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In$uence of annealing treatment on Laves phase compound containing a V-based BCC solid solution p

In$uence of annealing treatment on Laves phase compound containing a V-based BCC solid solution p
In$uence of annealing treatment on Laves phase compound containing a V-based BCC solid solution p

Available online at https://www.doczj.com/doc/4118934990.html, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy28(2003)389–

394

https://www.doczj.com/doc/4118934990.html,/locate/ijhydene

In uence of annealing treatment on Laves phase compound containing a V-based BCC solid solution phase—Part I:

Crystal structures

Yunfeng Zhu,Hongge Pan?,Mingxia Gao,Yongfeng Liu,Qidong Wang Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou310027,People’s Republic of China Abstract

Two multi-component Laves phase hydrogen storage alloys containing a body centered cubic(BCC)solid solution phase were prepared and the e ects of annealing treatment on their crystal structures have been studied in this part.It is found by X-ray powder di raction and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis that the as-cast alloys mainly consist of two phases: the C14Laves phase matrix with hexagonal structure and the dendritic V-based solid solution phase with BCC structure.In addition,a small amount of TiNi-based third phase is also found precipitated within both the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase.However,the content of the TiNi-based phase is decreased greatly by an appropriate annealing treatment owing to the compositional homogenization.Furthermore,the lattice parameters and unit cell volumes of both the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase have all increased after the annealing treatment.

?2002International Association for Hydrogen Energy.Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved. Keywords:Hydrogen storage alloy;C14Laves phase;V-based solid solution;Annealing treatment;Microstructure

1.Introduction

Laves phase hydrogen storage alloys with MgZn2or MgCu2structures used for the negative electrode materials in nickel–metal hydride(Ni-MH)secondary batteries have been extensively studied due to their larger hydrogen capac-ities in comparison with the conventional rare earth-based AB5-type alloys[1–3].They showed that these alloys were of either single or combined C14and C15Laves phase, and the overall hydrogen storage properties were improved greatly by multi-component alloying with A-side elements being Ti and Zr and B-side elements being V,Mn,Cr,and Ni and others.

It is believed that the body centered cubic(BCC)alloys generally have a large hydrogen capacity and the solid so-lution phase of a V-based alloy with BCC structure is a rep-resentative one[4].However,Tsukahara et al.[5,6]pointed that the V-based solid solution phase alone had very little

?Corresponding author.Tel.:+86-571-8795-2576;fax:+86-571-8795-1152.

E-mail address:honggepan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4118934990.html,(H.Pan).discharge capacity in the alkaline electrolyte due to the lack of electro-catalytic activity,yet it could be activated to ab-sorb and desorb a large amount of hydrogen with the pres-ence of a secondary phase,such as the C14Laves phase or the TiNi phase,which was considered to act both as a micro-current collector and as an electro-catalyst.Akiba et al.[7]proposed a new concept of hydrogen absorbing al-loy,namely‘Laves phase related BCC solid solution’.They found the so-called‘Laves phase related BCC solid solution’alloys to have large hydrogen capacities(above2mass%) and fast hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics at the ambient temperature and pressure.

Fromthe above results,we believe that the m ulti-component,multi-phase alloys have provided us a new opportunity for the design of high-performance hydrogen storage alloys as have been proved by Notten et al.[8]. They formulated a new class of highly electro-catalytic materials with two phases:one being the LaNi5based bulk phase responsible for hydrogen storage,and the other being the precipitated phase,such as MoCo3,responsible for the electro-catalytic activation of the electrochemical hydrogen reaction of the bulk phase.

0360-3199/02/$30.00?2002International Association for Hydrogen Energy.Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved. PII:S0360-3199(02)00078-2

390Y.Zhu et al./International Journal of Hydrogen Energy28(2003)389–394 In this paper,we also formulated two multi-component,

multiphase Ti-based hydrogen storage alloys.Besides,

some scientists have reported that the annealing treatment

could e ectively improve the performance of the hydrogen

storage alloys owing to the compositional homogeniza-

tion[9–11].For improving the performance of the alloys

initiated by us,we studied the e ects of annealing treat-

ment on their properties,including the crystal structures

and the electrochemical properties.In this part,we report

only the e ects on the crystal structures.The e ects on the

electrochemical properties will be reported in the second

part.

