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年职称英语卫生 卫生类 2011 年职称英语卫生类阅读理解 新增文章篇目
第三篇 Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor *第十八篇 Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics
*第二十四篇 Preventing Child Maltreatment
+第三十四篇 Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance to
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注： 级文章； 即文章； 级文章； 1、+表示 A 级文章；*表示 B 即文章；其他为 C 级文章； 2、完形填空请参见第 15 页； 年教材相比未作任何变化。 3、2011 年词汇部分与 2010 年教材相比未作任何变化。
第三篇 Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study． Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer．They said patients are younger, especially women． According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else．Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate． "An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, "said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center． He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years．Among them,l,483 were male． Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report． However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat． About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen． However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer．Some claimed they may change food preparation methods． "Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook, "said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman．"I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer．I have already started frying less." Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems． Other experts agreed with he ． "Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men, "said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College．"It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking women．" He's research also warned people not
to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used． The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said．
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fumes are the main causes among
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词汇： 词汇： fume 烟，气，汽 tumor(=tumour) n．肿瘤 cancer 癌瘤 breast 乳房，胸 incidence 发生(率) diagnosis 诊断 inhale 秒．吸人 irritate 使疼痛，刺激 fry 钐．油炸，油煎 unventilate 使不通风 adjacent．临近的 dietary 饮食的 immune 吐免疫的 honorary 名誉上的；荣誉的 respiratory 呼吸的 stall 货摊 注释： 注释： 1． complain 原意是“抱怨， 诉苦"， 但医学上常用 complain about 或 complain of 表示“主 诉”。 2．adjacent to：与……相毗邻，临近……(地方) 3．Other experts agreed with he．其他专家同意何医生的意见。agree with sb：同意某 人的意见。agree with sth：同意什么东西。 agree to do sth：同意做什么事情。 4．by far the biggest cause：最最大的原因。by far 是用来做形容词最高级 the biggest 的状语，对形容词最高级起强调作用。本来形容词最高级就已经是最高了，可是说话的人还 要对它再强调出来，所以就相当汉语的“最最……”的意思。 5……warned people not to stand near of stalls selling……：警告人们不要站在卖…… 的货摊附近。也可以说成"…… warned people off stalls selling……"。 6．……if exposed to the fume for a long time：……如果长时间接触这种烟的话。expose sb．to sth． 原意是“使…… (人)暴露于…… (物)”，但医学文献中常常用来表达 “接触到……(物)"的意思。此处 if 引导的条件状语从句相当于“if one is exposed to the fume for a long time"。 练习： 练习：
1．What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? A B C D Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women． Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men． Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males． Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females．
2．Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in
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Shanghai? A Heart disease． C B Breast cancer． Infectious diseases．D Lung cancer．
3．What symptoms may be' complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? A Irritated eyes and throat． C B Severe pain in both lungs． Continuous cough and headache．D Difficulty in breathin9．
4．What was the local women's reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer? A Happy． C Angry． B D Surprised． Careless
5．Which of the following has relatively little connection with women's lung cancer? A B C Family cancer history． Unhealthy dietary habits． Weak immune systems．
D Personal health
and physical condition．
答案与题解： 答案与题解： 1．D 文章第二段明确提到，肺癌的新趋势就是“病人更年轻，尤其是妇女”。 2．B 文章第三段说到，“肺癌排在乳腺癌之后，发病率第二高"，可见乳腺癌才是最常见的 疾病。 3．A 文章第七段说到，“60％以上患肺癌的妇女都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼 痛难受"。 4．B 文章倒数第七段明确说到，“当妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶"。 5．D 回答此题时，首先要注意倒数第五段中的两处文字，即 had few links to．．和 was ． closely related to……，其中 link to 意为 connection with，而 relate to 则意为 connect with，都是“联系"的意思，只是 few 和 closely 的差别却很大。few 和 little 一样，都是 具有否定意义的词，意为“很少，几乎没有"，只是后面的名词分别为可数名词和不可数名 词而已；它们与 a few 和 a little 不同，a few 和 a little 具有肯定意义，意为“有几个 "和“有一点"，后面的名词同样分别为可数名词和不可数名词。如果这一点明白了，也就很 容易回答这道题了。
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*第十八篇 Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics Most older people with so-called type II diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday． Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet's Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body's ability to utilize insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported． This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today, it said． Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with typeⅡ,all more than 60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months．After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects' muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2 Associate Professor3 Dr．Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non-exercising persons． "This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups．Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms．At the same time it can put off 5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment．" Dela was quoted as saying．6 Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes． Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat,
