英语语音教程
字母26
元音字母Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu
重开重闭
Aa /ei / ? Aa /ei / ?
Ee /i;/ e
I i /ai / i
Oo /ou / ?
Uu /ju:/ ?Rr音节在重读音节中的读音
ar /a: are/ε?
er /?: ere/ε?/i?
ir /?: ire/ai?ir /?: ire/ai?
or/?: ore/?:
ur/?: ure/ju?/u?国际音标
元音音标
前元音中元音后元音双元音
/i: /?: /a: /ei /i?
/i /?/?/?u /u?
/e /?/?: / ai /ε?
/?/u /au /?i
/u:辅音音标
爆破音摩擦音破擦音鼻辅音半元音卷舌音
/p /f /tr /m /j /r
/b /v /dr /n /w 舌边音
/t /?/t?/? /l
/d /?/d?嗓音
/k /θ /ts /h/k /θ /ts /h
/g /e /dz
/s
/z元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音
Aa组合
ai al ass/a:s
/ei au /?: ast /a:st
ay aw
augh ask/a:sk
ath/a:θ/a:e
ance/a:nsEe组合
ea ear eu
/i: /i?/ju:
ee eer ew
Ii组合igh/ai
ild/aild
ind/aindOo组合
oa oi ower ou
/?u /?i /au?/au
ow oy our ow
oar
oor /?:oor /?:
our
ough
Uu组合元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
Aa /?/i
Ee /?/i
I i /ai /i
Oo / ?/?u
Uu / ?/ju:辅音字母的读音
1 b/b /失声9 l /l 17 v /v
2 c/k/s 10 m/m 18 w /w /失声
3 d/d 11 n /n 19 x /ks /gz
4 f/f 12 p/p 20 y /j4 f/f 12 p/p 20 y /j
5 g/g/d?13 qu/kw 21 z /z
6 h/h /失声14 r /r
7 j /d?15 s /s /z
8 k /k /失声16 t /t辅音字母组合的读音
1 ck/k 9 th/θ/e 16 kr/kr 24 cl/kl
2 tch/t?10 ph/f 17 pr/pr 25 gl/gl
3 ch/t?11wh/w/h 18 br/br 24 fl/fl
4 ge/d?12 wr/r 19 gr/gr 25 thl/θl4 ge/d?12 wr/r 19 gr/gr 25 thl/θl
5 dge/d?13 gh/f 20 tr/tr 26 sh/?
6 kn/n 14 fr/fr 21 dr/dr
7 qu/kw 15 thr/θr 22 bl/bl
8 ss/s 16 cr/kr 23 pl/pl常见后缀的读音
1 ship 13 ward 26 fold 38 ier 50 let
2 ness 14 wise 27 fy 39 ile 51 ling
3 less 15 ism 28 hood 40 ine 52 ly
4 ful 16 ist 29 graph 41
ise 53 able
5 fully 17 some 30 gram 42 ish 54 ably
6 tory 18 al 31 ial 43 ism 55 age6 tory 18 al 31 ial 43 ism 55 age
7 ing 19 el 32 ian 44 ist 56 al
8 ong 20 ol 33 ible 45 ite 57 an
9 tious 22 ence 34 ibly 46 ity 58 ancy
10 tress 23 ency 35 ic 47 ive 59 ance
11 trix 24 ery 36 ical 48 ize 60 ant
12 way 25 ese 37 ice 49 kin 61 ard62 ary 71 or 80 ent
63 ate 72 ur 81 ment
64 ation 73 ai 82 tion
65 atory 74 ay 83 sion
66 dom 75 ey 84 ture66 dom 75 ey 84 ture
67 cy 76 ia 85 sure
68 ar 77 ou
69 er 78 our
70 ir 79 eer英语语法教程;
英语语法分为词法和句法,词法应用于句
法,句法体现词法,二者相辅相承。
一,词法;
1 英语的十大词类;
名词代词动词形容词
副词数词(实词)名词代词动词形容词副词数词(实词)
连词介词冠词叹词(虚词)
2 英语的八大成分;
主语谓语表语宾语补足语定语状语同
位语1,用作主语的语言单位;
名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句
2,用作宾语的语言单位;
名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句
3,用做同位语的语言单位;
名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句;4 用作表语的语言单位;
名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句
形容词形容词,副词(方位副词),分词,副词(方位副词),分词,介词短,介词短
语语;5
用作定语的语言单位;
名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句
形容词,副词(方位副词),分词,介词短
语7用作状语的语言单位;
6用作补足语的语言单位;
名词,代词,数词,不定式,(动名词)
形容词,副词(方位副词),分词,介词短
语7
用作状语的语言单位;
形容词,副词,不定式,分词,介词短语,从句
8用作谓语的语言单位;动词动词;
1 辅助动词(do/does/did)
( be /am is are /was were / being been )
(shall will /should would )
( have has/ had )
2 连系动词
(be /am is are/ was were /being/been)(be /am is are/ was were /being/been)
半系动词
1“变”become/get/turn/go/come/grow/fall
2 “感知”feel /look/sound/taste/smell/
3 “存在”lie/stand /live
4 “保留”stay/remain/keep
5 其它seem/appear……3 情态动词
( can/could may/might must/must
need/need dare/dared shall/should
will/would ought to/ought to
should/should )
4 实意动词4 实意动词
(及物动词不及物动词)
(延续动词非延续动词)
(感知动词使役动词)
(方位变换动词心理变化动词)
(主观臆断动词特种动词)
及其它种类动词。主语施动情况下各种时态
谓语构成的形式一般现在时态
work一般现在时态work
works (三单形式)
一般过去时态
worked现在进行时态am/is/are+working
过去进行时态was/were+working
现在将来时态will work
am/is/are going to work
am/is/are(about) to workam/is/are(about) to work
am/is/are playing football(限多功能动词)am/is/are leaving(
限方位变换动词)want/wants to work过去将来时态
would work
was/were (about) to work
was/were going to work
was/were leaving
(限方位变换动词)(限方位变换动词)
was/were doing homework
(限多功能动词)
wanted to work现在完成时态have/has worked现在完成时态have/has worked
过去完成时态had worked主语不施动情况下各种时态
谓语构成的形式(系表结构的各种时态构成)一般现在时态
am/is/are +表语
一般过去时态was/were +表语