2.Experimental

The alloys Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:2Mn0:64Cr0:96Ni1:2and Ti0:8Zr0:2 V3:733Mn0:747Cr1:12Ni1:4were prepared by induction levita-tion melting of the constituent metals on a water-cooled copper crucible under argon atmosphere.The ingots were turned over and remelted twice to ensure a high homogene-ity.Part of the alloys was subject to an annealing treatment. They were put in a small quartz boat and then put in a large quartz tube,which was evacuated?rst to a high vacuum below10?5Torr and subsequently purged for several times with Ar to get rid of the H2O and O2remaining in the quartz tube.Finally,the alloy samples were annealed for5–11h at1273K in high purity argon atmosphere(?99:9999%). Each alloy sample was quenched in water with the quartz boat immediately after the assigned duration of annealing was reached.Before measurements,the surface layer of the alloy was?led o .

For X-ray powder di raction(XRD)measurements,part of the alloys were mechanically crushed and ground to powder of6300mesh size.The experiments were per-formed on a Philips di ractometer with Cu K radiation.For metallographic studies,samples were polished in steps to obtain a mirror-like surface?rst and then etched with the so-lution of10%HF,10%HCl and80%C2H5OH(by volume). The micrographs were examined with a scanning electron microscope(SEM),and the chemical compositions deter-mined with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDS) in addition.

3.Results and discussion

Fig.1shows the XRD patterns of the as-cast and annealed Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:2Mn0:64Cr0:96Ni1:2alloy samples.The alloy sam-ples were annealed at1273K for5–11h.Fromthe patterns, two distinct crystallographic phases,namely the C14Laves phase with MgZn2-type hexagonal structure and the V-based solid solution phase with BCC structure are found to coexist in all the alloy samples,which were con?rmed by the SEM (see Fig.3)and EDS analysis(Table3).In addition,it can be seen that the peak intensity of the C14Laves phase de-

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C14 Laves

Fig.1.XRD patterns of the Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:2Mn0:64Cr0:96Ni1:2alloy samples:(a)as-cast;(b)1273K×5h;(c)1273K×8h;and(d) 1273K×11h.

Table1

The lattice parameters and unit cell volumes of the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase in the as-cast and annealed Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:2Mn0:64Cr0:96Ni1:2alloy samples

Samples Phase Lattice parameters Cell volumes

( A)( A3)

As-cast C14a=4:897c=7:983165.8

BCC a=2:96225.99

1273K×5h C14a=4:900c=7:993166.2

BCC a=2:96326.01

1273K×8h C14a=4:904c=8:000166.6

BCC a=2:96426.04

1273K×11h C14a=4:910c=8:015167.3

BCC a=2:96526.07

creases after annealing treatment,which makes us believe that the content of the C14Laves phase decreases while the content of the V-based solid solution phase increases in the alloy during the annealing process.The lattice parameters and unit cell volumes of both phases are calculated and pre-sented in Table1.It can be found that the annealing treat-ment leads to an increase in lattice parameters and thus the expansion in crystal lattice of both the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase.Furthermore,with the pro-longation of the holding time from5to11h at1273K,the lattice parameters and unit-cell volumes of both phases are found to increase proportionately.

Fig.2shows the XRD patterns of the as-cast and an-nealed Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:733Mn0:747Cr1:12Ni1:4alloy samples.The alloy samples were also annealed at1273K for5–11h.

Y.Zhu et al./International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 28(2003)389–394

391

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V-based solid solution C14 Laves

Others :Fig.2.XRD patterns of the Ti 0:8Zr 0:2V 3:733Mn 0:747Cr 1:12Ni 1:4alloy samples:(a)as-cast;(b)1273K ×5h;(c)1273K ×8h;and (d)1273K ×11h.

Table 2

The lattice parameters and unit-cell volumes of the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase in the as-cast and annealed Ti 0:8Zr 0:2V 3:733Mn 0:747Cr 1:12Ni 1:4alloy samples Samples Phase Lattice parameters Cell volumes ( A)( A 3)As-cast C14a =4:888c =7:979165.1BCC a =2:96025.931273K ×5h C14a =4:896c =7:984165.7BCC a =2:96125.961273K ×8h C14a =4:899c =7:986166.0BCC a =2:96225.991273K ×11h

C14a =4:901c =7:988

166.2BCC

a =2:963

26.01

It is found that all the alloy samples are mainly com-posed of two crystallographic phases,namely the C14Laves phase with MgZn 2-type hexagonal structure and the V-based solid solution phase with BCC structure similar to the ones of Fig.1,which were con?rmed by the SEM (see Fig.4)and EDS analysis (Table 4).Similarly,the peak intensity of the C14Laves phase is also found to decrease after annealing treatment,which means that the content of the C14Laves phase decreases while the con-tent of the V-based solid solution phase increases in the alloy.Table 2shows the lattice parameters and unit-cell volumes of the two phases.It can be seen that the lat-tice parameters and unit cell volumes of both phases have increased after annealing treatment and also increasing

proportionately with the prolongation of the holding time at 1273K.

