
The orchestra struck up a waltz.
c. 让乐队开始演奏。
Strike up the band!
2) to initiate or begin: 发动或开始：
Eg. a. to strike up a conversation 开始谈话
b. They struck up an acquaintance (with each other) on the plane.
他们在飞机上（相互）认识了。
5. in/out of step (with sb/sth) conforming/not conforming to what others are doing or thinking 与他人谐调/不谐调
1) 这种训练形式与工业的变化不谐调。
This type of training is out of step with changes in the industry.
2) 他同现代思想不合拍。
He's out of step with modern ideas.
3) 乔舒亚与现代生活不合拍。
Joshua’s out of step with modern life.
4) 他与普通的选民不合拍。
He isn’t in step with ordinary voters.
Unit 5 Happiness
1. explode (Line 19, Para. 3)
v. 1) burst loudly with great force;爆炸
eg. Terrorists have exploded bombs across the country.
恐怖分子引爆了全国的炸弹。
2) Increase suddenly and rapidly in number or intensity激增，迅速扩大
Eg. The population exploded to 40,000 during the tourist season.
在旅游旺季，人口激增到四万人。
v. 3) prove sth. that many people believe to be wrong or not true;推翻，揭穿
eg. a. Scientists wanted to explode the myth of a monster living in the lake.
科学家们想揭穿湖底有怪兽的荒诞说法。
b. This book finally explodes some of the myths about the origin of the universe.
该书最后推翻了有关宇宙起源的一些错误观念。
c. This book exploded some of the myths about longevity.
这本书揭穿了一些关于长寿的错误观念。
4) express strong feelings of anger suddenly and violently 大发雷霆
Eg. He exploded at hearing the bad news.
他一听到这个坏消息，就大发雷霆。
5) 名词形式：
explosion (n.) 爆炸（声）；（笑声、愤怒等的）爆发；人口激增
eg. a. 那次爆炸震撼了整栋建筑。
The explosion shook the whole building.
b. 隔壁房间爆发出一阵笑声。
An explosion of laughter was heard from the next room.
2. favor (v.) (Line 1, Para. 1)
prefer someone or something to others 青睐，拥护，偏爱
1) Both countries seem to favor the agreement.
两国都拥护这一协议。
2) Local voters seemed to favor Bush over Gore.
较之戈尔，当地选民似乎更拥戴布什。
3. engender v. (formal) be the cause of a situation or feeling 造成，导致
1) Her latest book has engendered a lot of controversy.
她的新书引发了不少争议。
2) Their financial success has engendered jealousy among other competitors.
他们在经济领域的成功引起了其他竞争者的嫉妒。
4. reflection (Line 11, Para.2)
n. 1)Image seen in a mirror or shiny surface; 影像
2) the sending back of light and heat from a surface 反射
She stared at her reflection in the mirror.
她看着镜子里自己的样子。
The reflection of the lights in the rain made driving difficult.
雨中反射的光线使驾车很艰难。
n. 3) sth. That shows the effects of, or is a sign of a particular condition or situation反映
４) the sending back of light and heat from a surface 想法，考虑
His unhappiness is a reflection of his mistaken marriage.
他的不幸福是他错误婚姻的反映。
He doesn’t get much time for reflection.
他没有时间来过多考虑。
5. rebound (Line 26, Para. 4)
v. 1) bound back弹回，反弹
2) recover from 恢复
Eg. a. The ball rebounded from the wall immediately.
球马上从墙上弹回来。
b. Teens, unlike adults typically rebound from either gloom or joy within an
hour’s time.
和成年人不同，青少年的愁闷或快乐不到一个小时就能过去。
6. Give clue to
hint about, be associated with给予启发，产生关联
eg. a. Knowing someone’s age gives no clue to the person's sense of well-being.
一个人是否快乐，他的年龄并不能给我们任何启示。
b. His smile gives clue to his success in business.
他的笑容说明了他在生意上的成功。
7. be grounded in (Line 36, Para. 5)
give a firm theoretical or practical basis 以…为基础／依据
1）The study of history must be grounded in a thorough knowledge of the past. 历史研究必须以对过去的透彻了解作为依据。
2）He acquired an understanding of psychological behavior grounded in facts.