现在进行时态am/is/are+ being +表语
过去进行时态was/were/+ being +表语现在将来时态will be + 表语
am/is/are going to be +表语
am/is/are to be 表语am/is/are to be 表语
过去将来时态would be + 表语
was/were going to be +表语
was/were to be +表语现在完成时态have/has been +表语
过去完成时态had been +表语表语的种类和功能;1名词(表职业、地位、身份)
2 形容词(表性质、特点、状态、状能
3 介词短语/方位副词(表地点、处所、位置)
4 不定式(计划做的事)4 不定式(计划做的事)
5 现在分词(特点、特性)
6 过去分词(状态、状能)及物动词的过去分词表被动
不及物动词的过去分词表完成情态动词1 can/could 1 能力“能会可以”be able
to
2允许“能可以”may
3可能性“能会”may
2 may/might 1 允许can
3may
2 可能性can
3以may 开头的问句其否定答语
应为may not/must not3 must/must 1 决心“一定”
2 必要性“必须”have to
3 以must 开头的问句其否定答语
应为need not/do not have to
4 need/need 1 必要性“需要”“必要”4 need/need 1 必要性“需要”“必要”
2 用作情态动词出现在
疑问句或否定句
3 用作实意动词各种句式均可用5 dare/dared
1 勇气“敢于”
2 用作情态动词出现在疑问句或否定2 用作情态动词出现在疑问句或否定
句
3 用作实意动词各种句式均可用6 shall/should
1 用于二,三人称表“意愿”
可表“威胁,警告,允诺, 嘱咐,强制”
等
2 用于一,三人称疑问句表征询7 will/would 1 用于各人称表意愿“乐意”
2 用于二人称
疑问句表征询
3 用于各人称表习惯“总
是’’是’’
8 ought to/ought to 表义务“应该”
9 should/should 表建议“应该”情态动词表推测
1 You must be a teacher. aren’t you ?
2 You must be reading a novel . aren’t you ?
3 You must have read the novel. haven’t you ?3 You must have read the novel. haven’t you ?
4 You must have read the novel yesterday.
didn’t you ?注意;
must 的否定推测只能用can’t 不能用mustn’t情态动词的过去形式均可用于现在
时间表婉转或客套,多用
could/might/should/would
情态动词出现在虚拟语气中只能
用过去式,多用
could/might/should/would/ough to虚拟语气的三个标准句
If I wereyou , I would leaveschool.
If I had studiedhard, I would have
enteredBeijing university.
If I workedas president. I would raiseIf I workedas president. I would raise
workers’pay请注意常规虚拟,混合虚拟,隐含虚
拟,倒装虚拟,特殊虚拟等句式的用法虚拟语气在从句中的应用
1 在主语从句中
It’s time that we wentto schoolIt’s time that we wentto school.(
固定形式)It’s a pity/a shame/strange/no wonder
that we should finishthe work.(
表遗憾,好
奇等)2在宾语从句中1 I wish( that) you went to study in Beijing in the
future.
2 He suggested that we( should) remember2 He suggested that we( should) remember
English words well.
注意;wish后的that宾语从句必须虚拟,其方
式用常规虚拟表建议,命令,计划,要求等含义的动词其
后的that宾语从句必须虚拟,其方法用
(should)+do。
常见的这类动词如下;
suggest/order/demand/propose/command/requsuggest/order/demand/propose/command/requ
est/desire/insist等
但是当suggest/insist 不表建议时其后的that宾
语从句只能用直陈语气3在表语从句中;
1 My suggestion is that you should listento
teachers carefully
2He looks as if he were your father.
表命令,计划,建议,要求等含义的名表命令,计划,建议,要求等含义的名
词之后的表语从句必须虚拟,虚拟方法
(should)do
as if/as though引起的表语从句可根据需
要确定使用虚拟还是直陈,如果需要
虚拟请用常规方法4 在同位语从句中;
表命令,计划,建议,要求等含义的
名词后出现的同位语从句必须虚拟,
其方法用(should)do其方法用(should)do
What do you think of Tom’s idea that we
should puton a play this evening.5 在状语从句中1由as if/as though引起的方式状语从
句根据需要进行虚拟,其方法用常
规方法。
2由even if/even though引起的让步状2由even if/even though引起的让步状
语从句虚拟方法同上。He talked as if he were your father.
He does things as if he is your father.几种特殊的虚拟语气句式;
1 Long live
Chairman Mao !
2 May you succeed !
3 If only 引起的惊叹句要用常规虚拟。
4 I had thought to help you.
5 I think to have helped you.被动语态
1各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时态am/is/are + done一般现在时态am/is/are + done
一般过去时态was/were + done
现在进行时态am/is /are +being done
过去进行时态was/were +being done现在将来时态will be done
am/is/are going to be done
am/is/are to be doneam/is/are to be done
过去将来时态would be done
was/were going to be done
was/were to be done现在完成时态have/has been done
过去完成时态had been done
注意;凡是被动语态只能由及物动词来
体现,不及物动词与介词搭配后转换成
及物动词才能用于被动含有情态动词的被动语态;
This work can be finishedin two weeks.
Those books should be movedinto the library.get done
被动形式
被动形式被动形式
被动形式1表示突发的事件; 如My coat got caught on a 1表示突发的事件; 如My coat got caught on a
nail.
2 表示动态的渐变;如The liquid got mixed.
3用于没有动作的执行者; 如He got killed in
the battle.使用get+done结构时应注意的问题;
1多表动作
2表渐进的过程
3一般不接by短语3一般不接by短语
4一般不用于双宾语结构
5一般不与感知动词连用不能变为被动语态的主动句;
1当宾语是不定式,动名词,反身代词,相互
代词时
2当宾语是数量,重量长度,大小程度,地点2当宾语是数量,重量长度,大小程度,地点
处所时
3当宾语是同源宾语或是身体的某部分时主动语态变为被动语态的几种情况;
1带单宾语
I have finished the work .
