一、汉译英
1、时分多址：TDMA （Time Division Multiple Address/ Time Division Multiple Access）
2、通用无线分组业务：GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
3、国际电报电话咨询委员会：CCITT
4、同步数字体系：SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy （同步数字序列）
5、跳频扩频：FHSS frequency hopping spread spectrum
6、同步转移模块：STM synchronous transfer module
7、综合业务数字网：ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
8、城域网：MAN Metropolitan Area Network
9、传输控制协议/互联网协议：TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
10、服务质量：QOS Quality of Service
11、中继线：trunk line
12、传输速率：transmission rate
13、网络管理：network management
14、帧结构：frame structure
15、移动手机：Mobile Phone 手机 Handset
16、蜂窝交换机：（Cellular switches）（电池开关cell switch）(cell 蜂房)
17、天线：Antenna
18、微处理器：microprocessor
19、国际漫游：International roaming
20、短消息：short message
21、信噪比：SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)
22、数字通信：Digital communication
23、系统容量：system capacity
24、蜂窝网：cell network（cellular network）（Honeycomb nets）
25、越区切换：Handover
26、互联网：internet
27、调制解调器：modem
28、频谱：spectrum
29、鼠标：Mouse
30、电子邮件：electronic mail E-mail
31、子网：subnet
32、软件无线电：software defined radios
33、网络资源：network resources 二、英译汉
1、mobile communication：移动通信
2、Computer user：计算机用户
3、Frame format：帧格式
4、WLAN：wireless local area network 无线局域网络
5、Communication protocol：通信协议
6、Transmission quality：传输质量
7、Remote terminal：远程终端
8、International standard：国际标准
9、GSM：全球移动通信系统
Global System for Mobile Communications
10、CDMA：码分多址Code Division Multiple Access
11、ITU：国际电信联盟
International Telecommunication Union
12、PCM：pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制
13、WDM：波分复用Wavelength Division Multiplex
14、FCC：联邦通信委员会
Federal communications commission
15、PSTN：公用电话交换网
Public Switched Telephone Network
16、NNI：网络节点借口Network Node Interface
17、WWW：万维网World Wide Web
18、VOD：视频点播Video-On-Demand
19、VLR：访问位置寄存器
Visitor Location Register
20、MSC：移动交换中心Mobile Switching Centre
21、HLR：原籍位置寄存器Home Location Register
22、VLSI：超大规模集成电路
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
23、Bluetooth technology：蓝牙技术
24、Matched filter：匹配滤波器
25、ADSL：非对称数字用户环路Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop非对称数字用户线路(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
26、GPS：全球定位系统Global Position System
27、ATM：异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode
1、脉冲编码调制（PCM）依赖于三个独立的操作：抽样、量化和编码。
PCM is dependent on three separate operations: sampling, quantizing and coding。
2、像TCP和IP那样的协议已经被设计出来，当然，它们还需要被更新和维持。
Protocols like TCP and IP have already been designed，of course，but they need to be updated and maintained。
3、码分多址是一种前景广阔的宽带数字工作系统。
One form of digital wide band operation which has good future potential is CDMA。
4、互联网是可提供很多网络资源的最大的信息库。
The internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources.
5、开发蜂窝式移动电话系统并将其在许多城市中推广应用的原因之一是传统的移动电话系统存在容量有限、服务性能差、频谱利用率低的缺点。
One of many reasons for developing a cellular mobile telephone system and deploying it in many cities is the operational limitations of conventional mobile telephone system; limited servile capability，poor service performance，and inefficient frequency spectrum utilization.
6、来自发端借口不见的定时新号被加到数据调制解调器上，以使计算机与数传机同步。在接收端，从数据流中取出同步脉冲式计算机同步。
Timing signals from the interface assembly at the transmitter are applied to the data modem to synchronize the computer and the data set. At the receivers synchronization pulses are derived from the data stream to synchronize the computer.
7、我们正处于通信网络革命的开始，越来越大的容量需求，各种各样的应用，以及服务质量正在对光网络提出巨大的需求。
We are at the beginning of a revolution in communications networks, where increasing capacity, variety of applications, and quality of service are placing enormous demands on the optical network.