but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise． Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, Dela added．
词汇： 词汇： insulin 胰岛素 diabetic (患)糖尿病的；n．糖尿病患者 diabetes．糖尿病；多尿症 brisk／brisk／彩．轻快的；活泼的，活跃的 Copenhagen 哥本哈根(丹麦首都) muscle 肌肉 utilise(=utilize)利用，使用 medication 儿．药物，药物治疗 subject 玩实验对象 utilisation(=utilization) 利用，使用 saying 格言 hormone 激素
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pancreas 胰(腺) 注释： 注释： 1．be equal to：等于 2．as a measure for how well their insulin worked：作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况 如何的标志。从语法上分析，how 引起的从句是 for 这个介词的宾语从句。 3．associate professor：副教授 4．……cannot cure people of diabetes：不能治好人们的糖尿病。cure sb．of sth． ：给 某人医治某病。例如：This medicine should cure you of your cold．这药准能治好你的 感冒。put off：推迟，延期 Dela was quoted as saying：Dela 的话像格言一样被人们所 引用。注意谓语是被动语态。work up：逐步引起，激起 wear off：逐渐消失(be)unaware of sth． ．不知道，没觉察 练习： 练习：
1．How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin? A B C D By taking more salt than usual． By taking less salt than usual． By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week． By going climbin9，swimming or boxing every day．
2．Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by A B C D 70 per cent． 30 per cent． 60 per cent． only a few per cent．
3. The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included． A B C D elderly non-diabetic men． elderly type II diabetic men． both sexes of all ages． both A and B．
4. To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect? A To the degree where they begin to sweat． B To the degree where they feel exhausted． C To the point when they feel thirsty． D To the point when they have to take insulin． 5.According to Dela，among most diabetics the importance of exercise is of watching their diet． A as poorly understood as B as well understood as
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C less understood than D better understood than the importance
答案与题解： 答案与题解： 1． 文章一开始就有此问题的明确答案。 C 至于吃多少盐或者从事其他剧烈运动文章自始至 终都没有提到。 2．B 文章第二段说到，体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高 30％。 3．D 此题答案在文章第四段，实验对象既有Ⅱ型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是 60 岁以上的男人。 4．A 文章倒数第二段说到，体育
锻炼只要达到出汗的程度就能起作用。 5．C 最后一段明确说到，大多数糖尿病患者知道必须注意饮食，但却并不知道体育锻炼的 重要性。
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*第二十四篇 Preventing Child Maltreatment Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-1ong consequences．There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment．Data for many countries。especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking． Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study．Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used．Nonetheless， international studies reveal that approximately 20％of women and 5-10％of men report being sexually abused as children．While 25—50％of all children report being 1 physically abused ． Additionally ， many children are subject to emotional 2 abuse(sometimes referred to as psychological abuse)． Every year，there are an estimated 31.000 homicide deaths in children under 15．This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant 3 proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning． Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences ． Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development．Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems．Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural , physical and mental health problems．Via．the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart 4 disease，cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections． Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment． there is an economic impact, including cost of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health cost. A number of risk factor for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment. It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame 5 for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents 6 and having special need, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.
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词汇： 词汇： Maltreatment 虐待 impair 损害 consequence 结局，结果 prevalence 流行 approximately 大约，大概 abuse 滥用；虐待 homicide 杀人 attribute 归因于 disruption 扰乱 via 通过 transmit 传染，传播 likelihood 可能性 adolescent 青春之男孩或女孩儿 persistently 坚持地，持续地 注释： 注释： 1．be subject to：遭受……
2．be referred to as：被当做…… 3．be attributed t0：把……归因于…… 4． Consequently， adults， as maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural， physical and mental health problems ． Via the behavioural and mental health consequence s，maltreatment can contribute to heart disease，cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections．因此，那些曾被虐待的儿童，到了成人期，在行为、 生理以及心理等方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。 通过行为和心理上对健康的影响， 虐待又 会导致其出现心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病等。 5.to blame for：因……怪罪，责怪(某人) 6． A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated，such as being either under four years old or an adolescent， being unwanted，or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs，crying persistently or having abnormal physical features．
练习： 练习： 1. The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT according to the passage. A child maltreatment is a global problem B there is no exact data about low-and mid-income countries C there is a shortage of the professional data collectors D different scientists use different research methods 2.Which of the following statements is ture according to the passage? A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.