Fig.3shows the SEM micrographs of the as-cast and annealed Ti 0:8Zr 0:2V 3:2Mn 0:64Cr 0:96Ni 1:2alloy samples.It can be seen that all the alloy samples are mainly com-posed of two distinct crystallographic phases:one is the C14Laves phase matrix in light grey (identi?ed as A),and the other is the V-based solid solution phase in dark grey (identi?ed as B)as con?rmed by EDS anal-ysis,which is in agreement with the XRD result.The V-based solid solution phase is in the formof den-dritic structures.Besides,a small amount of third phase in black (identi?ed as C)is also found precipitated in both the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solu-tion phase.It is determined by EDS analysis that this is a phase rich in Ti and Ni.However,we cannot de-termine exactly the chemical composition of this phase due to the great variation of its composition in di er-ent regions.Moreover,because of the small amount of the TiNi-based phase in the alloy samples,it is di cult to ?nd and identify this phase in the XRD patterns in Fig.1.

It is accepted that the segregation in a multi-component alloy casting is generally inevitable.So the appearance of the TiNi-based phase here is just the compositional seg-regation of the alloy during solidi?cation.After annealing treatment,the content of the precipitated phase decreased,especially when the alloy was annealed at 1273K for 8h,which is probably due to the compositional homogeniza-tion by the dissolution and distribution of the TiNi-based phase into the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase.Zhang et al.[12]reported that three phases,namely the C15and C14Laves phases and Zr 7Ni 10phase were found to coexist in the as-cast Zr-based alloys,while the Zr 7Ni 10phase was decomposed and distributed into the other two phases after an appropriate annealing treatment.In the current study,we also found that the content of the TiNi-based precipitated phase was reduced by an appropri-ate annealing treatment,which is responsible for the change in electrochemical properties as will be discussed in the second part.

Fig.4shows the SEM micrographs of the as-cast and annealed Ti 0:8Zr 0:2V 3:733Mn 0:747Cr 1:12Ni 1:4alloy samples.In Fig.4(a),it can be seen that three phases,namely the C14Laves phase matrix in light grey (identi?ed as A),the dendritic V-based solid solution phase in dark grey (identi?ed as B)and a small amount of TiNi-based black phase precipitated (identi?ed as C),coexist in the as-cast alloy,as con?rmed by EDS analysis.The C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase are also indicated in Fig.2,while it is di cult to ?nd the TiNi-based phase fromthe XRD patterns owing to its low abundance.After the alloy was annealed at 1273K,it is found that the alloy samples still consist of the C14Laves phase matrix and the dendritic V-based solid so-lution phase in large quantities,except that the content

392Y.Zhu et al./International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 28(2003)389–

394

Fig.3.Scanning electron micrographs of the Ti 0:8Zr 0:2V 3:2Mn 0:64Cr 0:96Ni 1:2alloy samples:(a)as-cast;(b)1273K ×5h;(c)1273K ×8h;and (d)1273K ×11h.

of the TiNi-based third phase is highly reduced,es-pecially for the alloy sample annealed for 8h,which shows no TiNi-based precipitated phase,indicating that the TiNi-based phase has completely decomposed and distributed into the other two phases by homogenized annealing treatment.