8、目前在欧洲正在开发第三代移动通信系统，其目的是要综合第二代系统的所有不同业务并覆盖更广泛的业务（话音、数据、视频、多媒体）范围，而且还要与固定电话网络的技术发展保持一致和兼容。
The third generation mobile communication system currently being developed in Europe, intended to integrate all the different services of the second generation system and cover a much wider range of broadband services (Voice、data、video、multimedia)consistent and compatible with technology developments taking place within the fixed telecommunication networks.
9、在现代对多媒体的描述中，我们所具有的技术已开始向人类具有的能力迈进；通过使用计算机技术、软件和其他技术，如CD-ROM。不仅能将视频图像和音频综合在一起，而且可以与其他计算机用户进行交互工作。
In the modern presentation multimedia we now have the technology that can begin to move towards an ability already held by the human beings in that by using computer, technology, software and other technology, such as CD-ROM not only can we bring together audio and visual images but interactive with other computer users.
10、为弥补这些问题，要在基本结构中加入大量的高效中继线。高效中继线用于直接连接有大量的节点间通信业务量的各交换中心。通信量常常是通过网络中可用的最低层次传送的。
To compensate for these problems, a large number of high usage trunks augment the basic architecture. High-usage trunks are used for direct connection between switching centers with high volumes of internodes traffic. Traffic is always routed through the lowest available level of the work.
11、光纤网络的革命刚刚开始，并正快速向未来的带宽无线、可靠和低费用的在线世界发展。
The revolution of optical network is just beginning, and is advancing very swiftly toward a future online world in which bandwidth is essentially unlimited、reliable and low-cost.
12、实际设备通常使用8kHz的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率64kHz的脉冲流来表示。
Practical equipments, however, normally use a sampling rate of 8 kHz, and if 8 digits per sample value are used the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64 kHz. 13、是由于SDH设备在这些方面的标准化，才提供了网络运营者所期望的灵活性，从而能低价高效地应付带宽方面的增长并为后十年中出现的新的用户业务作好准备。
It is the standardization of these aspects of SDH equipment that will deliver the flexibility required by network operators to cost effectively manage the growth in bandwidth and provisioning of new customer services expected in the net decade.
1、The cellular concept is defined by two features, frequency reuse and cell splitting. Frequency reuse comes into play by using radio channels on the same frequency in coverage areas that are far enough apart not to cause co-channel interference. This allows handling of simultaneous calls that exceed the theoretical spectral capacity. Cell splitting is necessary when the traffic demand on a cell has reached the maximum=m and the cell is then divided into a micro-cellular system. The shape of cell in a cellular system is always depicted as a hexagon and the cluster size can be seven, nine or twelve.
蜂窝的概念由两个特点决定，频率复用和小区分割。在相邻覆盖区域足够远的而不至于引起共用信道干扰的，通过使用同一频率的无线信道，频率再利用才起作用。这样可以出来同时出现的呼叫并超出理论频谱容量。当小区的业务需求增到最大时，就要被划分，小区就要被划分成更小的蜂窝系统区域，蜂窝系统的小区形状常被描述成六边形，一群小区数量可以是9个或12个。
2、Before you can use the Internet, you must choose a way to move data between the Internet and your PC. This link may be a high-speed data communication circuits, a local area network (LAN), a telephone line or a radio channel. Most likely, you will use a Modem attached to your telephone line to talk to the Internet. Naturally, the quality of your Internet connection and service, like many other things in life, is dictated by the amount of money you are willing to spend.
Although all these services can well satisfy the needs of the users for information exchange, a definite requirement is needed for the users. Not only should the users know where the resources locate, but also he should know some operating commands concerned.
在使用Internet之前，必须使用一种方法在呢的PC机和Internet之间传递数据，这种连接的链路可以是高速数据通道电路，局域网，电话线路或无线信道。最有可能的是，你使用Modem连到电话线上与Internet对话。当然像生活中许多其他事物一样，与Internet连接服务和质量是由你花钱的数量来决定的。
虽然这些所有的服务可以很好满足用户交换信息需要，但用户仍旧需要具有特定的先决条件，用户不但要知道信息资源的位置而且要知道一些有关的操作命令。
3、Packet switching achieves the benefits discussed so far and offers added features. It provides the full advantage of the dynamic allocation of the bandwidth, even when messages are long. Indeed, with packer switching, many packets of the same message may be in transmission simultaneously over consecutive links of a path from source to destination, thus achieving a ‘pipelining’effect and reducing considerably the overall transmission delay of the message as compared to message switching. It lends to require smaller storage allocation at the intermediate switches. It also has better error characteristics and leads to more efficient error recovery procedures, as it deals with smaller entities. Needless to say, packer switching presents design problems of its own, such as the need to reorder packets of a given message that may arrive at the destination node out of sequence.