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B 25—50％of all children were reported to have been physically abused． C 25_50％of children were psychologically abused． D 60—75％of children were neglected by their parents． 3．Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT according to the passage． A drowning in swimming B diarrhea C bums D falls 4 ． Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up． B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems． C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development． D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood． 5．The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT to the passage． A they frequently and easily cry B they are in infant’s or in adolescent period C they are often neglected by their parents or friends D they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents 答案与题解： 答案与题解： 1． 文中第一段提到了虐待儿童是--全球问题， C 无法获得中低收入国家中儿童受虐数字资 料，第二段开头提到了儿童受虐数字难以统计的另外一个原因，即研究方法的差异性，只有 专业统计人员是否缺乏没有提及，因此答案为 C。 2．B 文中第二段对数字有明确说明。 3．B 文中第三段指出每年 l
5 岁以下儿童死亡大概在 31，000 人，该数字大大低估了实际 情况，是因为有相当多的由于受虐而导致死亡的儿童被归因为摔死、烧死、淹死。没有明确 指出腹泻，因此可推断出该题答案为 B。 4．A 文中提到虐待儿童会导致其出现身体上的疾病，包括神经系统，免疫系统，大脑发育， 以及成年后出现的疾病，但那没有提到是否会对其记忆力产生影响，因此，答案为 A。 5．D 参见注释。
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+第三十四篇 to Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance
The ability of micro--organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue．Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy．They constitute a growing and global public health problem．WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics．reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria. 2 An article punished in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics．The article “has drawn attention to the issue of 3 AMR (antimicrobial resistance) 。 and ， in particular ， has raised awareness of infections caused by multi．drug resistant bacteria. While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control． Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments，the pharmaceutical industry．and international agencies． WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including , education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription；and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures ， including the use of hand-washing measures．particularly in healthcare facilities． Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if syst
ematically implemented． WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance．Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO’s World Health Day 2011． 词汇： 词汇： evade 逃避，避开 pose 提出 alternative 口咖可供选择的(途径或事物) implement 实现，实施
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strain 忍．种类 reinforce 加强力量 prudent 妨慎重的，谨慎的 monitor 监控 surveillance 监视，监管 rational 合理的，有理性的 adherence 坚持，固守 document 证明，支持 relevant 相关的 注释： 注释： 1．be alert to：对……警觉，注意 2．The Lancet Infectious Diseases： 《柳叶刀一传染病》期刊 3．antimicrobial resistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性 练习： 练习： 1．Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest? A The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present． B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past, so the researchers are more interested. C The antibiotics for multi—drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry． D The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria. 2．Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases? A The issue of AMR led the scientists to be alert to the new human gene． B A new drug will be soon available for any multi-drug resistant bacteria． C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics． D AMR aroused the awareness of the scientists to the infections caused by the antibiotics． 3．Ⅵmo of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR? A Those who use antibiotics． B Those who sell antibiotics． C Those who produce antibiotics． D Those who study in universities． 4．All the following recommendations to the governments from WH0 is true EXCEPT A education to the users of antibiotics．