The chemical compositions of the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase in both the Ti 0:8Zr 0:2V 3:2Mn 0:64Cr 0:96Ni 1:2and Ti 0:8Zr 0:2V 3:733Mn 0:747Cr 1:12Ni 1:4alloy samples are determined by EDS analysis and listed in Tables 3and 4.For both alloys,it can be found that with annealing and prolongation of the holding time from 5to 11h at a de?nite temperature (1273K),the Ti and Ni contents increase in both phases and the V and Cr contents increase in the V-based solid solution phase and decrease in the C14Laves phase,while the Mn content increases in the C14Laves phase and decreases in the V-based solid so-lution.In addition,Zr has not been detected in the V-based solid solution phase regardless of the annealing conditions and its content increases slightly in the C14Laves phase.Hence,it can be concluded that the Zr stays almost entirely in the C14Laves phase.The increase in Ti and Ni contents

Y.Zhu et al./International Journal of Hydrogen Energy28(2003)389–394

393

Fig.4.Scanning electron micrographs of the Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:733Mn0:747Cr1:12Ni1:4alloy samples:(a)as-cast;(b)1273K×5h;(c)1273K×8h; and(d)1273K×11h.

in both the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solu-tion phase may result from the dissolution and distribution of the TiNi-based precipitated phase into themduring the annealing treatment.

4.Conclusions

Two multi-component Laves phase hydrogen storage alloys containing a BCC solid solution phase were pre-pared and annealed at1273K for5–11h,and the e ects of annealing treatment on their crystal structures were investigated.Some conclusions can be summarized as follows:

1.The as-cast alloys are mainly composed of the C14Laves phase matrix and the dendritic V-based solid solution phase with a small amount of TiNi-based third phase pre-cipitated in both phases due to the compositional segre-gation during solidi?cation.

2.The content of the TiNi-based precipitated phase is highly reduced in both alloys by an appropriate annealing treatment owing to the compositional homo-genization.

394Y.Zhu et al./International Journal of Hydrogen Energy28(2003)389–394

Table3

The chemical compositions of the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase in the as-cast and annealed Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:2Mn0:64Cr0:96Ni1:2alloy samples

Samples Phase Composition(at%)

Ti Zr V Mn Cr Ni As-cast C1421.3610.1417.748.95 5.0136.80 BCC 4.710.0061.988.6420.39 4.28 1273K×5h C1421.4110.1617.588.98 4.8836.99 BCC 4.820.0062.317.8220.51 4.54 1273K×8h C1421.4410.1717.509.00 4.8037.09 BCC 4.870.0062.497.4020.57 4.67 1273K×11h C1421.4610.1817.429.02 4.7437.18 BCC 4.920.0062.667.0020.62 4.80

Table4

The chemical compositions of the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase in the as-cast and annealed Ti0:8Zr0:2V3:733Mn0:747Cr1:12Ni1:4alloy samples

Samples Phase Composition(at%)

Ti Zr V Mn Cr Ni As-cast C1420.359.7517.438.99 4.9838.50 BCC 3.910.0062.188.7420.50 4.67 1273K×5h C1420.409.7817.269.03 4.8338.70 BCC 4.030.0062.447.9720.64 4.92 1273K×8h C1420.429.8017.179.05 4.7538.81 BCC 4.090.0062.577.5820.71 5.05 1273K×11h C1420.459.8117.099.06 4.6838.91 BCC 4.140.0062.707.2220.77 5.17

3.The annealing treatment leads to the increase of the lat-tice parameters and unit cell volumes of the C14Laves phase and the V-based solid solution phase in both alloys.

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at,in与on的用法区别

at, in与on的用法区别 1. 表示时间,注意以下用法: ①表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用at: I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。 He got married at the age of 25. 他25 岁结婚。 ②泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用in:We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。 He went to Japan in 1946. 他于1946 去了日本。 ③若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用on: He left here on the fifth of May. 他于5 月5 日离开这儿。 2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法: ①表示某一点位置,用at: We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路87 号。 The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。 与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用at。如: at my sister’s 在我姐姐家 at the doctor’s 在医务室 ②表示空间或范围,用in: What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么? He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。 但有时两者可换用:

The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。 ③at与in的另一个区别是:at多用于指较小的地方,而in多用于指较大的地方:in Shanghai 在上海at the station 在车站 ④介词on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面: What’s on the table? 桌上有什么? There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。 【注】在少数搭配中,也用介词on: He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。 3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关: in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上 in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上 in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队 at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末 at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末 4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关: in bed / on the bed 在床上 in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上

英语介词用法大全

英语介词用法大全 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】

介词(The Preposition)又叫做前置词,通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词,不需要重读,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时,往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误,因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。 1. 介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词,按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类: (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ①.简单介词是指单一介词。如: at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如: Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如: In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点(包括动向)的介词。如: About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如: About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如: beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如: As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如: againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如: for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如: to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如: by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如: of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如:

