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Evaluation of Cadmium-Induced Nephrotoxicity Using Urinary Metabolomic Profiles in SD Male Rats

Evaluation of Cadmium-Induced Nephrotoxicity Using Urinary Metabolomic Profiles in SD Male Rats
Evaluation of Cadmium-Induced Nephrotoxicity Using Urinary Metabolomic Profiles in SD Male Rats

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Evaluation of Cadmium-Induced Nephrotoxicity Using

Urinary Metabolomic Profiles in Sprague-Dawley Male

Rats

Yu Kyung Lee a, Eun Young Park a, Shiwon Kim b, Ji Yeon Son c, T ae Hyung Kim c, Won Gu Kang d,

T ae Chun Jeong e, Kyu-Bong Kim f, Seung Jun Kwack g, Jaewon Lee a, Suhkmann Kim b, Byung-

Mu Lee c & Hyung Sik Kim c

a College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea

b Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National

University, Busan, Republic of Korea

c School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

d Colleg

e o

f Pharmacy, Chun

g Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

e College o

f Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea

f College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea

g Department of Biochemistry and Health Science, Changwon National University,

Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea

Published online: 24 Oct 2014.

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Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,Part A ,77:1384–1398,2014Copyright ?Taylor &Francis Group,LLC ISSN:1528-7394print /1087-2620online DOI:10.1080/15287394.2014.951755

EVALUATION OF CADMIUM-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY USING URINARY METABOLOMIC PROFILES IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY MALE RATS

Yu Kyung Lee 1,Eun Young Park 1,Shiwon Kim 2,Ji Yeon Son 3,Tae Hyung Kim 3,Won Gu Kang 4,Tae Chun Jeong 5,Kyu-Bong Kim 6,Seung Jun Kwack 7,Jaewon Lee 1,Suhkmann Kim 2,Byung-Mu Lee 3,Hyung Sik Kim 3

1

College of Pharmacy,Pusan National University,Busan,Republic of Korea

2Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials,Pusan National University,Busan,Republic of Korea 3

School of Pharmacy,Sungkyunkwan University,Suwon,Republic of Korea 4

College of Pharmacy,Chung Ang University,Seoul,Republic of Korea 5

College of Pharmacy,Yeungnam University,Gyeongsan,Republic of Korea 6

College of Pharmacy,Dankook University,Cheonan,Republic of Korea 7

Department of Biochemistry and Health Science,Changwon National University,Gyeongnam,Republic of Korea

The aim of this study was to investigate urinary metabolomic pro?les associated with cadmium (Cd)-induced nephrotoxicity and their potential mechanisms.Metabolomic pro-?les were measured by high-resolution 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectroscopy in the urine of rats after oral exposure to CdCl 2(1,5,or 25mg /kg)for 6wk.The spectral data were further analyzed by a multivariate analysis to identify speci?c urinary metabolites.Urinary excretion levels of protein biomarkers were also measured and CdCl 2accumulated dose-dependently in the kidney.High-dose (25mg /kg)CdCl 2exposure sig-ni?cantly increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN),but serum creatinine (sCr)levels were unchanged.High-dose CdCl 2(25mg /kg)exposure also signi?cantly elevated pro-tein-based urinary biomarkers including osteopontin,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),kidney injury molecules-1(Kim-1),and selenium-binding protein 1(SBP1)in rat urine.Under these conditions,six urinary metabolites (citrate,serine,3-hydroxyisovalerate,4-hydroxyphenyllactate,dimethylamine,and betaine)were involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism.In addition,a few number of amino acids such as glycine,glutamate,tyrosine,proline,or phenylalanine and carbohydrate (glucose)were altered in urine after CdCl 2exposure.In particular,the metabolites involved in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway,including cysteine,serine,methionine,and glutamate,were markedly decreased compared to the control.Thus,these metabolites are potential biomarkers for detection of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.Our results further indicate that redox metabolomics pathways may be asso-ciated with Cd-mediated chronic kidney injury.These ?ndings provide a biochemical pathway for better understanding of cellular mechanism underlying Cd-induced renal injury in humans.

