India Trademarks Act

THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY3 Sec II

and the fact that a description is a trade mark or part of a trade mark shall not

prevent such trade description being a flase trade description within the meaning

of this Act

(j)“goods” means anything which is the subject of trade or manufacture :

(k)“Judicial Member” means a Member of the Appellate Board appointed

as such under this Act, and includes the Chairman and Vice Chairman.

(I)“limitations” (with its grammatical variatiations) means any limitation

of the exclusive right to the use of a trade mark given by the registration of a person

as proprietor thereof, including limitations of that right as to mode or area of use

within India or outside India:

(m)“mark” includes a device, brand, heading, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter, numeral, shape of goods, packaging or combination of colours or any

combination thereof :

(n)“Member” means a Judicial Member or a Technical Member of the Appellate Board and includes the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman:

(o)“name” includes any abbreviation of a name :

(p)“notify” means to notify in the Trade Mark Journal published by the Registrar

(q)“package” includes any case box, container, covering, folder, receptacle, vessel, casket, bottle, wrapper, label, band, ticket, reel, frame, capsule, cap, lid,

stopper and cork:

(r)“permitted use”. in relation to a registered trade mark, means the use of trade mark

(i)by a registered user of the trade mark in relation to goods or services

(a)with which he is connected in the course of trade : and

(b)in respect of which in the trade mark remains registered for

the time being : and

(c)for which he is registered as registered user and

(d)which complies with any conditions or limitation to which

the registration of registered user is subject : or

(ii)by a person other than the registered proprietor and registered user in relation to goods or services.

(a)with which he is connected in the course of trade and

(b)in respect of which the trade mark remains registered for the

time being : and

(c)by consent of such registered proprietor in a written

agreement and

(d)which complies with any conditions or limination to which

such user is subject and to which the registration of the trade mark is subject :

(s)“prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act:

(t)“register” means the Register of Trade Marks referred to in sub-section

(1) of section 6:

(u):registered” (with its grammatical variations) means registered under this

Act:

THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY[P ART-II 4

(v)registered proprietor”. in relation to a trade mark, means the person for

the time being entered in the register as propriety of the trade marks:

(w)“registered trade mark” means a trade mark which is actually on the

register and remaining in force.

(x)“registered user” means a person who is for the time being registered as

such under section 49:

(y)“Registrar” means the Registrar of Trade Marks referred to in section 3”

(z)“service” means service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes the provision of services in connection with business of

any industrial or commercial matters such as banking, communication, education,

financing, insurance, chit funds, real estate, transport, storage, material treatment,

processing, supply of electrical or other energy, boarding, loadging, entertainment,

amusement, construction, repair, conveying of news or information and advertising: (za)“trade description” means any description, statement or other indication direct or indirect

(i)as to the number, quantity, measure, gauge or weight of any goods

or

(ii)as to the standard of quality of any goods or services according to

a classification commonly used or recognised in the trade: or

(iii)as to fitness for the purpose, strength, performances or behaviour of any goods, being “ drug” as defined in the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 or “food” as defined in the Prevention of food Adulteration act, 1954 ; or

(iv)as to the place or country in which or the time at which any goods or services were made, produced or provided as the case may be : or

(v)as to the name and address or other indication of the identity of the manufacturer or of the person providing the services or of the person for whom the goods are manufactured or services are provided : or

(vi)as to the mode of manufacture or producing any goods or providing services: or

(vii)as to be material of which any goods are composed : or

(viii)as to any goods being the subject of an existing patent, privilege or copyright,

and includes-

(a)any description as to the use of any mark which according to the

custom of the trade is commonly taken to be an indication of any of the above matters :

(b)the description as to any imported goods contained in any bill of

entry or shipping bills:

(c)any other description which is likely to be misunderstood or

mistaken for all or any of the said matters:

(zb)“trade mark” means a mark capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one person from those of others and may include shape of goods, their packaging and combination of colours: and--

(i)in relation to Chapter XII (other than section 107), a registered

trade mark or a mark used in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating or so as to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods or services, as the case may be, and some person having the right as proprietor to use the mark: and 23 of 1940 37 of 1954

THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY5 Sec II

(ii) in relation to other provision of this Act, a mark used or proposed to be used in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating or so to

indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods or services as

the case may be, and some person having the right, either as proprietor or by

way of permitted user, to use the mark whether with or without any indication

of the identity of that person , and includes a certification trade mark or collective

mark:

(zc)“transmission” means transmission by operation of law, devolution on the personal representative of a deceased person and any other mode of transfer, not

being assignment;

(zd)“ Technical Member” means a Member who is not a Judicial Member;

(ze)“tribunal” means the Registrar or, as the case may be, the Appellate Board, before which the proceeding concerned is pending :

(zf)“Vice-Chairman” means a Vice-Chairman of the Appellate Board:

(zg)“well Known trade mark”, in relation to any goods or services, means an mark which has become so to the substantial segment of the public which uses such

goods or receives such services that the use of such mark in relation to other goods

or services would be likely to be taken as indicating a connection in the course of

trade or rendering of services between those goods or services and a person using

the mark in relation to the first- mentioned goods or services.

(2)In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, any reference-----

(a)to “trade mark” shall include reference to “collective mark” or

“certification” trade mark”

(b)to the use of mark shall be construed as a reference to the use of printed

or other visual representation of the mark;

(c)to the use of a mark-

(i)in relation to goods, shall be construed as a reference to the use of

the mark upon, or in any physical or in any other relation whatsoever, to such

goods;

(ii)in relation to services, shall be construed as a reference to the use of the mark as or as part of any statement about the availability, provision or

performance of such services;

(d)to the Registrar shall be construed as including a reference to any officer

when discharging the functions of the Registrar in pursuance of sub-section (2) of

section 3;

(e)to the Trade Mark Registry shall be construed as including a reference to

any officer to the Trade Mark Registry.

(3)For the purpose of this Act, goods and services are associated with each other if it is likely that those goods might be sold or otherwise traded in and those services might be provided by the same business and so with descriptions of goods and descriptions of services.

(4) For the purpose of this Act, “ existing registered Trade Mark” means a trade mark registered under the Trade and Merchandise Act, 1958 immediately before the commencement of this Act.

CHAPTER II

THE REGISTER AND CONDITIONS FOR REGISTRATION

3.(1) The Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint

a person to be known as the Controller- General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, who shall be the Registrar of Trade Marks for the purposes of this Act.Appointment of Registrar and other officers.

43 of 1958

THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [P ART -II

6(2). The Central Government may appoint such other officers with such designations as it thinks fit for the purpose of discharging, under the superintendence and direction of the Registrar, such function of the Registrar under this Act as he may from time to time authorised them to discharge.4.Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 3, the Registrar may, by order in writing and for reasons to be recorded therein, withdraw any matter pending before an officer appointed under the said sub-section (2) and deal with such matter himself either de nova or from the stage it was so withdrawn or transfer the same to another officer so appointed who may, subject to special directions in the order of transfer,proceed with the matter either de nova or from the stage it was so transferred.5.(1)For the purposes of this Act, there shall be a trade marks registry and the Trade marks Registry established under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 shall be the Trade Marks Registry under this Act.(2)The head office of the Trade Marks Registry shall be at such place as the Central Government may specify, and for the purpose of facilitating the registration of trade marks, there may be established at such places as the Central Government may think fit branch offices of the Trade Marks Registry.(3)The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazatte,define the territorial limits within which an office of the Trade Marks Registry may exercise its functions.(4)There shall be a seal of the Trade Marks Registry 6.(1)For the purposes of this Act, a record called the Register of Trade Marks shall be kept at the head office of the Trade Marks Registry, wherein shall be entered all registered trade marks with the names, addresses and description of the proprietors, notification of assignment and transmissions, the names, addersses and descriptions of registered users,conditions, limitations and such other matter relating to registered trade marks, as may be prescribed.(2)Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), it shall be lawful for the Registrar to keep the records wholly or partly in computer floppies, diskattes or in any other electronic form subject to such safeguards as may be prescribed.(3)Where such register is maintained wholly or partly on computer under subsection (2) any reference in this Act to entry in the register shall be construed as the reference to any entry as maintained on computer or in any other electronic form (4) No notice of any trust , express or implied or constructive , shall be entered in the register and no such notice shall be receivable by the Registrar.(5) The Register shall be kept under the control and management of the Registrar.(6) There shall be Kept at each branch office of the Trade Marks Registry a copy of the register and such of the other documents mentioned in section 148 as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct. (7) The Register of Trade Marks , both Part A and Part B, existing at the commencement of this Act, shall be incorporated in and form part of the register under this Act.7.(1)The Register shall classify goods and services, as far as may be , in accordance with the international classification of goods and services for the purposes of registration of Trade Marks.

(2)Any question arising as to the class within which any goods or services

falls shall be determined by the Registrar whose decision shall be final.Power of

Registrar to

withdraw or

transfer cases

etc.

Trade Marks

Registry and

offices thereof

The Register

of Trade

Marks.

Classification

of goods and

services 43 of 1958

THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY7 Sec II

8.(1)The Registrar may publish in the prescribed manner an alphabetical index of classification of goods and services referred to in section 7.

(2)Where any goods or services are not specified in the alphabetical index of goods and services published under sub-section (1), the classification of goods or services shall be determined by the Registrar in accordance with sub-section (2) of section 7.

9.(1)The trade marks------

(a)which are devoid of any distinctive character, that is to say, not

capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one person from those of

another person:

(b)which consist exclusively of marks or indications which may serve

in trade to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, values,

geographical origin or the time of production of the goods or rendering of the

service or other characteristics of the goods or services;

(c)which consist exclusively of marks or indications which have

become customary in the current language or in the bona fide and established

practices of the trade.

Shall not be registered :

Provided that a trade mark shall not be refused registration if before the date of application for registration it has acquired a distinctive character as a result of the use made of it or is a well-known trade mark.

(2) A mark shall not be registered as a trade mark if ----

(a)it is of such nature as to deceive the public or cause confusion:

(b)it contains or comprises of any matter likely to hurt the religious

susceptibilities of any class or section of the citizens of India;

(c)it comprises or contains scandalous or obscene matter;

(d)its use is prohibited under the Emblems and Names (Prevention of

Improper Use) Act, 1950.

(3) A mark shall not be registered as a trade mark if it consists exclusively of-

(a)the shape of goods which results from the nature of the goods

themselves;

or

(b)the shape of goods which is necessary to obtain a technical result; or

(c)the shape which gives substantial value to the goods.

Explanation --- For the purpose of this section, the nature of goods or services in relation to which the trade mark is used or proposed to be used

shall not be a ground for refusal of registration.

10.(1) A trade mark may be limited wholly or in part to any combination of colours and any such limitation shall be taken into consideration by the tribunal having to decide on the distinctive character of the trade mark.

(2)So far as a trade mark is registered without limitation as to colour, it shall be deemed to be registered for all colours.

11.(1)Save as provided in section 12, a trade mark shall not be registered if, because of----

(a)its identity with an earlier trade mark and similarity of goods or

services covered by the trade mark; or

(b)its similarity to an earlier trade mark and the identity or similarity

of the goods or services covered by the trade mark.

there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, which includes the likelihood of association with the earlier trade mark

(2) A trade mark which----

(a)is identical with or similar to an earlier trade mark and

(b)is to be registered for goods or services which are not similar to

those for which the earlier trade mark is registered in the name of a different

proprietor.Publication of alphabetical index Absolute grounds for refusal of registation

Relative grounds for refusal of registration Limitation as to colour

12 of 1950

THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY[P ART-II 8

shall not be registered if or to the extent the earlier trade mark is a well-known trade mark in India and the use of the later mark without due cause would take unfair advantage of or be detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of the earlier trade mark.

