Chemical Engineering Journal 157 (2010) 67–72
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemical Engineering
Journal
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c e
j
Azeotropic distillation-assisted preparation of nanoscale gamma-alumina powder from waste oil shale ash
Baichao An,Guijuan Ji,Wenying Wang,Shucai Gan ?,Jijing Xu,Guimei Gao,Guanghuan Li
College of Chemistry,Jilin University,6Ximinzhu street,Changchun 130026,PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 1June 2009
Received in revised form 22October 2009Accepted 23October 2009Keywords:Oil shale ash
Azeotropic distillation Nanoscale
Gamma-alumina
a b s t r a c t
A combined process was proposed for the utilization of waste oil shale ash (OSA)in the production of gamma-alumina nanoparticles.The process consisted of two stages,leaching and sintering.The ultrasonic technique followed by a heterogeneous azeotropic distillation process in the presence of polyethy-lene glycol (PEG)was carried to ensure complete elimination of the residual water in the precipitate.The structural and morphological properties of the calcined nanocrystalline powders were character-ized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD),transmission electron microscope (TEM),Brunauer–Emmett–Teller nitrogen-gas adsorption method (BET).The as-prepared precursor hydroxides were analyzed using thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The results indicated that the gamma-alumina powder with a uniform particle is well dispersed and the particle size is 20–40nm;the waste OSA can be utilized to produce gamma-alumina nanoparticles.
? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
Today,there is a growing interest in developing low-cost energy resource in the world.As a possible alternative,oil shale,which is a natural kerogenous rock,has been used to generate electricity and extract oil for almost a century.A by-product ?y ash from oil shale processing is OSA,which is considered as a serious environmental pollutant [1].Therefore,it is necessary to develop a new approach to OSA management.So far,most research focused on the aspect of building materials [2–7]and adsorbent [8–16].Synthesizes of tobermorite [17]and calcium-alumino-slicate hydrate [18]have been also reported as possible ways for the utilization of OSA.
Nano-sized alumina has extensive potentiality for being used in chemical absorbent,gas sensor,catalysts,and ceramic raw mate-rial.Considerable effort has been put into develop wet chemical synthesis methods because they offer convenient routes for ultra-?ne and high-purity alumina nanopowder.However,the alumina particles were often found to be agglomerated on drying and calci-nation.To solve this problem,various methods for the reduction of the particle size have been reported,including sonochemical synthesis [19,20],azeotropic distillation [21,22],and supercritical-water processing [23]and so on.
In this work,we aim to synthesize gamma-alumina nanopowder using OSA as alumina source via the ultrasonic technique in the
?Corresponding author.Tel.:+8643188502259.E-mail address:gansc@https://www.doczj.com/doc/593685670.html, (S.Gan).
hydrolysis–condensation stage followed by azeotropic distillation.The dispersion mechanism of gamma-alumina nanopowder is also proposed based on the present experimental facts.2.Materials and methods 2.1.Raw materials and reagents
Samples of OSA were collected from the factory in Huadian city of Jilin Province.The organic contents (loss-on-ignition,LOI)and metal contents of oil shale are shown in Table 1.The carbon dioxide gas,with a purity of 99.99%,was purchased from Changchun Xin-guang Gas Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.Other reagents were purchased from Beijing Chemical Reagent Research Institute.All chemical reagents were analytical grade.
2.2.Ultrasonic irradiation facility and parameters
The low powder ultrasonic radiation was performed in an ultra-sonic cleaner (KQ-100DB,Kunshan Inc.,China)that produced a 40kHz ultrasound at its bottom.Bath capacity of the sonicator is 3L.Its power can be changed from 40to 100W.2.3.Experimental procedure
The preparation of the nanoscale alumina from OSA is schemat-ically sketched in the ?owchart of Fig.1and involves two stages.
1385-8947/$–see front matter ? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.048
68 B.An et al./Chemical Engineering Journal157 (2010) 67–72
Table1
Chemical component of oil shale and oil shale ash.
Component%Raw oil shale%Raw oil shale ash
Silicon dioxide31.6863.58
Titanium dioxide0.390.75
Ferric oxide 4.23 5.47
Aluminum oxide10.7716.69
Phosphorous pentoxide0.260.26
Manganese oxide0.050.13
Calcium oxide 1.63 5.12
Magnesium oxide 1.84 2.51
Potassium oxide0.84 1.68
Sodium oxide0.40 1.02
LOI47.85 2.24
2.3.1.Leaching of aluminium
A porcelain boat,containing20g120-mesh OSA and8g sodium chloride was heated at700?C for3h and then air-dried.Subse-quently,the leaching experiments were performed in a1000mL three-necked?ask heated in a hemispherical mantle kept constant within±0.5?C and connected to a mechanical agitator,equipped with twin-bladed impeller and shaft coated by Te?on.For minimiz-ing aqueous loss,a re?ux condenser was applied.After5h,the leach liquor was separated from the residue by vacuum?ltration.Then, 6M sodium hydroxide solution was added to the leaching liquor to adjust the pH to13.After?ltration,the supersaturated sodium aluminate solution was obtained,and the aluminum concentration is shown in Table2.
2.3.2.Synthesis of gamma-alumina nanoparticles
Approximately0.6g surfactant(polyethylene glycol,PEG)was added to the supersaturated sodium aluminate solution.To this solution,carbon dioxide was injected until the pH value of the mixture was9.Under ultrasonic radiation(for30min,60?C),the reaction mixture was further aged about11.5h.The resulting white precipitate was recovered and washed with anhydrous ethanol sev-eral times to obtain the as-synthesized product(marked as S1).Table2
Chemical composition of leaching and puri?ed solution of elements.
Element Leaching
solution of OSA
(?g mL?1)
Puri?ed
solution of OSA
(?g mL?1) Aluminum985.400983.900
Calcium10.170 1.077 Manganese37.1407.435
Iron 1.9420.000 Titanium0.1310.000
Subsequently,S1was transferred into a rockered?ask containing 30mL of n-butanol.After distilling at117?C(the boiling point of n-butanol)for35min,the remaining n-butanol was removed through oven-drying(100?C for12h)to obtain loose powder(marked as S2).This powder was calcined at550?C for2h to obtain nano-sized gamma-alumina powder.
2.4.Characterization
The chemical compositions of the OSA were determined by X-ray?uorescence(XRF)analysis(PW1404/10.Philips,Hol-land).The mineral leachates and their puri?ed solution were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),model X Series II,USA.X-ray diffraction(XRD)anal-ysis for powders was carried out by D/Max-IIIC(Rigaku,Japan) with Cu K?radiation.Powder morphology and dispersity were observed on transmission electron microscope(TEM,JEM-2000EX, Japan).The N2adsorption measurement was examined by a sur-face analyzer(ASAP2010,USA)and the BET
surface area,and
the pore volumes were calculated.The pore size distributions
were estimated by the Barrette–Joynere–Halenda(BJH)method.
Thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis(TG–DTA)curves
of the samples were recorded on a TG-8120(Rigaku,Japan)using
alpha-alumina as the standard materials.Infrared spectra of the
samples were investigated on a FT-IR(Nicolet Impact410,USA)by Fig.1.Flowchart for the synthesis of gamma-alumina nanoparticle.
B.An et al./Chemical Engineering Journal157 (2010) 67–72
69
Fig.2.XRD pattern of the gamma-alumina nanoparticle.
KBr disk method.The surface of precursor was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope(XPS)(Thermo ESCALAB250,UK).
3.Results and discussion
3.1.Characterization
3.1.1.Properties of alumina nanopowder
Representive XRD patterns are shown in Fig.2for the as-made gamma-alumina prepared from OSA.The diffraction patterns of the calcined products show consistent with the standard diffraction data for gamma-alumina(JCPDS Card10-0425).Gamma-alumina, as transition alumina,is disordered crystalline phases formed through the thermal dehydration of aluminum hydroxides and oxy-hydroxides[24].It can be seen that the widths of the peaks are characteristic of a low-crystalline material as expected for such a low calcinations temperature and short time.On the basis of Scher-rer equation,the crystal size of products is calculated from the full width at half-maximum are16nm.
Fig.3shows the transmission electron microscopy of gamma-alumina.The nanoparticles of the product has good dispersity without hard agglomerate and are uniform in size and shape.The average diameter is20–40nm,which is basically in accordance with the XRD results mentioned above.The dispersity of the prod-uct is consistent with the TEM result(calcination temperature, 600?C)reported by Wang et al.[25].
The textural properties of the gamma-alumina powders are further investigated by the N2adsorption–desorption and pore size distribution(PSD)analyses.The result shows that the sample has a speci?c surface area of about191.7m2/g,pore volume of0.445cm3/g,and pore size of9.2nm.The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm are shown in Fig.4.The isotherm obtained for the sample was of type IV which is the characteristic feature of the mesoporous materials[26,27].The desorption cycles of the isotherm showed a hysteresis loop is attributed to the cap-illary condensation occurring in the mesopores[28].The shape of the hysteresis loops is identi?ed with the speci?c pore shape.The adsorption–desorption branches of the sample is almost parallel and vertical over a wide range of p/p0showing the H1type of the hysteresis loop.Such type of hysteresis loop is often associated with cylindrical mesopores open at both ends[29].
Fig.5depicts that the PSD of the products is trimodal with the peak pore diameters at3,16and78nm.This implies that the as-made gamma-alumina consisted of interpenetrating meso-(pores below50nm)and macrostructures(pores above50
nm).
Fig.3.TEM micrograph of the gamma-alumina nanoparticle.
3.1.2.Properties of precursors
The TG and DTA results for the precursor powder(S2)are shown in Fig.6.The TG curve displays two weight-loss stages.The?rst stage at below240?C is associated with the removal of adsorbed water.In this temperature range,the DTA curve show only one endothermic peak at201?C,which is attributed to the desorption of the interlayer water.The second stage located at240–450?C, the corresponding DTA curve show a broad exothermic peak.Spe-cially,the endothermic peak at321?C associated with the phase transformation of transition alumina.
Fig.7shows the FT-IR spectra of precursors S1and S2.The main difference between S1and S2is the adsorption bands at2915 and2847cm?1,which can be attributed to the vibration of–CH2–groups of butanol and PEG[30].And the peak at1377cm?1(S2)
is Fig.4.N2adsorption–desorption isotherm of the gamma-alumina nanoparticle.
70 B.An et al./Chemical Engineering Journal
157 (2010) 67–72
Fig.5.Pore size distribution of the gamma-alumina
nanoparticle.
Fig.6.TG–DTA curves of
precursors.
Fig.7.FT-IR spectra of S x series of
precursors.
Fig.8.XPS spectra of S x series of precursors.
coherent with ?3vibration of CH 3–groups,implying the presence of n-butanol.The adsorption peak at 1633cm ?1(S 1)and 1632cm ?1(S 2)are attributed to the complex peak of the excess water interca-lated in the layers of precursors [31]and –OH groups on the surface of aluminium hydroxide and alcohol [32].The C–O stretching vibra-tion peak of CH 3CH 2O–or CH 3(CH 2)2O–groups at 1070cm ?1(S 1,S 2)can also be monitored.The adsorption at 3433and 3427cm ?1(S 1,S 2)are associated to the hydroxyls on the precursor surface.Fig.8is the XPS spectra of pristine precursor (S 1)and butanol-coated precursor (S 2).For S 1,the O 1s core level spectrum presents peak at binding energy of 531.79±0.10eV,which associates with –OH groups in AlOOH structure.After coating,O 1s peak appears at lower energy of 531.59±0.10eV and its intensity decreases sig-ni?cantly.This is because the presence of O 1s peak from the Al–O–C 4H 9groups.This suggests that some n-butanol molecules are chemisorbed on the surface of the precursors.The result also agrees with the FT-IR analysis.
3.2.Overview of the synthesis process
The chemical compositions of the OSA before and after the leaching process are presented in Table 2.It can be seen,the ther-mal and acid treatments are ef?cient,resulting in a high-purity aluminum solution with very low level of remaining calcium and magnesium.
During the present precipitation process,the distribution of alu-mina nanopowder indicates the particle size of precursor is quite small.Also,the precursor has good chemical reactivity due to the crystal defects result from the ultrasound radiation [33].There-fore,the obtained crystal of aluminum hydroxide is important for nanoceramics and could even be used as seed particles in the Bayer process.Additionally,it should be note that ultrasound can accel-erate the breeding nucleation [34].
3.3.Powder dispersion
Hard agglomeration occurs upon drying and calcinations due to the hydrogen bonds between water molecules and surface –OH groups on particles.In the present investigation,we combine the azeotropic distillation with surface modi?cation and sonication to prevent hard agglomeration.The experiments show that the products as-made are well dispersed,and the possible dispersion mechanism of this combined method can be depicted as follows.
B.An et al./Chemical Engineering Journal157 (2010) 67–7271
PEG is terminated by alcohol groups that render it reactive with respect to the surface hydroxyls of the powder[35]:
Al–OH+HO(CH2CH2O)R→Al–O–(CH2CH2O)x R+H2O
During the present precipitation process,PEG adsorbed on the surface of the formed aluminum hydrate.Therefore,the accessi-bility is decreased due to the spatial effects of PEG molecular.On the other hand,the porous structures of the nanoparticles could be attributed to the combustion of the coated PEG and n-butanol during the calcination.