在掌握事实的基础上，他对心理行为有了切实理解。
8. soar(line 38, para. 6)
1) Increase quickly to a high level or amount
猛增，剧增
2)Fly or go very high up in the sky高飞，升腾
Eg. a. The country’s GDP soared by a lmost 40% in the recent years.
该国的国民生产总值近年来激增了近百分之四十。
b. The little plane suddenly soared upward.
小飞机突然升上天空。
3) (of buildings, trees, towers, etc,) look very tall高耸，屹立
Eg. Here the cliffs soar a hundred feet above the sea.
这里的悬崖从海平面上突起一百英尺高。
4) (of spirits or hopes) ascend suddenly above the normal or usual level
（情绪、期望等）高涨
Eg. For the first time in months, my spirits soared with the exciting news.
好几个月来，我的心第一次被这个振奋人心的消息所激动。
9. reach out to (line 69, para. 11)
Try to communicate or make contact
With 试图与…交流／接触
活动的组织者试图与公众交流来取得他们的支持。
The organizers of the appeal are reaching out to the public for their help.
现代的政治家们都试图通过广播讲话来争取普通民众的支持。
Modern politicians try to reach out to ordinary people in their broadcast speeches.
Unit 6 Human Behavior
1.intense (para. 1. line 2)
(1) exciting in a high degree; violent; extreme 强烈的，极度的
(2) very emotional 感情强烈的
e.g. She was intense in emotions when she was turned down.
拒绝她后，她很受伤
n. intenseness
v. intensify 使…强烈，变强烈
2. anguish (para.1. L3)
n. severe suffering 苦恼，苦闷
e.g. She was in anguish until she knew that her husband was rescued.
她心里一直很痛苦，直到她知道她丈夫的生命已经得救才放心。anguished a. 表现痛苦的，显得苦恼的
anguished looks 痛苦的表情
at the far end of (para. 1. L1) 在…的另一头
e.g. At the far end of the room stands an elegant woman talking cheerfully with a handsome gentleman.
屋的另一头一位优雅的女士正兴致勃勃地与一位英俊男士交谈。
3. resident expert in wine (para. 3. L9) 常驻品酒专家
e.g. He’s our resident expert on family affairs.
谈到家务事他可是专家。
4. toot one’s own horn (para.7. L19): show off 自吹自擂，炫耀（才能，功绩
等）
e.g. He is always ready to toot his own horn, especially before ladies.
他总是爱炫耀，尤其在女士面前。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a5043161.html,-drop (para.7. L20)
v. mention famous people one knows or claims to know in order to impress others 借名流权贵来抬高自己
e.g. All of us are reluctant to talk to him, for he always names-drop.
我们都懒得和他交谈，因为他总爱借别人来抬高自己。
6.offensive (para. 8. L22) a. annoying 令人不快的，讨厌的
e.g. fish with an offensive smell
有难闻气味的鱼
offensive language 无礼的语言
The advertisements were highly offensive to women.
这些广告令女士们大为反感。
offend v. 违法，犯罪，冒犯，得罪
7.outshine (para.9. L27) v. shine brighter than 比…更亮，更出色
e.g. The young girl violinist outshone all the other competitors.
年轻的女提琴手比其他参赛者更出色。
Prefix “out” is always added before some verbs.
e.g. outdo outlive outgrow outweigh outwit
8. expertise (para. 9. L27) n. expert knowledge and skill 专门技能，专长
e.g. He has an expertise in identifying antiques.
鉴别古董他有一手。
9.go stand on one’s head (para.10. L38) 头脚倒立
e.g. The acrobatic players go stand on their heads freely and won much applause.
杂技演员轻松倒立赢得掌声阵阵。
10.adorable (para 10. L40)
a. deserving adoration 值得尊敬的，可崇拜的
e.g. Even though they are common people, they are adorable.
尽管他们平凡，他们值得尊敬。
v. adore
11. lay/put one’s card(s) right on the table (para.17,L62 ) 彻底公开，和盘托出
e.g.
1）I think it’s time I put my cards on the table. You see, I’m not really a student.
我想我该说实话了：你知道，我不是一名学生。
2）John laid his cards on the table and told her how much they could afford.