The work has been finished (by me).
2带双宾语
He gave me a book yesterday.
I was given a book (by him) yesterday.
A book was given to me (by him) yesterday.33带复合宾语带复合宾语
I I sawsawhim reading English just now.him reading English just now.
He He was seenwas seenreading English (by me) just now.reading English (by me) just now.
4 4 带宾语从句带宾语从句
They say that he is much better.They say that he is much better.
It is said that he is much better.It is said that he is much better.It is said that he is much better.It is said that he is much better.
He asked if/whether they were coming.He asked if/whether they were coming.
It was asked if/whether they were coming.It was asked if/whether they were coming.
We havenWe haven’’t decided where we shall meet.t decided where we shall meet.
It hasn’t been decided where we shall meet.几种主动形式表被动意义的动词;
1 称量捆绑,烹烤发酿。制作印章,抄卖欠账。
weigh . measure . bind / cook . bake . brew
do . make . print / copy . sell . owe
2 以物作主语时一些半系动词可以用主动形
式表
被动意义
appear . feel . look . seem . smell . sound . taste3开始启动到结束,关门搬家不留步。
begin. start. end. finish. stop
close. shut. move. https://www.doczj.com/doc/532682276.html,st.develop
4 出现爆发与发生,穿上传播与
形成形成
come out. break out. happen. take place
put on. spread. come into being.5 read . write . burn . smoke 读写烧燃
clean .wash .tear .wear 清洗扯穿
teach .smell .drawn 教卖画卷
lock .settle .open .shut 锁安开关lock .settle .open .shut
show .spot 展示发现
keep .record 保存唱片peel .split .iron .cut 削劈熨砍
strike .divide 撞击分散
play . publish 演奏出版
break .lie .ride .drive 碎放骑赶
benefit 受益匪浅以上五条中提出的主动表被动的动词在使用时其
主语多为物,并且它们与自己的主语有着‘动宾
关系’不定式主动形式如何表被动意义?
1 当不定式作定语时和它前面的(被修饰的)
名词有动宾关系时同时这个不定式又是该
句中另一名词或代词的逻辑主语,此时它的
主动形式表被动意义。但是若用被动形式则主动形式表被动意义。但是若用被动形式则
更有力。
He assigned us some farmwork to do.
Here are some books for them to do.
I have work to do.
There is a problem to analyse.2 表语后面的不定式作状语时若与句子
主语有动宾关系该不定式可用主动形式
表被动意义
The problom is easy to solve.
The book is hard to read .The book is hard to read .
3 在there be 结构中修饰主语的不定式可
用主动表被动。
There is no water to drink here.4 一些作表语用的不定式也可用主
动形式表被动意义。
如;let/rent/hire/blame/seek等
The house is to let.The house is to let.
He is to blame.动名词如何用主动形式表被动意
义?1
主语是物时在谓语动词
want/need/require/deserve/repay后的want/need/require/deserve/repay后的
动名词可用主动形式表被动意义。
His watch needs repairing.(=His watch
needs to be repaired )2 在形容词worth之后的动名词也可以
用主动形式表被动意义
This book is worth reading
=This book is worthy of being read.=This book is worthy of being read.
=This book is worthy to be read3 在介词past .beyond .of .in need of 之后
的动名词可用主动形式表被动意义
His fine qualities are beyond praising.
My teaching method is in need of improving.
以上三条动名词主动形式表被动意义时以上三条动名词主动形式表被动意义时
它的逻辑主语与它有动宾关系,因此这
个动名词是由及物动词构成的,否则要
加上介词,使介词与前者有动宾关系。
另外,此时句子主语多为物。4 动词“blow”作“刮”讲时可以用其动名词的主
动形式表被动意义。
I shut the window to stop my papers from
blowing about.
5 在独立分词结构中如generally 5 generally
speaking/judging from…./whether permitting…
也可以用主动形式表被动意义。
6 动词“pass”表“经过”时也可用主动表被动。
TV must pass a strict examination before it leaves
factories.英语各种句型模式;主语+谓语
主语+谓语+宾语
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
主语+谓语+宾语+补足语
主语+连系动词+表语++
陈述句简单句
疑问句并列句
祈使句复合句
感叹句英语中常带双宾语的动词
1 对象指向性动词
bring give hand lend offer owe pass sell send
show tell return write
XM gave me a book. / XM gave a book to me .
2 目的指向性动词
build buy cook fetch find get order paint fixbuild buy cook fetch find get order paint fix
save sing spare
I built my son a house ./ I built a house for my son .
3 间接宾语不能改为for/to 引起的短语
allow ask charge cost envy forgive kiss promise
refuse wish
The coat cost me 50 yuan/Wish you good luck4有些动词接双宾语时,间接宾语前总是要带一个to
announce explain express introduce report
suggest describe complain mention
Will you explain to me this ?
Shall I introduce to you this ?Shall I introduce to you this ?常带复合宾语的动词
1 感知动词
see look watch notice hear listen smell taste feel
2 主观臆断动词
think guess suppose imagine propose find consider
elect name appoint
3 使役动词3 使役动词
have make let get leave cause lead force oblige
set drive send place put bring land cost 注意几组心理状态动词
1 amuse please delight satisfy
2 inspire encourage excite interest move touch
3 terrify frighten horrify
4 surprise astonish amaze shock4 surprise astonish amaze shock
5 puzzle bewilder annoy
6 disappoint discourage trouble
7 worry bother upset
8 relax tire 了解并学会英语各种成分之间的联系及变通
a doctor
fat
XM is in BeiJing /there
to work
working
gone / punisheda doctor
fat
I find XM (is) in BeiJing /there
to work
workingworking
gone / punishedgold medal XM as a doctor
fat XM
XM in BeiJing
XM there
XM to work
working XM XM working in Turpan
gone XM XM slept in my bedroom
punished XM XM punished by teacheras a doctor
cold and hungry
in BeiJing
there
study to get a job
eating a candy
praised by otherspraised by others
slept英语中主语,宾语,同位语使用的语言单位
名词
代词
主
语/ 宾语/同位语
不定式不定式
动名词
从句英语各种从句
主语从句
宾语从句
1名词性从句
表语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
2 形容词性从句
状语从句从色彩划分,分为陈述,疑问,祈使,感叹句。
1所有的肯定句和否定句都是陈述句。
2疑问句分为一般疑问句,选择疑问句,反义疑问句,
特殊疑问句。⑴前置助动词或附加助动词得来的疑问句叫做一般疑问句
。⑴前置助动词或附加助动词得来的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。
Do you study English well? / Are you a student ?⑵在一般疑问句的基础上添加可选择象对象就可得出选择
疑问句。
Do you study English or Russian?⑶反义疑问句的基本模式;
You study English well, don’t you ? Yes, I
do. / No, I don’t.