Ultrasonic radiation is an effective method to prepare nanoscale ultra?ne powder[36–38].It is known that20kHz ultrasonic radi-ation can rupture chemical bonds effectively[39]and so large aggregates are not obtained using this technique.Also,the other two aspects should be noted:(1)during the present precipitation process,PEG can adsorb on the surface of the formed aluminum hydrate.The coated PEG would prevent the hydrogen bonding formed between the neighbouring particles.On the other hand,a quick coagulation of the formed colloids would lead to the forma-tion of loose particles with large particle size,and meantime,large amount of PEG would be enfolded in these loose particles,which would weaken dispersion effect of PEG.Herein,the sonication can destroy the loose particles and then result in the re-adsorption of PEG on the formed particles.(2)n-Butanol was selected in this work because of its highest water content in the azeotrope (44.5wt%)among several practicable water–organic binary sys-tems[40].However,only about10wt%of water is miscible in n-butanol at room temperature.Sonication enhanced the mixing of the hydrous gel and n-butanol,which would bene?t the dehy-dration of the following azeotropic distillation process.
Azeotropic distillation can remove the terminal hydroxyl groups and physically adsorbed water molecules on particle surface via distillation by forming water–organic solvent binary azeotrope. The butoxy could replace the H2O/OH groups of the precipitate with a hydrophobic tail outside.The IR bands in Fig.7can cer-tify the presence of n-butanol in the https://www.doczj.com/doc/593685670.html,rge quantity of adsorbed water is squeezed out due to the compact stacking of organic species on the surface of inorganic precursors[41].This result is con?rmed by the TG–DTA analysis.
4.Conclusions
Nanostructured gamma-alumina powder has been prepared from OSA.Azeotropic distillation combine with ultrasound irra-diation and surfactant modi?cation effectively dehydrate hydrous alumina gel and thus prevent the formation of hard agglomerations. Calcinations product of the gamma-alumina particles exhibited uniform shapes.The approach presented herein might be applied to the production of gamma-alumina nanoscale powder.Further-more,it opens a new way of promising application of OSA. Acknowledgements
This work has been funded by the Scienti?c Research Pro-gram No.:20051015,Development Program of China(863Program, Grant2007AA06Z202)and No.:20070405.
References
[1]R.Shawabkeh,A.Al-Harahsheh,M.Hami,A.Khlaifat,Conversion of oil shale
ash into zeolite for cadmium and lead removal from wastewater,Fuel83(2004) 981–985.
[2]M.M.Smadi,R.H.Haddad,The use of oil shale ash in Portland cement concrete,
Cement Concrete Comp.25(2003)43–50.
[3]V.A.Mymrin,H.A.Ponte,Oil-shale?y ash utilization as independent binder of
natural clayey soils for road and air?eld base construction,Particul.Sci.Technol.
23(2005)99–107.
[4]I.Asi,A.Assa’ad,Effect of Jordanian oil shale?y ash on asphalt mixes,J.Mater.
Civil Eng.17(2005)553–559.
[5]Y.Awni.Al-Otoom,Utilization of oil shale in the production of Portland clinker,
Cement Concrete Comp.28(2006)3–11.
[6]X.M.Jiang,X.X.Han,Z.G.Cui,New technology for the comprehensive utilization
of Chinese oil shale resources,Energy32(2007)772–777.
[7]O.A.Ehinola,Q.S.Zhu,Utilization of Lokpanta oil shale in Portland cement man-
ufacturing in Nigeria:a thermodynamic approach,Oil Shale25(2008)310–327.
[8]Z.Al-Qodah,Adsorption of dyes using shale oil ash,Water Res.34(2000)
4295–4303.
[9]Z.Al-Qodah,https://www.doczj.com/doc/593685670.html,?,Adsorption of reactive dyes using shale oil shale ash in
?xed beds,J.Water Supply Res.T.52(2003)189–198.
[10]R.A.Shawabkeh,A.Al-Harahsheh,M.Hami,A.Khlaifat,Conversion of oil shale
ash into zeolite for cadmium and lead removal from wastewater,Fuel83(2004) 981–985.
[11]R.Shawabkeh,A.Al-Harahsheh,A.Al-Otoom,Production of zeolite from Jorda-
nian oil shale ash and application for zinc removal from wastewater,Oil Shale 21(2004)125–136.
[12]R.Shawabkeh,A.Al-Harahsheh,A.Al-Otoom,Copper zinc sorption by treated
oil shale ash,Sep.Purif.Technol.40(2004)251–257.
[13]N.R.C.F.Machado,D.M.M.Miotto,Synthesis of Na–A and–X zeolites from oil
shale ash,Fuel84(2005)2289–2294.
[14]Z.Al-Qodaha,A.T.Shawaqfehb,https://www.doczj.com/doc/593685670.html,?a,Adsorption of pesticides from aque-
ous solutions using oil shale ash,Desalination208(2007)294–301.
[15]R.Shawabkeh,A.Harahsheh,H2S removal from sour lique?ed petroleum gas
using Jordanian oil shale ash,Oil Shale24(2007)109–116.
[16]A.Kaasik,C.Vohla,R.Motlep,U.Mander,K.Kirsimae,Hydrated calcareous
oil-shale ash as potential?lter media for phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands,Water Res.42(2008)1315–1323.
[17]J.Reinik,I.Heinmaa,J.P.Mikkola,U.Kirso,Hydrothermal alkaline treatment of
oil shale ash for synthesis of tobermorites,Fuel86(2007)669–676.
[18]J.Reinik,I.Heinmaa,J.P.Mikkola,U.Kirso,Synthesis and characterization of
calcium-alumino-silicate hydrate from oil shale ash—towards industrial appli-cations,Fuel87(2008)1998–2003.
[19]S.Ramesh,E.Sominska,B.Cina,R.Chaim,A.Gedanken,Nanocrystalline?-
alumina synthesized by sonohydrolysis of alkoxide precursor in the presence of organic acids:structure and morphological properties,J.Am.Ceram.Soc.83 (2000)89–94.
[20]T.Chave,S.I.Nikitenko,D.Granier,T.Zemb,Sonochemical reactions with meso-
porous alumina,Ultrason.Sonochem.16(2009)481–487.
[21]X.Liu,Z.Wu,T.Peng,P.Cai,H.Lv,W.Lian,Fabrication of alumina nano?bers
by precipitation reaction combined with heterogeneous azeotropic distillation process,Mater.Res.Bull.44(2009)160–167.
[22]R.Y.Hong,T.T.Pan,J.Z.Qian,H.Z.Li,Synthesis and surface modi?cation of ZnO
nanoparticles,Chem.Eng.J.119(2006)71–81.