(3) A trade mark shall not be registered if, or to the extend that, its use in India is liable to be prevented ---

(a)by virtue of any law in particular the law of passing off protecting an

unregistered trade mark used in the course of trade: or

(b)by virtue of law of copyright.

(4)Nothing in this section shall prevent the registration of a trade mark where the proprietor of the earlier trade mark or other earlier right consents to the registration, and in such case the Registrar may register the mark under special circumstances under section 12..

Explanation--- For the purposes of this section, earlier trade mark means---

(a) a registered trade mark or convention application referred to in section

154 which has a date of application earlier than that of the trade mark in question

taking account, where appropriate, of the prioprities claimed in respect of the trade

marks:

(b) a trade mark which, on the date of the application for registration of the

trade mark in question, or where appropriate, of the priority claimed in respect of

the application, was entitled to protection as a well-known trade mark.

(5) A trade mark shall not be refused registration on the grounds specified in sub-sections (2) and (3), unless objection on any one or more of those grounds is raised in opposition proceedings by the proprietor of the earlier trade mark.

(6)The Registrar shall, while determing whether a trade mark is a well-known trade mark, take into account any fact which he consider relevant for determining a trade mark as a well-known trade mark including--

(i)the knowledge or recognition of that trade mark in the relevant section of

the public including knowledge in India obtained as a result of promotion of the

trade mark:

(ii)the duration, extent and geographical area of any use of that trade mark:

(iii)the duration, extent and geographical area of any promotion of the trade mark, including advertising or publicity and presentation, at fairs or exhibition of

the goods or services to which the trade mark applies,

(iv)the duration and geographical area of any registration of or any application for registration of that trade mark under this Act to the extent they reflect the use or

recognition of the trade mark;

(v)the record of successful enforcement of, the rights in that trade mark, in particular, the extend to which the trade mark has been recognised as a well-known

trade mark by any court or Registrar under that record

(7)The Registrar shall, while determining as to whether a trade mark is known or recognised in a relevant section of the public for the purposes of sub-section (6), take into account

(i)the number of actual or potential consumers of the goods or services

(ii)the number of persons involved in the channels of distribution of the goods or services,

(iii)the business circles dealing with the goods or services to which that trade

THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY9 Sec II

mark applies

(8)Where a trade mark has been determined to be well-known in at least one relevant section of the public in India by any court or Registrar, the Registrar shall consider that trade mark as a well known trade mark for registration under this Act.

(9)The Registrar shall not require as a condition for determining whether a trade mark is a well-known trade mark, any of the following, namely----

(i)that the trade mark has been used in India:

(ii)that the trade mark has been registered:

(iii)that the application for registration of the trade mark has been filed in India:

(iv)that the trade mark---

(a)is well-known in : or

(b)has been registered in; or

(c)in respect of which an application for registration has been filed

in.

any jurisdiction other than India: or

(v)that the trade mark is well-known to the public at large in India.

(10)While considering an application for registration of a trade mark and opposition filed in respect thereof, the Registrar shall---

(i)protect a well-known trade mark against the identical or similar trade

marks:

(ii)take into consideration the bad faith involved either of the applicant or the opponent affecting the right relating to the trade mark.

(11)Where a trade mark has been registered in good faith disclosing the material information to the Registrar or where right to a trade mark has been acquired through use in good faith before the commencement of this Act, then, nothing in this Act shall prejudice the

validity of the registration of that trade mark or right to use that trade mark on the ground that such trade mark is identical with or similar to a well-known trade mark.

(12)In the case of honest concurrent use or of other special circumstance which in the opinion of the Registrar, make it proper so to do, he may permit the registration by more than one proprietor of the trade mark which are identical or similar (whether any such trade mark is already registered or not) in respect of the same or similar goods or services, subject to such conditions and limitations, if any, as the Registrar may think fit to impose.

(13)No word---

(a)which is the commonly used and accepted name of any single chemical

element or any single chemical compound (as distinguished form a mixture) in respect

of a chemical substance preparation, or

(b)which is declared by the World Health Organisation and notified in the

prescribed manner by the Registrar from time to time, as an international non-

proprietary name or which is deceptively similar to such name.

Shall be registered as a trade mark and any such registration shall be deemed for the purpose of section 57 to be an entry made in the register without sufficient cause or an entry wrongly remaining on the register, as the circumstances may require.

(14)Where an application is made for the registration of a trade mark which falsely suggests a connection with any living person, or a person whose death took place within twenty years prior to the date of application for registration of the trademark, the Registrar may, before he proceeds with the application, require the applicant to furnish him with the Registrartion

in the case of honest concurrent use. etc. Prohibition of registration of names of chemical elements or internaltional non-proprietary names.

Use of names and representa-tions of living persons or persons recently dead

consent in writing of such living person or, as the case may be, of the legal representative of the deceased person to the connection appearing on the trade mark, and may refuse to proceed with the application unless the applicant furnishes the registrar with such consent.(15)(1)Where the proprietor of a trade mark claims to be entitled to the exclusive use of any part thereof separately, he may apply to register the whole and the part as separate trade marks.(2)Each such separate trade mark shall satisfy all the conditions applying to and have all the incidents of, an independent trade mark.(3)Where a person claiming to be the the proprietor of several trade marks in respect of the same or similar goods or services or description of goods or description of services which, while resembling each other in the material particulars thereof, yet differ in respect of---(a)statement of the goods or services in relation to which they are respectively used or proposed to be used; or (b)statement of number, price, quality or names of places; or (c)other matter of a non-distinctive character which does not substantially affect the identity of the trade mark; or (d)colour,Secks to register those trade marks, they may be registered as a series in one registration.(16)(1)Where a trade mark which is registered, or is the subject of an application for registration, in respect of any goods or services is identical with another trade mark which is registered, or is the subject of an application of an application for registration, in the name of the same proprietor in respect of the same goods or description of goods or same services or description of services or so nearly resembles it as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion if used by a person other than the proprietor, the Registrar may, at any time, require that the trade marks shall be entered on the register as associated trade marks.(2)Where there is an identify or near resemblance of marks that are registered,or are the subject of application for registration in the name of the same proprietor, in respect of goods and in respect of services which are associated with those goods or goods of that description and with those services or services of that description, sub-section (1) shall apply as it applies as where there is an identity or near resemblance of marks that are registered, or are the subject of applications for registration in the name of the same proprietor in respect of the same goods or description of goods or same services or description of services.(3)Where a trade mark and any part thereof, are, in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 15, registered as separate trade marks in the name of the same proprietor, they shall be deemed to be, and shall be registered as, associated trade marks.(4)All trade marks registered in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (3) of section 15 as a series in one registration shall be deemed to be, and shall be registered as,associated trade marks.(5)On application made in the prescribed manner by the registered proprietor of two or more trade marks registered as associated trade marks, the Registrar may dissolve the association as respect any of them if he is satisfied that there would be no likelihood of deception or confusion being caused if that trade mark were used by any other person in relation to any of the goods or services or both in respect of which it is registered, and may amend the register accordingly.(17)(1)When a trade mark consists of several matters, its registration shall confer on the proprietor exclusive right to the use of the trade mark taken as a whole.

Registrartion of

parts of trade

marks and of

trade marks as

a series

Registrartion of

trade mark as

associated

trade marks

Effect of

registration of

parts of a mark

(2)Notwithstanding any thing contained in sub-section (1), when a trade mark

(a)contains any part-----

(i)which is not the subject of a separate application by the

proprietor for registration as a trade mark: or

(ii)which is not separately registered by the proprietor as a trade mark : or

(b)Contain any matter which is common to the trade or is other wise of a non - distinctive character.

the registration thereof shall not confer any exclusive right in the matter forming only a part of the whole of the trade mark so registered

CHAPTER III

Procedure For And Duration Of Registration

18(1)Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark used or proposed to be used by him, who is desirous of registering it , shall apply in writing to the Registrar in the prescribed manner for the registration of his trade mark

(2) A single application may be made for registration of a trade mark for different classes of goods and services and fee payable therefor shall be in respect of each such class of goods or services.

(3)Every application under sub-section (1) shall be filed in the office of the Trade Marks Registry within whose territorial limits the principal place of business in India of the applicant or in the case of joint applicants the principal place of business in India of the applicant whose name is first mentioned in the application as having a place of business in India, is situate :

Provided that where the applicant or any of the joint applicants does not carry on business in India, the application shall be filed in the office of the Trade Marks Registry within whose territorial limits the place mentioned in the address for services in India as disclosed in the application, is situate.

(4)Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Registrar may refuse the application or may accept it absolutely or subject to such amendments, modification, conditions or limitations, if any as he may think fit.

(5)In the case of a refusal or conditional acceptance of an application, the Registrar shall record in writing the grounds for such refusal or conditional acceptance and the materials used by him in arriving at his decision.

19.Where after the acceptance of an application for registration of a trade mark but before its registration, the Registrar is satisfied---

(a)that the application has been accepted in error: or

(b)that in the circumstances of the case the trade mark should not be registered

or should be registered subject to conditions or limitations or to conditions additional

to or different from the conditions or limitations subject to which the application

has been accepted.

the Registrar may, after hearing the applicant if he so desires, withdraw the acceptance and proceed as if the application has not been accepted.

20.(1)When an application for registration of a trade mark has been accepted whether absolutely or subject to conditions or limitations, the Registrar shall, as soon as may be after acceptance, cause the application as accepted together with the conditions or limitations Application for registration Withdrawal of acceptance Advertisement of application

if any, subject to which it has been accepted, to be advertised in the prescribed manner :Provided that, the Registrar may cause the application to be advertised before acceptance if it relates to a trade mark to which sub-section (1) of section 9 and sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 11 apply, or in any other case where it appears to him that it is expendient by reason of any exceptional circumstances so to, do.(2)Where-----(a)an applicantion has been advertised before acceptance under sub-section (1) or (b)after advertisement of an application---(i)an error in the application has been corrected; or (ii)the application has been permitted to be amended under section 22.the Registrar may in his discretion cause the application to be advertised again or in any case falling under clause (b) may, instead of causing the application to be advertised again, notify in the prescibed manner the correction or amendment made in the application.21.(1)Any person may, within three months from the date of the advertisement or re-advertisement of an application for registration or within such further period,not exceeding one month in the aggregate, as the Registrar, on application made to him in the prescribed manner and on payment of the prescribed fee, allows, give notive in writing in the prescribed manner to the Registrar of opposition to the registration.(2)The Registrar shall serve a copy of the notice on the applicant for registration and, within two months from the receipt by the applicant of such copy of the notice of opposition, the applicant shall send to the Registrar, in the prescribed manner a counter statement of the grounds on which he relies for his application,and if he does not do so he shall be deemed to have abandoned his application.(3)If the applicant sends such counter statement the Registrar shall serve a copy thereof on the person giving notice of opposition.(4)Any evidence upon which the opponent and the applicant may rely shall be submitted in the prescribed manner and within the prescribed time to the Registrar,and the Registrar Shall give an opportunity to them to be herd, if they so desire.(5)The register shall, after hearing the parties, if so required, and considering the evidence, decide whether and subject to what conditions or limitations, if any,the registration is to be permitted, and may take into account a ground of objection whether relied upon by the opponent or not.(6)Where a person giving notice of opposition or an applicant sending a counter statement after receipt of a copy of such notice neither resides nor carries on business in India, the Registrar may require him to give security for the costs of proceedings before him, and in dafault of such security being duly given, may treat the opposition or application, as the case may be, as abandoned.(7)The Registrar may, on request, permit correction of any error in, or any amendment of, a notice of opposition or a counter-statement on such terms as he thinks just.22.The Registrar may, on such terms as he thinks just, at anytime, whether before or after acceptance of an application for registration under section 18, permit the correction of

Opposition to

registration

Correction and

amendment.

any error in or in connection with the application or permit an amendment of the application.

provided that if an amendment is made to a single application referred to in subsection (2) of section 18 involving division of such application into two or more applications, the date of making of the initial application shall be deemed to be the date of making of the divided applications so divided.

