山东淄博六中11-12学年高三模拟考试英语试题(4)
第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
21. I don' t know whether this is _________ part that she played in Hero, __________
very famous film in our country.
A. a; a
B. the; a
C. a; the
D.
the; the
22. ________ much progress you can make in all your subjects in the future, you should
keep modest.
A. However
B. Whatever
C. What
D. How
23. I really don' t know for certain _________ they discussed this important problem
very
secretly.
A. where was it that
B. where it was that
C. where that
D. it was where that
24. What made me sad was that I went to see her the day before yesterday _________
her dead on her bed.
A. to find
B. finding
C. found
D. find
25. Her money___________ , the lazy middle-aged woman began to steal others' money
at crowded places, such as bus stops, stations, airports and ports.
A. had run out
B. running out
C. having been run out
D. having run out
26. -- Will they go for an outing today?
-- They________, because it seems that the weather is not so fine.
A. mustn't
B. can't
C. needn't
D. may
not
27. The news ___________ Shenzhou-7 spaceship safely returned from space on September
28th, 2008 excited all the Chinese people.
A. which
B. that
C. /
D. what
28. Thinking that her baby was fast asleep, the young mother left the room, _________ .
A. quickly and gentle
B. quickly and gently
C. quick and gentle
D. quick and gently
29. _________, he is still as modest as before, which always moves all the people
who know him.
A. As he is a scientist
B. A scientist as he is
C. Scientist as he is
D. As is he a scientist
30. I thought that the patient could not live through that night, but he survived
___________.
A. at all
B. after all
C. above all
D. in turn
31. There are altogether fifty-four students in our class, _______is a new comer from
a faraway mountain village.
A. the most diligent of who
B. but the most diligent of whom
C. the most diligent of them
D. of whom the most diligent
32. _______in the story book that he had bought not long before, the boy didn't notice
his mother go into his room.
A. Losing
B. Lost
C. Having lost
D.
To be lost
33. You must do your homework now; you __________ computer games all the evening.
A. have been playing
B. play
C. are playing
D. played
34. -- What a beautiful skirt you are dressed in today! Where did you buy it?
-- ___________ ; I bought it in Beijing.
A. Not beautiful at all
B. Don't mention it
C. It is very kind of you to
say so D. You're welcome
35. I collected _________ he did for the Hope Project the day before yesterday.
A. three times as many money as
B. three times much money than
C. three times more money than
D. three times many more money
第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分,满分30分）
Seven loyal readers came to the Teens' office two weeks ago. They had a wonderful
day learning how to make a newspaper. But what 36 made them excited was that they
had their say.
"What most 37 me was when I was saying something, I found all eyes were on
me," said Tang Shining, one of the students. Her friend, Li Chunbei 38 , and felt
very glad that when she was talking, the editors nodded and 39 took notes.
Students are happy to see the editors listen to their 40 . You may often 41
about being neglected by teachers and parents. 42 before complaining, please make
sure that you have already spoken about your 43 .
Traditionally in China, teachers at school and parents were 44 the ones to
tell teenagers what they should and shouldn't do. The young are 45 to doing what
they are told, rather than thinking by themselves. But then their ideas would be locked
in their brain and not be 46 .
A girl wrote to Teens about her family story. She 47 to be very sad because
her father seldom talked and played with her. After years of consideration, she 48
decided to write her father a letter, telling him about her sadness. To her 49 ,
the father 50 , saying that he didn't realize his mistake. From then on, he really
51 .
Sometimes, we need to let our 52 be heard, so others can understand our thoughts
and feelings.
Don' t be afraid of being 53 for what you have done. You know it is your 54
to speak your mind. Even if your suggestions are denied, at least you have tried your
best. You will not be left with any 55 .
36. A. really B. directly C. completely D.
immediately
37. A. disappointed B. impressed C. frightened D.
horrified
38. A. refused B. disagreed C. agreed D.
disliked
39. A. still B. yet C. already D. even
40. A. opinions B. speeches C. songs D. articles
41. A. talk B. complain C. write D. speak
42. A. And B. So C. But D. Instead
43. A. pleasure B. love C. hatred D. worry
44. A. seldom B. never C. always D. sometimes
45. A. used B. reduced C. devoted D. told
46. A. remembered B. used C. touched D. heard
47. A. used B. pretended C. seemed D. had
48. A. sadly B. suddenly C. angrily D.
finally
49. A. sorrow B. disappointment C. surprise D. satisfaction
50. A. apologized B. smiled C. laughed D. sighed
51. A. exchanged B. changed C. left D. played
52. A. voices B. decisions C. suggestions D. secrets
53. A. punished B. blamed C. beaten D. fined
54. A. duty B. task C. right D. pleasure
55. A. regret B. sadness C. trouble D. difficulty
第三部分阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
A
Most students hate their endless homework. The students from Class 2, Senior 2 of the High School Affiliated to Peking University certainly did before they published their own collection of English novels at home.
Their small book contains stories about a holy (神圣的) war, the happy life of a self-taught artist and the story of a laid-off worker who devoted his last breath to playing his beloved accordion (手风琴). The book becomes an instant hit on campus. About 3,000 copies have been sold and the class is already working on the second volume. "We're up to our ears in homework. Exercises and exams make us out of breath. But to do something creative and full of imagination is such a great achievement," said Yu Xiaoxiao, 16.
"I took the writing as an ordinary homework at the beginning, but after I finished the first part of my story, I could not help but let it flow," said Wang An, who wrote "Accordion".
Inspired by "Lord of the Rings", Jiang Lu wrote his story about magic wars between angels from the light and the dark side. "The main message of the story was to look at the balance of the world. Both dark and light angels fight with love as their weapons.
I want to tell people that selfish love might bring hate," Jiang said.
"I was shocked by their work and felt so proud to be the editor of my students' book," said Nathaniel Timmermann, the oral English teacher at the school. Liu Xiuqin,
an English teacher, started the project by asking students to write whatever was in their mind every week. "They have performed beyond expectation," Liu said. "They wrote interesting stories and their English has improved after they started to express their
real minds."
"We never imagined that our homework would be so popular and profitable (盈利的). We sell the novels at five yuan, but many teachers pay more to encourage us," said Yuan Mengyao.