[23]R.Viswanathan,G.D.Lilly,W.F.Gale,R.B.Gupta,Formation of zinc
oxide–titanium dioxide composite nanoparticles in supercritical water,Ind.
Eng.Chem.Res.42(2003)5535–5540.
[24]K.Wefers,C.Misra,Oxides and hydroxides of aluminum,Alcoa Technical Paper
No.19,Revised,Alcoa Laboratories:Alcoa Center,PA,1987(quoted in Z.R.
Zhang,R.W.Hicks,T.R.Pauly,T.J.Pinnavaia,Mesostructured Forms of?-Al2O3, J.Am.Chem.Soc.124(2002)1592–1593).
[25]S.Y.Wang,X.A.Li,S.F.Wang,Y.Li,Y.C.Zhai,Synthesis of?-alumina via precip-
itation in ethanol,Mater.Lett.62(2008)3552–3554.
[26]W.C.Li,A.H.Lu,S.C.Guo,Control of mesoporous structure of aerogels derived
from cresol-formaldehyde,J.Colloid Interf.Sci.254(2002)153–157.
[27]A.C.Pierre,E.Elaloui,G.M.Pajonk,Comparison of the structure and porous
texture of alumina gels synthesized by different methods,Langmuir14(1998) 66–73.
[28]A.Parvathy Rao,A.Venkateswara Rao,G.M.Pajonk,Hydrophobic and physical
properties of the ambient pressure dried silica aerogels with sodium silicate precursor using various surface modi?cation agents,Appl.Surf.Sci.253(2007) 6032–6040.
[29]J.L.Mohanan,S.L.Brock,In?uence of synthetic and processing parameters on
the surface area,speciation,and particle formation in copper oxide/silica aero-gel composites,Langmuir15(2003)2567–2576.
[30]L.J.Michot,O.Barres,E.L.Hegg,T.J.Pinnavaia,Cointercalation of aluminum
(A13)polycations and nonionic surfactants in montmorillonite clay,Langmuir 9(1993)1794–1800.
[31]L.Ji,J.Lin,K.L.Tan,H.C.Zeng,Synthesis of high-surface-area alumina using alu-
minum tri-secbutoxide-2,4-pentanedione-2-propanol-nitric acid precursors, Chem.Mater.12(2000)931–939.
[32]S.Cabrera,J.E.Haskouri,J.Alamo,A.Beltran,D.Beltran,S.Mendioroz,M.D.
Marcos,P.Amoros,Surfactant-assisted synthesis is of mesoporous alumina showing continuously adjustable pore sizes,Adv.Mater.11(1999)379–381.
[33]H.Li,H.Li,Z.C.Guo,Y.Liu,The application of power ultrasound to reaction
crystallization,Ultrason.Sonochem.13(2006)359–363.
[34]B.Zhang,J.Li,Q.Y.Chen,G.H.Chen,Precipitation of Al(OH)3crystals from super-
saturated sodium aluminate solution irradiated with ultrasonic sound,Miner.
Eng.22(2009)853–858.
[35]M.L.Green,W.E.Rhine,P.Calvert,H.K.Bowen,Preparation of poly(ethylene
glycol)-grafted alumina,J.Mater.Sci.Lett.12(1993)1425–1427.
[36]B.Neppolian,Q.Wang,H.Jung,H.Choi,Ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method
of preparation of TiO2nano-particles:characterization,properties and4-chlorophenol removal application,Ultrason.Sonochem.15(2008)649–658.
72 B.An et al./Chemical Engineering Journal157 (2010) 67–72
[37]J.H.Bang,K.S.Suslick,Sonochemical synthesis of nanosized hollow hematite,J.
Am.Chem.Soc.129(2007)2242–2243.
[38]S.F.Wang,F.Gu,M.K.Lu,Sonochemical synthesis of hollow PbS nanospheres,
Langmuir22(2006)398–401.
[39]A.Gedanken,Using sonochemistry for the fabrication of nanomaterials,Ultra-
son.Sonochem.11(2004)47–55.[40]H.B.Qiu,L.Gao,C.D.Feng,J.K.Guo,D.S.Yan,Preparation and characterization
of nanoscale Y-TZP powder by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation,J.Mater.
Sci.30(1995)5508–5513.
[41]H.Y.Zhu,J.D.Riches,J.C.Barry,?-Alumina nano?bers prepared from alu-
minum hydrate with poly(ethylene oxide)surfactant,Chem.Mater.14(2002) 2086–2093.
USS是Synthes公司的脊柱通用内固定系统（universal spinal system），椎弓根钉、Schanz 钉、钩（没用过，不知道是不是椎板钩）、棒等组件。虽然叫“脊柱通用”，但仅用于胸腰椎，颈椎另有一套系统称为CLICK‘s。他们家的腰椎椎体间融合器（cage）用于腰椎后路的有Plivios，CONTACT，腰椎前路的有Syncage，颈椎前路的椎间融合器也叫Syncage。 Synthes公司其实就是AO的工厂，因为AO是个学术组织，老外很在乎学术不能和money 占上关系，所以另起炉灶建了Synthes，每年给AO多少钱，购买其研究成果。因此Synthes 的东西在理念上还是很先进的，去过AO的人都认为那里的研发能力是很好的。 国内现在常见的进口脊柱器械公司还有 1、Depuy：著名的强生公司旗下骨科产品子公司，强生是大公司啦，心脏电产品的公司叫圣犹大，血管产品的叫cardios。对他家超有好感，因为前一阵他们做了个广告：是一个医生在看病，话外音说:"强生相信，有些人在做很伟大的事"。感动啊。。。这年头说咱们好的人真不多 2、Stryker：史塞克，做关节起家）； 3、蛇牌：德国BRAUN兄弟公司的品牌，德文写的，第一个字母是A，实在想不起来怎么写了； 4、Medontic sofamor：美顿立，枢法模。好像是个美国公司吧，第一次接触的东西产地是以色列。个人喜欢他家的一代颈椎前路钢板zephir，新一代产品还不如这个。 还有一些我觉得不那么著名的公司，比如Blackstone，叫什么什么X的一家法国公司（据说在国外很有名），当然，可能只是我自己接触的少。另外，雅培公司的脊柱器械也即将进入中国，他家的试剂盒非常有名，奶粉广告大家天天都看得见。 USS、Click's都是厂家的不同系列，就好像NIKE最近有women、pro两个系列一样，是不同用途的产品。光强生腰椎后路内固定系统，我用过的就有3代。厂家的东西层出不穷，你是记不住的，需要知道的只是系统的特征和用途（比如是钉棒系统还是钩棒系统；固定钉还是万向钉，用于什么部位，什么入路，创伤还是退变还是畸形患者等等）。国内有时会有人写XXX（品牌名称）系统治疗腰椎骨折X例类型的文章，个人觉得题目不好，会让人觉得你是在帮产品打广告，改成“后路钉棒系统、前路人工椎体”等等会更合适，因为医生讲得是内固定的设计理念，不是谁家出了新产品。公司来人时会说的天花乱坠，好像新产品做了惊天动地的改进，其实常常只是改良了产品的外形、操作性等等，没有实质的东西。医生应该有自己的鉴别力。 强烈建议版主规定以后发帖提到内固定时也这么写，不写品牌，毕竟大家不可能把市面上所有的内固定系统都做一遍，这样更有利于交流。 个人觉得比较有用的相关缩写： 1、cage ：椎间融合器（前路、后路、任何部位，用于单个椎间盘切除后的融合器都叫cage）。 2、titanium mesh：钛网，椎体次全切后用的，当然你也可以用髂骨。说到髂骨，就罗唆几句，tri-crest illiac bone graft 是三面皮质髂骨块，bone dust是碎骨，cancellous bone是松质骨，从髂骨刮取的松质骨可以说是cancellous bone dust harvested from illium. 另外，植骨一定要说明是自体auto-、同种异体allo-。 3、anterior plate：前路钢板。 4、PEEK：聚醚醚酮，新型的cage材料，X线透过，主要目的是避免钛cage不透X线，