23.(1)Subject to the provision of section 19, when an application for registration of a trade mark has been accepted and either----

(a)the application has not been opposed and the time for notice of

opposition has expired or

(b)the application has been opposed and the opposition has been

decided in favour of the applicant.

the Registrar shall, unless the Central Government otherwise directs, register the said trade mark and the trade mark when registered shall be registered as of the date of the making of the said application and that date shall, subject to the provisions of section 154, be deemed to be the date of registration.

(2)On the registration of a trade mark the Registrar shall issue to the applicant

a certificate in the prescribed form of the registration thereof, sealed with the seal of the Trade Marks Registry.

(3)Where registration of a trade mark is not completed within twelve months from the date of the application by reason of default on the part of the applicant, the Registrar may, after giving notice to the applicant in the prescribed manner, treat the application as abandoned unless it is completed within the time specified in that behalf in the notice.

(4)The Registrar may amend the register or a certificate of registration for the purpose of correcting a clerical error or an obvious mistake.

24.(1)Save as provided in sub-section (2), nothing in this Act shall authorise the registration of two or more persons who use a trade mark independently, or propose to use it, as joint proprietors there of.

(2)Where the relations between two or more persons interested in a trade mark are such that no one of them is entitled as between himself and the other or others of them to use it except---

(a)on behalf of both or all of them; or

(b)in relation to an article or service with which both or all of them

are connected in the course of trade.

those persons may be registered as joint proprietors of the trade mark, and this act shall have effect in relation to any right to the use of the trade mark vested in those persons as if those rights had been vested in a single person.

25.(1)The registration of a trade mark, after the commencement of this Act shall be for a period of ten years, but may be renewed from time to time in accordance with the provisions of this section.

(2)The Registrar shall, on application made by the registered proprietor of a trade mark in the prescribed manner and within the prescribed period and subject to payment of the prescribed fee, renew the registration of the trade mark for a period of ten years from the date of expiration of the original registration or of the last renewal of registration. as the case may be (which date is in this section referred to as the expiration of the last registration).

(3)At the prescribed time before the expiration of the last registration of a trade mark the Registrar shall send notice in the prescribed manner to the registered proprietor Registration Jointly owned trade marks Duration, renewal removal and restoration of registration

of the date of expiration and the condition as to payment of fees and otherwise upon which a renewal of registration may be obtained, and, if at the expiration of the time prescribed in that behalf those conditions have not been duly complied with the Registrar may remove the trade from the register:Provided that the Registrar shall not remove the trade mark from the register if an application is made in the prescribed form and the prescribed fee and surcharge is paid within six months from the expiration of the last registration of the trade mark and shall renew the registration of the trade mark for a period of ten years under sub-section (2)(4)where a trade mark has been removed from the register for non-payment of the prescribed fee, the Registrar shall, after six months and within one year from the expiration of the last registration of the trade mark, on receipt of an application in the prescribed form and on payment of the prescribed fee, if satisfied that it is just so to do, restore the trade mark to the register and renew the registration of the trade mark either generally or subject to such conditions or limitations as he thinks fit to impose, for a period of ten years from the expiration of the last registration.26Where a trade mark has been removed from the register for failure to pay the fee for renewal, it shall nevethless, for the purpose of any application for the registration of another trade mark during one year, next after the date of the removal, be deemed to be a trade mark already on the register, unless the tribunal is satisfied either (a)that there has been no bona fide trade use of trade mark which has been removed during the two years immediately preceding its removal; or (b)that no deception or confusion would be likely to arise from the use of the trademark which is the subject of the application for registration by reason of any previous use of the trade mark which has been removed.CHAPTER IV E FFECT OF R EGISTRATION 27.(1)No person shall be entitled to institute any proceeding to prevent, or to recover damages for, the infringement of an unregistered trade mark.(2)Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to affect rights of action against any person for passing of goods or services as the goods of another person or as services provided by another person, or the remedies in respect thereof.28(1)Subject to the other provisions of this Act, the registration of a trade mark shall, if valid, give to the registered proprietor of the trade mark the exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in relation to the goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered and to obtain relief in respect of infringement of trade mark in the manner provided by this Act.(2)The exclusive right to the use of a trade mark given under sub-section (1) shall be subject to any conditions and limitations to which the registration is subject.(3)Where two or more persons are registered proprietors of trademarks,which are identical with or nearly resemble each other, the exclusive right to the use of any of those trade marks shall not (except so far as their respective rights are subject to any conditions or limitations entered on the register) be deemed to have been acquired by any one of those persons as against any other of those persons merely by registration of the trade marks but each of those persons has otherwise the same rights as against other persons (not being registered users using by way of permitted use) as he would have if he were the sole registered proprietor.29(1) A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who, not being a registered proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade, a mark which is identical with, or deceptively similar to the trade mark in relation to goods or

services in respect of which the trade mark is registered and in such manner as to render the use of the mark likely to be taken as being used as a trade mark:

Effect of

removal from

register for

failure to pay

fee for renewal

No action for

infringeent of

unregistered

trade mark

Rights

confered by

registration

Infringement of

registered trade

marks.

(2) A registered trademark is infringed by a person who, not be being a registered proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade a mark which because of --

(a)its identity with the registered trade mark and the similarity of the

goods or services covered by such registered trade mark : or

(b)its similarity to the registered trade mark and the identity or

similarity of the goods or services covered by such registered trade mark: or

(c)its identity with the registered trade mark and the identity of the

goods or services covered by such registered trade mark.

is likely to cause confusion on the part of the pubic , or which is likely to have an association

with the registered trade mark.

(3)In any case falling under clause (c) of sub-section (2), the court shall

presume that its is likely to cause confusion on the part of the public.

(4) A registered trademark is infringed by a person who not being a registered

Proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade, a mark which-

(a)is identical with or similar to the registered trade mark and

(b)is used in relation to goods or services which are not similar to

those for which the trade mark is registered : and

(c)the registered trade mark has a reputation in India and the use of

the mark without due cause takes unfair advantage of or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or repute of the registered trade mark.

(5) A registered trademark is infringed by a person if he uses such registered

trade mark, as his trade name or part of his trade name, or name of his business concern or part of the name of his business concern dealing in goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered.

(6)

For the purposes of this section, a person uses a registered mark, if in

particular he---

(a)affixes it to goods or the packaging thereof:(b)offers or exposes goods for sale puts them on the market, or stock

them for those purposes under the registered trade mark, or offers or supplies

services under the registered trade mark:

(c)

imports or exports goods under the mark: or (d)uses the registered trade mark on business papers or in advertising.

(7) A registered trademark is infringed by a person who applies such registered

trade mark to a material intended to be used for labelling or packaging goods, as a business paper, or for advertising goods or services, provided such person, when he applied the mark,knew or had reason to believe that the application of the mark was not duly authorised by the proprietor or a licensee.

(8) A registered trade mark is infringed by any advertising of the trade mark

if such advertising---

(a)takes unfair advantage of and is contrary to honest practices in

industrial or commercial matters or

(b)

is detrimental to its distinctive character or (c)is against the reputation of the trade mark.

Limits on effect

or registered

trade mark

(9)Where the distinctive elements of a registered trade mark consist of or include words, the trade mark maybe infringed by the spoken use of those words as well as by

their visual representation and reference in this section to the use a mark shall be construed accordingly.

30(1)Nothing in section 29 shall be construed as preventing the use of a registered trade mark by any person for the purpose of identifying goods or services as those of the proprietor provided the use---

(a)is in accordance with honest practices in industrial or commercial

matters. and

(b)is not such as to take unfair advantage of or be detrimental to the

distinctive character or repute of the trade mark.

(2) A registered trade mark is not infringed where--

(a)the use in relation to goods or services indicates the kind, quality,

quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical origin, the time of production

of goods or of rendering of services or other characteristics of goods or services.

(b) a trade mark is registered subject to any conditions or limitations,

the use of the trade mark in any manner in relation to goods to be sold or

otherwise traded in, in any place, or in relation to goods to be exported to any

market or in relation to services for use or available or acceptance in any place

or country outside india or in any other circumstances, to which, having regards

to those conditions or limitations, the registration does not extend:

(c)the use by a person of a trade mark---

(i)in relation to goods connected in the course of trade with the

proprietor or a registered user of the trade mark if, as to those goods or a

bulk or which they form part, the registered proprietor or the registered

user conforming to the permitted use has applied the trade mark and has

not subsequently removed or obliterated it, or has at any time expressly

or impliedly consented to the use of the trade mark; or

(ii)in relation to services to which the proprietor of such mark

or of a registered user conforming to the permitted use has applied the

mark, where the purpose and effect of the use of mark is to indicate, in

accordance with the fact, that those services have been performed by the

proprietor or a registered user of the mark:

(d)the use of a trade mark by a person in relation to goods adapted to

form part of, or to be accessory to, other goods or services in relation to which

the trade mark has been used without infringement of the right given by

registration under this Act or might for the time being be so used, if the use of

the trade mark is reasonably necessary in order to indicate that the goods or

services are so adapted; and neither the purpose nor the effect of the use of the

trade mark is to indicate, otherwise than in accordance with the fact, a connection

in the course of trade between any person and the goods or services as the case

may be:

(e)the use of a registered trade mark, being one of two or more trade

marks registered under this Act which are identical or nearly resemble each

other, in exercise of the right to the use of that trade mark given by registration

under this Act.

(3)Where the goods bearing a registered trade mark are lawfully acquired by a person, the sale of the goods in the market or otherwise dealing in those goods by that person or by a person claiming under or through him is not infringement of a trade by reason only of----

(a)the registered trade mark having been assigned by the registered proprietor

to some other person, after the acquisition of those goods: or

Limits on effect

of registered

trade mark

(b)the goods having been put on the market under the registered trade mark

by the proprietor or with his consent.

(4)Sub-section (3) shall not apply where there exists legitimate reasons for the proprietor to oppose further dealings in the goods in particular, where the condition of the goods has been changed or impaired after they have been put on the market

31.(1)In all legal proceedings relating to a trade mark registered under this Act (including applications under section 57), the original registration of the trade mark and of all subsequent assignments and transmissions of the trade mark shall be prima facie evidence of the validity thereof.

(2)In all legal proceedings as aforesaid a registered trade mark shall not be held to be invalid on the ground that it was not a registrable trade mark under section 9 except upon evidence of distinctiveness and that such evidence was not submitted to the Registrar before registration, if it is proved that the trade mark had been so used by the registered proprietor or his predecessor in title as to have become distinctive at the date of registration.