Cadmium (Cd)is an intensively studied environmental pollutant with a wide range of target organ toxicities,including liver,kidneys,lung,brain,and bone (J?rup and ?kesson,2009;Fowler,2009).The major sources of human exposure to Cd are tobacco smok-ing and consumption of contaminated food

Address correspondence to Hyung Sik Kim,Division of Molecular Toxicology,School of Pharmacy,Sungkyunkwan University,2066,Seobu-ro,Jangan-gu,Suwon,Gyeonggi-do,440-746,South Korea.E-mail:hkims@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4f11631357.html,

Color versions of one or more of the ?gures in the article can be found online at https://www.doczj.com/doc/4f11631357.html,/uteh

or drinking water (J?rup,2003;Satarug et al.,2010).Previous studies demonstrated that acute exposure to Cd initially leads to its accu-mulation in liver and induces hepatotoxicity (Dudley et al.,1985;Huang et al.,2009;Rani et al.,2013),whereas chronic exposure manifests as renal kidney toxicity produced by

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Cd-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND URINARY METABOLOMICS 1385

accumulation in soft tissues (Wang et al.,1993;Habeebu et al.,2000).The kidney is a crit-ical target organ,particularly with regard to low levels of Cd exposure (J?rup et al.,2000;Ginsberg,2012).Although there have been numerous studies of Cd-induced target-organ toxicities in animals,the mechanisms underly-ing Cd-mediated kidney injury are not clearly understood.There is some evidence that pro-longed exposure to Cd may progress to renal impairment via a decrease in glomerular ?ltra-tion rate (GFR),which eventually can lead to renal failure (Hellstrom et al.,2001;Liang et al.,2012;Ginsberg,2012).

Several studies demonstrated that oxida-tive stress is also associated with Cd-induced toxicity (Ikediobi et al.,2004;Thijssen et al.,2007;Ognjanovi′c et al.,2008).A recent study found that chronic low-dose Cd exposure led to decrease in intracellular superoxide dismu-tase (SOD)and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)activities (Lovásováet al.,2013).In particular,sulfhydryl groups are known to play an impor-tant role in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Nath et al.,1984;Dudley et al.,1985).

Cadmium binds with high af?nity to the sulfhydryl groups of metallothionein (MT)in the liver and is then released from this Cd–MT complex after redistribution to renal tissue,ulti-mately resulting in metal accumulation in kid-ney (Conrad et al.,1997;Zhang et al.,2012).Pretreatment with zinc (Zn)or manganese (Mn)was shown to exert a protective effect against Cd-induced toxicity in immature animals via high expression of MT (Brzóska et al.,2007;Brzóska and Rogalska,2013;Lin et al.,2013).

Cadmium accumulates in the body over a life’s time frame due to its long biologi-cal half-life of about 10–30yr (Goyer,1997).In addition,Cd was found to be accumu-lated over long periods of time (approximately 30yr)in the kidney and liver (Agency for Toxic Substances &Disease Registry [ATSDR],2012).The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)stated that the tolerable weekly intake (TWI)for Cd is 2.5μg /kg body weight (EFSA,2011)by the Joint FAO /WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)in 2010.In addition,

the safety concentration of Cd in drinking water is 3ppb (World Health Organization [WHO],2010).In general,toxicity tests for heavy metals have traditionally focused on selected biomarkers to characterize biological stress induced by metals in animals.There are many techniques for investigating Cd-mediated target organ toxicity;however,differentially expressed urinary metabolites have not previ-ously been examined to determine Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.

In this study,nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was applied to investigate the adverse effects of Cd using urine from chronically exposed rats.Although a number of studies reported that Cd stim-ulated oxidative stress (Sudo et al.,1996;Lovásováet al.,2013),the detailed molecu-lar pathway underlying metal-induced oxida-tive stress involving urinary metabolites remains largely unknown.The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of advanced 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic approach could reveal potential mechanistic targets for chronic low-dose expo-sure to Cd in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals and Housing Conditions Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5wk old weigh-ing approximately 170g)were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Orient,Seoul,Korea).Animals housed under controlled tem-perature (22±2?C)and relative humidity (50–60%)with a 12-h light /dark cycle were supplied with standard lab feed and water ad libitum,and left to acclimatize for 1wk before the experiments.The experimental pro-tocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pusan National University (approval number:PNU-2013064),and procedures were carried out in accordance with the international guide-lines for care and use of lab animals.

Experimental Design

Cadmium chloride (CdCl 2)was dissolved in normal saline.The rats were administered daily

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1386Y.K.LEE ET AL.

1,5,or 25mg /kg CdCl 2by oral intubation for 6wk.The vehicle control group was injected with normal saline.After ?nal treatment,all animals were anesthetized with carbon diox-ide.Blood was collected from the abdominal aorta in heparinized tubes and plasma samples were separated by centrifugation at 1500×g for 20min.Samples were immediately stored at –70?C until analysis.After blood collec-tion,both kidneys (right and left)were excised and weighed.The left kidney was immedi-ately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80?C.The right kidney was ?xed overnight in 10%neutral formalin and dehydrated in 70%ethanol.Throughout the study period,each animal was observed at least once daily for clinical signs of toxicity related to chemi-cal treatment.On working days,all cages were checked in the morning and afternoon for dead or moribund animals.