雅思口语素材汇总之端午节 雅思口语素材:Dragon Boat Festival(端午节) Qu Yuan The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating zong zi (glutinous rice(糯米)wrapped to form a pyramid using bamboo or reed leaves) and racing dragon boats. The festival is best known for its dragon-boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. This regatta(赛舟会)commemorates the death of Qu Yuan , an honest minister who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river. Qu was a minister of the State of Chu situated in present-day Hunan and Hubei provinces, during the Warring States Period (475-221BC)(战国时期). He was upright, loyal and highly esteemed for his wise counsel that brought peace and prosperity to the state. However, when a dishonest and corrupt prince vilified Qu, he was disgraced and dismissed from office. Realizing that the country was now in the hands of evil and corrupt officials, Qu grabbed a large stone and leapt into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth month. Nearby fishermen rushed over to try and save him but were unable to even recover his body. Thereafter, the state declined and was eventually conquered by the State of Qin. The people of Chu who mourned the death of Qu threw rice into the river to feed his ghost every year on the fifth day of the fifth month. But one year, the spirit of Qu appeared and told the mourners that a huge reptile(爬行动物)in the river had stolen the rice. The spirit then advised them to wrap the rice in silk and bind it with five different-colored threads before tossing it into the river. During the Duanwu Festival, a glutinous rice pudding called zong zi is eaten to symbolize the rice offerings to Qu. Ingredients such as beans, lotus seeds(莲子), chestnuts(栗子), pork fat and the golden yolk of a salted duck egg are often
全国翻译价格 关于全国各地区翻译价格我们根据客户的不同需求和具体情况，提供多种等级和特色的翻译服务，供客户选择：（注：以下报价均为参考价格，精确报价将根据稿件内容的难度、技术处理的复杂程度和时限要求的缓急而定。
品质控制 坚持高端定位是外语通翻译的核心要素，追求高品质翻译需要译员具备深厚的语言功底和专业背景知 识，更需要严格的质量控制体系来管理这一过程： 外语通六阶梯质量控制体系 第一阶梯：译文评估承接 分析稿件性质、用途要求、商务背景、专业术语、数量和交稿时间等，确定是否有100%的把握承接， 否则坚决放弃，以免因质量或交稿时间耽误客户和影响品牌形象。 第二阶梯：专业译员翻译 专业背景的译员只专注于一个行业领域的精准翻译，项目经理根据译文评估，从外语通全球译员库中 分析挑选多名此行业的专业译员成立项目组，统一专业术语和标准，协同翻译。 第三阶梯：翻译质量监控 项目经理监控翻译进展，每日集中疑难词汇，请签约专家释疑。每日抽查译文质量，及时解决译文质 量问题。 第四阶梯：译文校对排版 汇总所有译文，查错补漏，进一步统一术语，按原文进行排版，形成完整初稿。 第五阶梯：专家译审修改 专家译审对翻译初稿进行翻译准确性审核，确保译稿忠于原文，专业词汇纯正地道。 六阶梯：外籍母语润色第 在华外籍翻译（外译中稿件由中文功底深厚的编辑）对译稿的语法、词汇进行修正和润色，确保译稿 纯正、地道，达到母语品质。 外语通翻译严格执行《ISO译文质量体系》，《翻译质量国家标准GB/T 19682-2005》： 译文质量标准Ⅲ类通用笔译Ⅱ类专业笔译Ⅰ类高级笔译译文用途内容概要、参考资料一般文件和材料正式文件、法律文书、出版物错漏译率小于5‰小于2‰0‰ 译员经验3年以上5年以上8年以上 译员学历硕士以上硕士以上硕士以上 行业背景常识业内资深 海外背景无/短期中期长期 译文校对有有有 专家译审无有有 母语润色无无有 译文排版简单排版详细排版出版级别
F/F 货运代理Freight Forwarder FAF 燃料附加费Fuel AdjustmentFactor FAK 各种货品Freight All Kind FAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside Ship FCA 货交承运人Free Carrier FCL 整柜Full Container Load Feeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次 FEU 40‘柜型Forty- Foot Equivalent Unit 40 ' FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime Commissi on FOB 船上交货Free On Board GRI 全面涨价General RateIncrease H/C 代理费Handling Charge HBL 子提单House B/L I/S 内销售Inside Sales IA 各别调价Independent Action L/C 信用证Letter of Credit Land Bridge 陆桥 LCL 拼柜Less Than Container Load M/T 尺码吨(即货物收费以尺码计费) Measurement Ton MB/L 主提单Master Bill Of Loading MLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land Bridge Mother Vessel 主线船 MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Tran sport Docume nt N/F 通知人Notify NVOCC无船承运人Non Vessel OperatingCommon Carrier O/F 海运费Ocean Freight OBL 海运提单Ocean (or original )B/L OCP货主自行安排运到内陆点Overla nd Continen tal Poi nt OP 操作Operation ORC本地收货费用(广东省收取) Origen Recevie Charges P.P 预付Prepaid PCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion Surcharge POD 目地港Port Of Dest in ation POL 装运港Port Of Loading PSS 旺季附加费Peak Season Sucharges S/(Shpr) 发货人Shipper S/C 售货合同Sales Contract S/O 装货指示书Shipping Order S/R 卖价Selling Rate S/S Spread Sheet Spread Sheet SC 服务合同Service Contract SSL 船公司Steam Ship Line T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations Option T.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving Charge T/S 转船，转运Trans-Ship T/T 航程Transit Time