He doesn’t study English well,does he ? Yes,
he does / No,he doesn’t .
但是一些特殊的反义问句的反问方式颇为复杂。⑶
⑷特殊问句的基本模式;
特殊疑问词+一般问式(符合逻辑既可)
What did you study yesterday?
When is she leaving here for Shanghai?
疑问代词用作句子主语时按汉语顺序排列即可。
Who often helps you?⑶祈使句
1 以动词引起的祈使句
Take care not to catch cold./Don’t trouble me.
Do that again./ Never do that again.
这种祈使句用Don’t / Never 开头进行否定
有时为了强调可在动词前加上Do/ Be sure to
Do be careful. /Be sure to come on time.Do be careful. /Be sure to come on time.
2 以No引起的祈使句
这种祈使句后接动名词,多表‘禁止’
No smoking / No spitting3以just 引起的祈使句,意为“试
请”“且请”
Just think of the result.
Just feel it.
4祈使句里出现主语,目的为加强语气
或带有一定感情色彩。或带有一定感情色彩。
Don’t you be late again! / You be quiet !
5表口号或命令的祈使句可由副词引起
Away with you ! /After you !/Forward to
victory!6 为了简洁,可用名词引起祈使句
Silence please! / Hands up!
7 None of +名词也可表禁止
None of your business! /None of that!None of your business! /None of that!感叹句的三个常用句型
1 what fine weather it is today!
What beautiful flowers they take !
2 How wide the street is !
How hard they are working !How hard they are working !
3 There she comes! /There comes the bus!
Here we are ! /Here is Tom !
Away we are ! /Away is Tom !五种特殊形式的感叹句;
1省去主语或谓语的感叹句(不含形容词,副词,动词)
How time flies ! / What a pity ! /How nice to see you !
2省去What/How的感叹句
Come, Come!/The pity of it !
3具有疑问语序的感叹句3具有疑问语序的感叹句
Isn’t this good!/Doesn’t the flower bloom beautifully!
4 具有陈述语序的感叹句
I’m not going there!
以不定式开头的感叹句
To tell him what you have seen!从句型结构划分可分为简单句,并列句,复合
句。
1主语在一起谓语不分离的句式叫做简单句。
He and she have finished their homework.
I drink,dance,and sing songs
2把两个或多个简单句用并列连词连接起来就
叫做并列句
He likes dancing but I like singing.
We recite words, they listen to tapes and you
write compositions .3一个简单句中放入另一个句子来作某种成分,
这样形成的句子叫做复合句。被放入的句子叫做
从句而原句叫做主句
英语中有四种名词性从句和两种形容词
性从句性从句
What he said is true.
I know that he is having English class.
I know your uncle who works in Beijing.
When I got to the station,the train had
left.1按英语的五种基本句型构成的句式均是简单句。
2并列句的五种并列方法;
简单句1 and 简单句2
简单句1 , and 简单句2
简单句1 ;简单句2
简单句1 :简单句2
简单句1 and,插入语,简单句21 and2并列连词
and / or / but however / therefore / nevertheless
yet / still when / while so / for / then从句部分;
1名词性从句
⑴注意名词性从句的连接词that
if / whether
what / how
⑵注意if /whether的区别
①使用whether的情况;①使用whether的情况;
a.主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句要用whether
b.whether……or not = if……or not
但是whether or not不能说做if or not
c.whether 可接不定式
d.Whether引起的部分可以接在介词之后
e.动词discuss后出现的(是否)句子要用whether②使用if的情况
a. 宾语从句是否定句时要用if
b. 肯定句中宾语从句使用if/whether均可
c. 否定句或疑问句式中,动词doubt后只跟that句而不使
用if/whether
⑶学习名词性从句应注意的问题;⑶学习名词性从句应注意的问题;
a.除what及带ever的主语从句外,其他的主语从句均可用
于形式主语结构
b. as if/as though引导的表语从句可根据情况确定虚拟
c.除that宾语从句外,名词性从句的连接词不能省略
d.注意宾语从句的否定转移现象学习状语从句应注意的问题;
首先要认准其连接词
1时间状语从句的连接词
a. when / while / as ,till / until ,after / before
whenever / since
b. the first time 此组连接词= when
the last time the timethe last time the time
each time any time every time
c. the day the week
the month the year 此组连接词= whend . the spring / the summer 此组连接词= when
the autumn / the winter
e. as soon as 此组连词“一············就···········”
hardly……when / hardly……before
scarely……when
/ scarely……before
no sooner……than……
f . the moment / the instant 此组连词意义同上f . the moment / the instant 此组连词意义同上
the minute / the second
g . instantly 此组连词意义同上
presently / directly / immediately
h .介词before / after . till / untill . since . upon./
on / in 也可引导名词或短语作时间状语。2地点状语从句的连接词只有where
3原因状语从句的连接词①because . since/as . for . in that .by reason that
②短语引起原因状语
thanks to
because ofbecause of
due to
owing to
as a result of…
on account of…
④分词,独立主格,不定式可表示原因状语
⑤介词for/with也可引起原因状语4条件状语从句
1条件状语从句的连接词
①if / unless
when / while / where
as long as / so long as as long as / so long as
if only / only that
expect that / once
In case that / in the event that / on
condition that ②现在分词引起条件从句
providing
granting
supposingsupposing
considering
seeing③过去分词引起条件状语从句
provided
given
granted 它们后面省略了连词that
④动词原形引起条件状语从句
supposesuppose
say⑤祈使句表条件
Study hard, and you will be successful
Let’s suppose……
Sink or swim…
Use your head…
⑥分词,独立主格可表条件状语
⑦介词短语可表条件状语5目的状语从句的连接词
1 so that / so…..that / in order that
2不定式用作目的状语
in order to do….