分组交换除具有以上讨论的有点之外，还具有一些特点。它提供带宽动态分配的全部优势，甚至当报文很长时依然如此，由于有分组交换，一个报文的多个分组确定可以通过原点到终点通路中多个链路同时传送，因而道道“管道”传送的效应，与报文交换相比，他大大的减少了报文整体传送时延。在中间交换设备中这种方式只需要较小的存储分配区域。分组交换的误码特性较好，由于它只涉及很短的长度，因而导致更高效的纠错方式。当然，分组交换也有自身设计上的麻烦，例如，当报文无序到达目的节点时，需要重新对该报文进行分组排序。
4、As more and more systems join the Internet, and as more and more forms of information can be converted to digital form, the amount of stuff available to Internet users continues to grow. At some points very soon after the nationwide Internet started to grow, people began to treat the Net as a community, with its own tradition and customs.
随着越来越多的系统连接到互联网，越来越多的信息被转化为数字形式，互联网用户可利用的资料持续增长，在不久的将来当国内互联网的规模增加到一定程度时，人们开始把互联网当做社区对待，并且拥有自己的传统和习惯。
5、Three components are involved in a basic optical fiber system: the light source, the photo detector, and the optical transmission line. The optical light source generates the optical energy which serves as the information carrier, similar to a radio wave source supplying electromagnetic energy at radio wave wavelengths as the information carrier. The optical photo detector detects the optical energy and converts it into an electrical form. The optical fiber transmission line is the equivalent of copper wires and function as the conductor of optical energy.
基本的光纤系统涉及到3个部分：光源、光检测器和光缆。光源产生的能力作为信息的载体，类似于具有电磁能的无线电波用波长作为信息载体，光检测器检测光能并将其转化为电能的形式，光缆等效于铜线具有传导光能的作用。
6、The fixed telephone service is global and the interconnection varies from coaxial cable to optical fiber and satellite. The national standards are different, but with common interfaces and interface conversion, interconnection can take place. For mobile the problem is far more complex, with the need to roam creating a need for complex networks and system. Thus in mobile the question of standards is far more crucial to success than fixed systems.
The GSM system is based on a cellular communications principle which was first proposed as a concept in the 1940s by Bell System engineers in the U.S. The idea came out of the need to increase network capacity and got round the face that broadcast mobile networks, operating in densely populated areas, could be jammed by a very small number of simultaneous calls. The power of the cellular system was that it allowed frequency reuse.
全球范围内的固定电话通过同轴电缆、光缆和卫星相连。尽管各国的通信标准不同，但是由于有共同的接口和接口转换设备，互连问题得以解决。对于移动通信存在漫游问题，网络和系统就比较复杂，所以移动通信的标准问题就更关键。
1940年有美国贝尔系统工程师提出的蜂窝通信原理是GSM系统的基础，其思路是在人口密集的区域由于一些同时发起的呼叫导致网络拥塞，采用蜂窝系统可以增加系统的容量，蜂窝系统的优点在于频率的重复利用。
7、The advantage of SDH are mainly reflected in the following:1)Lower network element costs: With a common standard, compatible equipment will be available from many vendors. In a highly competitive market prices will be vary attractive. 2) Better network management: With better network management, operators will be able to mote efficiently use the network and provide better service. The concept of TMN(Telecommunication Management Networks)is under study by CCITT. Some TMN standards defining management system interfaces already exist.3)Faster provisioning: If new circuits can be software defined to use existing spare bandwidth then provisioning will be mush faster. The only new connection needed will be from the customer’s premises to the nearest network access node.
SDH的优点是：1、较低的网络成本：由于具有共同的标准，许多供应商提供的设备可以兼容，激烈的时长竞争可以降低成本，2、更好的网络管理：运营商有能力提供更有效的业务，电信网管标准正在由CCITT指定，定义管理接口的相关标准已经出台。3、快速准备：如果新的电路可被软件来定义，利用现有的空闲频段从用户到最近的网络节点，接入的准备工作将更快。
8、If we consider binary transmission, the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detection the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape, or level of the transmitted signal; parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path. Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.