英语常识 一、英语语法 二、3个月听力口语纯正化 三、学英语的十个小技巧 四、英语学习的实质 五、权威之言：众英语大师谈英语学习成功的秘诀 六、英语中的常见缩写词 七、常见英语洲名 八、部分国家（或地区）、语言、国民及国籍表 九、常用的前缀和后缀 十、妙语连珠90句超级英语 十一、背单词最科学的方法 十二、大学英语四级听力60个必考习语详解 十三、英文写作必背之35句型 十四、十种妙法巧记英文单词 十五、英语中的30句表扬之句 十六、73组极易拼错的英文单词 十七、100句最IN英文流行语 十八、看外国人如何含蓄表达想上厕所 十九、原来英文中的“钱”有那么多表达法
二十、怎样用合适的英文评价美女 二十一、不高兴就发泄出来吧——如何用英文表达不满 二十二、练好英语口语的六种技巧 二十三、欧美电影地道口语汇总 二十四、英语九百句 二十五、关于缘分的N种英文表达法 二十六、女人的32个秘密（中英文版） 二十七、点点英语：专业致力于四六级、口译口语、BEC、考研 二十八、办公室常用的英语口语妙句 二十九、字典上查不到的中国“特色”英语词汇 三十、字典上查不到的中国“特色”英语词汇 三十一、常用表扬30句 三十二、商务交际闪光英语口语集锦 三十三、英汉文化的十大常见差异 三十四、和老美美语对话的6种技巧 三十五、英语名人名言——人性与道德 三十六、水果英语词汇大全 三十七、春节能够用到的英文 三十八、春节常用英文 三十九、英语新年祝福语大全 四十、趣谈英语“Dog”的用法
四十一、甜甜蜜蜜说爱你——情人节英语情话大派送四十二、英语学习的六大原则 四十三、社会各界职位一览（中英文对照）
口语常用背诵素材 一，喜好和厌恶： 1.（释放压力）I guess most young people enjoy listening to music. It’s a perfect way to reduce stress/relieve stress. (*It’s a perfect stress-buster.) 2.（休闲）I think the best way to relax and kill time (kick back and relax) is to be with friends. Chatting with them helps me unwind/wind down (* Chatting with them is very therapeutic). 3.（放松）I found it pretty relaxing to flick through a magazine before going to bed (*before hitting the sack/hitting the hay). 4.（运动）Jogging on sunny days and simply basking in the sun(bathing in the sun) is super enjoyable(pleasurable). /Jogging is my favorite workout. It can always cheer me up after I’ve been down and depressed. And it can help me shed some unwanted weight. 5.（喜欢，提升心情）I’m quite into watching sitcom (I’m fascinated by, I’m crazy about, I adore, I’m very fond of...). Spending 20 minutes in front of the screen and having a good laugh after dinner really puts me in a better mood/ switch my mood/ lift my spirits. 6.（天气）I fancy spring most compared to the other three. Summer is simply too hot and stuffy (*muggy), and you can’t stay out for two minutes without getting sweaty and smelly. Autumn is too dry and winter too freezing cold. 7.（电影）I’m a movie buff (Movies are my biggest pastime), and I would either catch one on my couch or go to the movie theatre when they have the one I like on the big screen./ It's a great form of relaxation for me to while away the hours of a long flight, to keep my family together on the sofa, and to give me a bit of a thrill. 8.（无聊困难）I’m terrible at what I study now./(History is never my forte/ my strong suit). The classes are kind of a drag (It’s super dull/ *It’s mind-numbing), and there’s always loads of (tons of) homework to do. Memorizing those facts and years is a lot of effort (is tricky; is no picnic; is challenging for me). 9.（不能忍）I can’t stand (I hate, I totally dislike) the busy traffic in my city. I’m sick and tired of always getting stuck in traffic for a long time during rush hours. It really bothers me (It drives me crazy, *It drives me up the wall). 10. （受欢迎）Hip-hop is really trendy (is catching on, is all the rage) among young people these days. 二，时间和地点 11. （优点）What’s great about my home town is that there are plenty of shopping malls, coz I’m a shopaholic and I can shop for hours. 12. （远）The stadium is quite far away from where I live, and every time I want to do there, it takes me roughly 40 minutes by bus to arrive. (It’s one-hour drive from the city center.) 13. （方便）My apartment is in the center/heart of the city, a handy location where I can find supermarkets and clubs right on my doorstep. It’s a bit noisy though. 14. （近）I’m a movie-goer and and there’s a movie theater pretty close to my home, so I go there quite often (frequently). (close to my home= *within walking distance of my home , *in close proximity to my home) 15. （经常）I have a heavy workload at school, so I have to go to the library to study pretty much