32.Where a trade mark is registered in breach of sub-section (1) of section 9, it shall not be declared invalid if, in consequence of the use which has been made of it, it has after registration and before commencement of any legal proceedings challenging the validity of such registration acquired a distinctive character in relation to the goods or services for which it is registered.

33.(1)Where the proprietor of an earlier trade mark has acquiesced for a continuous period of five years in the use of a registered trade mark, being aware of that use, he shall no longer be entitled on the basis of that earlier trade mark---

(a)to apply for a declaration that the registration of the later trade mark is

invalid or

(b)to oppose the use of the later trade mark in relation to the goods or services

in relation to which it has been so used.

unless the registration of the later trade mark was not applied in good faith.

(2)Where sub-section (1) applies, the proprietor of the later trade mark is

not entitled to oppose the use of the earlier trade mark or as the case may be the

exploitation of the earlier right, notwithstanding that the earlier trade mark may no

longer be invoked against his later trade mark.

34.Nothing in this Act shall entitle the proprietor or a registered user of registered trade mark to interfere with or restrain the use by any person of a trade mark identical with or nearly resembling it in relation to goods or services in relation to which that person or a predecessor in title of his has continuously used that trade mark from a date prior---

(a)to the use of the first-mentioned trade mark in relation to those goods or services be the proprietor or a predecessor in title of his: or

(b)to the date of registration of the first-mentioned trade mark in respect of those goods or services in the name of the proprietor of a prodecessor in title of his:

Whichever is the earlier, and the Registrar shall not refuse (on such use being proved) to register the second mentioned trade mark by reason only of the registration of the first-mentioned trade mark

35.Nothing in this Act shall entitle the proprietor or a registered user of a registered trade mark to interface with any bonafied use by a person of his own name or that of his place of business, or of the name, or of the name of the place of business, of any of his predecessores in business, or the use by any person of any bona fide description of the character or quality of his goods or services.

Registration to be prima facie evidence of validity Protection of registration on ground of distinctiveness in certain cases Effect of acquiescence

Saving for vested rights. Saving for use of name, address or description of goods or services

36.(i)The registration of a trade mark shall not be deemed to have become invalid by reason only of any use after the date of the registration of any word or words which the trade mark contains or of which it consists as the name or description of an article or substance or service :provided that, if it is proved either----(a)that there is a well known and established use of the said word as the name or description of the article or substance or service by a person or persons carrying on trade therein, not being use in relation to goods or services connected in the course of trade with the proprietor or a registered user of the trade mark or (in the case of a certification trade mark) in relation to goods or services certified by proprietor: or (b)that the article or substance was formerly manufactured under a patent that a period of two years or more after the cesser of the patent has elapsed and that the said word is the only practicable name or description of the article or substance.the provisions of sub-section (2) shall apply (2)Where the facts mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b) of the provision to subsection (1) are proved with respect to any words then (a)for the purposes of any proceedings under section 57 if the trade mark consists solely of such words, the registration of the trade mark, so far as regards registration in respect of the article or substance in question or of any goods of the same description , or of services or of any services of the same description, as the case requires, shall be deemed to be an entry wrongly remaining on the register:(b)for the purposes of any other legal proceedings relating to the trade mark (i)if the trade mark consists solely of such words, all rights of the proprietor under this Act or any other law to the use of the trade mark: or (ii)if the trade mark contains such words and other matter, all such right of the proprietor to the use of such words.in relation to the article or substance or to any goods of the same description or to the service or to any services of the same description, as the case requires, shall be deemed to have ceased on the date on which the use mentioned in clause (a) of the proviso to subsection (1) first became well known and established or at the expiration of the period of two years mentioned in clause (b) of the said proviso.CHAPTER V A SSIGNMENT A ND T RANSMISSION 37.The person for the time being entered in the register as proprietor of a trade mark shall, subject to the provisions of this Act and to any rights appearing from the register to be vested in any other person, have power to assign the trade mark, and to give effectual receipts for any consideration for such assignment 38.Notwithstanding any thing in anyother law to the contrary a registered trade mark shall, subject to the provisions of this Chapter, be assignable and transmissible, whether with or without the goodwill of the business concerned and in respect either of all the goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered or of some only of those goods or services.39.An unregistered trade mark may be assigned or transmitted with or without the goodwill of the business concerned.

Saving for

words used as

name or

description of

an article or

substance or

service

Power of

registered

proprietor to

assign and give

receipt.

Assignability

and transmiss-

bility of

registered trade

marks

Assignability

and transmiss-

bility of

unregistered

trade marks

40.(1)Notwithstanding anything in section 38 and 39, a trade mark shall not be assignable or tranmissible in a case in which as a result of the assignment or transmission there would in the circumstances subsist, whether under this Act or any other law, exclusive rights in more than one of the persons concerned to the use, in relation to----

(a)same goods or services :

(b)same description of goods or services

(c)goods or services or description of goods or services which are

associated with each other.

of trade marks nearly resembling each other or of identical trade mark, if having regard to the similarity of the goods and services and to the similarity of the trade marks, the use of the trade marks in exercise of those rights would be likely to deceive or cause confusion:

Provided that an assignment or transmission shall not be deemed to be invalid under this sub-section if the exclusive rights subsisting as a result thereof in the persons concerned respectively are, having regard to limitation imposed thereon, such as not to be exercisable by two or more of those persons in relation to goods to be sold, or otherwise traded in, within India otherwise than for export therefrom or in relation to goods to be exported to the same market outside India or in relation to services for use at any place in India or any place outside India in relation to services available for acceptance in India.

(2)The proprietor of a registered trade mark who proposes to assign it may submit to the Registrar in the prescribed manner a statement of case setting out the circumstances and the Registrar may issue to him a certificate stating whether, having regard to the similarity of the goods or services and of the trade marks referred to in the case, the proposed assignment would or would not be invalid under sub-section (1) and a certificate so issued shall, subject to appeal and unless it is shown that the certificate was obtained by fraud or misrepresentation, be conclusive as to the validity or invalidity under subsection (1) of the assignment in so far as such validity or invalidity depends upon the facts set out in the case, but, as regards a certificate in favour of validity, only if application for the registration under section 45 of the title of the person becoming entitled is made within six month from the date on which the certificate is issued.

41.Notwithstanding anything in sections 38 and 39 a trade mark shall not be assignable or transmissible in a case in which as a result of the assignment or transmission there would in the circumstances subsist, whether under this Act or any other law

(a)an exclusive right in one of the persons concerned, to the use of the trade mark limited to use in relation to goods to be sold or otherwise traded in, in any place in India, or in relation to services for use, or services available for acceptance in any place in India: and

(b)an exclusive right in another of these persons concerned, to the use of a trade mark nearly resembling the first-mentioned trade mark or of an identical trade mark in relation to-

(i)the same goods or services, or

(ii)the same description of goods or services or

(iii)services which are associated with those goods or goods of that description or goods which are associated with those services or services of

that description

limited to use in relation to goods to be sold or otherwise traded in, or services for use, or available for acceptance, in any other place in India.

Provided that in any such case, on application in the prescribed manner by the proprietor of a trade mark who proposes to assign it, or by a person who claims that a registered trade mark Restriction on assignment or transmission where multiple exclusive rights would be created Restriction on assignment or transmission where exclusive rights would be created in different parts of India.

has been transmitted to him or to a predecessor in title of his since the commencement of this Act, the Registrar, if he is satisfied that in all the circumstances the use of the trade mark in exercise of the said right would not be contrary to the public interest may approve the assignment or transmission and an assignment or transmission so approved shall not unless it is shown that the approval was obtained by fraud or misrepresentation be deemed to be invalid under this section or section 40 if application for the registration under section 45 of the title of the person becoming entitled is made within six months from the date on which the approval is given or in the case of a transmission, was made before that date.42.Where an assignment of a trade mark whether registered or unregistered is made otherwise than in connection with the good will of the business in which the mark has been or is used, the assignment shall not take effect unless the assignee, not later than the expiration of six months from the date of which the assignment is made or within such extended period, if any, not exceeding three months in the aggregate, as the Registrar may allow, applies to the Register for directions with respect to the advertisement of the assignment, and advertises it in such form and manner and within such period as the Registrar may direct.Explanation- For the purposes of this section, an assignment of a trade mark of the following description shall not be deemed to be an assignment made otherwise than in connection with the goodwill of the business in which the mark is used. namely (a)an assignment of a trade mark in respect only of some of the goods or services for which the trade mark is registered accompanied by the transfer of the goodwill of the business concerned in those goods or services only; or (b)an assignment of a trade mark which is used in relation to goods exported from India or in relation to services for use outside india if the assignment is accompained by the transfer to the goodwill of the export business only.43. A certification trade mark shall not be assignable or transmissible otherwise than with the consent of the Registrar, for which application shall be made in writing in the prescribed manner.44.Associated trade marks shall be assignable and transmissible only as a whole and not separately, but, subject to the provisions of this Act, they shall, for all other purpose,be deemed to have been registered as separate trade marks.45.(1)Where a person becomes entitled by assignment or transmission to a registered trade mark he shall apply in the prescribed manner to the Registrar to register his title. and the Registrar shall on receipt of the application and on proof of title to his satisfaction

register him as the proprietor of the trade mark in respect of the goods or services in respect of which the assignment or transmission has effect, and shall cause particulars of the assignment or tranmission to be entered on the register.

provided that where the validity of an assignment or transmission is in dispute between the parties, the Registrar may refuse to register the assignment or transmission until the rights of the parties have been determined by a competent court.

(2)Except for the purpose of an application before the Registrar under sub-

section (1) or an appeal from an order thereon, or an application under section 57 or an appeal from an order thereon, a document or instrument in respect of which no entry has been made in the register in accordance with sub-section (1), shall not be admitted in evidence by the Registrar or the Appellate Board or any court in proof of title to the trade mark by assignment or transmission unless the Registrar or the Appellate Board or the Court, as the case may be,otherwise directs

Conditions for

assignment

otherwise than

in connection

with the good

will of a

business

Assignability and transmissi-bility of certification trade marks

Assignability and transmissi-bility or associated trade marks

Registration of assignments and transmissions

中国非物质文化遗产名录有哪些

中国国务院先后于2006年、2008年、2011年和2014年公布了四批国家级项目名录（前三批名录名称为“国家级非物质文化遗产名录”，《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》实施后，第四批名录名称改为“国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录”），共计1372个国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，按照申报地区或单位统计，共计3154个子项。2006年5月20日，国务院发出《关于公布第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录的通知》，批准第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录（共计518项），并正式公布。 国家级名录将非物质文化遗产分为十大门类，其中五个门类的名称在2008年有所调整，并沿用至今。十大门类分别为： 民间文学； 传统音乐； 传统舞蹈； 传统戏剧； 曲艺； 传统体育、游艺与杂技； 传统美术； 传统技艺； 传统医药； 民俗。 中国曲艺品种十分丰富，至今仍在民间流传的曲艺品种约有400个，流布于中国各个地区各个民族。入选第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录的曲艺项目共46个，至2019年，共有193个。 民间舞蹈是广大人民所创造、世代相传、在日常生活场所表演的各种传统舞蹈，它是民族民间文化的重要组成部分，也是非物质文化遗产的一个重要类别。在第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录中，共有41种流传于各地域、各民族的优秀民间舞蹈项目入选，截至2019年，增至324种。其中包括在汉族聚居地区广为流传的秧歌舞、狮子舞、龙舞；彝族的葫芦笙舞；蒙古族的安代舞等。 民间音乐是中国非物质文化遗产中的重要组成部分。在第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录中，共有72项中国民族民间音乐入选。其中包括已经进入联合国教科文组织公布的“人类口述与非物质遗产代表作”名录的中国古琴艺术，另外还有新疆维吾尔族木卡姆艺术和蒙古族长调民歌，以及江南丝竹、西安鼓乐、南音、广东音乐、侗族大歌、回族的花儿等著名的民族民间音乐。至今，这门类已增至401个项目。 民间文学又称口头文学，是非物质文化遗产中的重要类别，主要是通过口耳相传的方式产生并流传于民间的口头文学创作。进入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录中的“民间文学”项目共31项，至2019年则增至231项。其中有中国少数民族的三大史诗──藏族的《格萨尔》史诗、蒙古族的《江格尔》和柯尔克孜族的《玛纳斯》；有壮族的刘三姐歌谣、彝族的《阿诗玛》长篇叙事诗等少数民族著名的口头文学经典；有汉族流传久远的著名传说如梁祝传说、孟姜女传说、董永传说、西施传说、济公传说、白蛇传传说等；也有耿村民间故事、青林寺谜语等，至今仍在民间鲜活流传，散发着具乡土气息的民间文学形态。