Noise can be introduced into transmission path in many different ways; perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the parking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of most interest to the communication engineer.
如果进行二进制传输，通过检测脉冲的有无就可获得报文的全部信息，相比之下，其他传输系统携带信息是通过波形和信号电平，这些参数容量收到噪声和传输信道衰减的影响，因此数字通信具有克服噪声环境的内在优势。
噪声可能通过不同的方式进入传输信道，附近的闪电、汽车点火系统或者通信设备内部的热噪声，通信工程师最感兴趣的是信噪比。
9、Most of the subscribers on the network ate telephones. The telephone contains a transmitter and receiver for converting back and forth between analog voice and analog electrical signals. With the introduction of the digital data system, some subscribers that transmit digital signals have been incorporated into the network.
网络中大多数用户都是电话机。电话机包括一个送话器和一个受话器，用料在模拟话音和模拟电信号之间进行变换。随着数字、数据系统的引入，有些传输数字信号的用户已经并入该网。
中国联通China Unicom 中国移动China Mobile 网络容量network capacity 交换容量exchange capacity 扩容Capacity Expansion 平滑升级smooth upgrade 射频Radio Frequencies 接收灵敏度Receive Sensitivity: 数据Data Options 传输速率Data Rate 电源部分Power supply 数据接口Data Interface 天线接口Antenna Interface 传输速率Baud Rate 用户交互界面User Interface 认证Certifications 网络数据传输数率net data transfer rate 联通无限U-Max 旗下subordinate] 品牌trademark U-Info 互动视界U-Magic 神奇宝典 U-Net 掌中宽带 U-Mail 彩e U-Map 定位之星 U-Sms 联通在信 应用服务Application Service 产业价值链industrial value chain 战略目标strategic objective 渠道channel 转型transition/Transformation 推广extension 针对aim at 电信telecommunication 整合conformity 市场渗透率market penetration factor 微观的microcosmic 科学技术science and technology 地理环境geographic environment 宏观的macroscopical 供应链supply chain 产品种类product variety
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
通信一班序号：28 姓名：粟清明学号：14102301239 JXTA is a crystallization by Sun company's chief scientist Bill Joy's more than twenty years of brewing."JXTA technology is a platform for Network programming and calculation.To solve the modern distribution calculation especially peer-to-peer (Peer to Peer, P2P) in the calculation of the problem". [1] JXTA research project,which will provide a new framework that make the user more convenient to access to connect on the Internet's personal computer resources, thus further expand Internet 's space. At the same time JXTA is also the Sun's "ONE Internet" strategic continuance, and will take a more positive attitude to compete with the .net strategy of Microsoft and Hailstorm plan . JXTA agreement defines a set of six agreement based on XML, the organization of node into node group, release and found some resources, communication and mutual monitoring provides standardized method. (Endpoint Routing Protocol,ERP) is used for node found routing.To send a message to other nodes, and through the potential firewall and connection. (Rendezvous Protocol,RVP) s used for the nodes in the group to spread information.(Peer Resolver Protocol,PRP) is Used to one or more points to send general inquiries, and receive the response of inquiries. (Peer Discovery Protocol, PDP) is used to release and found advertising resources. (Peer Information Protocol, PIP) used to get other nodes state Information. (Peer Binding Protocol, PBP), can let a node with another node or between more nodes to set up virtual communication channel or pipeline. Compared to the nowadays general communication mode .P2P has many advantages, but it also has a lot of problems waiting to be solved.Firstly, each Peer in P2P is an active participant,in order to make the network performance increase, they need more Peer's participation, so that will result in the network's huge, manage this network will is a complex project; Secondly, P2P agreement compares with traditional