石油天然气工艺管道安装常用英语缩写 1、SWAGED NIPPLE CONC SMLS.：大小头同心无缝 2、BLE/PSE：Beveled Large End/Plain Small End大端开破口/小端平端 3、PE/PE、PBE、BLE/PSE、BSE/PLE：平端/平端、两端平端、大端开破口/小端平端、小端 开破口/大端平端 4、ELBOW 90 DEG LR BW SMLS.：弯头 90度长半径 常见英文缩写（整理），普及常识 来源：田浩然的日志 VS：versus，versus是拉丁文，表示“相对照、相对立”等意思。这个词及其简写，后来被英文采用。此缩写在中文有很多解释，所以没有必要在中国用英文单词，反而词不达意。在汉语中，基本是对的意思。 Blog：由weblog演变而来。 BLOG：short message service，短信。另外，mms（multimedia messaging sevice）可翻译为彩信。 CEO：chief executive officer，首席执行官。 BT：BT是一种P2P共享软件，全名叫"Bit Torrent",中文全称:"比特流"又名"变态下载" 。BBS：是英文Bulletin Board System的缩写，中文意思是电子公告板系统，现在国内统称做论坛。不过，亦有歪解，即Big-Breasted Sister，请看官自行消化。 XP：是英文Experience（体验）的缩写, 自从微软发布Office XP后,成为软件流行命名概念。HTTP：hypertext transfer protocol，超文本传输协议，自WWW诞生以来，一个多姿多彩的资讯和虚拟的世界便出现在我们眼前，可是我们怎么能够更加容易地找到我们需要的资讯呢？当决定使用超文本作为WWW文档的标准格式后，于是在1990年，科学家们立即制定了能够快速查找这些超文本文档的协议，即HTTP协议。经过几年的使用与发展，得到不断的完善和扩展，目前在WWW中使用的是HTTP/1.0的第六版。 MSN：MSN 即MICROSOFT service NETWORK, 微软网络服务，是微软公司的一个门户站点. MSN作为互联网上最受欢迎的一个门户, 具备了为用户提供了在线调查、浏览和购买各种产品和服务的能力. DJ：DJ是DISCO JOCKEY(唱片骑士)的英文缩写,以DISCO为主,DJ这两个字现在已经代表了最新、最劲、最毒、最HIGH的Muisc。 URL：Uniform Resoure Locator的缩写,即统一资源定位器,它是WWW网页的地址。 MC：MC的意思是Micphone Controller的意思，翻译差不多是“控制麦克风的人”。也可以理解为Rapper，很多Rap都在自己的艺名前面加上“MC”，比如台湾的MChotdog，香港的MCYan，美国的MC Hammer等。 CS：counter-strike，在1998年之前，相信几乎没有人知道世界上存在着一个名叫Valve 的游戏开发小组，然后在经历了1998年那个令人难忘的E3之夏后，相信几乎没有玩家会不知道它的名字：《半条命》所带来的震撼感觉使一些挑剔者也不得不承认它是一款具有强烈感染力的游戏，同时《半条命》获得了超过40家媒体一致公认的“年度最佳游戏”称号，更被誉为“史诗般杰出的作品”——Half-life 更是在当今日趋竞争激烈的动作类游戏市场中与Quake系列、Unreal系列形成三足鼎立之势。 Bug：Bug一词的原意是“臭虫”或“虫子”。但是现在，在电脑系统或程序中，如果隐藏着的一些未被发现的缺陷或问题，人们也叫它“Bug”，第一代的计算机是由许多庞大且昂贵的真空管组成，并利用大量的电力来使真空管发光。可能正是由于计算机运行产生的光和热，引得一只小虫子 Bug钻进了一支真空管内，导致整个计算机无法工作。研究人员费了半天时间，总算发现原因所在，把这只小虫子从真空管中取出后，计算机又恢复正常。后来，Bug这个名词就沿用下来，表示电脑系统或程序中隐藏的错误、缺陷、漏洞或问题。 3G：3rd Generation的缩写，指第三代移动通信技术。相对第一代模拟制式手机(1G)和第二代GSM、TDMA等数字手机(2G)，第三代手机一般地讲，是指将无线通信与国际互联网等多媒体通信结合的新一代移动通信系统。它能够处理图像、音乐、视频流等多种媒体形式，提供包括网页浏览、电话会议、电子商务等多种信息服务。 PK：PK是英文"Player Kill"的缩写,就是玩家之间的打斗或者是“玩家杀手”。也就是说， 雅思口语素材 Document serial number【LGGKGB-LGG98YT-LGGT8CB-LGUT- Useful Expressions: Words and phrases Friends and communication: solidify/ strengthen/ enhance/ promote communication / connection with mutual understanding relationship network/circle of f r i e n d s cultivate/develop friendship with s b . keep steady relationship with sb. establish interpersonal networksac build up the social circle spur message transmission Knowledge and experience widen one’s outlook broaden one’s vision/horizon acquire knowledge and skills comprehensive/overall quality expand/enlarge one’s scope of knowledge knowledge reserve/base/storage theoretical knowledge practical skills social experience broaden one’s knowledge base promote one’s overall/ comprehensive competence accumulate experiences learn lessons from past experiences Work and experience the scarcity of employment o p p o r t u n i t i lay the foundations for career p r o s p e r i t y U s e f u l E x p r e s s i o n s: Words and phrases Friends and communication: mutual understanding solidify/ strengthen/ enhance/ promote communication / connection with relationship network/circle of friends cultivate/develop friendship with sb. keep steady relationship with sb. establish interpersonal networksac build up the social circle spur message transmission Knowledge and experience widen one’s outlook broaden one’s vision/horizon acquire knowledge and skills comprehensive/overall quality expand/enlarge one’s scope of knowledge knowledge reserve/base/storage theoretical knowledge practical skills social experience broaden one’s knowledge base promote one’s overall/ comprehensive accumulate experiences competence learn lessons from past experiences Work and experience the scarcity of employment opportunities lay the foundations for career prosperity immerse oneself in endless job tasks boost/augment/enhance efficiency be adept in boost one’s c ompetitiveness Health and pressure diminish individuals' leisure time drive away lassitude lighten one’s burden homework/workforce overload 翻译公司收费标准 1.客户需要翻译的目标语言的普遍性和稀缺性可能导致非常 不同的费用。英语比较普遍，需求大，市场专业的英语翻译人 才也很多，翻译公司无论是从降价到抢占市场，还是成本核算 来考虑，英语收费都比较合理和透明。 其他诸如法语、德语、日语、俄语排在第二梯队，翻译公司收 费标准一般都是200-280元，视稿件专业度和数量略有调整； 意大利，西班牙，越南，泰文等东南亚语种已经接近稀有语 种了，翻译报价至少300元千字起。 2.根据翻译项目类型 常见的翻译方法主要包括翻译翻译、同声传译、本地翻译、口译翻译等，翻译项目自然是不同的收费。 3.根据翻译项目时长 这一时期的持续时间主要是指项目长度：同声传译、会议翻译、商务洽谈、双语主持人、口译、护送翻译、展览翻译，当然，视频翻译、音频翻译按时间计算的时间和会议类型是一个重要因素，是翻译时间决定翻译价格的一个重要因素。 4.根据翻译项目字数 翻译项目的字数是影响收费的重要因素之一，翻译字数主要对于笔译而言，例如：文件翻译、图书翻译、资料翻译、画册翻译等等，这些文件资料的字数决定了项目的翻译价格和翻译收费标准。 5.根据翻译项目语种 主流语种：英语、日语、韩语等和小语种：阿拉伯语、希腊语、印尼语等的翻译收费标准区别。