so …….as to do….
to do…to do…
3介词短语也可表目的
for doing something
4 有人将in case / for fear / lest “以免,以防”引导
的状语从句视作目的状语从句6结果状语从句的连接词
so that / so……that…..
such………that…….
with the result that…
that
不定式引导结果状语不定式引导结果状语
to do
only to do…
enough to do
too...adj/adv…to do
so adj/adv as to do 现在分词作结果状语,多用逗号隔开,常这
样用的动词
leave.make.cause.strike.kill.break.
disclose.damage
并列手法表结果
and. so. and so. and thus. and therefore
介词词组表结果consequence . as a result
副词引导结果状语therefore . thus
祈使句也可表结果Go strait,and you’ll see
the church.让步状语从句的连接词
1.though , although , as , now that, since
even if / even though
2 .granting / granted(that)
admitting(that) / for all thatadmitting(that) / for all that
3 .whatever / however
whoever / whenever
whichever / wherever4.no matter what…/ no matter how
no matter which…/ no matter who
no matter when…/no matter whe
re
5. when / while / whether…or…
6. in spite of / despite
7. well or sink / worried or calm
blieve or not / sink or swimblieve or not / sink or swim
https://www.doczj.com/doc/532682276.html,e what may / say what I would
9. the fact that…
regardless of the fact that…
notwithstanding the fact that….比较状语从句实际上就是初中学过的两个
比较级句型即;more than….. / as……as
方式状语从句的连接词只有as
as if /as though英语里的It’s……句型;
1.It’s time for supper.
It’s time to have supper.
It’s time for you to have supper.
2. It’s time that you went to school.
It’s high time that we went home .It’s high time that we went home .
/were going home.
/(should) go home.
/had better go home.
/had rather go home.
口语中也可说Time for supper
Time to go home3. It was 1999 when we came to Turpan.
It was in 1999 that we came to Turpan.
4. It was long before the police arrived.
It was not long before the police arrived
It will be hours before he comes.It will be hours before he comes.
It will not be hours before he comes.
5.It is three years since I smoked.
It is two months since he was ill.
It is four weeks since he finished the work.6. It is the first time(that)I have been to
Landon.
It was the second time (that) he read the
book.
It will be the third time (that) I visit the
museum.
7.It was not until 12:00 that he came back.7.It was not until 12:00 that he came back.
He did not come back until 12:00
Not until12:00 did he come back.8几种常见的形式主语句型
⑴使用不定式作真正主语
It’s important to study English.
It’s important for us to study English.It’s important for us to study English.
It’s kind of you to help me.
It’s important that we (should) study
English⑵使用动名词作真正主语
It’ no use / good doing something.
⑶几种常见的“It…..”句型
It happened that……..碰巧……………..
It seems that…………看来…………......It seems that…………看来…………......
It turned out that……..原来…………......
结果……………..
It seems/appears as if…好像…………..
It occurred to me that….我突然想到4.It’s a fact that………….事实是…...
It’s no wonder that…….难怪……..
It’s clear / obvious that…很明显….
5.It is said
/reported that…说……
/believed/believed
/announced
6.It doesn’t matter that….无所谓….
It doesn’t need to be bothered that…..
无须担忧……..
It makes no difference that…没有….影响疑问句的强调句式
Was it yesterday that you went to
Shanghai?
Is it what that you are talking?非谓语动词
不定式的构成形式
简单式to do to be done
to be doing
to have done to have been done
疑问式what to do / how to do
复合式for sb.to do sth / of sb.to do sth.不定式的功能;
简单式,“将在外,不由帅”不作谓语,以外
什么成分均可作
疑问式,一般只作名词性成分
复合式,作名词性成分,偶尔作定语
1不定式作主语一般用于形式主语结构1不定式作主语一般用于形式主语结构
2不定式作表语形成be+to do(将来时)
3不定式作宾语表特定的某次具体的动作
(不定式作名词性成分都具有此特点)如遇表“要……”的动词,如want /hope
/wish decide / choose /ask /demand /desire
/expect /determine /manage /arrange
/pretend /promise /refuse / apply /seek
/claim /aim / agree /afford 等
4不定式作补足语表某一动作的全过程或有待
去做的事,作补足语时如遇感知动词或使役去做的事,作补足语时如遇感知动词或使役
动词那么其后作补足语的不定式不能带“to”。
I saw him recite text.但是在被动语态中“to”
要显示出来。
5不定式用作定语表有待干的事.
6不定式用作状语表目的或结果,偶尔表原因不定式的一些特殊用法;
1动词hope mean expect intend think
suppose 可用于虚拟语气句
I had thought to invite him.
I thought to have called you.
2不定式与as if/as though 连用相当于对应2不定式与as if/as though 连用相当于对应
的状语从句
He smiled at me as if to say that I should
do something.
3 too……to…结构表肯定的情况
1 only too…to…./ too…not to…
2 too后有willing/eager/anxious/likelynervous 时
3 不定式在too…to..结构中表达的不是结果
状语时
4不定式不带to 的情况
1使役动词和感知动词接复合宾语时作补足语
的不定式不带to
2介词except / but 后接不定式作宾语时2介词except / but 后接不定式作宾语时
介词前面部分有实意动词do 则不定式不带
to ,若其前没有实意动词do 则不定式要带to
3 Why do中没有to
4had beter/would rather /would sooner/can
not 等情态词后,不定式不带to5连接词rather than…./soon than….置于
句首时,其后的不定式不带to
6当go / come / run 用在祈使句时,后面
跟的不定式表目的不带to
7dare用作实意动词时,在否定句中该动词
后的不定式不带to不定式的省略情况;
不定式省略动词的情况(往往在作答语时)
1 would like / shloud like / should love后的
不定式省略动词保留“to”
2 be glad to be sure to
happy to able to
willing towilling to
pleased to
3在动词
want,hope,like,plan,have,afford,expect,need
Intend,seem,wish 之后的不定式省去动词保
留“to”4.在动词ask, tell,expect, force,invite,beg后
面用作宾语补足语时省略动词保留“to”
5.在动词结构used to do/be going to do 结
构中省略动词保留“to”
6在hav
e to, need to, ought to,结构中,保留
toto
7不定式完成式中的have 和一般式中的to be
中的be不能省略
8不定式否定形式的省略是not to
9在某些特殊疑问词后也可单独使用“to”动名词
动名词的构成形式
doing being done
简单式
having done having been done
连带式on/upon doing in doing
复合式Tom’s doing sth. his doing sth.复合式Tom’s doing sth. his doing sth.