56. After Wang An finished the first part 0f his story, he _________.
A. couldn't go on
B. had to put it aside
C. just wanted to express it freely
D. lost it
57. What was not the outcome of the students' homework of writing whatever was in their mind?
A. Being popular.
B. Being profitable.
C. Improving their English.
D. Winning prize.
58. What is the reason for the students' liking to write interesting stories?
A. It is creative and imaginative.
B. It is profitable.
C. Interesting stories are sure to be popular.
D. Interesting stories can be well sold.
59. What is the best title of this passage?
A. Creative homework leads to a popular book
B. Writing interesting stories
C. Students' new book
D. A popular book
B
60. What are these ads for?
A. Food you can order for delivery.
B. Places to go on vacation.
C. Special offers at a shopping center.
D. Things on sale in a big store.
61. Which of the following is true according to the ads?
A. Spending $ 50 means 3 hours of free parking.
B. One person can buy 4 tickets for the price of' $ 2.
C. After buying two CDs, you can get another two CDs for free.
D. At Mike' s Cafe, people can get a free soft drink after spending $ 6.
62. We can know from the passage ____________.
A. there are more than one theatre in the centre
B. if you buy a book there, you may pay less than half the price
C. you may get a free one if you buy a shirt, or a tie, or a pair of shoes
D. you won' t get a free soft drink unless you spend more than 10 dollars on the meal
C
The plastic identification ( ID, 身份证) cards carded by all Chinese citizens over 16 are to be replaced with electronic cards from 2005.
The new cards, which most people will have by 2005, contain a microchip (微芯片) on which personal information is stored. This can be checked against databases (资料库) kept by the government.
"The information will be locked into the card so that people won' t be able to use false identities," said Ren Tianbu, a security (安全) official in Shenyang.
China's present plastic identity cards were introduced 17 years ago, and a similar system is used by many other countries. However, the information shown on a card differs from nation to nation. Most ID cards show the holder' s name, sex, date of birth and photograph, as well as the card' s expiry (失效) date and number.
Germany, France and Spain all use ID cards, but there are some developed nations who dislike the idea. The US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Sweden and Britain are
among those with no national ID card. However, some of the countries have ID cards for particular uses. For example, Australia and the United States use a driving licence (驾照) to identify people.
Identity cards are introduced for a variety of reasons. Race, politics and religion were often at the heart of older ID systems. In recent years, though, ID cards have been linked to national information databases, which form the basis of how a government manages a country.
The US, Britain and some other countries are considering a national ID system as a way of preventing possible terrorist attacks.
However, such plans have been .met with fierce (猛烈的) resistance by those who believe identity cards work against human rights and individual privacy (个人隐私) .
"ID cards make us suspects (可疑人员), not citizens," said UK human rights group Liberty.
63. Which of the following is NOT true according to the article?
A. Only those Chinese citizens over 16 can have an ID card.
B. The former Chinese ID card was plastic and the new one will be an electronic one.
C. The new Chinese ID card will be used by 2005.
D. The new Chinese ID card was introduced 17 years ago.
64. The information shown on an ID card of different countries ________.
A. is similar
B. is the same
C. has nothing in common
D. has something in common and something different
65. _________ use a driving licence to identify people.
A. Australia and the United States
B. Canada and the United States
C. Australia and New Zealand
D. Sweden and Britain
66. What is the best title of the article?
A. An ID card, a good way to identify terrorists
B. An ID card, a useful way to identify people
C. An ID card can be used to show how a government manages a country
D. New cards will keep your details safe
D
In a few years, you might be able to speak Chinese, Korean, Japanese, French, and English -- and all at the same time. This sounds incredible, but Alex Waibel, a computer science professor at US' s Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Germany' s University of Karlsruhe, announced last week that it may soon be reality. He and his team have invented software and hardware that could make it far easier for people who speak different languages to understand each other.
One application, called Lecture Translation, can easily translate a speech from one language into another. Current translation technologies typically limit speakers to certain topics or a limited vocabulary. Users also have to be trained how to use the programme.
Another prototype (雏形机) can send translations of a speech to different listeners depending on what language they speak. "It is like having a simultaneous
translator right next to you but without disturbing the person next to you," Waibel said.
Prefer to read? So-called Translation Glasses transcribe (转录) the translations on a tiny liquid-crystal(液晶) display (LCD) screen.
Then there' s the Muscle Translator. Electrodes (电极) capture the electrical signals from facial muscle movements made naturally when a person is mouthing words. The signals are then translated into speech. The electrodes could be replaced with wireless chips implanted (植入) in a person' s face, according to researchers.
During a demonstration (演示) held last Thursday in CMU' s Pittsburgh campus, a Chinese student named Stan Jou had 11 tiny electrodes attached to the muscles of his cheeks, neck and throat. Then he mouthed -- without speaking aloud -- a few words in Mandarin(普通话) to the audience. A few seconds later, the phrase was displayed on a computer screen and spoken out by the computer in English and Spanish: "Let me introduce our new prototype".
This particular gadget (器械), when fully developed, might allow anyone to speak in any number of languages or, as Waibel put it, "to switch your mouth to a foreign language". "The idea behind the university' s prototypes is to create 'good enough' bridges for cross-cultural exchanges that are becoming more common in the world," Waibel said.
With spontaneous (自发的) translators, foreign drivers in Germany could listen to traffic warnings on the radio, tourists in China could read all the signs and talk with local people, and leaders of different countries could have secret talks without any interpreters there.
67. What does the underlined word "simultaneous" mean in the third paragraph?
A. 同时的
B. 高效的
C. 昂贵的
D. 多功能的
68. What kind of prototype did the Chinese student named Stan Jou try?
A. Lecture Translation.
B. Translation Glasses.
C. Muscle Translator.
D. We don' t know.
69. What is the purpose of inventing the translators?
A. To help students to learn English.
B. To help people to watch foreign TV programs.
C. To help people travel in foreign countries.
D. To promote cultural exchanges between countries.
70. What is the best title of this text?
A. Speak different languages at the same time?
B. Flow to learn to speak foreign languages?
C. New ways to learn foreign languages
D. You' re welcome to learn foreign languages
E
Venus is known as the Earth’ “twin” because the planets are so like each other in size. The diameter (直径) of Venus is about 7,520 miles (12,100km), about 400 miles (644km) smaller than that of the earth. No other planet comes closer to the earth than Venus. At its nearest approach it is about 25,000,000 miles (402,000,000km) away.
As seen from the earth, Venus is the first planet or star that can be seen in
the western sky in the evening. At other times, it is the last planet or star that can be seen in the eastern sky in the morning. When Venus is near its brightest point,
it can be seen in the daylight. Early astronomers called the object that appeared
in the evening Hesperus, and Phosphorus in the morning. Later they realized these two objects were the same planet. They named it Venus in honor of the Roman goddess
of love and beauty.