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B control on use of antibiotics in health facilities． C introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics． D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they can use． 5．What can you infer from the passage? A WHO can only recommend the governments to control and prevent the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms． B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics，the transmission of multi—drug resistant organisms is still under control． C Without the support from WH0，no country can be safe in the war against the transmission of multi．drug resistant organisms． D WHO will spare no effort in antimicrobial resistance in 2010 and will set a special day for it in 2011． 答案与题解： 答案与题解： 1．A 文中第一段指出，有些致病
菌对现有的抗生素产生了一定的耐药性，而目前有效的替 代药物还没有出现，这是一个棘手的问题，因此引起了全球关注。因此，答案为 A。 2． 文中第二段说明， C 杂志中提到发现了一种几乎对所有抗生素都具有抵抗性的新的细菌， 这一发现引起了世人对 AMR，尤其是对耐药菌感染的关注。因此，答案为 C。 3．D 文中提到应对 AMR 特别关注的人群包括：消费者，医院管理人员，病人，政府，药品 生产企业以及一些国际机构，文中没有提到大学机构。因此，答案为 D。 4．D WH0 提出的建议包括：对 AMR 进行监管，合理使用抗生素，教育公众及医务人员要正 确使用抗生素， 立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及对感染采用预防和控制措施， 没有提到限制 医院储备抗生素。因此，答案为 D。 5．B 虽然目前还没有发现更有效的新抗生素，但文中提到在许多国家对耐药性微生物的控 制取得了很大成功，而且目前的预防手段仍然能够有效减少耐药微生物的传播。因此，答案 为 B。
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卫生类完形填空新增文章 卫生类完形填空新增文章 篇目
第二篇 Influenza *第七篇 Exercise 第七篇 *第八篇 Food Safety and Foodborne Illness 第八篇 +第十二篇 Pandemic H1N11 2009 第十二篇
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第二篇 Influenza Influenza has been with us a long time．According1 some Greek writers on medical history，the outbreak of 412 B.C．was of influenza．The same has been l suggested of the sickness that swept through the Greek army2 Syracuse in 395 B． Flu is a disease that moves most quickly among people3 in crowded C． conditions，hence，it is likely to attack armies． During the nineteenth century there were five widespread＿＿４＿＿ of influenza． The last of the five5 in l889 and marked the beginning of the story of influenza in our time．Like the6started in Asia． For more than forty years before that outbreak，influenza had steadily＿＿7＿＿ and 2 was believed to be dying out. A new group of outbreaks was introduced by the great outbreak of l889-1890 and for the next quarter of a century flu 8 a constant threat． 3 In April 1918 flu broke out among American troops stationed in France． It quickly spread through all the armies but caused relatively9deaths．Four months later，10，a second outbreak started which proved to be a killer. It killed not only the old and already sick but also11young adults．It went 4 through every country in the world，only a few distant islands in the South Atlantic and the Pacific remaining12 ． It brought the life of whole countriesl3，food supplies stopped and work loss was very great．Before the great outbreak ended，itl4 at least l5 million people．Thereafter there have been several great outbreaks throughout the world．It is thus15 that influenza is a terrible infection that we have to p
ay more attention to. 词汇： Influenza n．流行性感冒 Outbreak n．爆发 Syracuse n．叙拉古(意大利西 西里岛东南部一海港) Widespread 普遍的，散布很 广的 steadily adv．稳定地 quarter n．四分之一 constant 妨经常发生的 troop (常用复数)军队，部队 station vt．驻扎 ’ Atlantic adj"．大西洋的；n．(the Atlantic)大西洋 Pacific adj．太平洋的；n．(the Pacific)太平洋 Thereafter adv．此后，其后