复合式置于句中时可变异,变异方法已讲
动名词的成分功能
主语,表语,宾语,同位语定语
动名词作主语,表抽象的,泛指的事物
动名词作表语,表与主语同意的事物动名词作宾语
1动名词作宾语表泛指的,笼统的,抽象的事
务(动名词作名词性成分都有此特点)
2 有些动词后接非谓语形式作宾语只能接动
名词这类动词有
finish, prevent, enjoy, mind, suggest,finish, prevent, enjoy, mind, suggest,
avoid, miss, escape, excuse, risk
postpone ,delay, deny, admit, stand,
keep, consider, practise, advise,
imagine, face, dislike, include, insist on,
fancy, pardon, resist有些动词后面既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作
宾语但是意义不同。
1 stop doing…/stop to do…
2 remember remember
forget doing…/ forget to do…
regret regret
3 allow allow
permit doing……/ permit sb. to do……
advise advise
4 mean doing…./mean to do….
5 try doing……./try to do…….
6 be afraid to do…/be afraid of doing…7 be sure to do…. / be sure of doing….
8 go on to do….. / go on doing…..
9 propose to do…./ propose doing…..
10go/come to do…/go/come doing….
11It’s useless to do…/It’s no use/good doing….
12I’d like to do…I like doing…..
I’d prefer to do…/ I prefer doing…I’d prefer to do…/ I prefer doing…
I’d rather do…I’d rather do…than do….
动名词的复合结构
Tom’s doing…../Tom doing…..
My doing…../me doing…….
动词suggest/propose/insist on后既可接动名词又可
接that从句,接从句时要用虚拟。分词
简单式doing / being done
having done/ having being done
现在分词疑问式when/while doing
复合式sb./sth.doing….
过去分词简单式done过去分词简单式done
疑问式when/while+done
复合式sb./sth.+done
分词的成分功能; 表语,补足语,定语,状语分词的特点与特性
语态与时态上现在分词表主动表进行,过去分词表
被动表完成,内容上现在分词表主语的特点或特
性,而过去分词则表主语的状态或状能
成分功能
1作表语,现
在分词表示“令人········的”,而对
应的过去分词作表语则表示“被·······的”,类似这·······
样的动词有
interesting/interested disappointing/disappointed
inspiring /inspired discouraging/discouraged
exciting /excited tiring/tired
moving /moved amusing/amused
surprising/surprised astonishing/astonished 2.作宾语补足语,现在分词作宾语补足语表正在做
的行为和事情,过去分词作宾语补足语表被动的或
完成的行为或事情。
3·作定语,分词作定语功能等于定语从句。
现在分词对应的定语从句其语态是主动的,其时态
是进行的。但不可求全责备,二者必居其一。
过去分词对应的定语从句其语态是被动的,其时态过去分词对应的定语从句其语态是被动的,其时态
是完成的。但不可求全责备,二者必居其一。
4·作状语,分词作状语功能等于状语从句。
分词一般作时间,原因,条件,伴随状语
分词作状语其逻辑主语要与句子的真正主语相一
致。如逻辑主语不一致则要使用独立主格结构来表
达。独立主格的构成
名词
形容词
介词短语
(with)sb/sth+ 不定式(with)sb/sth+
现在分词
过去分词
独立主格作状语表时间,原因,条件,伴随(加
with后叫作特指的独立主格,同时也叫with复合结
构用来修饰名词作定语。主谓一致
1·语法一致
这种原则比较简单,主语和谓语的人称及数的
方面能对应即可。
2·概念一致
⑴注意三种集体名词数的确定
⑵物质名词,抽象名词作主语其后谓语的数用
单数
⑶表时间,距离,重量,和金额的复数名词作
主语时其后的谓语形式用单数
⑷and连接的两单数名词,指同一个人或同一个
事物谓语用单数,否则用复数⑸代词作主语时主谓一致的原则
①指示代词such…/the former…/the latter….用
作主语,其后的谓语形式既可是单数又可是
复数
②名词性物主代词用作句子主语既可视其为②名词性物主代词用作句子主语既可视其为
单数也可视其为复数
③不定代词all (of)…/most( of)…/some(of)….
按所代名词的数来确定其概念
④不定代词any(of)…/some(of)…用来代人或
复数名词时既可有单数概念又有复数概念。⑤疑问代词who/what/which在概念上既有单数意义
又有复数意义
⑥定语从句中谓语动词的数要与作主语的连接词的
数(先行词的数)相一致
⑦each everyone everybody everything
another anyone anybody anything
either someone somebody somethingeither someone somebody something
neither no one nobody nothi
ng
这些不定代词用作主语时谓语形式用单数
⑧文章名,格言,书名作主语其后谓语用单数
⑨/neither/either 用作主语时其后的谓语用单数6分数百分数所修饰的名词作主语要根据被修
饰词的具体数来确定后面谓语的数
7表全部人口时population的数为单数,表部分
时则为复数
8 what小句作主语,谓语的数随意思而定
9 由more than或分数引起的短语作主语时其谓
语要根据短语中的名词来确定它的数语要根据短语中的名词来确定它的数
More than one person has(have) voted against him.
10 Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.
11 由and连接的两个表食品的名词可视其为单
数进行主谓对应邻近作用
1 谓语动词的人称和数要与最靠近它的那个名词
或代词保持一致关系,这个原则适应下列几个
固定的连词和词组
or ….
either…..or….
neither…..nor…..neither…..nor…..
not only…..but also….