71. Traveling around Venus in a straight way, you would have a long trip of about_______ miles.
A. 24,896
B. 23,613 B. 37,994 D. 25,000,000
72. Which of the following is NOT a fact about Venus?
A. It’s the nearest neighboring planet of the earth.
B. It used to be called Phosphorus and Hesperus.
C. It’s usually 25,000,000 miles away from the earth.
D. It can sometimes be seen together with the sun in the sky.
73. Venus is called the earth’s “twin” because ________.
A. it’s almost as big as the earth
B. it’s the nearest to the earth
C. they are both planets
D. they are of the same shape
74. The passage shows that _______.
A. Venus is always the last to appear in the sky in the evening
B. Venus is sometimes the last to appear in the sky in the morning.
C. The diameter of the earth is nearly eight thousand miles.
D. Venus is sometimes the last to disappear in the western sky in the morning.
75. The best title for the passage might be ________.
A. The Size of Venus
B. Venus and the Earth
C. Venus---the Earth’s “twin”
D. The Nearest Neighbor
第II卷（共45分）
第一节阅读表达（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分）
As the college entrance exam draws near, many Senior 3 students begin to feel worried. . Your score won’t have the final say in your future career, according to a recent survey.
China’s first report that is about lives of the top students getting the highest score on past national college entrance exams came out last Monday. It finds that not all of them have become winners in college and career.
“Most of the successful career men weren’t the best of their classes,” said the report. “However, the most importa nt thing is that they should have creativity and the courage for exploration.”
The National College Entrance Exam was first held in 1977. Thirty years later, the report is expected to help Senior 3 students to decide on their university choices rationally (理性地). A group of experts spent eight months covering every part of China except Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and researching into the lives of
the top students.
They found that among all the 560 top scorers from 1999 –2006, girls are leading boys with a narrow majority, accounting for about 50.27 percent. They have a bigger majority in the number of art majors, at 63 percent. But among those science majors, boys take the lead with 64.78 percent.
However, experts are worried by the fact that the majors the top scorers chose are very limited. Four out of five top students went to popular majors, like economic management and computer science. But other majors closely related to social development, like medicine and astronomy, failed to attract any of the very best.
“Most of the students’ choices were based on a desire for fame and wealth, instead of their interest in the subject. That would slim their chances for career success, as well as undermine (破坏) the hopes of our country,” said Cai Yanhou, a professor with Central South University.
76．What is the best title of the passage? (within 10 words)
____________________________________________________________________ 77．Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?
The majority of the students chose their major according to whether it could help them get a higher social status, regardless of whether they loved it or not.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________ 78．Fill in the blank in the first paragraph with a proper sentence.
(within10 words)
____________________________________________________________________
79. What advice is implied on how to choose one’s major in college in the last two
paragraphs? (within 20 words)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________ 80．Translate the underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph into Chinese.
__ __________________________________________________________________
第二节书面表达（满分30分）
人们完成工作的方式通常有两种：独立完成与合作完成。两种方式各有特点。请你以“working Individually or Working in a Team “为题，按照以下要点写一篇英语短文：1．独立完成：自行安排、自己解决问题
2．合作完成：一起讨论、相互学习
3．我喜欢的方式及理由. 注意：词数120--150，文章的题目和开头已给出（不
计词数）。
Working Individually or Working in a Team
There are basically two ways to get work done.
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________
21—25 BABAD 26—30 DBCCB 31—35 DBACC
36—40 ABCDA 41—45 BCDCA 46—50 DADCA 51—55 BABCA
56—60 CDAAC 61—65 DADDA 66—70 BACDA 71-75 BCACC
76. Lives after the big tests
Lives after the national college entrance exams
What has become of the top scorers?
Lessons from the top scorers.
77. Most of the students’ choice s were based on a desire for fame and wealth, instead of their interest in the subject.
78. But please take it easy. Well, you don’t have to worry so much.
79. One should base the choice on the society’s needs as well as one’s own interest.
80. 他们发现在1999-2006年间的560名高分考生中，女生人数略领先于男生，约占50.28%. Writing
Working Individually or Working in a Team
There are basically two ways to get work done. They are working individually and working in a team. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.
On one hand, working individually can give the individuals a convenience to arrange and solve the problems. It can offer them the space to think by themselves. Only in this way, can they develop their creative ability. On the other hand, working in a team provides the individuals with the chance to discuss and study together. During the progress, they help each other so this can improve their communication and co-operative ability.
To some degree, choosing which way to wo rk partly depends on the individual’s characters. I think working in a team is suitable for me, because I believe “two heads are better than one” which leads to our work more efficient.
山东省淄博市“09.30”模板坍塌事故一、事故简介 2006年9月3O日，淄博市某碳酸钙厂二次混料室工程在施工过程中，发生模板支撑系统坍塌事故，造成3人死亡、1人重伤，直接经济损失71万元。． 该工程主体是单层混凝土框架结构，长22m，宽12m，高13m，屋面 设计标高13.lm。屋面是现浇钢筋混凝土肋梁楼盖，由主梁 (400mmX1400mm)、次梁(250mmX500mm)和板(1OOmm)组成。标高7.6m 以下部分的立柱、梁，已于9月5日浇筑完成。二次混料室满堂架体的模板支撑系统，由施工员组织人员搭设。2006年9月29日晚开始浇筑二次混料室标高7.6m以上部分。浇筑完柱和梁后，又由北向南 浇筑板。9月3O日凌晨，当板浇筑到一半的时候，施工面突然出现 塌陷，浇筑完的柱、梁和板由北向南全部坍塌，工作面上的施工人 员坠落到地面，被混凝土、脚手架等埋压。 根据事故调查和责任认定，对有关责任方作出以下处理：项目经理、施工员2名责任人移交司法机关依法追究刑事责任；施工单位法定
代表人、木工班长、建设单位副厂长等6名责任人分别受到罚款、记过、警告等行政处分；施工、监理等单位受到罚款、降低资质等级的行政处罚。 二、原因分析 1．直接原因 二次混料室模板支撑系统的刚度和稳定性不合格，是造成这一事故的的直接原因。 (1)搭设存在以下主要问题：一是部分立杆间距过大，超过：《混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范》中模板体系设计的有关要求；二是同一高度立杆接头过于集中；三是立杆底部底座或垫板不符合规范要求；四是立杆纵横向拉接不符合规范要求；五是没有按规范要求设置纵向和水平剪刀撑；六是整个支撑体系与7.6m以下部分的立柱、梁没有连接。
2019级高考模拟考试试题（二） 英语 注意事项： 1、答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2、回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。 3、考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。 第Ⅰ卷（共100分） 第一部分听力（共两节，满分 30 分） 第一节（共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. What will the woman do next Saturday? A. Attend a birthday party. B. Sing in a concert. C. Stay at home. 2. What does the woman want the man to do? A Buy her a newspaper. B. Take a picture of her. C. Stop following her. 3. Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a classroom. B. In a library. C. In a bookstore. 4. Where will the woman go first? A. To the bathroom. B. To the beach. C. To the bank. 5. What does the woman mean? A. The man forgot to do his hair. B. The man needs to buy a new mirror.