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注释： 1．sweep through：席卷，横扫 2．die out：消失，不复存在 3．break out：突然发生；爆发 4．go through：走遍 练习： 1．A at B to C in D from 2．A being attacked B having been attacked C attacked D attacking 3．A sitting B standing C living D appearing 4．A outbreaks B incidents C accidents D cases 5．A changed B happened C arise D descend 6．A it B they C which D those 7．A enlarged B strengthened C decreased D increased 8．A was no 1onger B went out of C ceased to be D reamained 9．A few B many C countless D innumerable 10．A in addition B however C therefore D moreover 11．A weak B disabled C sick D healthy 12．A touching B touched C untouched D having touched 13．A stop B stopping C stopped D to stop 14．A killed B has killed C had killed D has been killing 15．A clear B strage C uncertain D questionable 答案与题解： 1．B 四个选项中只有 to 可以与 according 连用，意为“根据，按照”，与上下文意思吻 合。 2．D 四个选项中只有 attacking 合适。attack 是及物动词，用它的现在分词作为 army 的 定语，后面还带有它的宾语 Syracuse，其他三个选项都是表示被动的意思，不仅语法上无 法使用，意思上也说不通。 ， 3．C 从语法上看，四个选项都可以使用，但从意思上分析，只有 C 项最符合逻辑，最恰当。 4．A 四个选项中，8、C、D 的意思分别为“(小)事件”、q(意外)事故"和“病例，案例” ， 显然不符合上下文意思，只有 A 项(“爆发”)恰当。 5．B 四个选项中 A、C、D 的意思分别为“改变，变化”、“上升，升高”和“下降”， 均与上下文意思不符，只有 B 项(“发生")恰当。 6．A 上面说到，“这五次大爆发的最后一次出现于 l889 年……像最近一次大爆发一样，它 起源于亚洲"，此空白处从语法上分析，应该是一个能够代替那次爆发的主语，it 是最恰当 的；用 which 就不恰当，因为这里不可能是一个非限制性定语从句，况且 which 是指 the recent outbreak 还是指 the last of the five 也不明确，因此绝对不能用 which。 7． 从上下文意思看， C 尤其是空白后面所说的“被认为正在消失"， 因此此处只能是逐步“减 少"的意思，绝不能是“扩大"、“加强”、“增加”等其他意思。 8．D 本空白处前面说到，“l889-1990 年那次大爆发引发了一批新的大爆发”，
后面接着 的显然应该是“此后四分之一世纪流感的威胁仍然是经常不断”， 也就是选项 D 的意思， 其 他三个选项意思都相反。
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9．A 回答这道题时，首先要注意 but 这个表示转折的连接词的存在，也就是它提示了应 该选择 few 这个选项，其他三个选项意思都相反。few deaths 意思是“死的人不多”。 10．B 上面说到，“上次爆发死的人不多”，后面说到，“这一次可是一个杀手”，可见这 个空白处应该是一个表示转折的插入语， 四个选项中只有 B 是表示转折的， 其他三个不是表 示“递进"(A、D)就是表示“因果"(C)的。 11．D 从本空白处的句子中完全可以猜出答案应该是 healthy，因为 not only……but also 可以起到很明显的提示作用，前面说 old and sick，后面自然是 young and healthy。 12．C 从前后文可以很容易猜到。 ，只有少数地方幸免于难，因此只有选项 C 合适，其他三 项都不恰当。 13． 回答这道题时涉及一个词组的用法： D bring sb． ／sth． do sth． 意思是“促使…… to ， 去做……”，知道这个用法就会选择 D 。 14．C 本句的意思就是，“在这次大爆发之前，它已经杀死了最少 l，500 万人”，语法上， 在这样的句子中，主句谓语必须用过去完成时，用以表示“过去的过去"，即“在……之前 已经……”，因此其他选项均不合适。 15． 从上下文看， A 只有 clear 才恰当， 其他三项的意思在这里都不合适。 is thus clear It That……是一个很常见的组合，意思是：“由此可见……"或“因此，很明显……"。
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*第七篇 Exercise Whether or not exercise adds __l__ the length of life，it is common experience that a certain__2__of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being． Furthermore, exercise__3__involves play and recreation， and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial. How much and what kind of exercise one should __4__ merits careful consideration．The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill 1 with the exhilaration of strenuous sports． They fatigue to the__5__of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest．But not so with__6__ of middle age and beyond． them moderation is__7__ vital importance． Just how much exercise a person For of a given age can safely take is a question __8__to answer． Individual variability is__ 9__ great to permit of generalization．A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another．The safe limit for exercise __lO__ on the condition of the heart，the condition of the muscles， the type of exercise ，and the regularity with which it is taken． Two general suggestions，however，will __ll__ as sound advice for anyone．The first is that