2由here/there引起的,如果主语是并列的几个名
词,谓语动词常和最邻近的那个名词的数相一
致习惯用法
1被each, every, no,修饰幷由and连接的单数可数名词
作主语虽指不同的人和物,其后谓语的数习惯上用
单数。
2一个主语后面跟有with , together with,
as well as, no less than, like, but, except,as well as, no less than, like, but, except,
along with, in addition to, as much as, rather than,
Including 引起的词或短语时,其后谓语的数不受这
些词或短语的影响。
3this sort/kind of+复数名词作主语,其后谓语用单
数,复数名词+of this kind/sort则谓语用复数。4 主语+with短语后面出现both时,with的含义
变成and, 此时谓语动词的数应为复数形式
5 以-ics 结尾的学科名词用作主语时其后谓语
用单数,但是当这些名词受到物主代词,such,
,the修饰时,它们往往表能力或观点,此时其
后谓语动词的数可以用单数也可用复数。反义问句中的一些特殊情况
1.当陈述部分的主语是指人的不定代词时反问部分
的人称都用they,但是用he 不算错
Nobody can do it, can he/they ?
2当陈述部分是否定转移句式时,反问部分要与从
句相对应。
I don’t think he is a teacher, is he ?I don’t think he is a teacher, is he ?
3 当陈述部分是祈使句时反问部分可用will you ?
won’t you ?
can you ?
can’t you ?
4 祈使句
Let’s go, shall we ? Let him do it, will you ?如果祈使句的陈述部分是否定式,反问部分只用
“will you ?”
5 当must 表推测时,反问如下
He must be in the room, isn’t he ?
You must be reading a story, aren’t you ?
They must have seen the film, haven’t they?They must have seen the film, haven’t they?
They must have met Tom yesterday ,d
idn’t they?
You must like English, don’t you ?
6 must作必要性讲,反问可用need
We must go soon, needn’t we ?
7must 表禁止时反问部分可用may
You mustn’t walk in the street, may you ?反义问句中的一些特殊情况
1 He used to smoke much,didn’t he ?/usedn’t he?
2 I ought to complain, shouldn’t I/oughtn’t I?
3 You had a good time, didn’t you?
4You have a new pen, don’t you?/haven’t you?
5She had to leave, didn’t she ?
6I wish to see you, may I ?6I wish to see you, may I ?
7I am right ,aren’t I/ain’t I ?
8You need a lot of money, don’t you ?
9You needn’t tell her the news, need you ?
10Neither you nor I am a leader, are we ?
11Either you or he studies English, doesn’t he?
12“I have broken your glass.”
Oh,you did, did you ?“She doesn’t like swimming ,”
She doesn‘t, doesn’t she ?
13 “So your mum is at home, is she ?
“So you didn’t go, didn’t you ?
14 What beautiful weather, isn’t it ?
15 There is something wrong with it, isn’t there ?
16 You seldom go to the movies, do you ?
17 Few people went to see him yesterday, did they?17 Few people went to see him yesterday, did they?
18 以否定前缀构成的词用于陈述部分,其后用
否定反问。He is unhappy,isn’t he ?
19 陈述句主语是one时,反问部分的人称可用
one/he/you . One can’t be too careful, can one ?/
can he ?/ can you ?20 陈述部分是并列句,反问部分要与它相近的
那个分句相一致。
We must start at once or we can’t get there on time,
can we ? 英语的倒装
1 部分倒装
⑴疑问句前置词或附加词得来的一般问句是最
早学习的倒装Are you a student ?
⑵以so / neither(nor)开头的句子表与上文所说情
况类似
A; I like English. /B; So do I.A; I like English. /B; So do I.
A;She doesn’t read Russian. / B; Neither does he.
⑶以频度,地点,方式,程度状语开头的句子
⑷以only修饰的状语放在句首
⑸as引起的让步状语从句
⑹强调表语也可采用倒装
⑺倒装虚拟句⑻以否定词或否定短语放在句首的句子,常见的否
定词有
never, not only, not until, scarely, hardly, by no
means, seldom, hardly….when, no sooner….than….
rarely, nor, nowhere,完全倒装;
1There be….结构属完全倒装
2表方位的副词放在句首时句子多用完全倒装,这
样的副词常见的有
there, here, out, in, up, down, away, on the hill 等英语的名词;
性,阳性,阴性,中性
1 格,普通格,所有格,
数,单数,复数,
A’s B B of A B of A’s B to A
个体
可数集体
普通名词
不可数物质
抽象
专有名词普通专有,固有专有英语的集体名词;
1 club chorus 俱乐部,合唱团
public audience crew 公众,听众,是船员。
c
rowd group team 人群,小组和小队
government company 政府,公司,委员会。
committee
family, class, party 家庭,班级,和政党family, class, party 家庭,班级,和政党
单数,复数,都无妨。2 militia, youth 小民兵,年轻人
cattle,glasses 骑着牲口戴眼镜
compasses,scissors,arms 圆规,剪刀当武器
clothes,trousers 衣服裤子都脱净
times, doings 时代行为坏环境
suroundings,conditions
thanks,manners 感激礼貌都不懂thanks,manners 感激礼貌都不懂
ashes, remains 看到灰堆里有遗体
stairs, forces, troops 爬上楼梯叫大兵
fires, fire works 灰堆还在冒烟火
savings, riches, belongings 存款财富都烧尽
police, promise 警察承诺要查清
clergy people 抓住牧师来示众3 politics, brains, homework 政治工作靠头脑头脑
merchandise, economic, news 商品经济靠情报
mathematics, physics, means 数学物理方法妙
works, machinary, pottery 工厂机器造瓷陶
clothing, luggage, baggage 衣物行李全卖掉
furnature, jewelry 留下家具和珠宝
phonetics, economics 语音学不如经济学好phonetics, economics 语音学不如经济学好
划线名词要记牢
注意;有些表物质的不可数名词有三种形式,意
思各不相同,如;
glass,玻璃a glass 玻璃杯glasses眼镜
paper 纸a paper报纸papers宗卷注意;有些抽象名词既可作不可数词也可作可
作可数词
例词不可数可数
exercise 锻炼练习
experience 经验经历
time 时间时代
room 空间房间room 空间房间
light 光电灯
work 工作作品
drink 饮料几杯饮料
coffee 同上同上
tea
cloth 布料衣服可数名词表类属;
A horseis a useful animal. (侧重个体)