Histopathological Examination

After sacri?ce,kidneys were ?xed overnight in 10%neutral buffered formalin and dehy-drated with 70%ethanol.Tissues were embed-ded in paraf?n and 5-μm sections were cut and mounted on slides.Slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)and histopathological changes were observed under a light microscope.Photomicrographs of the kidney were taken at 200×magni?cation using a Zeiss Axiophot light microscope (Zeiss,Oberkochen,Germany)?tted with a Sony 3CCD camera (AVT Horn,Aalen,Germany).

Analysis of Biochemical Parameters in Serum and Urine

For clinical chemistry measurements,blood was collected from the abdominal aorta in heparinized tubes and plasma samples were separated by centrifugation at 1950×g at 4?C for 25min.The supernatant was aliquoted into sterile tubes and frozen within 2h of collec-tion at –70?C for subsequent analysis.Serum creatinine (sCr),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),and glucose were analyzed using the VetScan analyzer (Abaxis,Inc.,Union City,CA).Urine

samples were collected every 6wk after drug treatment.Each animal was kept overnight in the metabolic cage and a 24-h urine sample was immediately centrifuged at 900×g for 10min at 4?C to remove insoluble material and cellular debris.The urine supernatant was aliquoted into sterile tubes and frozen within 2h of collection at –70?C for subsequent analysis.At the time of assay samples were thawed,vortexed,and centrifuged at 13,400×g for 10min at 4?C,and 100μl super-natant was used for biomarker measurement.Urinary excretion of BUN,Cr,and glucose,lac-tate dehydrogenase (LDH)activity,and total protein levels were assessed.

Determination of Cadmium in Kidney After the last treatment with CdCl 2,metal concentration in kidney was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.For Cd anal-yses,kidney tissue (200mg)was digested overnight in concentrated nitric acid.The solu-tions were then ?ltered with a 0.45-μm syringe tip ?lter and transferred to a ?ask containing 5ml deionized water.The Cd content of the samples was determined with a Perkin Elmer (model Analyst 100)atomic spectrophotometer at 228.8nm with a Cd lamp.The concentration range of Cd standards was 0–25μg /L.

Western Blot Analysis

Preserved urine samples were mixed with an activation /wash buffer and the resulting slurry including bound proteins was loaded onto a mini ?lter spin column.The bound urine proteins were washed to remove any remaining impurities.Finally,the puri?ed total urine proteins were eluted into 150–300μl of the provided elution buffer.This proce-dure removed highly concentrated salts and metabolic wastes products to allow for isolation of high-quality proteins.The protein concen-tration was determined using Bio-Rad protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad,Hercules,CA)accord-ing to the manufacturer’s instructions.Proteins were subjected to 10–15%sodium dode-cyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

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Cd-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND URINARY METABOLOMICS 1387

(SDS-PAGE),and subsequently transferred to a polyvinylidene di?uoride (PVDF)membrane (Millipore,Billerica,MA).The membrane was incubated for 1h in TNA (10mM Tris-Cl,pH 7.6,100mM NaCl,and 0.5%T ween 20)buffer containing 5%skim milk.After blocking,the membrane was incubated with one of sev-eral primary antibodies at 4?C overnight.The membrane was then washed for 1h with TNA buffer,and incubated with horseradish peroxi-dase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse,anti-rabbit,or anti-goat antibodies (Santa Cruz,CA)for 30min at room temperature.The blots were developed using an enhanced chemilumines-cence (ECL)-plus kit (Amersham Biosciences,Buckinghamshire,UK).

Immunohistochemistry

To immunohistochemically verify expres-sion of selenium-binding protein 1(SBP1)in kidney,sections were exposed to an anti-SBP1(MBL,Nagoya,Japan)antibody.Brie?y,after incubating in 3%hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2)for 10min,kidney sections were blocked with 3%goat serum containing 0.3%Triton X-100and incubated overnight with anti-mouse monoclonal SBP1antibody (1:250dilu-tion).After reaction with biotinylated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody,sections were treated with HRP–streptavidin (Santa Cruz,CA).Signals were detected with an Ultravision detection system DAB plus substrate system (Thermo Fisher Scienti?c Inc.,Pittsburgh,PA).Photomicrographs of kidney were obtained at 200×magni?cation using a Zeiss light micro-scope (Zeiss,Oberkochen,Germany).