山东省淄博市实验中学2021年高三上学期第一次学习检测历 史试题 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、单选题 1．西周晚期至春秋早期，西至渭河上游、东至渤海湾的不同国族的贵族墓葬中的青铜礼器，都具有相似的器物组合、造型样式和纹饰种类。据此可知 A．各地生产力水平趋向于平衡 B．青铜礼器被赋予了宗教色彩 C．分封制扩大了周朝统治疆域 D．不同地区的文化进一步融合 2．下图为全国出土的不同时期铁农具数量对比示意图。图中呈现的变化反映了 A．农业生产不断进步 B．铁制农具广泛应用 C．社会局势渐趋稳定 D．小农经济逐步壮大 3．下表为西汉丞相出身表
这反映出西汉时期（） A．社会阶层的流动性加强B．丞相权力逐渐被削弱 C．外戚干政导致社会衰弱D．儒学政治影响力增强 4．翰林院始设于唐朝，原本是政府网罗各色艺能人士的机构。明清时翰林院地位迅速上升，进士前二甲方能入翰林院，翰林学士多为皇室子弟侍读，内阁或军机重臣也皆出翰林。翰林院职能的演变 A．是对科举制度的发展和完善 B．适应了中枢权力机构的调整 C．促使了明初丞相制度的废除 D．是皇权极端加强的重要原因 5．如图为“隋朝大运河和元朝大运河比较”图，图中大运河河道的变迁从一个侧面反映了 A．经济重心逐渐南移 B．商品经济持续发展 C．政治中心转移到北方 D．中原地区生态破坏严重 6．从北宋起，人们谈起曹操就非常痛恨。后来的《三国演义》里，曹操更是被看作奸臣，而刘备一直以正面人物为人们所认可。这说明 A．历史上曹操确实奸诈而又狡猾 B．正统观念的影响深远 C．《三国演义》的宣传深入人心 D．刘备的才能胜过曹操
山东省淄博市张店新区 规划 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】
式征求张店区政府意见。 （四）2015年10月14日，规划成果通过专家评审并提出修改意见。 （五）2015年11月12日，通过了市规委会第5次项目审议会。 二、《淄博新城区控制性详细规划》(维护)规划情况 （一）规划范围：东起世纪路，西至滨博高速，南起昌国路，北至济青高速，总用地面积约平方公里。本项目规划范围分两个层次，即片区层次及街坊层次。（二）规划设计内容： 1、片区层面：梳理各片区人口容量、建筑容量，在此基础上，对新城区的基础设施、公共服务设施、公共安全设施根据新标准要求进一步分析研究，根据设施不同，提出相应的落实方式。 2、街坊层面：踏勘现状、根据新标准更改用地性质、对未建设地块和更新改造地块重新分析确定控制指标、落实专项规划内容、更新竖向管线等内容。 3、主要指标： 用地代码 用地名称面积(hm2) 百分比(%) 大类中类小类 R 居住用地 R1 一类居住用地R2 二类居住用地R22 服务设施用地 A 公共管理与公共服务设施用地A1 行政办公用地
A2 文化设施用地A3 教育科研用地A4 体育用地 A5 医疗卫生用地A6 社会福利用地A9 宗教用地 B 商业服务业设施用地B1 商业用地 B2 商务用地 B4 公用设施营业网点用地 W 物流仓储用地 W1 一类物流仓储用地 S 道路与交通设施用地S1 城市道路用地 S2 城市轨道交通用地 S3 交通枢纽用地 S4 交通场站用地 U 公用设施用地U1 供应设施用地U2 环境设施用地U3 安全设施用地 G 绿地与广场用地G1 公园绿地 G2 防护绿地 G3 广场用地 H11 城市建设用地H H2 H21 铁路用地 E E1 水域
生物试题 1.下列组合，在生命系统的层次中依次属于种群、群落和生态系统的一组是( ) ①一个池塘中的全部生物②一片草地上的全部昆虫③某水库中的全部草鱼④一根枯木及枯木上的所有 生物 A. ①②④ B. ③①④ C. ①②③ D. ②③④ 【答案】 B 【解析】 【分析】 正确理解种群、群落和生态系统的概念，并用概念分析自然现象。种群是指在一定区域内同种生物的所有 个体；群落是指在一定的自然区域内所有种群的总和，在一定自然区域内，生物群落及其无机环境相互作 用的整体叫做生态系统，包括这一区域内的全部生物和这些生物生活的无机环境。 【详解】①一个池塘中的全部生物属于群落；②一片草地上的全部昆虫属于多个种群；③某水库中的全部 草鱼属于种群；④一根枯木及枯木上的所有生物属于生态系统。所以在生命系统的层次中依次属于种群、 群落、和生态系统的一组是③①④，故B正确。 【点睛】本题考查生命系统结构层次的相关知识，意在考查考生对生命系统结构层次知识的要点的识记和 理解的能力。 2. 假若某蛋白质分子由n个氨基酸构成，它们含有3条多肽链，则它们具有的肽键数和R 基团数分别是（） A. n个和n个 B. n－3个和n个 C. n个和n－3个 D. n－3个和n－3个 【答案】 B 【解析】 试题分析：氨基酸脱水缩合形成蛋白质时，失水数=肽键数=氨基酸总个数-肽链条数,因此肽键数=n-3；每
个氨基酸都具有一个R基团，一共是n个氨基酸，因此R基数史n，选择B． 考点：本题考查的是氨基酸脱水缩合形成蛋白质的过程，此类问题意在考查对脱水缩合过程的理解，在理 解过程的同时才能在理解的基础上熟记公式，计算题属于学习的难点，难点问题要多加练习才能熟练掌握。 3. 病毒、蓝藻和酵母菌都具有的物质或结构是：（） A. 细胞壁 B. 细胞质 C. 细胞膜 D. 遗传物质 【答案】 D 【解析】 病毒不具有细胞结构，无细胞壁、细胞质和细胞膜，A错误、B错误、C错误；蓝藻、酵母菌的遗传物质是DNA，病毒的遗传物质是DNA或者RNA，因此病毒、蓝藻和酵母菌都具有遗传物质，D正确。 4. 细胞学说揭示了： A. 植物细胞与动物细胞的区别； B. 生物体结构的统一性； C. 细胞为什么要产生新细胞； D. 人们对细胞的认识是一个艰难曲折的过程。 【答案】 B 【解析】 细胞学说只是提出“一切动植物都由细胞发育而来”，并没有涉及动植物细胞的区别，A错误；一切动植物都由细胞发育而来，这就揭示了生物体结构的统一性，B正确；学说中只是提出“新细胞可以从老细胞中产生”，没有提出为什么要产生新细胞，C错误；人们对细胞的认识确实是一个艰难曲折的过程，但是细胞学说没有揭示该内容，D错误． 【考点定位】细胞的发现、细胞学说的建立、内容和发展 【名师点睛】细胞学说的内容有： 1、细胞是一个有机体，一切动植物都由细胞发育而来，并由细胞和细胞产物所组成． 2、细胞是一个相对独立的单位，既有它自己的生命，又对与其他细胞共同组成的整体的生命起作用．
第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） A If you frequently travel for business，Staybridge Suites offer you a range of home comforts．Four recent visitors to Staybridge Suites explain why they booked，what they enjoyed and what made them want to return． Claire Metcalf "The concept is great，but the staff are the ones who really make it．"she says．"It takes a lot of discipline to always be friendly，but the staff at Staybridge Suites do that．They genuinely care about you．" Andrew Roberts "One of the best things is having my own kitchen．