the condition of the heart and general health should be__12__ periodically by careful， ．thorough physical examinations．The__13__ is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion． What type of exercise one should __14__ depends upon one’s physical condition． Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports， most older but 2 persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities． Walking， swimming，skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate __15__ throughout life．Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment 3 and benefit out of exercise． 词汇： 词汇： well—being 康乐 recreation n．娱乐，消遣 fatigue 疲劳 thrill 激动 exhilaration n．高兴；振奋 strenuous adj．紧张的；费力的 exhaustion n．筋疲力尽 promptly adv．迅速地 moderation n．适度，适中 variability n．变异性，可变性 generalization 乃．一般化，普遍化
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folly n．愚蠢，蠢事 regularity n．规律性 periodically adv．定期地 vigorous 办精力充沛的，有力的 competitive a 巧．竞争的，比赛的 skate vi．滑冰 enjoyment 见．享受，欢乐，愉快 注释： 注释： 1．The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports．发育中的儿童和_般的青年男女都会因紧张剧烈的运 动而激动不已。 2. ……but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities , …… 但大多数老年人最好还是把自己的活动限制在不太剧烈的程度之内。do better to do sth． ：最好做……事情。limit sb．／sth．to sth． ：把……限制在……(范 围内)。 3．Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise． 如果任何人想从体育锻炼中获得最大的乐趣和益处， 那么有规律是很重要的事情。 be to do sth． ：打算做……(事情)。这里的 be 是助动词，与不定式一起构成谓语，表示预 定、命令、责任、义务、意图、可能性等，意思是：“准备、应该、必须、打算”。 例如： We are to meet at 5．我们计划五点见面。 At what time am I to come? 我应该在什么时候来? You are not to do that．不许你那么做。 练习： 练习： 1．A for 2．A heaviness 3．A which 4．A carry 5．A point 6．A these 7．A against 8．A easy 9．A very 10．A depends 11．A refer 12．A delayed 13．A other 14．A endure 15．A with
B to B highness B where B make B place B this B below B hard B too B bases B regard B defended B another B choose B from
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
at amount when bring left those on impossible constantly acts serve designed one rebuild in
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
of number why take reverse that of unnecessary considerably carries treat determined same produce on
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答案与题解： 答
案与题解： 1．B 在四个选项中，add 只可以与 t0 搭配，意为“增加"，正符合上下文的意思。 2．C 在四个选项中，A 和 B 显然不符合逻辑，可供考虑的只有 C 和 D。需要考虑的是， exercise 这个词，如果作为“体育锻炼’’讲是不可数名词，只有作为“一项运动”讲 时才是可数名词，根据上下文意思，exercise 也不是用来强调体育项目的(没有用复数)， 而 amount 正好与不可数名词连用，number 则须与可数名词连用，故应选 C。 3．A 从语法上分析，主句主语 exercise 的谓语应该是 is not only pleasant but beneficial，中间显然应该是一个定语从句，定语从句所缺少的是主语，故应选 A。 4．D 从语法上分析，one should+动词应该是前面那个主语的定语从句，只是定语从句 的宾 语 which／that 被省略了，而四个选项中只有 take 可与 exercise 搭配，故应选 D。 5．A 回答这一道题，首先要知道 point 这个词，既可表达时间(“时刻")或空间(“地 点”)也可表达“程度”的意思，to the point of 正是“达到……的地步／程度”的意思， 符合上下文要求。 6．C 本空格后面的 0f middle age and beyond 提示了本空格要填的词应该是指“人” 的词，而且 不止一个人，从上下文看，these 显然不合适，因为上文并没有特指哪些人，故只有 C 合适。 7 ． D 本 句 中 is 后 面 应 该 是 表 语 部 分 ， 四 个 选 项 中 只 有 of 合 适 ， of importance=important，of vital importance=very，very important . 8． B 从语法上分析， 这个空必须填上一个形容词作 question 的定语， 从上下文分析， 只能是 hard 合适，因为这里的 hard=difficult. 9． B 前句已经说到，“不同年龄的人从事多少运动是一个难以回答的问题”，显然 本句就应是“个人的差异太大，无法一概而论”，因此选择 too 是最恰当的。我们都知道， too．．to．．的结构具有否定的意义，too great to permit of generalization 正是这 ． ． 个意思。 10．A 虽然四个选项都可以与 0n 搭配，但 act on 是“按照……行动"的意思，carry on 是“进行”的意思，不符合上下文要求，只有 depend on(“取决于……”)和 base on(“根 据……”)可以考虑，但 base 是及物动词，应该“base sth．on…”，故只能选择 A。 11． 虽然四个选项都可以与 as 连用， C 但用法和意义各有不同， refer to sb． ／sth． as： 把……说成……；regard sb．／sth．as：把……当成……；treat sb．／sth．as 把…… 当成．；均不符合上下文的要求，只有 serve as(“充当……，作为……")才在语法上和意 ． 义上恰当。 12．D 前面 A、B、C 三个选项的词义分别为“推迟”、“保护”、“设计”，与上下文 意义风马牛不相及，只有 D 项“测定
、确定”才是恰当选项。 13．A 前面说到有两个一般性的建议，并且已提到“第一个"，那么“另一个”只能考 虑 A、B 两个选项了。二者都有“另一个"的意思，只是用法不同，another 不用冠词， the 而 other 则需要定冠词 the，故选 A。 ． 14．B 四个选项中 A、C、D 三个选项的意思与上下文相去甚远，只有 B 项合适。 0ne should choose 是用来做前面主语的定语从句，在定语从句中省略了宾语 that／which。 15．C 四个选项中只有 in 可与 participate 连用，意为“参加”，in 的宾语是引导
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定语从句的关系代词 that.