约翰亮了底牌，告诉了她，他们付得起多少钱。
12. work…into…(para.17, L63)
----add one thing or idea to another, or include one thing or idea in another 把…
穿插进去，把…插入
e.g.1）We hope you can work a few jokes into your speech to make it more
interesting.
我们希望你能在演讲中插入一些笑话，这样就会更有趣味一些。
2）Would it be possible to work a couple of meetings into your schedule?
有没有可能在你的计划中加入两次会议？
13. proclaim (para.17, L65)
------to say publicly or officially that something important is true or exists 宣告，宣布，声明
e.g.
1）The President proclaimed the republic's independence.
总统宣布共和国独立。
proclaim that
2）Protesters proclaimed that the girl was innocent.
抗议者声称那个女孩是无辜的。
proclaim sb sth
3）His son was immediately proclaimed king.
他的儿子马上被宣布为国王。
比较claim, reclaim, exclaim
Claim
1) state or declare (something) as a fact (without being able to prove it)声称，主
张
e. g. A caller to the radio station claimed responsibility for the boming.
2) demand or request (something) because one has a right to it or it is one’s
property要求
e.g. If you are still not satisfied, you may be able to claim compensation.
Reclaim: recover possession of something 要求恢复，重新收回
e. g. 1) Have you calculated how much tax you can reclaim?
2) A wallet has been found and can be reclaimed at the manager’s office.
exclaim: cry out suddenly and loudly from pain, anger, surprise,etc.呼喊，惊叫
e. g. 1) “Wow!” Bill exclaimed. “You look beautiful!”
2) He could not help exclaiming at how much his son had grown.
14. confess (para.17, L66)
-----to admit, especially to the police, that you have done something wrong or illegal 坦白,供认,承认
e.g. Edwards confessed to being a spy for the KGB.
爱德华兹承认曾经是一名克格勃间谍。
Occasionally people confess to crimes they haven't committed just to get attention.
有时人们为了引起他人的注意，而承认并没有犯过的罪。
confess (that)
e.g. He confessed himself (to be) unfaithful to his friends.
他承认自己对朋友不忠实。
to tell a priest or God about the wrong things you have done so that you can be forgiven
向...忏悔;(神父)听取...忏悔
e.g. The priest confessed the criminal.
神父听了罪犯的忏悔。
e.g. He knelt and confessed his sin .
他跪下来承认了自己的罪过。
→confession n.
15. take a bow (para.23, L90)
-----stand forward or stand up to receive recognition, applause, etc. 答谢，谢幕
e.g.
1）The music ended and the girl took a bow.
音乐结束后，女孩鞠躬致谢。
2）There was great applause when the actors took a bow.
当演员们鞠躬时，人们致以热烈的掌声。
16. angle for (para.24, L101)
-----to try to get something you want without asking directly for it 使用暗示手段以期获得某物
e.g.
1）I suspect that she’s been angling for promotion.
我猜想她一直在设法晋级。
2）He used to angle for prestige.
他过去一贯沽名钓誉。
17. restrained (para.25, L104)
restrain v.
-----to stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force
e.g.
1）We restrained the children from playing by the railroad.
我们阻止孩子们在铁路旁边玩耍。
2）The government has taken measures to restrain inflation.
政府已采取措施控制通货膨胀。
restrained adj. calm and controlled; not showing strong feelings 克制的，自制的
1）He was furious, but his manner was very restrained.
他很愤怒，但是举止很克制。
2）Her voice was not restrained, nor was she the least embarrassed.
她的嗓门很高，所以也是最尴尬的一个。
18. Useful Expressions
1）No one is completely immune.
没有人能完全超凡脱俗。
2）There are times when showing off may be forgivable and maybe even acceptable. 有的时候卖弄可以得到原谅甚至是可以接受的。
3）Deep concern for human suffering
对人类疾苦更深的关注
4）Sometimes showoffs ask for cheers to which they’re not entitled. 有时候卖弄者们祈求他们没有资格得到的喝彩。
5）To work one’s triumph into the conversation
把自己的成就纳入话题
6）I had an overwhelming need to exult.