非物质文化遗产概述

一、非物质文化遗产的定义及范围 对于非物质文化遗产的定义问题，目前学术界普遍接受的是联合国教科文组织在2003年10月17日第32届大会通过的《保护非物质文化遗产公约》（以下简称《公约》）中对非物质文化遗产的定义。《公约》认为，非物质文化遗产是“指被各群体、团体、有时为个人视为其文化遗产的各种实践、表演、表现形式、知识和技能及其有关的工具、实物、工艺品和文化场所”。《公约》认为，非物质文化遗产主要包括：“1.口头传说和表述，包括作为非物质文化遗产媒介的语言；2.表演艺术；3.社会风俗、礼仪、节庆；4.有关自然界和宇宙的知识和实践；5.传统的手工艺技能。” 国务院办公厅于2005年3月和12月分别发布了《关于加强我国非物质文化遗产保护工作的意见》和《关于加强文化遗产保护的通知》，进一步界定了非物质文化遗产的定义和范围。认为，非物质文化遗产“是指各种以非物质形态存在的与群众生活密切相关、世代相承的传统文化表现形式”，包括“口头传统、传统表演艺术、民俗活动和礼仪与节庆、有关自然界和宇宙的民间传统知识和实践、传统手工艺技能等以及与上述传统文化表现形式相关的文化空间。” 二、非物质文化遗产的基本特征 根据《公约》的规定, 非物质文化遗产具有以下特征: 1 无形性。它是指非物质文化遗产不占有任何具体的物理空间, 看不见, 摸不着, 只能被人们的感觉所感知, 从而决定了非物质文化遗产保护的特殊性。例如, 端午节是一项国家级的非物质文化遗产,没有任何有形物质载体,以一种节庆形式存在于人们的心中，成为人们文化生活的重要组成部分。我国于2008年开始将端午节定为国家法定节日, 就是充分考虑非物质文化遗产之无形性特征而采取的一种有效保护方式，使其内容的丰富和文化的传承有了可能。 2 传承性。它是指非物质文化遗产是由各个群体或团体随着其所处环境、与自然的相互关系和历史条件的变化而传承积淀下来的。具而言之, 一种具体的文化形式, 只有经过历史的演进, 承载了人们厚重的精神寄托和文化品格, 才能成为非物质文化遗产。此种特征决定了非物质文化遗产保护就是要为其传承创造良好的氛围,保持其原生态环境,使之能够延续、传承。

世界非物质文化遗产之中国篇

世界非物质文化遗产之中国篇 联合国《保护非物质文化遗产公约》规定,“非物质文化遗产”包括表演艺术、社会实践、仪式、节庆活动、有关自然界和宇宙的知识和实践,以及传统手工艺等,不但世代相传,还在人和历史、自然的影响互动下,被不断地再创造。目前总共有76项世界级非物质文化遗产,中国占了22项,加上此前入选的昆曲、古琴、新疆维吾尔木卡姆和蒙古族长调民歌,中国已拥有26项世界级非物质文化遗产,数量位居世界第一。 世界文化遗产的数量能够反映某地区、某国家的历史文化的多样性与深厚程度,物质与非物质文化遗产如果被评为世界文化遗产,不仅能被世界瞩目,还能被更好地保护传承。联合国教科文组织认为非物质文化遗产是确定文化特性、激发创造力和保护文化多样性的重要因素，在不同文化相互宽容、协调中起着至关重要的作用，因而于1998年通过决议设立非物质文化遗产评选。 根据2003年10月17日通过的《保护非物质文化遗产公约》的规定，联合国教科文组织将设立“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”和“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”两个名录，从今年开始申报每年举行一次，数量也不再受限制。 一．2001年申报成功 1、昆曲 昆曲是现存的中国最古老的剧种之一,起源于明代（公元14～17世纪）。昆曲的唱腔具有很强的艺术性,对中国近代的所有戏剧剧种,如川剧、京剧都有着巨大的影响。昆曲表演包括唱、念、做、打、舞等,这些内容亦是培训京剧演员的基本科目。昆腔及其戏剧结构（旦、丑、生等角色）亦被其他剧种所借鉴。《牡丹亭》、《长生殿》成为传统的保留剧目。昆曲表演用锣鼓、弦索及笛、箫、笙、琵琶等管弦和打击乐器伴奏。昆曲的舞蹈动作主要分作两类,具有丰富的表现力。 二．2003年申报成功 1、古琴 在中国历史发展的长河中,古琴一直占据着一个重要地位,和中国的书画、诗歌以及文学一起成为中国传统文化的承载者。古琴是中国独奏乐器中最具代表性的一种。人们弹奏古琴往往不仅是为了演奏音乐,还和自娱自赏、冥思、个人修养以及挚友间的情感交流密不可分。从早期的文学作品以及考古发现中,可以得知古琴在中国已有3000多年的历史。它的演奏是一种高雅和身份的象征,因此它成了一种贵族和文人的精英艺术,而不是一种面向大众的表演艺术。实际上,古琴和中国文人的历史有着密不可分的渊源,因为它是中国文人所必需的素质修养“琴、棋、书、画”当中的一种,且位居其首。古琴艺术吸纳了大量优雅动听的曲调,演奏技法复杂而精妙,而且有着独特的记谱法,大量乐谱都是人们口头流传下来的。 古琴有七根弦,十三个徽,通过十种不同的拨弦方式,演奏者可以演奏出四个八度。古琴的演奏有三种基本技巧：散、按、泛。“散”是空弦发音,其声刚劲浑厚,常用于曲调中的骨干音；“泛”是以左手轻触徽位,发出轻盈虚飘的乐音(泛音),多弹奏华彩性曲调；“按”是左手按弦发音,移动按指可以改变有效弦长以达到改变音高的目的。同一个音高可以在不同弦、不同徽位用散、按、泛等不同方法奏出,音色富于变化。 三．2005年申报成功 1、中国新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术 2005年11月25日,在联合国教科文组织宣布第三批“人类口头与非物质文化遗产代表作”名录中,我国政府申报的“中国新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术”全票通过,成为“人类口头与非物质文化遗产代表作”。 “木卡姆”为阿拉伯语,意为规范、聚会等意,这里转意为大曲,是穆斯林诸民族的一种音乐

四川省非物质文化遗产相关资料

四川省共有辖区21个： 阿坝藏族羌族自治州甘孜藏族自治州内江市自贡市广安市遂宁市巴中市德阳市乐山市凉山彝族自治州眉山市攀枝花市雅安市资阳市泸州市成都市达州市 广元市绵阳市南充市宜宾市 非物质文化遗产简介： 非物质文化遗产是相对于有形的物质文化遗产而言，是以无形文化为主，以人为本的活化的遗产。2003年联合国教科文组织第32届大会通过的《非物质文化遗产公约》给非物质文化遗产下的定义为：“非物质文化遗产”指被各群体、团体、有时为个人所视为其文化遗产的各种实践、表演、表现形式、知识体系和技能及其有关的工具、实物、工艺品和文化场所。各个群体和团体随着其所处环境、与自然界的相互关系和历史条件的变化不断使这种代代相传的非物质文化遗产得到创新，同时使他们自己具有一种认同感和历史感，从而促进了文化多样性和人类创造力。非物质文化遗产包括：a.口头传统和表述；b.表演艺术；c.社会风俗、礼仪、节庆；d.有关自然界和宇宙的知识和实践；e.传统的手工艺技能。我国政府根据本国国情把我国的非物质文化遗产分为民间文学、传统音乐、传统舞蹈、传统戏剧、曲艺、杂技与竞技、传统美术、传统技艺、传统医药、民俗十大类。 1、阿坝州羌族非物质文化遗产介绍： （一）、口头传说和表述（民间文学） 1、史诗 史诗是羌族民间文学中的珍品，在羌族口碑古籍中占有重要的地位。代表作有《羌戈大战》、《木姐珠与斗安珠》、《迟基格布》。 2、歌谣 歌谣是羌族人民生活、生产、习俗、文化、历史、道德和思想感情的反映，表现出羌族人民的价值观、审美观和艺术情趣，是羌族人民生活的重要组成部分。羌族歌谣题材十分广泛可分为历史传说歌：《戈基格布》、《木姐珠与燃比娃（斗安珠）》、《赤基格布》。 3、民间故事 羌族民间故事丰富多彩，有神话、传说、，以及其他故事。羌族民间故事片主要以叙述体的口述文本不用唱颂形式。神话故事流传较广且比较有名的主要有《开天辟地》、《造人种》、《两兄妹》、《太阳和月亮》、《取火种》、《木姐珠与斗安珠》、《羌戈大战》等。 4、谚语和谜语

从战争年代到和平年代

从战争年代到和平年代 和平与发展成为时代的主题，而亚太地区的战略地位依然很重要。美国为了维护其霸主地位，也干涉进入南海事务。希望借此扩大其在亚太地区的影响力，进而遏制中国。本文将越南战争和南海问题美国从中的政策进行对比分析，从而了解美国外交的内涵和实质。 一、美国对越政策 （一）越南战争的定义： 越南战争（1961年~1973年）简称越战，又称第二次印度支那战争，为越南共和国（南越）及美国对抗共产主义的越南民主共和国及“越南南方民族解放阵线”（又称越共）的一场战争。越战是二战以后美国参战人数最多、影响最重大的战争。最先开始支持越南共和国的美国总统是德怀特·戴维·艾森豪威尔；约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪开始支持在越南作战；林登·约翰逊将战争扩大。在理查德·米尔豪斯·尼克松执政时期，美国因为国内的反战浪潮，逐渐将美国国防军撤出越南。越南人民军和越南南方民族解放阵线最终推翻了越南共和国，统一了越南全国。 （二）政策转变过程。 1.二战初期，美国想以国际托管形式支持南越独立，从而脱离法国的殖民统治。 十九世纪以来，越南包括整个印度支那都是法国的殖民地，殖民地统治者在那里进行长达一百多年的统治。还有其重要的地缘优势和战略地位的原因。印度支那不仅是南亚的主要产粮区，而且矿产资源十分丰富。同时也是处在南亚的重要交通要道。起初，越南在二战中是被日本占领，当太平洋战争爆发后，美国为了保护本国在太平洋地区的利益，支持越南同日本作战。但当日本战败后，法国又迅速恢复其对越南的统治地位。这一点使美国极为不满，罗斯福总统设想通过国际托管的形式来实现印度支那的独立，可法国的做法却与之背道而驰。实际上美国其实是不愿看到法国人占领印度支那，而将美国的利益置之一旁。 2.二战后至1950年前期，美国同意法国重返越南，并承认法国在越南的主权地位。 看似这与之前的政策大相径庭，可本质上还是为了美国的自身利益着想。首先，当时正处在冷战的大背景之下，遏制共产主义在越南的发展，当然需要得到法国的支持与参与。“没有永远的朋友，只有永恒的利益”。二战结束以后，资本主义和共产主义两大阵营的对立导致了国家间不可调和的矛盾。而此时遏制共产主义以及对抗苏联成为美国的主要目标，美国打算以承认越南的主权来换取法国对美国政策的支持。