通信工程导论 论文题目 院系 专业 班级 学号 学生姓名 联系方式 年月 摘要 通信工程专业与信息的联系是密不可分的。信息是可以描述的客观现象，且具有一定物理含义的消息或知识，信息是可以用数值、文字、声音、图像等形式描述的状态，信息是用数据作为载体来描述和表达的客观现象，信息是对数据加工提炼的结果，是对人类有用的知识，信息是隐含在物理信号中具有一定含义的消息，信号处理的目的是为了从信号中获取有用的知识。信息技术的内涵包括传感，通信和计算机。主要分为两类：一类是管理信息系统；另一类是指面对自然科学领域的工程。 关键词：通信，技术，系统，光纤、数字微波、卫星、移动、3G、4G、CDMA 引言 在经过李老师的精彩讲解之后，我对通信工程专业有了更加清晰的认识，了解了通信专业的发展，我国目前通信产业的现状以及未来发展的方向。使我对自己未来大学四年的规划，目标更加明确。其中老师主要介绍了通信行业的发展趋势、通信系统的组成、通信工程专业的培养目标、通信工程专业的课程体系还有
与我们息息相关的生活方面的建议、简单说说毕业后的去向。在此表示衷心感谢！在科技发展如此迅速的今天，通信业在社会中占据着不可替代的地位，各种各样的信息每天都在变换着。何谓信息？不知道有多少人知道。从古老的结绳记事，烽火传烟，飞鸽传书，到当前的手机，网络，电话等等通信方式，人们的通信方式发生了翻天覆地的变化，变的更加方便，快捷，舒适，给人类的沟通带来了无与伦比的便捷，缩短了时空的距离，提高了沟通的效率，为经济发展全球化铺上了高速通道。可以说通信方式的发展促进了时代的进步，当然这离不开科技的发展，更重要的是离不开一门专业——通信工程的发展。合肥学院独具特色的第二课堂管理体系，使我校的办学能力不断的提升，下面将进行介绍。胡国华老师对我们通信工程专业的发展及就业方向、发展前景也进行了详细的介绍。下面我将给大家详细介绍。 目录 一、引子： (1) 二、通信工程的含义： (1) 三、通信工程专业的培养目标： (3) “平台+模块”形式的课程体系： (3) 四个平台+ 三个方向： (4) 四个平台 (4) （1）通识基础教育平台； (4) 三个方向 (4) 四、通信工程专业发展趋势和毕业生去向： (5) 光纤通信发展前景 (5) 无线通信发展前景 (5) 就业现状: (6) 就业前景: (6) 五、通信工程实验室建设背景： (7) 2、通信工程实训中心实验室建设内容 (7) 六、开设的实训项目 (7)
专业英语 环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering 环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect 环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements 环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry 环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality 环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing 水环境：watershed 水体：water body 流域：watershed 水质：water quality 水资源：water resources 供水：water supply 废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment 物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant 生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard 化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality index DS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygen TOC：total organic carbon PH值： TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorus Zn：zinc Cu：Copper As：arsenic Cd：Cadmium Cr：chromium Ni：Nickel Hg：mercury Pb：plumbum 物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening 生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation 化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation 物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment 蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution 扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping 好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters 活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯Styrene Butadiene Rubber UASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment 二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment 高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater 生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater 电镀废水：metalplating plants 印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity 硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies 混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption
第一课现代数字设计及数字信号处理 课文 A: 数字信号处理简介 1.什么是数字信号处理？ 数字信号处理，或DSP，如其名称所示，是采用数字方式对信号进行处理。在这种情况下一个信号可以代表各种不同的东西。从历史的角度来讲，信号处理起源于电子工程，信号在这里意味着在电缆或电话线或者也有可能是在无线电波中传输的电子信号。然而，更通用地说，一个信号是一个可代表任何东西--从股票价格到来自于远程传感卫星的数据的信息流。术语“digital”来源于“digit”，意思是数字（代可以用你的手指计数），因此“digital”的字面意思是“数字的，用数字表示的”，其法语是“numerique”。一个数字信号由一串数字流组成，通常（但并非一定）是二进制形式。对数字信号的处理通过数字运算来完成。 数字信号处理是一个非常有用的技术，将会形成21世纪的新的科学技术。数字信号处理已在通信、医学图像、雷达和声纳、高保真音乐产生、石油开采等很广泛的领域内引起了革命性的变革。这些领域中的每一个都使得DSP技术得到深入发展，有该领域自己的算法、数学基础，以及特殊的技术。DSP发展的广度和深度的结合使得任何个人都不可能掌握已发展出的所有的DSP技术。DSP教育包括两个任务：学习应用数字信号处理的通用原则及学习你所感兴趣的特定领域的数字信号处理技术。 2.模拟和数字信号 在很多情况下，所感兴趣的信号的初始形式是模拟电压或电流，例如由麦克风或其它转换器产生的信号。在有些情况下，例如从一个CD播放机的可读系统中输出的信号，信号本身就是数字的。在应用DSP技术之前，一个模拟信号必须转换成数字信号。例如，一个模拟电压信号，可被一个称为模数转换器或ADC的电路变换成数字信号。该转换器产生一系列二进制数字作为数字输出，其值代表每个采样时刻的输入模数转换设备的电压值。 3.信号处理 通常信号需要以各种方式处理。例如，来自于传感器的信号可能被一些没用的电子“噪声”污染。测心电图时放在病人胸部的电极能测量到当心脏及其它肌肉活动时微小的电压变化。信号也常会被来自于电源的电磁干扰所影响。采用滤波电路处理信号至少可以去掉不需要的信号部分。如今，对信号滤波以增加信号的质量或抽取重要信息的任务越来越多地由DSP技术完成而不是采用模拟电路完成。 4.DSP的发展和应用 数字信号处理的发展起源于60年代大型数字计算机进行数字处理的应用，如使用快速傅立叶变换（FFT）可以快速计算信号的频谱。这些技术在当时并没有被广泛应用，因为通常只有在大学或者其它的科研机构才有合适的计算机。 由于当时计算机很贵，DSP仅仅局限于少量的非常重要的应用。先驱们的探索工作主要集中在4个关键领域：雷达和声纳，用于保卫国家安全；石油开采，可以赚大量的钱；空间探索，其中的数据是不能重复产生的；及医学图像，可以救治生命。 20世纪80年代到90年代个人电脑的普及使得DSP产生了很多新的应用。与以往由军方或政府的需求驱动不同，DSP突然间由商业市场的需求驱动了。任何认为自己能在这个飞速发展的领域赚钱的人都会立即成为DSP供应商。DSP通过在移动电话、CD播放器及语音邮件等产品中应用进入了公共应用领域。 这些技术革命是自上而下发生的。在20世纪80年代早期，DSP是电子工程专业的研究
一、二、 十一、汉译英时分多址：TDMA （Time Division Multiple Address/ Time Division Multiple Access）2、通用无线分组业务：GPRS General Packet Radio Service 3、国际电报电话咨询委员会：CCITT 4、同步数字体系：SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy （同步数字序列） 5、跳频扩频：FHSS frequency hopping spread spectrum 6、同步转移模块：STM synchronous transfer module 7、综合业务数字网：ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 8、城域网：MAN Metropolitan Area Network 9、传输控制协议/互联网协议：TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol 10、服务质量：QOS Quality of Service 11、中继线：trunk line 12、传输速率：transmission rate 13、网络管理：network management 14、帧结构：frame structure 15、移动手机：Mobile Phone 手机 Handset 16、蜂窝交换机：（Cellular switches）（电池开关cell switch）(cell 蜂房) 17、天线：Antenna 18、微处理器：microprocessor 19、国际漫游：International roaming 20、短消息：short message 21、信噪比：SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) 22、数字通信：Digital communication 23、系统容量：system capacity 24、蜂窝网：cell network（cellular network）（Honeycomb nets） 25、越区切换：Handover 26、互联网：internet 27、调制解调器：modem 28、频谱：spectrum 29、鼠标：Mouse 30、电子邮件：electronic mail E-mail 31、子网：subnet 32、软件无线电：software defined radios 33、网络资源：network resources 十二、英译汉 1、mobile communication：移动通信 2、Computer user：计算机用户 3、Frame format：帧格式 4、WLAN：wireless local area network 无线局域网络 5、Communication protocol：通信协议 6、Transmission quality：传输质量 7、Remote terminal：远程终端 8、International standard：国际标准 9、GSM：全球移动通信系统 Global System for Mobile Communications 10、CDMA：码分多址Code Division Multiple Access 11、ITU：国际电信联盟 International Telecommunication Union 12、PCM：pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制 13、WDM：波分复用Wavelength Division Multiplex 14、FCC：联邦通信委员会 Federal communications commission 15、PSTN：公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone Network 16、NNI：网络节点借口Network Node Interface 17、WWW：万维网World Wide Web 18、VOD：视频点播Video-On-Demand 19、VLR：访问位置寄存器 Visitor Location Register 20、MSC：移动交换中心Mobile Switching Centre 21、HLR：原籍位置寄存器Home Location Register 22、VLSI：超大规模集成电路 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits 23、Bluetooth technology：蓝牙技术 24、Matched filter：匹配滤波器 25、ADSL：非对称数字用户环路Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop非对称数字用户线路(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 26、GPS：全球定位系统Global Position System 27、ATM：异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode
The General Situation of AT89C51 The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51?instruction set and pin out. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip; the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features: ?Compatible with MCS-51?Products ?4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory ?Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ?Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ?Three-Level Program Memory Lock ?128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ?32 Programmable I/O Lines ?Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ?Six Interrupt Sources ?Programmable Serial Channel ?Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
第二单元环境工程 这本书主要关于什么？ 这本书的目标是使工程和科学的学生了解学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们被关注，我们怎么控制它们。这本书包括： ●描述环境和环境系统意味着什么 ●关于环境破坏基础原因的信息 ●理解环境问题本质和能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识 ●目前运用在水,空气,污染问题的环境控制技术的状况 ●我们目前在很多关于理解和控制人类活动、自然之间复杂相互作用的科学知识上存在着相当大的空白 ●很多环境问题能运用目前的技术消除或减少，但因为社会缺少意愿这么做或在很多例子中因为缺乏资源去这样做，这些环境问题没有被处理 一些重要的定义： 在这本书中，它们第一次被使用，定义被以大写或印刷成黑体字的形式展示 环境是围绕在我们周围的物质生命的栖息地，在这儿我们能看到,听到,触摸,闻到,和品尝到 系统依据韦氏字典,被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物”，例如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供应系统，世界和宇宙。 污染被定义为“在大气，水或土地中的物质的，化学的或生物的特性的不合意的改变，这一改变有害地影响人类或其它生物的健康，生存，或活动”。 当改进环境质量的目标被用来改进人类福利，“环境”一词扩展成包括所有的社会，经济和文化方面的内容。这一扩展在许多真实情况下是不可行的以及在一本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不实际的。我们对环境问题的考察因此限于我们对“环境”的定义。 系统的相互作用 许多不同的环境问题都与水，空气或土地系统有关联。许多这些问题都只适用于这些系统中的一个，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。这样的分类也更有用于及易于理解一个系统内的相关问题。而且，这样做是明智的，这是因为由于管理上的和行政上的原因，这些有关空气污染，水供应，废水处理和固体废物处理的子域通常由政府机构分别处理。 很遗憾的是，很多重要的环境问题不仅仅限制于空气，水或土地系统，还包括系统间的相互作用。现在举个例子，酸雨问题起源于从发电站烟囱，冶炼厂和汽车尾气中向大气排放的含硫二氧化物和氮氧化物。接着这些气体由气流运输到广阔的区域，降雨“将它们洗去”，产生了有害于水生生命，森林和农作物的酸雨。两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球问题，及通常具有地域性质的酸雨问题。 环境问题 许多对我们生活标准的主要改进能被归因于科学和技术的运用。这里举一些例子，你能想出其它例子吗？ ●生产更多及更好质量的食物 ●创造能避免极端环境的保护所和生存空间 ●快速和可靠的运输方法的建立 ●各种交流系统的发明 ●代替人类和动物体力的机器的发明 ●安全水的供应和废物处理 ●对很多传染疾病的消除
Unit 13 Comparison between GSM and CDMA GSM与CDMA之比较 Using CDMA/FDD technology, subscribers of CDMA cellular mobile communication system can transmit their information simultaneously through the same channel. On the other hand, the GSM system adopts TDMA/FDD method to transmit and distinguish information from different GSM mobile stations. In addition, in favor of QCELP arithmetic, RAKE receiver, power control and soft switching etc., CDMA shows more advantages in its system performance than the GSM, such as greater anti-interference capability, bigger system capacity, higher successful connection ratio, fewer off-line chances, low probability of intercept(LPI), and so on. 使用码分多址/频分双工技术，用户的蜂窝移动通信系统的传输信息的同时，通过同样的渠道。另一方面，该系统采用时分多址/频分双工传输的方法和识别信息从不同的移动台。此外，有利于中国电信集团广州研发中心算术，耙式接收器，功率控制和软开关等，显示出更多的优势在码分多址系统性能比，如更高的抗干扰能力，更大的系统容量，连接成功率较高，离线的机会少，低截获概率（低截获概率），等。 1, Power Control and RAKE Receiver功率控制和瑞克接收机 When different subscribers send their information to the same BS(base station), different signal power caused by different transmitting distances will consequentially cause interference with each other, especially for those MSs(mobile station) being far away from BS will be seriously disturbed because of their almost submerged signals by signals of the close-to-BS MSs.[2] p110 In order to solve this problem and keep high system performance, power control technique is introduced in CDMA communication system, which can effectively overcome this cross-disturbance. As one of the core techniques in CDMA cellular mobile communication system, power control can make the signal power from all subscribers to the BS equivalent through adjusting the transmitting power from each subscriber. 