我按捺不住地洋洋得意。
7）Modesty is the only sure bait when you angle for praise. 谦逊是博取赞誉唯一可靠的手段。
Unit 1 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。 相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持
不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。 如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 ２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 ３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 ４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 ５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。 ６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实
Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
Unit 1 Personality In-Class Reading 羞怯的痛苦 1 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 2 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。 3 相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 4能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。 5 如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感： 6 1．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 7 2．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 8 3．疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 9 4．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 10 5．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。
Part 1 Listening 1 Ex1: C A D C B Ex2: 1) approaching 2) left 3) toilet 4) locked 5) Tickets please 6) pushed 7) stamped Scripts: Two Belgians and two Dutchmen traveled regularly to work on the same train. After a while the Dutchmen saw that the two Belgians only had one ticket between them and asked how they managed to achieve this. The Belgians explained that when they heard the conductor approaching from the other end of the carriage, the two of them left their seats, went into the toilet and locked the door. When the conductor knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!", they pushed one ticket under the door. It was then stamped and pushed back under the door again. The Dutchmen thought this was a very good idea and the following morning bought one ticket between them. When they got to their carriage there was only one Belgian. They told him what they had done and asked the Belgian if he had a ticket as he was traveling on his own. The Belgian said he did not have a ticket at all and when they asked how he proposed to manage to travel free of charge, he told them they would have to wait and see until the conductor arrived, but he had no doubt that he would manage it without difficulty. As soon as they heard the conductor coming, the two Dutchmen immediately went to the toilet and locked the door. A few moments later, the Belgian followed them down the corridor and knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!" One ticket appeared under the door. Questions: 1. Where did the story take place 2. What did the two Dutchmen want to know from the two Belgians 3. How did the Dutchmen feel about the Belgians' behavior 4. What did the Belgian do when asked if he had a ticket 5. Who finally managed to travel free of charge Listening 2 Ex1: 1 department store 2. attend college 3. difficult 4. physical education 5. terrified Ex2: FTTFT Scripts: My name is Atsuko Saeki. I work as a salesclerk in a big department store in Fuji, Japan. Six years ago when I was 21 years old, I went to California to attend college. Life in the United States was much more difficult than I had ever imagined. It wasn't like the descriptions I had read in my textbooks. People often seemed tense and so I felt very alone. One of my hardest classes was physical education. We often played volleyball. All the other students were good at it, but I clearly wasn't. One afternoon, the teacher asked me to hit the ball to my classmates. For most people, this would be easy but I was terrified that I would make a fool of myself. When one of the boys on my team saw how nervous I was, he walked up to me and whispered, "Come on, you can do that." You can't imagine how those words of encouragement made me feel. I was so happy that I almost cried. I managed to hit the ball and I think I thanked the young man, but I'm not sure. I have never forgotten his kind words of encouragement. He probably doesn't even remember what he said to me or how much his kindness meant to me. Whenever things aren't going well, I think of those simple words of encouragement: Come on, you can do that.
Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were
Unit 1 Personality 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实有待改进。７．记住，每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。要把它们作为增长见识的经历，从中受益。挫折往往会成为转机，随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如，你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而，在你就读的大学里，你可能发现这里教育的某一特点比你料想的好得多。８．有些人会使你感到自己无能，不要和这种人交往。去设法改变他们对你的态度或者改变你对自己的态度，要不就脱离这种关系。伤害你的人并不关心你的最大利益。９．留出时间休息，享受自己的业余爱好，并且定期地重新审定自己的目标。为此所花费的时间有助于更好地了解你自己。１０．多在社交场合中锻炼。不要把自己同他人隔离开来。设法一次结识一位朋友；最终你将能够娴熟而自信地在众人中周旋。我们每个人都是独一无二、难能可贵的个体。我们自有吸引人的地方。我们对自己了解得越多，就越容易充分发挥自己的潜力。不要让羞怯成为阻碍我们拥有丰富和成功生活的绊脚石。 Unit3 Social Problems
Book 3 Unit 1 Personality The Misery of Shyness Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. All kinds of people describe themselves as shy: short, tall, dull, intelligent, young, old, slim, overweight. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? I'm ugly. I'm wearing unattractive clothes. It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. For instance, people who have a positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence. Because they have self-assurance, they do not need constant praise and encouragement from others to feel good about themselves. Self-confident people participate in life enthusiastically and spontaneously. They are not affected by what others think they "should" do. People with high self-esteem are not hurt by criticism; they do not regard criticism as a personal attack. Instead, they view a criticism as a suggestion for improvement. In contrast, shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is detrimental, or harmful. Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves as inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Dwelling on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy, and even feelings of envy, or jealousy. We
新编大学英语4（浙大版）课后习题答案共同学们欣赏嘎嘎 编辑 | 删除 | 权限设置 | 更多▼ 更多▲ ?设置置顶 ?推荐日志 ?转为私密日志 转载自W～XなK¤转载于2010年03月15日 11:55 阅读(0) 评论(0) 分类：移花接木权限: 公开 Unit1 1. 1) A entertaining B entertainment C entertained D entertainer 2) A recognizable B recognized C recognition D 3) A tempting B temptation C tempt 4) A reasoned B reasoning C reasonable D reason 5) A analyzed B analytical C analyst D analysis 6) A valuable B valuation C valued/values D values 7) A humorist B humor C humorous D humorless 8) A understandable B understanding C understand D misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement
Unit 9 Music In-Class Reading Music to Your Gear 参考译文 音乐与开车 安迪·埃利斯 1 尽管音乐能使你胸中的怒气平息，但是开车时听音乐也会损害你的健康。近期研究表明，听声音很响的音乐会严重地影响司机的注意力，而且心理学家也提醒人们，不断地在车里放这种音乐是很危险的，尤其是处于车流中或在高速公路上开车时。 2 音乐有两个极端，任何一个极端都有可能带来危险。重金属音乐以其强烈的节奏会使人莽撞驾驶，而聆听处于另一个极端的优美的、令人舒心的音乐，会使司机过分放松，以至于丧失安全意识，陷入迷迷糊糊的欲睡状态。 3 英国汽车协会一直关注道路安全，它委托搞了一个项目，研究严重车祸与音乐之间的关系。这项研究发现，17至25年龄段的男人是最危险、最易产生车祸的群体。研究还发现，这个群体的人70%的开车时间都在听音乐。 4 快节奏或重金属音乐要是放得很响，会使人易怒好斗，开起车来就会冲劲十足，这种司机也就更容易去冒险。开车的速度受到了音乐的速度和节奏的控制。 5 在试验中，给那些自愿参加实验的司机听声音很响的音乐，他们说尽管他们不一定感到非要开快车，但的确发现自己换档更快了，加速也快了，刹车更急了。若是让这些司机听慢节奏的抒情曲，他们承认经常感到自己走神，他们在高速公路上长途开车时，至少有两位参试的司机发现自己不知不觉地在跨越车道标记。 6 这些自愿参试的司机（有些刚刚拿到驾驶执照）所发表的意见非常说明问题。十八岁的西蒙告诉英国汽车协会，“《走出地狱的蝙蝠》里的快节奏摇滚乐真会让人送命的。我发现自己不知不觉地越开越快。” 7 另一名自愿参试的司机一直在听ZZ Top乐队最流行的曲子，他说，“我一直在快速行驶，扯着嗓门唱歌，没有看见也没有听见那辆一直想超过我的消防车。” 8 还有些人说：“我陷入了深思”…… “人的感觉会变得麻木” …… “听不见别的汽车是个问题”，“我一直在随着音乐的节奏加快速度。” 9 一些慢节奏的背景音乐，如肖邦的音乐，会刺激人的大脑，使思维模式发生变化，激发阿尔法脑波，使人有一种舒服愉快的感觉。处于放松状态在大多数情况下对我们有好处，但开车时则不然。心理学家雪利?费希尔教授提醒人们说：“最大的危险是疲劳驾驶。有些音乐会使你无法集中注意力，甚至陷入轻度睡眠状态，那样就会造成可怕的惨祸。” 10 “问题的关键在于根据具体情况选择合适的音乐。刺激性的音乐适合在漫长、枯燥的道路上听，但是当交通状况糟糕时，或是交通拥挤时，这种音乐会分散你的注意力。” 11 然而，音乐也有其好的一面，正如英国汽车协会的心理学家罗伯特?韦斯特所指出的那样：“如果有些音乐影响我们安全行驶，那么反过来也是有道理的。