凉山州第二批非物质文化遗产名录(精)

附： 凉山州第二批非物质文化遗产名录 （共计36项） 一、民间音乐（共计5项） 序号编号项目名称申报地区或单位 1 Ⅱ—1 彝族克西举尔音乐雷波县文化局、昭觉县文化局 2 Ⅱ—2 傈僳族高腔德昌县文化局 3 Ⅱ—3 藏族赶马调冕宁县文化局 4 Ⅱ—4 彝族挽歌宁南县文化局 5 Ⅱ—5 彝族月琴音乐普格县文化局 二、民间舞蹈（共计4项） 序号编号项目名称申报地区或单位 6 Ⅲ—1 傈僳族嘎且且撒勒舞会东县文化局、德昌县文化局 7 Ⅲ—2 藏族杜基嘎尔木里县文化局 8 Ⅲ—3 藏族嘎卓舞木里县文化局 9 Ⅲ—4 彝族苏尼舞布拖县文化局 三、传统戏剧（共计1项） 序号编号项目名称申报地区或单位 10 Ⅳ—1 马马灯越西县文化局

四、杂技与竞技（共计1项） 序号编号项目名称申报地区或单位 11 Ⅵ—1 彝族磨尔秋甘洛县文化局 五、民间美术（共计1项） 序号编号项目名称申报地区或单位 12 Ⅶ—1 彝文书法盐源县文化局 六、传统手工技艺（共计9项） 序号编号项目名称申报地区或单位 13 Ⅷ—1 红铜火锅制作技艺会理县文化局 14 Ⅷ—2 绿釉陶瓷制作技艺会理县文化局 15 Ⅷ—3 砂锅制作技艺越西县文化局 16 Ⅷ—4 建昌板鸭制作技艺德昌县文化局、西昌市文化局 17 Ⅷ—5 彝族杆杆酒酿造技艺甘洛县文化局 18 Ⅷ—6 藏式烧制茶具制作技艺木里县文化局 19 Ⅷ—7 藏式木制茶具制作技艺木里县文化局 20 Ⅷ—8 藏式竹制茶具制作技艺木里县文化局 21 Ⅷ—9 傈僳族葫芦笙制作技艺德昌县文化局 七、民俗（共计12项） 序号编号项目名称申报地区或单位 22 Ⅹ—1 摩梭人成丁礼盐源县文化局 - 2 -

中国的世界非物质文化遗产名录

中国的世界非物质文化遗产名录 2003年10月通过的《保护非物质文化遗产国际公约》指出，非物质文化遗产应涵盖五个方面的项目：1.口头传说和表述，包括作为非物质文化遗产媒介的语言；2.表演艺术；3.社会风俗、礼仪、节庆；4.有关自然界和宇宙的知识和实践；5.传统的手工艺技能。《公约》并指出，非物质文化遗产概念中的非物质性的涵义，是与满足人们物质生活基本需求的物质生产相对而言的，是指以满足人们的精神生活需求为目的的精神生产这层涵义上的非物质性。所谓非物质性，并不是与物质绝缘，而是指其偏重于以非物质形态存在的精神领域的创造活动及其结晶。（以下统计截止至2010年）

昆曲资料图片 2001年（1项）：昆曲 昆曲是现存的中国最古老的剧种之一，起源于明代(公元14—17世纪)。昆曲的唱腔具有很强的艺术性，对中国近代的所有戏剧剧种，如川剧、京剧都有着巨大的影响。昆曲表演包括唱、念、做、打、舞等，这些内容亦是培训京剧演员的基本科目。昆腔及其戏剧结构(旦、丑、生等角色)亦被其他剧种所借鉴。《牡丹亭》、《长生殿》成为传统的保留剧目。昆曲表演用锣鼓、弦索及笛、箫、笙、琵琶等管弦和打击乐器伴奏。昆曲的舞蹈动作主要分作两类，具有丰富的表现力。 古琴资料图片 2003年（1项）：中国古琴艺术 中国古琴是世界最古老的弹拨乐器之一，主要由弦与木质共鸣器发音，至今已有3000多年历史，20世纪初才被称作“古琴”。关于它的创制者有“昔伏羲作琴”、“神农作琴”、“舜作五弦之琴以歌南风”之说。古琴艺术在中国音乐史、美学史、社会文化史、思想史等方面具有广泛影响，是中国古代精神文化在音乐方面的主要代表之一。

1. 译文from competence to commitment

Unit1 从能力到责任 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合? 毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难? 核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。像地方的区域规划，学校种族隔离制的废除，排水系统的问题，公共交通的治理，以及申请获得正在相互竞争的有线电视公司的许可证等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情，现在也需要专家采解决。这些专家的辩论充满着技术术语，常常使问题变得让人迷惑不解而不会使问题云开雾散，清晰明了。公共生活的复杂性，要求更多＼而非更少的信息资料；需要更积极＼而非越来越消极的公众的参与。 对于那些关心“民治政府”的人，公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界，人类生存问题吉凶未卜，无知是不可取的。那些目光短浅的专家们制定措施时一手遮天，这也是不可容忍的。作为公民，我们只有找到更好的教育方法，只有提出更棘手的问题，并得到满意的答案，才能在关键的决策时刻承担风险，运用我们所学的知识做出重大决定，否则，我们只能基于盲目地相信一个或几个所谓的专家做出决策。 我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育关心他人的年轻人群策群力，本着共同的信念，团结在一起，相互学习，参与到社会民主的建设之中。 民主的社会需要关心民主社会的公众，需要他们成为善于发问的民主参与者，成为知道怎样提出恰如其份的问题的人，知道公共政策的决策形成过程，并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出敏锐的，有见地的判断。诚然，没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才，但我们深信，如果“民治政府’’要有生命力的话，大学相对子其他机构来说，更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的具有宏畴伟略的领导人。

盐城市国家非物质文化遗产项目包括哪些

盐城市国家非物质文化遗产项目包括哪些 非物质文化遗产是指各族人民世代相承的、与群众生活密切相关的各种传统文化表现形式和文化空间，简称“非遗”。盐城历史悠久，董永传说、淮剧、杂技、老虎鞋……沉淀着盐城人祖祖辈辈生活的智慧，承载着盐城深厚的地方文化。 继2006年董永传说入选国家“非遗”名录项目之后，2008年淮剧、建湖杂技两项深深烙有“盐城”印记的“非遗”项目又升入“国家队”。目前，我市国家级“非遗”项目共有3个。淮剧名家张云良、裔小平入选国家级“非遗”传承人，陈澄、王书龙、卜树权、孙贵荣入选省级“非遗”传承人。入选省级非物质文化遗产名录项目除了国家级的还有：盐城老虎鞋、东台发绣、沈拱山传说、大丰麦秆剪贴、海盐晒制技艺、八桅立式大风车制作技艺、东台陈皮酒酿造技艺、施耐庵与《水浒》传说；入选市级非物质文化遗产名录项目除了国家级、省级的还有：弶港渔民号子、义丰龙舞、面塑、柳编、东台鱼汤面制作技艺、阜宁大糕制作技艺、藕粉圆制作技艺、枯枝牡丹传说。 到去年8月，我市全面完成了非物质文化遗产普查任务，共编辑出版普查资料汇编10册，汇编项目802个，排查非遗线索14427条，基本查清了全市非物质文化遗产资源的种类、数量、分布状况、生存环境和传承现状。市、县两级非遗第一批名录全部建立，建湖县、亭湖区还公布了县（区）级第二批名录。目前，全市共有128个项目列入县（市、区）级名录，形成比较完备的非遗名录保护体系，内容涵盖民间文学、美术、音乐、舞蹈、传统手工技艺、礼俗、戏曲、曲艺、杂技等多项类别。 我市丰富多彩的民间文化为旅游资源的开发和旅游事业的发展，提供了坚实的保障和广阔的空间。东台市共有董永遗址50多处，分别立牌予以保护。遗址保护地的群众自发捐款修缮了董孝祠堂。射阳县在后羿的传说、射阳的传说、息心寺的传说等重要资源上，建立了非物质文化遗产旅游景点。 盐城特有的地形地貌，还形成了众多以农业劳作为内容的独有的民间传统音乐：《栽秧号子》、《数小鸭》、《小放牛》、《踏车号子》等。 中国汉族戏曲剧种，又名江淮戏。源于清代，流行于江苏省、上海市和安徽

中国最后的战争

中国最后的战争：攻打越南始末(转) 勋章：级别：大司马积分：304666 中国最后的战争：攻打越南始末 《财经文摘》2013年第4期张杰 越南使用化学武器许世友震怒：谅山一间房都不留 1979年1月28日，时任中国国务院副总理的邓小平出访美国。他在华盛顿受到热烈欢迎，象征无产阶级专政的五星红旗有史以来第一次与星条旗并排飘扬在白宫上空。当被问及中国的对越政策时，邓小平气定神闲地说：“小朋友不听话，该打打屁股了。”半个月后，中国数十万军队对越南发动了猛烈进攻。中国高调“教训”越南，不仅再次印证了“世上没有永远的朋友，只有永远的利益”这条国际关系的铁律，也彻底斩断了意识形态的脆弱纽带，抛弃了社会主义兄弟之间的那份浅薄的惺惺相惜。 许世友上将 对越自卫反击战，不仅沉重打击了越战胜利后信心极度膨胀的越南，对刚刚经历“文革”劫难的中国也是一次重大的洗礼。此战奠定了邓小平的政治地位，为其后对军队的改革和经济上的改革开放打开了道路。也是利用这次“兄弟反目”的机会，中国改弦更张，破除在国际上的孤立局面，将自己融入到世界文明之中。

背叛 包括当时的绝大多数中国人在内，全世界都对中越之战的突然爆发感到惊诧。因为在那之前的几十年，中越之间是“同志加兄弟”的关系。追求国际共产主义和推进世界革命的共同事业，让两国两党走到一起，并在长期革命斗争中，建立了深厚的友谊。 在第一次印度支那战争时期（1946年至1954年），建立政权不久的中共为帮助越南抵抗法国，尽己所能。不仅派陈赓、韦国清等高级将领参与越共军队的组织和训练，还令解放军在云南和广西协助越南组建了5个精锐师。 在同美国人的战斗中，中国给予了越南更加无私的支援。仅仅有价的物资援助就接近200亿美元。此外，中国还派出相当数量的军队部署在北越，用于防空和保护交通线路。最高峰时，同时驻扎在越南的中国军队达到17万人。来自中国有求必应的援助是越共军队越战越勇的精神支柱和令西方人无法征服的力量源泉。正如毛泽东所言：“七亿中国人民是越南人民的坚强后盾，辽阔的中国领土是越南人民的可靠后方。” 然而，中越之间看似牢不可破的关系还是产生了裂痕。在这其中，美苏两个超级大国作为中越双边关系的外部因素起到了关键作用。 中国在1950年代末就已经开始与苏联老大哥交恶，1969年3月，在两国边境爆发珍宝岛战争，中苏彻底决裂。此后中国与苏联持续处于敌对状态，苏联在中国北方陈兵百万，成为中国领导人眼中最大的外部威胁。美国战败于越南之后，苏联加紧拉拢越南，试图填补美国留下的安全真空。越南于1975年取得统一之后，中国曾劝说其拉开与苏联的距离，警惕苏联的霸权主义，但中共的反霸政策被越南拒绝。