初中英语考点 in_on_at_区别用法

in on at 区别用法 妙计口诀 1.早、午、晚要用in, at黎明、午夜、点与分。 年、月、年月、季节、周, 阳光、灯、影、衣、帽用in。 将来时态in...以后, 小处at大处in。 有形with无形by, 语言、单位、材料in。 特征、方面与方式, 心情成语惯用in。 介词at和to表方向, 攻击、位置、恶、善分。 2.日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚, 收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论。 着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。 特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。 年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。 步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。 at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。 如大体掌握上面介词用法口诀,就不易出错。下面对该口诀分别举例帮助你理解消化。 <1.>关于时间 早、午、晚要用in in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天 例: in the afternoon 在下午 in the morning 在早上 at黎明、午、夜、点与分 例 at dawn /at daybreak 在黎明时候 at night 在夜间 at noon 在中午 at midnight 在午夜 (以上短语都不用冠词)

at nine o'clock 在9点钟 at half past ten 在10点半 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 at the weekend 在周末 at a quarter to two 1点45分 <2.>关于年、月、年月、季节、周 即在“来年”,在“某月”,在“某年某月” 但在某年某月某日则用on ,在四季,在第几周等都要用in。 in 1927 在1927年 in March 在三月 in December 1986 在1986年12月 in July l984 在1984年7月 in the first week of this semester这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周 in spring 在春季 <3.>关于日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早午晚 以下皆用on on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日 on May the first 5月1日 on the sixteenth 16号 on the second of January /on January the second 1月2日 on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚 on New Year's Day 在元旦 on my birthday 在我的生日 on winter day 在冬天 on December 12th 1950 l950年12月12日 on Sunday 在星期天 on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨 但last night 昨夜;in the evening 在晚上 on time准时,in time及时,等则不同。 【注】in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期 in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪 in ancient times 在古代 in earlier times 在早期 in modern times 在现代,则用in,at the present time 现在,at the present day当今则用at。 <4.>关于年月日,加早午晚,of之前on代in on the morning of 18th 18日早晨 On the eve of their departure在临行前夕 <5.>阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in

in on at for表示时间时的用法区别

1 at (在、于)用指明一特定的时间、节日、年龄: 1.1 at dawn/ at night/ at noon/ at midnight /at daybreak 在黎明/在夜里/在中午/在午夜/在日出时 1.2 I go to school at seven in the morning. (at seven) 我早上七点钟去上学。 1.3 at half past five (五点过半小时) 在五点半 1.4 at a quarter to seven (过四分之一小时就到七点) 六点四十五分 1.5 The train is due at 1 2.15 p.m. (at 12.15p.m.) 那班火车的到站时间是12点15分。 1.6 at mid-autumn festival/ at Christmas / at Spring Festival 在中秋节/ 在圣诞节/在春节 7. at forty 在四十岁时 2 in (在、在…之内、在…期间、在…后、过…后) 指明:天、年、月、季节、周次: 2.1 in the morning 在早上(不可说at the morining。鬼才知道为什么不可用at, 大约因为at 没有“在…期间”的意思吧) 2.2 in the afternoon 在下午(在下午这段期间,呵呵,举一反三喔) 2.3 She likes to work in the evening. (或in the night) 她喜欢在晚上工作 2.4 in the day time 在白天 2.5 in 2002 (2002可读作two thousand two) 在2002年 2.6 He's to quit in May. (in May)他在五月就辞职了。 2.7 He went to Tokyo in June 2002. (in June 2002)他于2002年六月去东京。 2.8 in the second week of July 在七月份的第二周 2.9 It's too cold in winter to run outside. (in winter) 冬天里出外跑步是太 冷了。 2.10 in two months 在两个月内 2.11 in those days 在当时 3 on (在…时、在(某日)、在某日早/午/晚、当…时候、和…同时、刚一…) 指明:日子、日期、星期加上早午晚 3.1 on the first 在一号(指某月一号,如二号要说second等。其实意思是指某月的第几天) 3.2 We're having a party on the fifth of June. (或on June the fifth) 我们会在六月五日举行一个晚会。 3.3 on July the third 1990 在1990年7月3日 3.4 My brother is coming on Sunday. (on Sunday) 我的哥哥会在星期天来。 3.5 on Sunday morning /afternoon 在星期天早上/下午 3.6 on Friday evening 在星期五晚上 3.7 on the next morning 隔天早上 3.8 on the following afternoon 在下一个傍晚 3.9 on the night before 在前一个晚上 3.10 on the morning of 5th 在五号的早上