I often end up working late and I don't fancy eating in a restaurant on my own，so cooking for myself is a big drawcard．" "The main thing for me is being able to cook and have my own little flat．The staff are amazing．It is great to be recognized by them，"he says． Pauline Robinson "What I love about it is the way that you are treated by the staff，"she says．"Some of the staff have been there all that time and they do look after you well．As a woman staying on my own，it is reassuring that they look out for you，and recently when I was poorly they even brought things I needed to my room．" Ryan Ruckledge "The fully﹣equipped kitchen is great．I always have a one﹣bed apartment so I have a separate kitchen and dining room and I'm able to relax and cook some meals．Eating out can feel a bit much when you do it day in and day out﹣it makes you hate what you do﹣and I don't want that． 21．What attracts visitors to Staybridge Suites A．A separate dining room．B．A one﹣bed apartment． C．A home from home．D．A lot of discipline． 22．Who think highly of the kitchen of Staybridge Suites A．Pauline Robinson and Ryan Ruckledge．B．Ryan Ruckledge and Claire Metcalf． C．Andrew Roberts and Ryan Ruckledge．D．Pauline Robinson and Claire Metcalf． 23．What does the underlined word ‘drawcard' in Paragraph 3 probably mean
山东省淄博市2015年中考数学试卷 一、选择题：本题共12小题，在每小题所给出的四个选项中，只有一个是正确的．每小题4分，错选、不选或选出的答案超过一个，均记零分． D ）=﹣2 =9 、 3．（4分）（2015?淄博）将图1围成图2的正方体，则图1中的红心“”标志所在的正方形是正方体中的（）
” ” 4．（4分）（2015?淄博）已知x=，y=，则x2+xy+y2的值为（） ）× ） 5．（4分）（2015?淄博）已知是二元一次方程组的解，则2m﹣n的平方 ．± 将代入中，得：
6．（4分）（2015?淄博）某超市为了吸引顾客，设计了一种促销活动：在一个不透明的箱子里放有4个相同的小球，球上分别标有“0元”、“10元”、“20元”、“30元”的字样．规定：顾客在本超市一次性消费满200元，就可以在箱子里先后摸出两个小球（每一次摸出后不放 ．D = 7．（4分）（2015?淄博）若锐角α满足cosα＜且tanα＜，则α的范围是（） ， ，
， ， ， 8．（4分）（2015?淄博）如图，在四边形ABCD中，DC∥AB，CB⊥AB，AB=AD，CD=AB，点E、F分别为AB、AD的中点，则△AEF与多边形BCDFE的面积之比为（） ．D ，得出=，求出 =，即可求出 BD
∴= AB ∴=， 9．（4分）（2015?淄博）如图，在菱形ABCD和菱形BEFG中，点A、B、E在同一直线上，P 是线段DF的中点，连接PG，PC．若∠ABC=∠BEF=60°，则=（） ．D
∴= 10．（4分）（2015?淄博）若关于x的方程+=2的解为正数，则m的取值范围是 ， 的方程+ ， 所以可得 11．（4分）（2015?淄博）如图是一块△ABC余料，已知AB=20cm，BC=7cm，AC=15cm，现将余料裁剪成一个圆形材料，则该圆的最大面积是（）
山东省淄博市实验中学2020届高三上学期期末考试语文试题 一、现代文阅读 现代文阅读（一） 阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。 材料一： 方言对于人类文明而言具有长远意义，如同物种意义上的不可再生性。我们今天仅用短视的眼光看待方言，可能看不到它实在的价值，但如果因此忽略它，任其消失，则是不可还原的。 方言的价值，体现在多个方面：第一，方言是地方优秀传统文化的重要载体，比如湖南花鼓戏，以其特色与影响带给人们独有的艺术享受；第二，我们用传统方式做训诂研究，解释古代文献词义、句义，需要借助方言；第三，语言的多样性是丰富人类社会与文化生活的一个重要方面。 联合国教科文组织有一个观念：只有用自己最熟悉的母语，才能精确表达人们心灵最深处、最复杂的情感。没有乡音，无以慰藉乡愁。任何一种方言都是一种知识体系，都是特定的族群在特定的地域生活多年之后文化风貌的呈现。一个多元的社会，应该允许人们用方言来表达情感。 方言能极大地增强同一社区的凝聚力和向心力，这对社区营造和谐宜居的优良环境有很好的助推力。在现有的信息化的背景下，方言差异性减少、普通话影响扩大是一个必然的过程，我们要正确认识这个现实。考虑到方言的价值，我们希望方言不要以这么快的速度退出社会生活，希望方言在更长的时间里能以一定形式得到传承。 据统计，世界上大部分人口，都使用不止一种语言。因此，我国在大力推广普通话的同时，没必要将方言保存保护与普通话推广对立起来，双语双言、多语多言应是社会之常态。社会要逐步养成双语双言、多语多言的状态，并习以为常——我们在完成不同的社会交际功能、适应不同交际场合时，完全可以用不同的语言来进行。 在促进社会和谐方面，多言多语应是比较理想的状态，这实际也是世界大部分地区的常态。中国南方地区多语言环境情况较多，尤其像广西这样的地方，一个人往往会说几种方言，比如西南官话、粤语、客家话，有的还会说壮语。这是百姓自然而然掌握的，并不存在学得多就学不好的情况。因此，在目前环境之下，城市的家长不用担心孩子以后普通话说不好，要让孩子从小有机会说方言，与普通话同时接触。研究表明，实际从小处在多语状态的人，脑神经系统的发育能够得到更多的锻炼，双语多语环境下的孩子在智力发展过程中，并不会吃亏，反而更有优势。 不过，方言毕竟是触动人们敏感认同神经的因素，因此在多语多言的社会里，使用不同方言的人，要有语言使用文明的意识。这种文明意识，说到底就是要兼顾对方的心理状态，并成为一种习惯。在交际的