我们知道：“物以稀为贵，”所以小语种的翻译报价会比主流语种收费要高的。 6.根据翻译项目难易程度 对于翻译公司来说，翻译费在很大程度上取决于翻译的难度程度，不同的行业术语不同，难度不同; 专业翻译公司将根据翻译人员的翻译水平、专业知识、翻译经验等方式来评价自己的翻译团队，高层次的翻译人员当然都是高收费; 如通用翻译、精细翻译、出版层次等不同类型的翻译报价不同，稿件的行业领域、材料难度、选择翻译类型等都是决定翻译公司收费标准的因素。 BOSS (Business & Operation Supporting System) 业务运营支撑系统 BSS (Business Support System) 业务支撑系统 OSS (Operator Support Systems) 运营支撑系统 MSS (Management Support System）管理支撑系统 BSN （Business Supporting Network ）业务支撑网 Prodigy 中兴软创BSN产品的产品名称、研发代号 SMART CC&B的内部研发代号 (SM:Super&Multiple：超级的&多功能、多业务的 /ART: 艺术品、巧妙) 巧妙的, 聪明的, 漂亮的, 灵巧的 CC&B (Customer Care and Billing) 客户服务与计费 OCS （Online Charging System）在线计费 eOMS（electronic Operation Managerment System）电子运维系统 BPM（Business Process Management）业务流程管理 IOM （Integrated Order Management）集成定单管理 CRM （Customer Relationship Management）客户关系管理 电信业务相关知识英文缩写释义 ITSP (Internet Telephony Service Provider) IP电话业务提供商 CTG-MBOSS(CTG:China Telecommunication Group/中国电信集团)(MBOSS: MSS、BSS、OSS的缩写) EDM （Enterprise Data Model) 企业数据模型 EDA（Enterprise Data Architecture）企业数据架构 GSM （Global System For Mobile Communication）数字蜂窝通信系统 CDMA （Code Division Multiple Access）码分多址 TDMA （Time Division Multiple Access）时分多址 PDC (Primary Domain Controller）主域控制器 UMTS（Universal Mobile Telecommunications System）通用移动通信系统 WCDMA（WidebandCDMA）宽带分码多工存取 MSC（Mobile-services Switching Center）移动业务交换中心 VLR （Visitor Location Register）拜访位置寄存器 HLR (Home Location Register）归属位置寄存器 AUC （AUthentication Center）鉴权中心 EIR （Equipment Identity Register）设备标识寄存器 IMEI (International Mobile station Equipment Identity） 近期雅思口语卡片新题素材汇总 人物Describe a classmate of yours Describe a good friend Describe a happy person Describe a colleague Describe a neighbor Describe your own personality Describe a family member Describe a child you know Describe an old person Describe an old person who has influenced you the most Describe a successful person Describe a singer Describe a sportsman Describe a movie star Describe a character in TV or movie Describe a teacher of yours Describe a famous person that you want to spend a day with.地点Describe a building at schools Describe a historical place Describe a monument Describe an interesting building Describe a lake, river or sea. Describe a peaceful place Describe a leisure place Describe a park Describe a place of interest Describe a natural beauty Describe a city you want to live in Describe a place you have visited Describe a place you always go for shopping 英文合同翻译价格英文合同翻译需要多少钱 在企业的经营过程中，有时候可能会涉及到翻译这个问题，但是一般的小企业并没有专门的人去做这件事情，大部分都是外包。那么对于企业来讲，翻译一份英文合同需要多少钱呢？作为浙江省最大的翻译公司，以琳翻译就在这里为大家解读一下。 一般来讲，翻译这项服务都是以字数来计价的，市场上的一般的价格是50-80元/千字，这是一个基本的价格。但是不同的公司的专业性质不一样的话，所给出的价格也是不一样的。对于公司的衡量标准来讲，影响价格的因素主要有：公司的资历、翻译人员的专业性、翻译文件的种类、难度等。所以，如果你需要去找翻译公司去服务，那么就需要考虑这些方面的东西。而对于合同这种文件，对于公司来讲是十分重要的，所以也需要去找专业的公司去进行翻译，如果是找一个资质不够的公司或者团队，那么就可能产生一些意想不到的问题，从而影响到公司的最终利益。 下面，我们来看看以琳翻译给出的翻译的价格。 从上面的价格可以看出，以琳翻译给出的价格是高于一般市场上的价格的，最低级别的翻译是160元/千字，然后分为A、B、C三级。C级译稿为普通中籍译员+中籍译员审核，满足客户对译文的普通要求。这是对于一般的合同而言的，但是如果是部分专业性质较强或者要求比较高的译文的话，那么可以选择更高级别的翻译，当然价格还是相对比较高的。 那么以琳翻译的资质是怎么样呢？我们再来看一下。 杭州以琳翻译有限公司是浙江省最大的实体翻译公司、中国翻译协会单位会员、美国翻译协会会员、全国翻译专业硕士研究生教育实习基地、西博会指定合作伙伴、以琳杭州翻译公司翻译团队成员均具有五年以上专业翻译、项目管理经验，绝大部分成员具有十年以上行业翻译经验。翻译服务涵盖英语、法语、韩语、日语、德语、俄语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、 进出口公司英文缩写 【篇一：进出口公司英文缩写】 本人注册了一家进出口公司，是先注册的中文名，然后在申请进出 口权的时候申请英文名。本来我取名字的时候中文名和英文名是对 应的，读音相近，跟我公司从事的进出口产品也有关联，客户一看 我英文名就知道我是做什么产品的。但是，问题来了，在公司注册 完毕，中文名确定之后，我去申请进出口权（我是通过代理办的），相关部门直接把我提交的英文名给咔嚓了，直接用中文名的拼音来 写英文名。打个比方，我的进出口公司中文名叫做：杭州布衣进出 口有限公司（比方而已），本想我想取的英文名是hangzhou cloth import export co., ltd, 直接被粗暴的改成来hangzhou buyi import export co., ltd. 我震惊了，质问代理，为什么直接改成中文 拼音了，而且也不提前告诉我？代理说现在都是这样的，都只能用 中文名的拼音来注册英文名。后来我打电话给相关部门，最后还打 到了省厅的外经贸局，得到的答复是：这是近期下达的一个规定， 为了保护注册人的利益，防止有人恶意注册。要注册英文名，只有 以下几个方法：1.用中文名的拼音作为公司英文名；2.英文名可以用 一个英文单词，但是公司的中文名必须是这个英文单词的意译。比 如公司英文名叫hangzhou smart…, 那公司的中文名叫要翻译成杭 州聪明…公司；3.如果要用读音相近，意思相近的中英文对照的名字，必须去注册英文的商标。后来我又打了电话给注册商标的代理，说 最少要1年时间才能注册商标成功，也不现实。 所以，现在我似乎没有选择，只能接受中文公司名的拼音来作为公 司英文名。老外看到这个拼音的公司名称，会觉得莫名奇妙，因为 根本没有任何含义。我真是震惊加愤怒，这不是搞笑吗？省级的外 经贸局说浙江省都是这样，那除了浙江省外，其他的省份也是这样吗？各位有没有了解相关情况的，请来指教一下。另外，难道真只 能接受这种弱智的拼音的英文名吗？有没有什么办法可以想的？ 我在想，以后要不就去香港注册一个离岸公司，那边关于中文公司 名称和英文公司名称的规定似乎没有这么死板和严格，是不是这样？进出口公司:import- un ... 在中查看更多... 【篇三：进出口公司英文缩写】英文缩写
雅思口语素材
雅思口语素材
翻译公司收费标准
电信业务相关知识英文缩写释义
近期雅思口语卡片新题素材汇总
英文合同翻译价格 英文合同翻译需要多少钱
进出口公司英文缩写
相关主题
文本预览