云南非物质文化遗产

序号类别项目名称民族属地责任单位 1 濒危民族语言文字金平傣文傣族金平县金平县文化馆 2 民间文学叙事长诗《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》哈尼族墨江县墨江县文化馆 3 坡芽情歌壮族富宁县富宁县文化馆 4 创世史诗《目瑙斋瓦》景颇族德宏州德宏州文化馆 5 创世史诗《阿细先基》彝族弥勒县弥勒县文化馆 6 传统音乐宣抚司礼仪乐舞傣族孟连县孟连县文化馆 7 剑川白曲白族剑川县剑川县文化馆 8 弥渡民歌汉族弥渡县弥渡县文化馆 9 民歌开益白族兰坪县兰坪县文化馆 10 彝族沙莜腔彝族建水县建水县文化馆 11 彝族民歌彝族石屏县石屏县文化馆 元阳县元阳县文化馆 12 传统舞蹈芦笙舞苗族大关县大关县文化馆 13 藏族弦子舞藏族德钦县卡瓦格博文化社 14 弄娅歪壮族广南县广南县文化馆 15 棒棒灯壮族砚山县砚山县文化馆 16 彝族弦子舞彝族砚山县砚山县文化馆 17 水鼓舞德昂族瑞丽市瑞丽市文化馆 18 擦大钹彝族隆阳区隆阳区文化馆 19 大刀舞彝族禄丰县禄丰县文化馆 20 霸王鞭白族剑川县剑川县文化馆 21 十二兽舞彝族楚雄市楚雄市非物质文化遗产保护中心 22 跳三桩苗族易门县易门县文化馆 23 铓鼓舞哈尼族建水县建水县文化馆 24 跳鼓舞彝族绿春县绿春县文化馆 25 传统戏剧杀戏汉族景东县景东县文化馆 镇沅县镇沅县文化馆 26 传统曲艺腾冲扬琴汉族腾冲县腾冲县文化馆 27 莲花落汉族姚安县姚安县非物质文化遗产保护中心 28 昭通唱书汉族昭阳区昭阳区文化馆 29 传统体育与游艺打陀螺傣族景谷县景谷县文化馆 佤族双江县双江县文化馆 彝族双柏县双柏县非物质文化遗产保护中心 30 吹枪苗族麻栗坡县麻栗坡县文化馆 31 嘟哒哒傈僳族龙陵县龙陵县文化馆 32 彝族摔跤彝族元谋县楚雄州非物质文化遗产保护中心 元谋县非物质文化遗产保护中心 彝族石林县石林县文化馆 33 传统礼仪与节庆彝族服饰彝族武定县武定县文化馆 峨山县峨山县文化馆 34 哈尼族服饰哈尼族红河县红河县文化馆 西双版纳州西双版纳州文化馆

中国边界战争伤亡人数等资料

世界各国一致认可的朝鲜战争各参战国人员损失数字公布于下 中国：阵亡114855人；重伤死亡21007人,病死13150人；伤210367人；被俘21321人,失踪4300人。合计366100余人。 美国：阵亡33646人，重伤不治\事故\病死等20600人；受伤103284人，被俘7140人；失踪8177人，合计172847人。 英国:阵亡710人,负伤2278人,失踪1263人,被俘766人,合计5017人. 土尔其:阵亡717人,负伤2246人,失踪167人,被俘217人,合计3349人. 澳大利亚:阵亡291人,负伤1240人,失踪39人,被俘21人,合计1591人. 加拿大:阵亡309人,负伤1055人,失踪30人,被俘2人,合计1396人. 法国:阵亡288人,负伤818人,失踪18人,被俘11人,合计1135人. 泰国:阵亡114人,负伤794人,失踪5人,被俘0人,合计913人. 希腊:阵亡169人,负伤543人,失踪2人,被俘1人,合计715人. 荷兰:阵亡111人,负伤589人,失踪4人,被俘0人,合计704人. 哥伦比亚:阵亡140人,负伤452人,失踪65人,被俘29人,合计686人. 埃塞俄比亚:阵亡120人,负伤536人,失踪0人,被俘0人,合计656人. 菲律宾:阵亡92人,负伤299人,失踪57人,被俘40人,合计488人. 比利时:阵亡97人,负伤298人,失踪0人,被俘5人,合计440人. 卢森堡:一个步兵排参加联合国军,死5人伤10人合计15人. 新西兰:阵亡34人,负伤80人,失踪0人,被俘1人,合计115人. 南非:阵亡20人,负伤0人,失踪16人,被俘6人,合计42人. 日本(不是联合国军成员国但派了水雷布雷队)死3人被俘1人. 以上合计,除美国外的其他联合国军兵员损失一共约为17200余人. 如果加上美国的172800余人,联合国军总损失19万人.中国36.6万人. 现在来看看韩国:阵亡415004人,负伤425868人,失踪459428人,被俘12536人,合计1312836人.(本数字为美联社1956年公布的数字,为国际社会所一致公认). 如果将联合国军的19万人加上韩军的131万余人,则,美韩方在朝鲜战争中共计损失了150余万人. 越南战争（1959年-1975年）简称越战，又称第二次印度支那战争。伤亡数字：·南越阵亡: 230,000；受伤: 300,000。 ·美国阵亡: 58,209；受伤: 153,303。 ·韩国：阵亡: 5,000；受伤: 11,000。 ·澳大利亚：阵亡: 512；受伤: 2,400*。 ·新西兰：阵亡: 37；受伤: 187。 ·北越/越共阵亡: 1,100,000；受伤: 不详。 ·中华人民共和国：阵亡: 1,100；受伤: 4,200。 ·越南平民死亡(全越南): 900,000–4,000,000。 参战国家：越南南方美国澳大利亚新西兰加拿大西德韩国泰国菲律宾。此外荷 兰、比利时、希腊、丹麦和土耳其都派出医疗队参加了越战，帮助救治南越受伤军人。西班牙也于1966年向南越派出了一支13人的专家小组。 越战时，英国为何坚决不参战 ——美国迫使盟国派兵参加越战内幕玉鹏／编译

四川省非物质文化遗产相关

四川省非物质文化遗产 相关 文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]

四川省共有辖区21个： 阿坝藏族羌族自治州甘孜藏族自治州内江市自贡市广安市遂宁市巴中市德阳市乐山市凉山彝族自治州眉山市攀枝花市雅安市资阳市泸州市成都市达州市广元市绵阳市南充市宜宾市 非物质文化遗产简介： 非物质文化遗产是相对于有形的物质文化遗产而言，是以无形文化为主，以人为本的活化的遗产。2003年联合国教科文组织第32届大会通过的《非物质文化遗产公约》给非物质文化遗产下的定义为：“非物质文化遗产”指被各群体、团体、有时为个人所视为其文化遗产的各种实践、表演、表现形式、知识体系和技能及其有关的工具、实物、工艺品和文化场所。各个群体和团体随着其所处环境、与自然界的相互关系和历史条件的变化不断使这种代代相传的非物质文化遗产得到创新，同时使他们自己具有一种认同感和历史感，从而促进了文化多样性和人类创造力。非物质文化遗产包括：a.口头传统和表述；b.表演艺术；c.社会风俗、礼仪、节庆；d.有关自然界和宇宙的知识和实践；e.传统的手工艺技能。我国政府根据本国国情把我国的非物质文化遗产分为民间文学、传统音乐、传统舞蹈、传统戏剧、曲艺、杂技与竞技、传统美术、传统技艺、传统医药、民俗十大类。 1、阿坝州羌族非物质文化遗产介绍：

（一）、口头传说和表述（民间文学） 1、史诗 史诗是羌族民间文学中的珍品，在羌族口碑古籍中占有重要的地位。代表作有《羌戈大战》、《木姐珠与斗安珠》、《迟基格布》。 2、歌谣 歌谣是羌族人民生活、生产、习俗、文化、历史、道德和思想感情的反映，表现出羌族人民的价值观、审美观和艺术情趣，是羌族人民生活的重要组成部分。羌族歌谣题材十分广泛可分为历史传说歌：《戈基格布》、《木姐珠与燃比娃（斗安珠）》、《赤基格布》。 3、民间故事 羌族民间故事丰富多彩，有神话、传说、，以及其他故事。羌族民间故事片主要以叙述体的口述文本不用唱颂形式。神话故事流传较广且比较有名的主要有《开天辟地》、《造人种》、《两兄妹》、《太阳和月亮》、《取火种》、《木姐珠与斗安珠》、《羌戈大战》等。 4、谚语和谜语 谚语是羌族人民千百年来劳动和社会生活经验的总结。有事理谚语、社交谚语、时政谚语、生活谚语、风土谚语、农林谚语等。羌族谜语题材广泛，内容丰富，是羌族人民长期观察、分析，对生活事务进行概括的结果。根据所反映的对象以及形式一般分为物谜、事谜、字谜。（二）、表演艺术 羌族的表演艺术主要有是民间音乐、民间舞蹈和羌族戏剧。 1、羌族民间音乐大体分为民间歌曲、民间器乐、民间祭祀音乐。

中国非物质文化遗产十大类别

中国非物质文化遗产十大类别 ☆民间文学（Folk Literature） ☆传统体育、游艺与杂技（Traditional Sports，Recreation and Acrobatics） ☆传统音乐(Traditional Music) ☆传统美术(Traditional Fine Arts) ☆传统舞蹈(Traditional Dance) ☆传统技艺(Traditional Skills) ☆传统戏剧(Traditional Opera) ☆传统医药(Traditional Medicine) ☆曲艺(Chinese Quyi Music) ☆民俗(Folk-custom) 美术类绘制 包括木板年华、唐卡、剪纸、内画、瓷板画、软木画、建筑彩绘、嘉兴灶头画、永春纸织画以及书法等

●刺绣类 ?顾绣、苏绣、湘绣、粤绣、蜀绣、挑花、庆阳香 包绣制、堆锦 ?满族刺绣、蒙古族刺绣、彝族（撒尼）苗刺绣、 水族马尾绣、土族盘绣、湟中堆绣、彝族（撒 尼）刺绣和藏族编织、挑花刺绣工艺等民族刺 绣技艺 ●织造印染 ?南京云锦木机妆花手工织造技艺、宋锦织造技 艺、苏州缂丝织造技艺、蜀锦织造技艺、乌泥 泾手工棉纺织技艺 ?侗锦织造技艺、土家族织锦技艺、黎族传统纺染 织绣技艺、壮族织锦技艺、少数民族的地毯织 造技艺 ?南通蓝印花布印染技艺、蜡染技艺、枫香印染 技艺等 ●雕刻 ?玉雕（北京玉雕、扬州玉雕、苏州玉雕、海派玉 雕） ?石雕（青田石雕、菊花石雕）