我的家鄉——淄博 我出生在一个平凡的家庭，在一个平凡而又让人难以忘怀的土地上——淄博。淄博位于山东中部，南依泰沂山麓，北濒黄河。“淄博”一词最初是“淄川”和“博山”两个地区的合称，后泛指作为城市名称。淄博是一座独具特色的组群式城市，下辖的张店、淄川、博山、周村、临淄五个城区和桓台城区呈“十字”状分布，城乡交错，形成城市组群。这里没有广阔的海洋，没有巍峨的高山，但却是一个充满向往的地方。这里有不平凡的文化，也有不平凡的瓷器。接下来我就介绍一下我的故乡淄博。 淄博是中国优秀旅游城市，东部齐国故乡，文化浩繁，有“地下博物馆”之称最具代表性的有著名的东周殉马坑、田齐王陵、“二王冢”、“四王冢”、齐国排水道口和孔子闻韶处等；中部有《聊斋志异》的作者蒲松龄的故居；南部有鲁山原山两个国家级森林公园，开元溶洞，蕉岭前溶洞，沂源溶洞等绵延数十里的溶洞群，以及“沂源猿人”遗址和齐长城遗址；西部有百年商埠重镇周村，素有“金周村”“旱码头”之誉，有保存完好的古商业街——周村大街，是电视剧《大染坊》、《旱码头》故事的发生地和拍摄地；北部黄河流经47公里，马踏湖、大芦湖具有“北国江南”的韵味。淄博陶瓷业发达，是我国最早制作陶器的产地之一，坐落于中心城区的中国陶瓷馆荟萃中外陶瓷精品，展示8000年来淄博生产出土的陶瓷文物。 淄博历史文化悠久，是齐文化的发祥地。国家历史文化名城，淄博的临淄区为春秋五霸之首齐国的故都。能够成为一方霸主少不了天时地利人和，而故都当然更要地理位置绝佳，内能繁荣昌盛，外能抵御外贼。世界足球发源于中国的蹴鞠，而齐国又是最早兴起蹴鞠运动的，因此被国际足联认定为世界足球起源地。淄博不仅拥有悠久的历史，还是诸多专著的诞生地点。 中国历史上第一本手工业方面的专著《考工记》，第一本农业方面的专著《齐民要术》以及最早阐述服务业的专著《管子》都是在这块土地上写成的。这些都与齐文化是分不开的，齐文化具有开放进取、兼容并蓄的特质，是中华文明的重要渊源之一。淄博没有孔子的故乡泰安那样众人皆知的文化，但我们也曾出现过
高三英语模拟考试试题（附答案） 英语 本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。满分150分。考试时间120分钟。 第Ⅰ卷（共105分） 注意事项： 1.答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号徐黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试卷上。 第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分） 该部分分为第一、第二两节。注意：回答听力部分时，请先将答案标在试卷上。听力部分结束前，你将有两分钟的时间将你的答案转涂到客观题答题卡上。 第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读—遍。 1.Where has the woman probably just been？ A.To a bank. B.To a market. C.To a post office. 2.what is the probable relationship between the speakers？ A.Mother and son. B.Doctor and patient. C.Teacher and student. 3.What does the man suggest the woman do？ A.Keep silent. B.Buy a new cup. C.Speak the truth. 4.What does the man want to eat now？ A.Strawberries. B.Chips. C.Cakes. 5.What time is it now？ A.9:00. B.10：00. C.11：00. 第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6.What are the speakers mainly talking about？ A.A coat. B.A pair of socks. C.A pair of gloves. 7.What is the usual price？ A.＄15. B.＄7.5. C.＄5. 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。 8.What does the woman think is beautiful？ A.The beach. B.The blue water. C.The sound of waves. 9.What did the man do when he first saw the ocean？
万方数据
万方数据
山东省淄博市产业结构与就业结构协调发展研究 作者：于清波 作者单位：中共淄博市委党校,山东淄博,255033 刊名： 经济师 英文刊名：CHINA ECONOMIST 年，卷(期)：2011(5) 参考文献(5条) 1.王晓君;刘爱芝山东省产业结构与就业结构的协调发展研究[期刊论文]-山东社会科学 2006(08) 2.史丹苏北产业结构与就业结构协调发展分析[期刊论文]-商业现代化 2007(12) 3.王庆丰我国产业结构和就业结构协调发展研究述评[期刊论文]-华东经济管理 2010(07) 4.白永秀论社会主义新农村建设的核心问题[期刊论文]-延安大学学报 2008(04) 5.蒋选面向新世纪的我国产业结构调整 2003 本文读者也读过(10条) 1.金传宝.肖明全山东省高中段教育结构调整与发展研究[期刊论文]-山东师范大学报（人文社会科学版）2003,47(1) 2.孙红芹山东省产业结构与就业结构均衡性的实证研究[期刊论文]-经济论坛2009(1) 3.徐峰.Xu Feng二十一世纪初山东省高等教育区域化现状研究[期刊论文]-山东教育学院学报2006,21(3) 4.潘振文.孙思栋.张庆军从鲁、苏、粤、浙人口就业结构比较看山东经济结构调整的方向[会议论文]-2003 5.文玉春.WEN Yuchun我国高等教育结构与就业结构关系研究[期刊论文]-内蒙古财经学院学报2008(5) 6.张鸣.张艳丽.ZHANG Ming.ZHANG Yan-li山东省高等教育结构研究[期刊论文]-青岛科技大学学报（社会科学版）2010,26(3) 7.蔡克勇就业结构的变化趋势与高等教育结构的调整(下)[期刊论文]-理工高教研究2002,21(5) 8.刘清芝山东省农村人口教育结构优化的思路与对策[期刊论文]-科技致富向导2010(15) 9.蔡克勇就业结构的变化趋势与高等教育结构的调整(上)[期刊论文]-理工高教研究2002,21(4) 10.文玉春.WEN Yu-chun我国高等教育结构与就业结构关系研究[期刊论文]-石家庄经济学院学报2008,31(6) 本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/544916814.html,/Periodical_jjs201105130.aspx