介词的用法

(一)介词概述 介词是一种虚词,在句子中不单独作任何句子成分。它是一种表示名词和句中其他词之间关系的词。它常和名词、动词、形容词等搭配,构成固定短语,表示不同意思。介词还可以与名词构成介词短语,表示方位、方向、时间、地点、方式、原因等。这些介词短语在句中可充当定语、状语、补语等。2000—2005年的中考中主要考了形容词与介词的搭配:如:be famous for;表示时间的介词,如:at night;动词与介词的搭配,如:arrive in/have dinner with sb.;表示方式、手段的介词,如:by phone/in English. (二)基础知识梳理 1.名词与介词的搭配 a bit of有一点儿 a couple of两个、几个 a kind of一种、一类cover an area of占地面积 have pity on sb.怜悯某人huge amounts of大量的 make friends with与……交朋友make fun of拿……开玩笑 meet the needs of迎合……的需要one after another一个接一个;连续地 play a trick on捉弄the week after next下下周 2.动词与介词的搭配 agree with sb.同意某人的意见apologize to sb. for sth.为某事向某人道歉arrive at/in a place到达某地ask for请求、寻求 be covered with被……所覆盖be made of由……制成 be made up of由……组成belong to属于 break into破门而人、闯入 call on拜访 care for照顾、喜欢carry out执行 check in办理登机come across被理解;遇见 come from出生于、来自come on跟我来、走吧

常用标点符号用法简表.doc

常用标点符号用法简表 标点符号栏目对每一种汉语标点符号都有详细分析,下表中未完全添加链接,请需要的同学或朋友到该栏目查询。名称符号用法说明举例句号。表示一句话完了之后的停顿。中国共产党是全中国人民的领导核心。逗号,表示一句话中间的停顿。全世界各国人民的正义斗争,都是互相支持的。顿号、表示句中并列的词或词组之间的停顿。能源是发展农业、工业、国防、科学技术和提高人民生活的重要物质基础。分号;表示一句话中并列分句之间的停顿。不批判唯心论,就不能发展唯物论;不批判形而上学,就不能发展唯物辩证法。冒号:用以提示下文。马克思主义哲学告诉我们:正确的认识来源于社会实践。问号?用在问句之后。是谁创造了人类?是我们劳动群众。感情号①!1.表示强烈的感情。2.表示感叹句末尾的停顿。战无不胜的马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想万岁!引号 ②“ ” ‘ ’ ╗╚ ┐└1.表示引用的部分。毛泽东同志在《论十大关系》一文中说:“我们要调动一切直接的和间接的力量,为把我国建设成为一个强大的社会主义国家而奋斗。”2.表示特定的称谓或需要着重指出的部分。他们当中许多人是身体好、学习好、工作好的“三好”学生。 3.表示讽刺或否定的意思。这伙政治骗子恬不知耻地自封为“理论家”。括号③()表示文中注释的部分。这篇小说环境描写十分出色,它的描写(无论是野外,或是室内)处处与故事的发展扣得很紧。省略号④……表示文中省略的部分。这个县办工厂现在可以生产车床、电机、变压器、水泵、电线……上百种产品。破折号⑤——1.表示底下是解释、说明的部

分,有括号的作用。知识的问题是一个科学问题,来不得半点的虚伪和骄 傲,决定地需要的倒是其反面——诚实和谦逊的态度。2.表示意思的递进。 团结——批评和自我批评——团结3.表示意思的转折。很白很亮的一堆洋 钱!而且是他的——现在不见了!连接号⑥—1.表示时间、地点、数目等 的起止。抗日战争时期(1937-1945年)“北京—上海”直达快车2.表 示相关的人或事物的联系。亚洲—太平洋地区书名号⑦《》〈〉表示 书籍、文件、报刊、文章等的名称。《矛盾论》《中华人民共和国宪法》《人 民日报》《红旗》杂志《学习〈为人民服务〉》间隔号·1.表示月份和日期 之间的分界。一二·九运动2.表示某些民族人名中的音界。诺尔曼·白求 恩着重号.表示文中需要强调的部分。学习马克思列宁主义,要按照毛泽 东同志倡导的方法,理论联系实际。······