为解决这一问题，保持较高的系统性能，功率控制技术介绍了码分多址通信系统，它可以有效地克服这cross-disturbance。作为一个核心技术在蜂窝移动通信系统的功率控制，可以使信号功率从所有用户的学士学位相当于通过调整发射功率，从每个用户。 Power control can be not only divided to open-loop control and closed-loop control, but also to forward (down) power control and backward (up) power control. For open-loop control method, subscriber adjusts emitting power according to the measured frame error probability, while for the closed-loop power control, base station measures the signal-to-noise ratio of received signals and then adjust the transmitting power of corresponding MS. 功率控制不仅可以分为开环控制和闭环控制，而且还提出了（下）功率控制和反向功率控制（上）。开环控制方法，用户调整发射功率根据测量帧错误概率，同时为闭环功率控制，基站测量接收信号的信噪比，然后调整发射功率相应的女士 The backward power control in CDMA system can be divided into two kinds of control technique, the open-loop backward power control only used by mobile station, and the closed-loop
Commodity chemicals日用化学品specialty chemicals专用化学品 fine chemicals精细化学品raw material原料sodium chloride氯化钠 unit operation单元操作flow sheet工艺流程图chemical processes化学工艺size reduction粉碎RD研究开发nanotechnology纳米技术micro reaction微量反应end of pipe treatment末端处理macromolecule大分子bio engineering生物工程pharmaceuticals制药lab on a chip芯片实验室chlor alkali氯碱 end product终端品sulfur Dioxide二氧化硫sodium carbonate碳酸钠 soda ash 苏达灰diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸氢二铵dyestuff染料silicon tetrafluoride四氧化硅petroleum refining石油炼制coal gasification煤气化alkylation烷基化solvent extraction 溶剂萃取catalytic hydrocracking催化加氢裂解butylene丁烯BTX苯甲苯二甲苯modern refinery现代炼油厂Feedstock原料hydrocarbon碳氢paraffin石蜡fused benzene ring酬和苯环carboxylic acid ester羧酸脂catalyst deacitivation催化剂失活acetylene乙炔pyridine吡啶natural gas天然气Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)液化石油气straight rungasoline 直馏汽油coexisting zone 共存区dumped packing 乱堆填料ordered packing规整填料rectifhing section经六段stripping sectiong提馏段flash drunt闪蒸段equilibrium stage平衡级batch distillation间歇精馏acetic acid 醋酸dimethylformamide二甲基甲酰胺mixer settler混合沉降器sieveplate筛板water immiscible水不溶mechanical agitation机械搅拌molecular sieves分子筛ion exchange离子交换activeted carbon活性炭single effect evaporator单板蒸发器multiple effectevaporaion多效蒸发器force circulation强制循环condenser冷凝器reboiler再沸器conserve energy能量守
通信工程专业英语翻译 JXTA is a crystallization by Sun company's chief scientist Bill Joy's more than twenty years of brewing."JXTA technology is a platform for Network programming and calculation.To solve the modern distribution calculation especially peer-to-peer (Peer to Peer, P2P) in the calculation of the problem".[1] JXTA research project,which will provide a new framework that make the user more convenient to access to connect on the Internet's personal computer resources, thus further expand Internet 's space. At the same time JXTA is also the Sun's "ONE Internet" strategic continuance, and will take a more positive attitude to compete with the .net strategy of Microsoft and Hailstorm plan . JXTA agreement defines a set of six agreement based on XML, the organization of node into node group, release and found some resources, communication and mutual monitoring provides standardized method.(Endpoint Routing Protocol,ERP) is used for node found routing.To send a message to other nodes, and through the potential firewall and connection.(Rendezvous Protocol,RVP) s used for the nodes in the group to spread information.(Peer Resolver Protocol,PRP) is Used to one or more points to send general inquiries, and receive the response of inquiries.