高三模拟考试英语试题 英 语（去掉听力部分，总分120分，时间100分钟） 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必在答题纸规定的地方填写自己的班级、姓名、六位考号。 2.9：40停止答题，将答题纸拍照（要清晰，要拍全），上传给老师，最晚要在9：45之前上传完毕。 3.听力不做，不计入总分。 第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分） 做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. What are the two speakers talking about? A .The woman's husband. B .The man feels annoyed. C .The woman's car. 2. How much more is needed for the new car? A .87,000 yuan. B .92,000 yuan. C .5,000 yuan. 3. Where does the woman find the key? A . On the table. B .In the drawer. C .On the icebox. 4. When will the two speakers be likely to meet? A .Thursday. B .Friday. C .Saturday. 5. What has happened to the house? A .The roof is missing. B .A storm damaged it. C .A tree fell onto the house. 第二节（共15小题；小题1.5分，满分22.5分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。 6. How will the man go to the museum? A .By bus. B .By taxi. C .On foot. 7. Where is the museum located? A .Behind Queen Mary Ave. B .At the end of Museum Drive. C .On the left of Queen Mary Ave. 听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。 8. Where does the conversation take place? A .On the phone. B .At a dentist's. C .At the meeting. 9. Which doctor did the man see last time? A .Dr. Williams. B .Dr. Robinson. C .Dr. Andrew. 10. W hat date is it today? A .January 14. B .January 12. C .January 11. 听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。 11. W here will they go to have lunch? A .East Sunshine. B .West Sunshine. C .Test East Sunshine. 12. W hy does the woman know the restaurant? A .Because she has eaten out in the restaurant. B .Because she got news from their website. C .Because she was invited to taste dishes. 13. W hich of the following is the owner of the restaurant? A .Jenny. B .Mark. C .Judy. 听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。 14. W hat resulted in Peter quitting his job? A .His boss is mean B .He had no chance to advance. C .The salary is low. 15. H ow many companies did Peter send out the resume to? A .Two. B .Twelve. C .Twenty. 16. W here does the man speaker want to work? A .Boston. B .Chicago. C .Seattle. 17. W hat suggestion does the woman give? A .Find a job working online. B .Contact the networking groups. C .By a new suit. 听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。 18. W hat is the speaker mainly talking about? A .Three positives of traveling alone. B .His experience of adventure. C .His trip to Chicago during spring break. 19. W hat did the speaker do in the workshops? A .To visit the local people. B .To buy a beautiful earrings. C .To design a T-shirt. 20. H ow did the speaker build his confidence? A .Have some valuable conversations. B .Have no one to depend on. C .Set up a comfort zone. 第二部分 阅读（共20小题，每小题2.5分，共50分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A 、B 、C 和D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A If you have applied online to a position, you may check to see which step we have reached in our hiring process. 学校： 班级： 姓名： 考号： ____________________________装____________________________________订_______________________________线____________________________________
山东省淄博六中2009-2010学年度第一学期期末考试 高三语文试题 第I卷(选择题，共36分) 一、(15分，每小题3分) 1．下列词语中加线的字，读音全都不相同的一组是 A．模棱摹拟落寞莫逆之交顶礼膜拜 B．扉页菲薄斐然匪夷所思蜚短流长 C．诋毁底蕴邸所低首下心砥柱中流 D．搁浅奶酪贿赂洛阳纸贵一丘之貉 2．下列各组词语中，没有错别字的一组是 A．根除滚瓜烂熟攻城掠地心力交瘁 B．构陷轻歌曼舞莫衷一是弥天大谎 C．规矩花团紧簇凿凿有据洗耳恭听 D．澹泊一塌糊涂屈指可数墨守陈规 3．下列各句中，加点成语使用不恰当的一句是 A．大学生们为了对付各种考试，更为了备战职场，从大学—年级就开始磨刀霍霍 ．．．．向英语。 B．—些像“WTO”、“T细胞”这样西文、中外合文式构成的词语都堂而皇之 ．．．．地涌入了《现代汉语》词典。 C．他们在创作过程中有过争吵，有过不同意见，但在某种程度上却是心照不宣 ．．．．的好朋友。 D．民族艺术在改革创新中焕发活力：郭德纲的横空出世 ．．．．，让久违的相声艺术再度变成为大众消费的热点。 4．下列各句中，没有语病的一句是 A．由于人口增加，往往出现滥伐林木盲目猎杀、超限采摘、过量捕捞等等问题，造成多种生物物种濒危的严重后患。 B．这里平均海拔5300米，高寒缺氧，自然条件非常恶劣，是世界第三大也是中国最大的一片无人区，被称为“人类生命禁区”。 C．以生漆为底层的彩绘陶质文物保护是一个世界难题，没有任何的经验和技术可以借鉴，秦俑如何将艳丽的彩绘保留下来成为当务之急。 D．赖斯12日在接受采访时称，美国眼下没有使用武力遏制伊朗的核活动，但她指责伊朗重启核原料活动是对国际社会的危险挑衅。 5．下列各项中，标点符号的使用合乎规范的一项是 A．他从1990年开始“赋闲”(仍担任商务印书馆顾问)，时间多了，除了讲学，便是写作。