常用标点符号用法含义

一、基本定义 句子,前后都有停顿,并带有一定的句调,表示相对完整的意义。句子前后或中间的停顿,在口头语言中,表现出来就是时间间隔,在书面语言中,就用标点符号来表示。一般来说,汉语中的句子分以下几种: 陈述句: 用来说明事实的句子。 祈使句: 用来要求听话人做某件事情的句子。 疑问句: 用来提出问题的句子。 感叹句: 用来抒发某种强烈感情的句子。 复句、分句: 意思上有密切联系的小句子组织在一起构成一个大句子。这样的大句子叫复句,复句中的每个小句子叫分句。 构成句子的语言单位是词语,即词和短语(词组)。词即最小的能独立运用的语言单位。短语,即由两个或两个以上的词按一定的语法规则组成的表达一定意义的语言单位,也叫词组。 标点符号是书面语言的有机组成部分,是书面语言不可缺少的辅助工具。它帮助人们确切地表达思想感情和理解书面语言。 二、用法简表 名称

句号① 问号符号用法说明。?1.用于陈述句的末尾。 2.用于语气舒缓的祈使句末尾。 1.用于疑问句的末尾。 2.用于反问句的末尾。 1.用于感叹句的末尾。 叹号! 2.用于语气强烈的祈使句末尾。 3.用于语气强烈的反问句末尾。举例 xx是xx的首都。 请您稍等一下。 他叫什么名字? 难道你不了解我吗?为祖国的繁荣昌盛而奋斗!停止射击! 我哪里比得上他呀! 1.句子内部主语与谓语之间如需停顿,用逗号。我们看得见的星星,绝大多数是恒星。 2.句子内部动词与宾语之间如需停顿,用逗号。应该看到,科学需要一个人贡献出毕生的精力。 3.句子内部状语后边如需停顿,用逗号。对于这个城市,他并不陌生。 4.复句内各分句之间的停顿,除了有时要用分号据说苏州园林有一百多处,我到过的不外,都要用逗号。过十多处。 顿号、用于句子内部并列词语之间的停顿。

英语地点介词的正确使用方法

英语地点介词的正确使用方法 地点介词主要有at ,in,on,to,above,over,below,under,beside,behind ,between。它们的用法具体如下: 1、at (1)at通常指小地方:In the afternoon,he finally arrived at home。到下午他终于到家了。 (2)at通常所指范围不太明显,表示“在……附近,旁边”:The ball is at the corner。球搁在角落里。 2、in (1)in通常指大地方:When I was young,I lived in Beijing。我小时候住在北京。 (2)在内部:There is a ball in in the box。盒子里有只球。 (3)表示“在…范围之内”(是从属关系): Guangdong lies in the south of China。深圳在中国的南部。 3、on

(1)on主要指“在……之上”,强调和表面接触: There is a book on the table。桌上有一本书。 (2)表示毗邻,接壤(是相邻关系): Canada lies on the north of America 加拿大在美国的北边(与美国接壤)。 4、to 主要表示“在……范围外”,强调不接壤,不相邻。 Japan is to the east of China。日本在中国的东面。 注意: (1)at 强调“点”,on 强调“面”,in 强调“在里面”,to 表示“范围外”。 (2)on the tree:表示树上本身所长着的叶子、花、果实等 in the tree:表示某物或某人在树上 on the wall:表示在墙的表面,如图画、黑板等 in the wall:表示在墙的内部中,如门窗、钉子、洞、孔 5、above

介词的用法及习题

第七单元介词 我们经常在名词或名词短语、代词或动名词前用介词表示人物、事件等与其它句子成分的关系。介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫介词宾语。介词可表示地点、时间、比较、反对、原因、手段、所属、条件、让步、关于、对于、根据等。 二、介词的意义 1.表示时间的介词 in表示“在某一时间段”,或“在……某一时候”,如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面,或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。 In July/summer/2000/ancient times/the 1999’s In the morning/afternoon/evening In也可以指“在……之后”,表示从说话起的若干时间内,如: The bus will be here in ten minutes. On表示“在特定的某一天”,也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如: on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st at表示“在某一时间点”,或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如: at six o’clock, at Easter 介词over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。 Stay over the Christmas. 介词for, since for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度,为“长达……”之意;since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间;两者往往用于完成时。 I have been there for six years. We have not seen each other since 1993. During指“在……时期/时间内”,必须以表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。 She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little. 2.表示地点的介词 介词at指小地点或集会场合;on表示线或面上的位置;in表示在立体、区域或环境内,特别是那些教大,能够容纳相应事物的环境。 He works at Peking University. Your radio is on the desk. The boat is in the lake. 3.表示原因的介词 for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。 4.表示目的的介词 for表示拟定的接收人或目的;to表示实际的接收人或目的。 I bought the gift for my little sister. I gave the gift to my little sister. 5.表示“关于……”的介词 一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体;on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中;7.表示价格的介词 at和for都可表示价格,at仅表示价格,for还表示“交换”,如: Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. I bought it for five pounds.