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*第八篇 Food Safety and Foodborne Illness Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue．Governments all over the world are 4ntensifying their efforts to improve food safety．These efforts are in response l an increasing number of food safety problems and2 consumer concerns． Foodborne illnesses are3as diseases，usually either infectious or toxic in nature，caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food．Every person is4risk of foodborne illness． Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem，both in developed5 developing countries． The global6of foodborne disease is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that in 20057 8 million people 1 died from diarrhoeal diseases ．A great8 of these cases can be attributed to contamination of f．ood and drinking water．9 , diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young 2 children． In industrialized countries, the percentage of me population suffering from foodborne diseases each year has been reported to be l01030％．Inthe United States of America(USA)，for example，around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases， 11325，000 hospitalizations and 5，000 deaths，are estimated to occur each year． While less well documented，developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a widel2of foodborne diseases，including those caused 3 by parasites． The highl3of diarrhoeal diseases in many developing countries suggests major underlying food safety problems． In partnershipl4 other、stakeholders，WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food．These policies cover the entire food chain from 4 production to consumption and willl5 different types of expertise． 词汇： Intensify vt．使增强，使加剧 Toxic 口勘有毒的；因中毒引起的 Ingestion 几．摄取 Attribute vt．归因于…… Brunt 乃．首当其冲 Stakeholder n．(某组织、工程、 体系等的)参与人，参与方 consumption 凡．消费，消耗 expertise n．专门知识或技能
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注释： 注释： 1．diarrhoeal diseases：腹泻疾病 2．A great proportion of these cases Can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water．Additionally，diarrhoea is a major cause of m
alnutrition in infants and young children．相当多的这种病例可以归因于食物以及饮用水污染所导致， 而且腹泻是幼儿和儿童营养不良的一大主因。A great proportion of 表示“占相当比例的 "，additionally 此处表示递进关系，“另外，而且”0 be attributed t0：动词短语，表 示“把……归因于……"。 3．While less well documented，developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a wide range of foodborne diseases，including those caused by parasites．虽然文献资料还不多，但发展中国家是各种食源性疾病，包括由寄生虫引发 的疾病等首当其冲的受害者。bear the brunt of，词组，表示“首当其冲”。 4．In partnership with other stakeholders，WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food．These policies cover the entire food chain from production to consumption and will make use of different types of expertise．与 其他机构一起，WHO 在不断制定能进一步提高食品安全的政策，这些政策涵盖了从生产到消 费整个食品链，并将充分利用各种专业知识。In partnership with 表示“和……一起”， make use of 表示“利用，使用” 。 练习： 1．A to B against C with D towards 2．A raising B arising C rising D rosen 3．A declared B defined C derived D demanded 4．A with B within C at D in 5．A or B with C of D and 6．A incident B incidence C accident D instance 7．A lonely B alone C alonely D lone 8．A size B position C proportion D amount 9．A Nevertheless B However C Whatever D Additionally 10．A up to B down to C up towards D down towards 11．A resulting from B resulting in C resulted from D resulted in 12．A range B distance C order D arrangement 13．A prevailing B spreading C prevalent D prevalence 14．A of B for C from D with 15．A make use of B take use of C make use D take use 答案与题解： 答案与题解： 1．A in response to 是一介词短语，为固定搭配，表示“对……做出反应"，因此答案为 A。 2． 此空所在句子表示： C 上述这些努力主要是对越来越多的食品安全问题以及消费者越来 越多的担忧作出的反应。A 项是及物动词，表示“提高……”，此处不合适，B 项不用来做 定语，D 项是过去分词形式，此处也不合适，因此答案为 C。
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3．B be defined as 为一固定搭配，表示“……被定义为……”，其他是那个选项都不 合题意，因此答案为 B 。 4．C at risk of 为一固定介词短语，表示“有……危险的”。另外三个介词选项都不能 与 risk 相搭配，因此答案为 C。 5．D both developed and developing countries 表示“发达国家和发展中国家都……”， 与 both 能搭配的应该是 and，因此答案为 D。 6．B incident 是“事件”，incidence 是“发生率”，accident 是“意外事件，事故"， in
stance 是“实例，例证”。此处的意思是食源性疾病在全球的发生率，因此答案为 B。 7．B lonely 是形容词，表示“孤单的"，lone 也是形容词，表示“孤寂的，单独的”， alone 作形容词时，表示“单独的，独自的"，其内涵与 lonely 相近，但也有副词的意思， 表示“仅仅，只是”，只有该意符合本句要求，C 项不存在，因此答案为 B。 ． 8． proportion 表示“比例”， C size 表示“大小"， position 表示“位置， 地点”， amount 表示“数量"，修饰不可数名词。 9．D 根据上下文，此处具体举出一个例子，与前文应为递进关系，因此答案为 D。 10．A l0 up to 30％表示从 l0％到 30％，从低到高的数量关系，B 项 down to 则表示 从高到低，不符合题意。 11．B result from 表示“起因于”，没有被动形式，result in 表示“造成”，也没有 被动形式，因此答案为 B。 12．A a wide range of foodborne diseases 表示各种各样的食源性疾病。 13．D prevailing 形容词，表示“盛行的”，prevalent 也是形容词，表示“流行的”， spreading 为 spread 的分词形式， 表示“伸展， 扩张， 延伸"等， prevalence 名词， 表示“发 病，流行”。此处需填入一个名词，因此选 D。 14．D 参见注释。 15．A 参见注释。