山东省淄博市实验中学2020-2021高一上学期第一次阶段性诊断检 测语文试题(wd无答案) 一、现代文阅读 (★★★) 1. 阅读下面的文字，完成各题。 材料一: 家国天下是中华文化无论走向何方都割舍不了的道德前提和伦理情结。它指涉三种伦理实体:家 是本源而直接的伦理实体，是最小的共同体；天下是普遍而抽象的伦理实体，是最大的共同体: 国作为现实的伦理实体，既是家的扩展，又关联着天下之想象。家国天下是中华传统文化的道 德诠释的中心，它使中国人在不同的实践境域中，无论是作为家人、国人还是作为天下人，都 与其所在的世界结成唇齿相依的关联。 中华文化中各种共同体的道德前提离不开家国天下的伦理情结。以此观家、观国、观天下，就 是用一种关联性思维把个体与整体相贯通的家国天下的伦理观。用这种伦理观看待家国天下， 则一切共同体都是相互关联的命运共同体。从家国天下到命运共同体的内在延展看，中华文化 作为世界文明体系的一部分，内蕴着一种走向世界的伦理情结，并由此预设了中华文化走出去 的精神轨迹。 共同体的想象是中华文化礼治德治之本和文明教化之根。它从历史深处走来，构成了中华文化 将个人命运与共同体整体命运相融贯的伦理型文化特质。中华文化的根脉深植于共同体之中。 所谓家国同构，移家为国，移孝为忠，进而在家国之上，扩展为一种公天下的世界意识。这使 中国人的世界观或天下观成为一种本于家国同时又大于家国或高于家国的世界意识，使得中国 人的价值观内蕴着一种对人类命运共同体的伦理自觉。 （节选自田海平《从家国天下到命运共同体》材料二: 中华民族的家国情怀指向“天下情怀”。在谈到“天下”的时候，中国古代总是将它和“公”与“太平”联系在一起，表现出非常可贵的平等、友爱、和平理念。《老子》说:“修之于天下，其德乃普。”认为只有以天下为怀，其德才能称得上“普”。《管子》云:“以家为家，以乡为乡，以国为国，以天下为天下。”他的意思是，处理不同的事，要有不同的胸怀，处理到天下事，要有天下胸怀。《礼记》引录孔子的话——“天下为公”。“公”可以理解为公正、公平、合理，强调人与人之间、诸侯国与诸侯国之间、诸侯国与中央政权之间的相处，要友爱，要互利，要公平。宋代大儒张载则提出“为万世开太平”。天下太平是天下公平基础上的提升。太平有两义:一是人与自然之间和谐，这中间含有生态平衡之义；二是人与人之间和谐，由于“太平”概念视界阔大，这种人与人之间的和谐主要指国与国之间的友好相处，这种友好相处就是没有战争。张载提出的“为万世开太平”的理念，最重要意义不在于提出了“太平”的理念，而在于这一理念认为，这种太平不能只是一时的，而应是“万世”的。换句话说，张载要的是永久的太平。这万世的太平、永久的太平如何来？张载提出“开”这一重要理念。既然是“开”就不能靠等，靠恩赐，事实是太平等不来，也没有谁能恩赐。“开”，就是开拓、开发、开创。它需要最大的努力、最高的智慧，必要时也会有最大的牺牲。家国情怀以及家国情怀的放大版——天下情怀，是中华美学精神的内核。这一精神在范仲淹的名文《岳阳楼记》里得到彰显。在同一个时期，张载倡言“为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平”，而曾让张载师事之的范仲淹则高唱:“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而
1、淄博市自然地理 淄博市位于山东省东部，东经117°42′--118°30′、北纬85°56′--37°05′，西接济南市张丘县；东连潍坊市益都县，南与临沂市和泰安市相毗连；北部为滨洲市的邹平、博兴县、东营市广饶等县。全境南北长约110-130公里，东西宽约45公里。全市辖张店、博山、淄川、临淄、周村五区和桓台、高青、沂源三县。张店为市委、市政府所在地，是全市的政治、经济、文化中心，交通方便，铁路有胶济、辛（店）-泰（安）、张（店）东（营）、张（店）博（山）等线，并有济青高速、滨博高速及309、205等国道公路四通八达。 淄博市矿藏资源丰富，产煤、铁、铝矾土、陶土、石灰石、铜、钴、硫、重晶石及石英砂岩等。 第一节地形地貌 全市地形南高北低，东西南三面环山，中间低平，向北开阔，呈簸萁状盆地。南部鲁山主峰海拔高度1108.3米，北部平原最低点9米，相对高差近1100米。各区县海拔高程如下：博山火车站附近175米、淄川北关87米、张店中心路41米、索镇南17.9米、周村城南61米、辛店火车站附近72.1米。 淄博是一个山地、丘陵、平原、河谷等诸类地貌景观齐全的地区，中山面积约650平方公里，分布在南部的沂源、博山、淄川，为构造侵蚀地形；低山丘陵面积700余平方公里，遍布五区，为构造剥蚀地形；平原面积约1650平方公里，主要分布在胶济铁路以北的张店、临淄、周村、桓台、高青等地，属山前倾斜平原，往北与黄河下游黄泛平原相接，张店至索镇地面坡降1.36‰，索镇至齐风地面坡降0.6‰；河谷山川地貌面积约532平方公里，主要分布于5个区和沂源县。 第二节气候 淄博市属温暖带半湿润季风区大陆性气候，具有春旱多风、夏季炎热多秋季易于旱涝、冬季寒冷少雪等特点；一年四季交替分明。 一、气温：全市多年平均气温12.6-13.1℃，极端高温42.1℃（1955年7月24日张店）；极端 低温-23℃（1972年1月23日张店）。月平均气温从四月到十月为26.4-27.2℃，高于年平均值；从头年一月到次年三月低于年平均值，平均气温为-2.9——-3.9℃，年最热月（七月份）与最冷月（一月份）的平均气温差达29-35℃。由于淄博市地形变化的特点，南部山区与北部平原气温差异较大，北部最低气温比南部偏低，夏季气温又比南部偏高，当芒种北部平原麦熟时，山区的池上、李家及峨庄等地则麦熟于夏至，南北相差一个节气。霜冻期约120天，平均初日为12月17日，平均终日为4月18日，冻结期自11月中旬至翌年2月底，冻结深度不超过半米。 二、风向：本市主导风向为西南风和南风，其频率在12%以上，从频率与风速的比值分析， 主导污染风向仍是东南和西南风的下风向。全年平均风速3.4米/秒，月平均风速四月份最大，为4.8米/秒，八月份最小，为2.6米/秒。全年出现5-6级风的频率，以冬春季最高，夏季最低。最大风力达八级，为北北东风，风速18米/秒。全年最多风向为南南西，频率30-40%，次为北北西风，频率为10-19%，再次为东东风频率9-15%。 三、降水：全年降水量在500-700毫米之间，一般集中在6-10月份，占全年降水量的78.7%。 降水量的分布南部多于北部。各区（县）多年平均降水量：博山741.2毫米（1958-1983）、淄川680毫米（1959-1983）、张店621.6毫米（1952-1983）、桓台584.1毫米（1963-1983）、周村646.3毫米（1954-4983）、临淄650.5毫米（1964-1983）。全市平均降水量为654毫米。历