?木雕（潮州木雕、徽州三雕） ?象牙雕刻 ?竹刻 ?金石篆刻等 ●塑型捏制 ?泥塑（天津泥人张、惠山泥人、浚县泥咕咕、凤 翔泥塑、玉田泥塑） ?面花（阳城焙面面塑）、面人（北京面人郎、上 海面人赵）糖塑（丰县糖人贡） ?塔尔寺酥油花 ?料器（北京料器）、瓯塑 ?砖塑 ●编织扎制 ?竹编（东阳竹编、青神竹编） ?草编（大名草编） ?柳编（广宗柳编） ?彩扎（秸秆扎刻） ?风筝制作技艺（南通板鹞风筝、潍坊风筝） ?灯彩（北京灯彩）

Unit-1课文翻译及课后翻译练习参考答案

Unit 1 课文翻译及课后练习翻译参考答案 课文翻译： Unit1 从能力到责任 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们也承认自己的迷茫：在这个变幻莫测的时代，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也感到纠结——一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 最终，本科教育的质量将由毕业生参与社会与公民活动的主动性来衡量。雷霍德·尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有奉献社会，才能了解自我。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心（或直译：一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心），他将会失去自我。”理想化的本科教育应该反映在超越自我中。在这一个残酷的、竞争激烈的社会，人们期望大学生能具备正直、文明，甚至富有同情心的人格品质，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合（或直译：希望大学的人文教育能使大学生在与他人的人际交往中具备人文情怀，这是否合适）? 毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。这迫切需要美国教育有助于弥合公共政策与公众理解程度之间的极具危险性、正日益加深的鸿沟。建设性思考政府议程问题所必备的知识似乎越来越无法掌握。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。他们问，如果一些非专业人士甚至不懂专业术语，怎么可能让他们去讨论重大的政策选择问题? 核能的利用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 公民们带着类似的困惑讨论“星球大战”问题，试图搞懂那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语。像地方的区域规划，学校种族隔离制的废除，排水系统的问题，公共交通的治理，以及相互竞争中的有线电视公司对许可证的申请等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情，现在也需要专家来解决。这些专家讨论专门术语，常常不是阐明问题，反而使问题变得让人迷惑不解。然而，公共生活的复杂性，要求更多、而非更少的信息资料；需要更积极、而非更消极的公众参与。 对于那些关心“民治”政府的人，公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界，人类生存问题吉凶未卜、危在旦夕，无知是不可取的。由视野有限的专家完全控制政策制定，这也是不可容忍的。作为公民，我们如果不能找到更好的方法教育自己，如果不能提出难题，并得到满意的答案，那么我们会冒险做一些关键性的决定，不是基于我们所了解的知识，而是基于对一两个所谓专家的盲目信任。 我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育(well-informed)、关心他人(caring)的人士。他们能作为公民，本着服务大众的精神，团结一致，相互学习，参与到民主建设之中。 我们需要关心公众事务的人，他们能参与调查，知道如何提出合适的问题，了解公民政策制定的程序，并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出有根据的、敏锐的判断。诚然，没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才，但我们深信，如果“民治政府”要有生命力的话，大学相对于其他机构来说，更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的开明领导人。 为了完成这个迫切的使命，所需的视野不仅要着眼国内，还必须放眼世界。当代大学生必须还了解其它国家的民族与文化。人类的势力范围已涉及到太空，一切变得都很明了，我们都是同一个星球的守护者。在过去的半个世纪中，我们的地球变得越来越拥挤，相互依赖

青海非物质文化遗产

千年的史诗《格萨(斯)尔》也叫《格萨尔王 传》。主要流传于中国青藏高原的藏族、蒙古族、 土族、裕固族、纳西族、普米族等民族中，以口 耳相传的方式讲述了格萨尔王降临下界后降妖除 魔、抑强扶弱、统一各部，最后回归天国的英雄业绩。《格萨(斯)尔》是世界上迄今发现的史诗中演唱篇幅最长的，它既是族群文化多样性的熔炉，又是多民族民间文化可持续发展的见证。这一为多民族共享的口头史诗是草原游牧文化的结晶，代表着古代藏族、蒙古族民间文化与口头叙事艺术的最高成就。无数游吟歌手世代承袭着有关它的吟唱和表演。它历史悠久，结构宏伟，卷帙浩繁，内容丰富，气势磅礴，流传广泛，作为一部不朽的英雄史诗，《格萨(斯)尔》是在藏族古代神话传说、诗歌和谚语等民间文学的丰厚基础上产生和发展起来的，提供了宝贵的原始社会的形态和丰富的资料，代表着古代藏族文化的最高成就，同时也是一

部形象化的古代藏族历史。 《拉仁布与吉门索》是土族民间长诗。它是土族流传最广、影响最大的优秀民间叙事诗，堪称土族的《梁山伯与祝英台》。这部叙事诗长达300多行，描写了一个爱情悲剧。它用土族口语 创作并演唱，并以口耳相传的方式在群众中相沿传袭，至今仍为活态的口头文学形式。长诗以深沉悲壮的曲调，优美感人的诗句，道出了拉仁布与吉门索纯贞的爱情和对自由、幸福生活的向往，向万恶的封建社会提出了强烈的控诉。全诗以讲唱为主，共分8个章节，是土族劳动人民集体智慧的结晶，具有广泛的群众性，是土族群众最喜欢演唱的一首叙事情歌，在不同的流传地区有不同的风格。在演唱方式上，拉仁布与吉门索以男女对唱为主，但不同于一般问答式对唱。演唱的曲调独特，结构清晰，层次分明。《拉仁布与吉门索》完全用土语演唱，它源于土族地区，又生长和发展于土族地区，植根于土族传统文化之中，为当地土汉两族民众所喜闻乐见。故事中拉仁布、吉门索、哥哥、嫂子等主要人物性格特征鲜明，具有广泛的群众性和独特的民族特色，为民族学、语言学和土族社会学研究

中国非物质文化遗产

团队名称：八面来风 微课题团队所在班级：三年五班 研究的主题：中国非物质文化遗产—最炫民族风指导教师：陈宁 微课题组成员：邱奕浓张汇然白楚晴马林放 铁晓冉王鹤林陈加粮陶泽指导家长：孙海鸥崔文姝葛新

八面来风绘本简介：绘本主要是根据联合国教科文组织非物质文化遗产中的一些民族的传统艺术，以手绘的方式、最炫民族风为主题，来讲述相关文化。特点是生动，形象地勾勒出八种民族风（南音、新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术、昆曲、藏戏、粤剧、蒙古族长调民歌、古琴、侗族大歌）的传统文化形式，从服装、乐器、表演方式等方面来展现艺术的特征，符合孩子们的审美观，是一本孩子了解中国非物质文化遗产不可缺少的纯手工绘本。

中国非物质文化遗产—最炫民族风 绘本，就是以绘画为主，只有少量，甚至没有文字的图书。我们八面来风小组所画的绘本主要是根据中国非物质文化遗产中的一些民族的传统艺术，以手绘的方式来讲述相关文化。 最炫民族风——八面来风简介 1.昆曲：是中国古老的剧种，糅合唱念做打，舞蹈及武术等，2001年被联合国教科文组织列为“人类口述和非物质遗产代表作”。 2.蒙古长调：以鲜明的游戏文化特征和独特的演唱形式讲述蒙古族对历史，文化，人文习俗，哲学和艺术的感悟，被称为“草原音乐活化石”。2005年11月25日被列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。 3.新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术：是一种集歌，舞，乐于一体的大型综合古典音乐艺术形式。2005年11月25日荣列为非物质遗产的代表作。 4.粤剧：汉族传统戏曲之一，时糅合唱念做打，乐师配乐，戏台服饰，抽象形体的表演艺术，2006年5月20日被收入国家级非物质文化遗产名录之内。 5.侗族大歌：起源于春秋战国时期，时中国侗族地区一种多声部，无指挥，五伴奏自然和声的民间合唱形式，被认为是“清泉般闪光的音乐”。2006年，侗族大歌被列入人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。 6.藏戏：起源于8世纪藏族的宗教艺术，以唱为主，唱，诵，舞，表，白和技等基本程式相结合的生活化表演。2006年5月20日，经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。 7.南音：是中国古老的乐种之一，有“中国音乐史上的活化石”之称。2006年5月20日，经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。 8.古琴：又称七弦琴，玉琴，集中体现了中国音乐体系的基本特征，构成了汉族音乐审美的核心。2003年，经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

美国军事史

美国军事史 美国全称美利坚合众国，本土面积为9,629,091平方公里，独立于1776年7月4日，是一个只有200多年历史的年轻国家。 套用一句很俗的话，“稍微懂得一点美国历史的人都知道，美国的历史实际上就是一部战略性扩张和靠战争发家致富的历史。” 在200多年的历史小溪中，美国发动了不下200场战争，平均每年一场战争，以下部分只挑选极具代表性的几场战争略作分析。 一、北美独立战争（1775年4月——1783年9月）： 也称“美国独立战争”，指1775年波士顿人民在美国来克星顿与英军交战拉开独立战序幕到1783年英军在法国签订《巴黎条约》投降的战争。 美国独立战争既是一次民族独立战争，又是一次资产阶级革命。这场战争毫无疑问是一场解放战争，这样正义的战争在人类历史上是不多见的，当然在美国军事史上更是不多见的！ 二、美墨战争（1846年4月——1848年2月）： 美国通过这场规模不算很大的战争夺取了230万平方公里的土地，一跃成为地跨大西洋和太平洋的大国，美国从此获得在美洲 的主宰地位。这场战争是美国大陆扩张史和西进运动史上一次具有关键意义的战争, 它既推动美国经济大国的形成和发展, 又加剧北部工业资本和南部奴隶制的矛盾, 成为美国内战的前驱。 三、美国南北战争（1861年4月——1865年4月）： 也称“美国内战”，这场战争的起因为美国南部十一州以亚伯拉罕·林肯于1861年就任总统为由而陆续退出联邦，另成立以杰斐逊·戴维斯为“总统”的政府，并驱逐驻扎南方的联邦军，而林肯下令攻打“叛乱”州。北方军队的数量远超过南方，公共建设也拥有优势，能够静待南方消耗。而南方的领导人确认为长时间的战争正好可以给欧洲国家考虑介入的时间，结果他们并未参战。四年残酷往赴的战争最终以南方的惨败告终。 此战不但改变当日美国的政经情势，导致奴隶制度在美国南方被最终废除，也对日后美国的民间社会产生巨大的影响。虽然这不是美国历史上最长的战争，却是最为血腥的战争。伤亡数字超过了50万。 四、美西战争（1898年3月——1898年8月）： 由于西班牙的没落，趁着古巴和菲律宾的起义，美国决定抢夺西班牙的殖民地。这场战争历时仅100余天、却致使4000美国人丧生。 这是美国为夺取西班牙属地古巴、波多黎各和菲律宾而发动的战争，是列强重新瓜分殖民地的第一次帝国主义战争。美西战争标志着美国作为一个主要军事力量的崛起。 五、第一次世界大战（1917年4月——1918年11月）： 简称“一战”，是一场主要发生在欧洲但波及到全世界的世界大战，当时世界上大多数国家都卷入了这场战争，是欧洲历史上破坏性最强的战争之一。1917年2月24日，美国驻英大使佩奇收到齐默曼电报，称如果墨西哥对美国宣战，德国将协助把美国西南部还给墨西哥，于是美国以此为借口，在该年4月6日向德国宣战。第一次世界大战在1918年以同盟国集团的失败而告终。 这场大战削弱了英、法、意；美国成为世界头号经济强国，世界金融中心也由伦敦转移到纽约。当然这又是一场非正义的、帝国主义争霸性质的掠夺战争。