建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
外文：
Building construction concrete crack of
prevention and processing
Abstract
The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.
Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing
Foreword
Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.
Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science
research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.
Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.
In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention
1.Stem Suo crack and prevention
Stem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to
distribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.
Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.
2.The Su constringency crack and prevention
Su constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply
constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..
Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.
3.Sink to sink crack and prevention
The creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.
Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of
Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.
4.Temperature crack and prevention
Temperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.
The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce through
sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..
Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rock
and old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.
5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction cause
Alkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.
The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.
Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar https://www.doczj.com/doc/512420849.html,ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis
coating.
Crack processing
The emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.
The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.
Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.
1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method
Infuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.
The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,
plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.
2, the structure reinforce a method
When the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.
3, concrete displacement method
Concrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.
4, the electricity chemistry protection method
The electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.
5, imitate to living from legal more
Imitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(such
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
中英文参考文献格式! (細節也很重要啊。。）来源：李菲玥的日志 规范的参考文献格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利 A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： ［ＤＢ/OL］——联机网上数据(database online) ［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) ［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM) ［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) ［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online) ［ＥＢ/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm R ichard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norri s, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
《文献检索》课程教学设计 目录 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 (2) 项目一科技文献检索方法和图书馆的科学利用 (8) 项目二常见化学化工科技论文的写作 (11) 项目三美国化学文摘的使用 (14) 项目四专利文献的查询 (17) 项目五标准文献的查询 (20) 项目六计算机信息检索的应用 (23) 项目七信息检索策略综合应用训练 (26)
徐州工业职业技术学院教学设计（讲稿）
教学内容与设计 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 自我介绍 提问一：你会检索吗？ 如果会，那么会用检索以下毕业专题的相关资料吗？ ?杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取分离 ?有机废水处理工艺设计 ?蚕丝蛋白制备工艺研究 ?铁矿石含铁量测定方法新工艺 ?基因工程干扰素生产工艺研究 提问的目的：突出检索技术直接是为毕业专题服务，这是一门技术。提问二：信息检索课是什么？ 学生如是说： 文献检索课程是井底之蛙的升降机，是雄鹰的翅膀，是横跨天堑的桥梁。 针对某一课题，通过电子检索查阅有关资料，才知道知识的浩瀚，才知道世界的宽广，才知道“山外青山，楼外楼”。 它是我在大学期间所学的最重要，最有用的课程之一，有了它，我们将会受益终生。教会我们一种方法，一种主动 了解外界，提高自己，放眼世界的方法。 检索不仅是我们学习的制胜法宝，更是一条贯穿我们生活的红线。正因为有了这门课的学习，现在大脑的检索意识 就比较强烈，越搜越快！前几天，问同学借自行车，他告 诉我车子大致地点，是永久牌，有车栏，略有一点蓝。到 了现场，脑海中一下就有了先找有栏的，再找蓝颜色的， 最后确定是不是永久的，很快就找到了。 我爱检索，就像爱自己的生命一样。 最后我想说，我们是幸运的！我们学到了一门真正有用的课，它对我的影响和帮助将是伴随我一身的。 提问三：借鉴与创新的关系？ 科学研究是“站在前人肩膀上”的事业，而创新又是科学研究的灵魂，即要求“前无古人”。 时间分配 2min 引导学生回答 8min 10min 通过往届学生对信息检索课的评价能够激起学生学习这门课的兴趣，也可以突出这门课对个人的作用。 10min 通过提问让学生
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
英语优秀论文参考文献格式要求
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英语专业本科毕业论文 参考文献格式要求 I．文内引用 （一）直接引用 1．引用中的省略 原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出（…），中文用6个（……）；若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出（‥‥），中文用6个（……）。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例： 例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2．大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 Elkind (1978) states:
英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. An Egyptian burial chamber mural , approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century. These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much