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+第十二篇
Pandemic H1N1 2009 The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern European countries．A high intensity of respiratory diseases activity1concurrent circulation of pandemic influenza still2 parts of southern and eastern Europe，3in Greece，Poland，and Ukraine． In Western Europe，influenza4remains active and widespread，but overall disease activity has peaked．All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1Nl 2009， however， very small 5of seasonal influenza viruses， covering less than l％of all influenza viruses6，were reported in Russia．7， limited available data indicate that active ， high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries8 the Mediterranean coast． In Central Asia．1imited data9that influenza virus circulation remains active , but transmission may have recently peaked in some places．In West Asia， Israel， Iran， Iraq also appear l0 their peak period of transmission within and the past month，though ll areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet returned to baseline levels．In East Asia，influenza transmission remains active but appears to be 2 120verall． 13increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity over one month ago． In North America，influenza transmission14widespread but has declined quickly in all countries．In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean，influenz
a transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease activity has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts, 15focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries． 词汇： 词汇： Pandemic adj．在广大地区流行的(疾病) Transmission n．传播 currently adv．时下地，当今地 focal adj．焦点的，与焦点有关的 intensity n．强度 concurrent aaj．同时存在的，同时发生的 Circulation n．流传，流通 Greece n．希腊 Poland n．波兰 Ukraine n．乌克兰 Peak 达到顶点 Seasonal 季节的 Occur vt．发生 Mediterranean adj．地中海的，地中海附近(各国的) Israel n．以色列 Iran 凡．伊朗
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1
Iraq n．伊拉克 Mongolia n．蒙古国 Caribbean n．加勒比海 Geographically adv．地理地 注释： 注释： 1．H1N1：H1N1 是一种病毒，是 Orthomyxoviridae 系列的一种病毒。它的宿主是鸟类和一 些哺乳动物。 2．ILI：Influenza．1ike illness，流感样病例。它的定义是：体温 i≥38℃，伴有咳嗽 或咽喉疼痛等症状的急性呼吸道感染患者。 练习： 1．A of 2．A remains of 3．A particularly 4．A transport 5．A amounts 6．A to find 7．A However 8．A along 9．A advise 10.A to pass 11.A both 12 A declining 13.A Little 14.A reduces 15.A apart from
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
with keeps usually transmission counts finding Nevertheless on propose passing all reducing Big remains beside
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
for exists exactly development calculations finds But at suggest to have passed none below Slight increases besides
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
in develops completely occurrence numbers found In addition around recommend passed neither under Great prevents except for
答案与题解： 答案与题解： 1．B with 表示伴随，突出主语中心词 intensity，“强度"。 2．C 虽然四个选项的时态以及单数第三人称变化都满足主语的要求，但从语义上讲，C 最合 适，表示“仍然存在"，A 项中虽然 remains 也可以表达同样的意思，但其后边的介词搭配 有误，故答案为 C。 3．A particularly“尤其是，特别是” ，用来指“同类中特别突出的一个” ，usually“通常 是” ，exactly，“准确地，确切地” 。根据上下文此处应该是特别指出南欧及东欧的几个具 体国家，因此 A 为答案。 4．B 本文第一句话就点出了 influenza transmission，这说明这两个词是一个词串，根据 该文的上下文以及 transmission 的多次出现，B 项为最佳选择。 5．D 虽然 amounts 和 numbers 都表示数量，但与 amounts 搭配的词通常是不可数名词，与 可数名词搭配的应是 number(S)，文中的搭配词是 viruses，所以答案为 D。另外，count 作名词指的是 an act of counting，“计算”，calculation 也是指 an act of calculating， 即“计算的动作或行为
”。 6．D 此处的选项应是作 viruses 的定语，find 和 viruses 之间的关系是被动关系，因此应
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选择过去分词。 7．D 此处前后句是递进关系。A，B 以及 C 都是表示转折，D 项表示递进。 8．A along the Mediterranean coast 是指地中海沿岸地区。 9．C 此处 suggest 是“说明”的意思，另外三个选项均只有“建议”的意思。 10．C appear 表示“似乎”，后边动词应跟不定式形式，因此处表示“似乎流感高峰已经 过去”，因此要用不定式的完成式。 11．A 此处指的是 Central Asia 和 West Asia 两个地区，因此用 both。 12．A appear to be declining，表示似乎在下降，reduce 是及物动词，后边需要有宾语， 另外 below 和 under 都是介词，不适合此处的要求。 13．C 根据上下文，此处应该是指小幅增加，而不是大量增加，而 little 只能修饰不可数 名词，所以答案就是 C 了。 ． 14．B 从上下文的意思和搭配来讲，选项 B 为正确答案。该处所在句子表示：在北美，虽然 流感传播仍然很广泛，但下降速度快。 15．D except for 表示“若不是……，除了……以外”。
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