in-on-at-的用法区别

in on at 的用法区别 一. in,on在方位名词前的区别 1. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如: Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 台湾在中国的东南部。 2. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如: North Korea is on the east of China. 朝鲜在中国的东部。 二. at, in, on在表示时间上的区别 1. at指时间表示: (1)时间的一点、时刻等。如: They came home at sunrise. 他们在黎明回到家. (at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn). (2)较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。如:He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night). 2. in指时间表示: (1)在某个较长的时间(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等)内。如: in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening (2)在一段时间之后。一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为 “在……以后”。如: He will arrive in two hours. 他将在两小时内到达。 (3)谓语动词为延续性动词时,in意为“在……以内”。如: These products will be produced in a month.这些产品将在一个月内生产。 注意:after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”,而不是“一段”。如: He will arrive after two o’clock. 他将两点钟后到。 3. on指时间表示: (1)具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如:On Christmas Day(On May 4th), there will be a celebration. 在5月4号将会有一个庆祝活动。 (2)在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如: He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th. 他5日晚10点到达。

时间地点介词的用法

具体日期前用“on” 注意: 一、含有this, that, these, those, every, each 等的时间状语前不用介词。如: We are going to play football this afternoon. 今天下午我们打算踢足球。 His father goes to work early every day. 他爸爸每天很早去上班。They are working on the farm at the moment. 这几天他们正在农场干活。 二、all day, all week, all year 等由“all +表示时间的名词”构成的时间状语前不用介词。如: We stay at home and watch TV all day.我们整天呆在家里看电视。 三、由“some, any, one等+表示时间的名词”构成的时间状语前不用介词。如: We can go to the Great Wall some day. 有一天我们会去长城的。 四、时间状语是today, tomorrow, tomorrow morning, tomorrow afternoon, tomorrow evening, the day after tomorrow (后天)等,其前不用介词。如:

What day is it today?今天星期几? Who's on duty tomorrow? 明天谁值日? MORE: at 表示时间的某一点 (节日或年龄、瞬间或短暂的时间) Your memory is always poor at this time. (表示一天中的某个时刻不用冠词) I got up at six in the mopning. on 表示某日或和某日连用的某个时间段 You were late on Monday last week. in 用于表示除日以外的某一时间段 (表示年、月、季节、世纪时代) Sorry, I am late, the frist time in May. in和at都可表示地点,而in表示的地点比at所表示的地点大

inonat的用法及区别

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六年级 介词 at、 in与on 用法区别

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常用标点符号主要用法

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介词in-on-at用法与区别

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英语中常用介词in、on、at、to的用法区别

英语中常用介词in、on、at、to的用法区别 介词是英语用词中的一大项,涉及面较广且用法也较灵活,所以记起来很是麻烦,下面我把一些习惯用的介词作了一个小节,供以参考。 早、午、晚要用in,at黎明、午夜、点与分。 年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。 将来时态in...以后,小处at大处in。 有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in。 特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in。 介词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。 日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚, 收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论。 着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。 特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。 年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。 步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。 at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。 如大体掌握上面介词用法口诀,就不易出错。当然,至于介词的详尽用法,同形词又是连词及副词等内容此篇不讲。下面对该口诀分别举例帮助你理解消化。 早、午、晚要用in in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天 例: in the afternoon 在下午 in the morning 在早上 at黎明、午、夜、点与分 例 at dawn at daybreak 在黎明时候 at night 在夜间 at noon 在中午 at midnight 在午夜 以上短语都不用冠词 at nine o'clock 在9点钟 at 8:30 seven thirty 在8点半 at half past ten 在10点半 at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 也可以写成 seven to five 5点差7分半小时以上

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