Structure and function of the MCS-51series Structure and function of the MCS-51series one-chip computer MCS-51is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces.This company introduced8top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51series in1980after introducing8one-chip computers of MCS-48series in1976.It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as8051,8031,8751, 80C51BH,80C31BH,etc.,their basic composition,basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051daily representatives-51serial one-chip computers. An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts:(1)One microprocessor of8(CPU).(2)At slice data memory RAM(128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading/data that write,such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show,etc.(3)Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB),is used to preserve the procedure,some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers,such as8031, 8032,80C,etc..(4)Four8run side by side I/O interface P0four P3,each mouth can use as introduction,may use as exporting too.(5)Two timer/counter,each timer/ counter may set up and count in the way,used to count to the external incident,can set up into a timing way too,and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer.(6)Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source. (7)One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter(UART)),is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for.(8)Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit,quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer.Allow oscillation frequency as12megahertas now at most.Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus.Among them,CPU is a core of the one-chip computer,it is the control of the computer and command centre,made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller,etc..The arithmetic unit can carry on8persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one,the1 storing device temporarilies of8,storing device2temporarily,8's accumulation
有关教学设计论文参考文献(中文索引20篇) [1]王家友.《运动起来会怎样（二）》教学案例--基于网络资源的小学科学教 学设计[J].小学科学(教师版),2014,(10). [2]刘艳艳.《沉与浮》教学设计[J].教育实践与研究，2014,(8). [3]杨世凤.谈新课程下的小学科学课堂教学设计[J].少儿科学周刊(少儿 版),2014,(7). [4]黄晓,孙丽伟.小学科学教学设计的规范化和学科化[J].全球教育展望， 2014，43（4）:111-120. [5]陈磊.谈小学科学课堂教学设计模式之运用[J].赤子(中 旬),2014,(1):90. [6]吕笃康.基于问题学习模式的小学科学教学设计——以《水》教学为例[J]. 教学月刊(小学版)综合,2014,(1). [7]洪玉叶.基于个体差异的小学科学课堂教学设计[J].中国校外教育，2013， (25):113-114. [8]焦东林.浅谈小学科学实验教学的设计[J].科学大众（科学教育），2013， （1）：67. [9]叶宝生.小学科学教学观察实验设计的依据和方法[J].课程教材教法， 2013，（12）:68-72. [10]袁平.浅谈小学科学的有效教学设计[J].生物技术世界,2013,(9):121. [11]黄晓钰.支架式教学模式在小学科学中的教学设计[J].读与写(上,下 旬),2013,(9). [12]王军.论谈小学科学实验教学设计[J].数字化用户,2013,19(33). [13]汪丽,孙铭明.建构性教学策略在小学科学课堂教学设计中的应用[J].基 础教育研究,2013,(3). [14]胡俊.多媒体运用课——《心脏和血液循环》教学设计[J].科学大众（科 学教育），2013，（4）. [15]王慧君.科学探究教学设计:依据、实施与评价[J].中国电化教育，2013， （9）. [16]曹志刚.《运动的方式》教学设计[J]. 科学大众（科学教育），2013，（1）. [17]张庆法.小学科学有效课堂教学设计的研究[J].小学科学:(教 师),2012,(7). [18]孙长华.《观察我们周围的材料》教学设计——小学科学三年级上册材料 单元第一课[J].小学时代(教育研究),2012,(12). [19]郑琳弋.小学科学课“声音的强弱与高低”教学设计[J].科学大众(科学教 育),2012,(2). [20]王利亚.小学科学教学的几点反思[J].新课程:教师,2012,(10). 有关教学设计论文参考文献(英文索引10篇) [1]Chun-Yen Chang, Hagmann, Johannes-Geert, Yu-Ta Chien, Chung-Wen Cho. Leveraging educational pathway to bridge in-school and out-of-school science
https://www.doczj.com/doc/512420849.html, 中英文论文参考文献 一、中英文论文期刊参考文献 [1].面向中英文混合环境的多模式匹配算法. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2008年3期.孙钦东.黄新波.王倩. [2].基于自适应特征与多级反馈模型的中英文混排文档分割. 《自动化学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2006年3期.夏勇.王春恒.戴汝为. [3].基于最大熵方法的中英文基本名词短语识别. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2003年3期.周雅倩.郭以昆.黄萱菁.吴立德. [4].中英文指代消解中待消解项识别的研究. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.朱巧明.周国栋. [5].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解?. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [6].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [7].一种并行中英文混合多模式匹配算法. 《计算机工程》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年4期.王震.李仁发.李彦彪.田峥. [8].中英文混合文章识别问题. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年5期.王恺.王庆人.
中英文论文参考文献标准格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：? [M]--专着,着作? [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》? [N]-- 报纸文章? [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版? [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文? [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样? [S]-- 标准? [P]--专利? [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章? [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见? 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：? [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)? [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)? [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)? [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)? [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)? [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)? 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源? 二、参考文献的格式及举例? 1．期刊类? 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码.? 【举例】? [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109.? [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.? ? 2．专着类? 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.? 【举例】? [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.? [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.? 3．报纸类? 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).? 【举例】? [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).? [7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).?