The horseis a useful animal. (侧重概念)
Horsesare useful animals. (侧重)
英语中有些名词单复数意义差异;
1 air / airs 神气
2 arm / arms 武器2 arm / arms 武器
3 cloth / clothes 衣服
4 colour / colours 彩旗
5 compass / compasses 圆规
6 custom / customs 关
税
7 force / forces 部队
8 food / foods 各类食物9 fruit / fruits 各种水果
10fish / glasses 眼镜
11good / goods 商品
12green / greens 蔬菜
13interest / interests 利益
14iron / looks 外貌
15manner /manners 礼貌/习俗15manner /manners /
16mean / means 方法
17iron / irons 镣铐
18look / looks 外貌
19paper /papers 宗卷
20part /parts 才华
21quarter /quarters 公寓
22spirit /spirits 酒精22 work /works 著作/工厂
23 wood /woods 树林
24 ash / ashes 灰堆
25 brain /brains 智力
26 advice /advices 消息26 advice /advices
27 beef /beeves 肉牛
28 foot /foots 下脚料
29 number /numbers 诗歌
30 snow /snows 积雪31 water /waters 水域
32 effect /effects 财产
34 ground /grounds 庭院
35 term /terms 关系
36 return /returns 统计表差之一“the”,谬以千里
1 go to school / go to the school
2 in prison / in the prison
3 at tabale /at the table
4 by sea /by the sea4 by sea /by the sea
5 last night /the last night
6 next day /the next day
7in charge of /in the charge of
8 take place /take the place o9 in office in the office
10in 1980 in the 1980’s
11at/in back of at/in the back of
12in front of in the front of
13in hospital in the hospital
14in class in the class
15out of question out of the question15out of question out of the question
(毫无疑问)(不可能)
16 with pleasure It’s a pleasure
17 in control of in the control of英语的代词
1人称代词代表任或物的代词
2物主代词表所属关系的代词
3反身代词表人物自身的代词
4指示代词指代人或物的代词
5疑问代词
造特殊问句的代词
6连接代词连接从句的代词6连接代词连接从句的代词
7关系代词连接定语从句的代词
8相互代词指相互关系的代词
9不定代词表不定人或物的代词
10 替代词替代人或物的代词1 人称代词;
I / me we / us
you / you you / you
he / him
she / her they / them
it / itit / it
2 物主代词;
my / mine our / ours
your / yours your / yours
his / his
her / hers their / theirs
its / its 3 反身代词;
myself / ourselves
yourself / yourselves
himself
herself themselves
itself
4 指示代词;4 指示代词;
this / these
that / those
5 疑问代词;
what which who whom whose
6 连接代词
what which who whom whose that 7 关系代词;
that which who whom whose as
8 相互代词
each other one another
9 替代词
one ones
it thoseit those
that those10 不定代词;
1 both
each 用作主语,宾语,定语,同位语
all 它们还是形容词,all 还可作副词
both
both the books
both of the booksboth of the books
each
each book
each of the books
all
all the books
all of the books当这组词用作同位语时它们在句中的位置按中位副
词的用法使用
2 either 两者中的任意一个
neither 两者中任何一个都不
它们在句中用作主语,宾语,定语
它们还可用作形容词和副词
3other others
the other the others
4else more other another
5 each / every6
some one
any body
no thing
everysomeone some one
anyone any one
none no one
everyone every one
somebody somethingsomebody something
anybody anything
nobody nothing
everybody everything学习合成不定代词应注意的问题;
1含body,one的合成不定代词合写多指人,少指物。
分写式既可指人也可指物。合写不与of 连用,分
写可以与of 连用。
但是none / no one与上面的合成不定代词用法是但是none / no one与上面的合成不定代词用法是
相反的
2带any的不定代词不可用于否定句,如想表否定可
用nobody none
3
复合不定代词在句中作主语,表语,宾语,定语4 little a little
few a few
5 many much英语的形容词
1用来说明或修饰名词和代词,可用来作表语,
定语,补足语,状语。
2形容词的三级原级比较级最高级
3形容词比较等级的构成
个别形容词比较等级的特殊构成
good good
well better the best
right
many more the most
much bad
ill worse the worst
wrong
badly
late latter the last
later the latestlater the latest
far farther farthest
further furthest
old older the oldest
elder the eldest
little less least形容词比较等级的几种特殊形式
1 more and more 越来越··········
2 the more….the more…. 越·····就越·····
3 all the more….. 因·····而更·····
4 more or less 或多或少
5 more than + 名词“不止”
动词
数词6 more than+形容词“非常,十分”
副词
分词
7 more………than…….. “与其说···不如说···
8 less than………………“不足于少于”
9 no more than…………. “仅仅只不过”
10 no more+adj./n.+than…“彼此都不”10 no more+adj./n.+than…“彼此都不”修饰形容词,副词比较等级的修饰语
1 much, rather, still, far, even, any,
a lot, a little, a bit, a great deal
以上词或短语用来修饰比较级
2 many much
many more much more
fewer 修饰可数词less 修饰不可数词fewer 修饰可数词less 修饰不可数词
far far
a lot a lot
3by far
far 用在最高级前作修饰语
much
4 very修饰原级,much修比较级,very much修饰动词5 a bit
a little 少量的,一点儿
a few
⑴a bit/a little 可修饰动词,形容词作状语
⑵a bit of/ a little 用来修饰不可数名词⑵a bit of/ a little 用来修饰不可数名词
⑶a few 修饰可数名词
⑷not a bit = not at all 一点也不
not a little = very 非常,十分几种以–ly 结尾的形容词
1 表示“人”的名词+ ly 构成形容词
manly/wifely /sonly/gentlemanly
2 lively/lovely/deadly/sickly/kindly
3 表时间的名词+ly 构成形容词
hourly/weekly/momently/yearly
4