【课堂教学设计参考文献】课堂教学 设计参考 【--个人简历表格】 1．激发学生热爱社会主义新生活，热爱劳动人民的感情。 2．引导学生体会本文的构思技巧；通过对平常事物的体察，引发出富于哲理的思考，并以生动的画面烘托跌宕的情思，从而表现出歌颂新生活及其创造者的中心思想。 3．理解文章标题的含义及作用。 二、难点、重点分析 1．作者是如何赞美蜜蜂的?又如何转而歌颂劳动人民的? 分析：首先通过写蜂蜜来间接赞美蜜蜂，如荔枝蜜的特点是成色纯，养分多，喝着这样的好蜜，你会觉得生活都是甜的呢。 更多的是直接赞蜜蜂，如那沸沸扬扬的情景会使你想，说不定蜜蜂也在赶着建设什么新生活呢。多可爱的小生灵啊!对人无所求，给人的却是极好的东西。蜜蜂是在酿蜜，又是在酿造生活；不是为自己，而是为人类酿造最甜的生活。蜜蜂是渺小的，蜜蜂却又多么高尚啊！这天夜里，我做了个奇
怪的梦，梦见自己变成了一只小蜜蜂。 通过上述语句，歌颂了劳动人民在建设社会主义新生活中，忘我劳动的高贵品质和崭新的精神面貌。 那么，作者为何说蜜蜂是渺小，却又是高尚的呢?这是否矛盾?不矛盾。渺小是指蜜蜂的形体而言，高尚指蜜蜂的品质。即对人无所求，给人的却是极好的东西。 作者通过视点转移的办法来完成两个事物的衔接。当我们参观养蜂大厦，赞颂蜜蜂，为蜜蜂的可贵精神激动不已时，作者又将视线移向远方，透过荔枝树林展现出田野广阔的现实情景：望着远远的田野，那儿正有农民立在水田里，辛勤地分秧插秧。这样自然地由蜂写到了人。 这里作者抓住了人和蜂之间的共同点，赞美蜜蜂，也是歌颂广大劳动人民。蜜蜂在酿蜜，给人们带来清香、甘甜，农民实际也是在酿蜜为自己、为别人，为后世子孙酿造生活的蜜。他们在建设社会主义新生活中，忘我劳动，无私奉献，给人们带来极好的东西。这里作者采用点睛之笔，深刻地揭示了作品的思想意义。 作者在结尾处写自己在梦中变成了一只小蜜蜂，这样就表现了作者向小蜜蜂学习，向劳动人民学习，为社会，为他人辛勤、忘我地工作的强烈愿望，起到了深化主题的作用。 2．本文的结构是怎样的? 分析：文章的题目叫荔枝蜜，但是，荔枝蜜并不是本文
英文参考文献的格式 英文(例子)： [01] Brown, H. D. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy[M]. Prentice Hall Regents, 1994. [02] Brown, J Set al. Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning[J]. Educational Reasercher, 1, 1989. [03] Chris, Dede. The Evolution of Constructivist Learning Envi-ronments: Immersion in Distributed Virtual Worlds[J]. Ed-ucational Technology, Sept-Oct, 1995. [04] Hymes, D.On communicative competence[M]. J. B. Pride; J. Holmes (eds). Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. [05] L. E. Sarbaugh. Intercultural communication[M]. New Brunsw-ick, N.J.U.S.A: Transaction Books, 1988. [06] Puhl, A.. Classroom A ssessment[J]. EnglishTeaching Forum, 1997. [07] Thomas, Jenny. Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure[J]. Applied Linguistics, 1983, (4): 91-111. [08] William B Gudykunst. Intercultural communication theory[M]. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Pub, 1983. 1
参考文献中英文人名的缩写规则 参考文献是科技论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。温哥华格式要求，著录文后参考文献时，英文刊名和人名一律用缩写。这一规则也是众多检索系统在人名著录时的首选规则。 下面我们先看一个例子： 在文章发表时，由于西方人士名在前姓在后，一般也采用名+姓的格式书写，如下题名、作者及正文的书写： Bis-pyranoside Alkenes: Novel Templates for the Synthesis of Adjacently Linked Tetrahydrofurans Zheming Ruan, Phyllis Wilson and David R. Mootoo 而上述文章若作为参考文献为他人引用，则需写成 Bis-pyranoside Alkenes: Novel Templates for the Synthesis of Adjacently Linked Tetrahydrofurans Tetrahedron Letters V olume: 37, Issue: 21, May 2, 1996, pp. 3619-3622 Ruan, Zheming; Wilson, Phyllis; Mootoo, David R. 由于东西方姓与名排列的差异，有的国外杂志在人名后还给出作者学位或参加的学会，因此很多人不知道如何区别姓、名、学位单位，如何缩写。 下面我们将著者姓名缩写规则的几个要点摘录如下： 1 姓名缩写只缩写名而不缩写姓； 2 无论东西方人，缩写名的书写形式都是姓在前、名在后； 3 杂志作者名中，全大写一定是姓； 4 省略所有缩写点 如R. Brain Haynes缩写为Haynes RB, Edward J. Huth缩写为Huth EJ等。 但有些特殊情况： (1)Maeve O'Conner, 正确缩写应为O'Conner M, 有人会按英文的构词习惯认为是印刷错误，认为Oconner M (2)国外也有复姓，如Julie C. Fanbury-Smith, Hartly Lorberboum-Galski等分别缩写为Fanbury-Smith JC, Lorbertoum-Galski HL (3)姓名中含前缀De,Des,Du,La,Dal,La,V on,Van,den,der等，将前缀和姓作为一个整体，按字顺排列，词间空格和大小写字母不影响排列，如Kinder V on Werder缩写为Von W erder K,不可写为Werder KV.