1H-NMR

Spectroscopy and Data

Processing

Urine samples were analyzed using a Varian (Varian Inc.,Palo Alto,CA)instrument with working frequency of 600.167MHz at a temperature of 299.1K.Deuterium oxide and 3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d4acid (TSP-d4)were used as ?eld frequency lock and internal chemical shift references,respec-tively.Single-pulse spectra were acquired using

a CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill)pulse sequence to suppress the water signal.Each 1H-NMR spectrum was recorded as 128scans into 32K data points,which resulted in an acquisition time of 12min.All data were auto-matically analyzed with an exponential func-tion using line broadening of 0.2Hz prior to Fourier transformation and calibrated to TSP-d4at δ0.00ppm.Spectral assignment was performed using Chenomx NMR Suite 7.1soft-ware (Chenomx,Inc.,Canada)and compared to published literature data.After processing,data were reduced into 920spectral integral regions corresponding to the chemical shift range of δ0.2ppm–10ppm using Chenomx NMR Suite 7.1.

Multivariate Data Analysis

All binned NMR data were imported into the SIMCA-P +12.0software package (Umea,Sweden)to be analyzed by principal com-ponent analysis (PCA),a pattern recognition method that is useful for detecting differences of each spectrum.The orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA)was applied to clearly observe the separa-tion between samples.

Statistical Analysis

Data were expressed as the mean ±SD of at least three independent experiments.Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests.A p -value <.05was considered statistically signi?cant.

RESULTS

Clinical Signs and Body and Kidney Weight Changes

No deaths occurred in any of the treat-ment groups during the experimental period.The body weight changes of the male rats were signi?cantly reduced in the high-dose

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Treatment period (weeks)

B o d y w e i g h t (g )

A B

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

K i d n e y w e i g h t (g )

FIGURE 1.Changes in body and kidney weights of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with CdCl 2.CdCl 2(1,5,or 25mg /kg)was administered daily to rats via oral gavage for 6wk.Data are expressed as means ±SEM of 6rats /group.The asterisk indicates a signi?cant difference from the control (p <.05).

CdCl 2(25mg /kg)treatment group after a 10-d exposure (Figure 1A ).The absolute kidney weight was signi?cantly lower in the high-dose (25mg /kg)CdCl 2-treated group com-pared to controls (Figure 1B ),whereas low-dose CdCl 2(1mg /kg)exposure did not result in any signi?cant changes in body and kidney weights.

Urinalysis,Serum Biochemistry,and Histological Examination

The urine volume was signi?cantly decreased in the CdCl 2-treated groups at 1wk,compared to a gradual fall after 5wk (Figure 2A ).CdCl 2-treatment exerted no marked effect on urinary pH (Figure 2B ).Serum biochemistry results from rats treated with CdCl 2for 6wk are shown in Figure 3A .The mean BUN levels were signi?cantly increased with high-dose CdCl 2(25mg /kg),indicative of renal toxicity.However,sCr and glucose levels did not change markedly follow-ing CdCl 2exposure.Renal histopathological changes were observed after 6wk of CdCl 2treatment.As shown in Figure 3B ,the proximal tubule was the major site of CdCl 2-induced kidney injury.In the control,proximal tubule epithelial cells exhibited cuboidal shapes and well-de?ned nuclei or cytoplasm;however,CdCl 2treatment produced morphological changes in kidney as evidenced by moderate in?ammation,and degeneration in proximal and distal tubules (Figure 3B ).The severity

25Control

CdCl 2 5 mg/kg CdCl 2 25 mg/kg CdCl 2 50 mg/kg

A

e (m l /d a y )

15

20**e v o l u m 10***

**

*

**

*

1

2

3

456

U r i n 0

5Treatment period (Weeks)

FIGURE 2.Changes in urinary volume and pH in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with CdCl 2.CdCl 2(1,5,or 25mg /kg)was administered daily to rats via oral gavage for 6wk.Data are expressed as means ±SEM of 6rats /group.The asterisk indicates a signi?cant difference from the control (p <.05).

of metal-induced kidney injury was greater in the 25mg /kg CdCl 2-treated group,and involved loss of tubular cells,tubular vac-uolization,and shrinking of the cytoplasm in

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Cd-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND URINARY METABOLOMICS

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FIGURE 3.Changes of s erum biochemical parameters and kidney histopathology in rats after CdCl 2exposure for 6wk.(A)BUN,serum creatinine,and glucose levels were measured in serum of rats after CdCl 2treatment.(B)Histological assessment of kidney injury was measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)staining.The magni?cation is 200×and the scale bar represents 100μm.The statistical signi?cance of differences between treated and control groups was determined using Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (asterisk indicates signi?cant,p <.05).Note the severe,diffuse cellular degeneration progressing into necrosis (arrows),as well as the presence of in?ammatory cells.

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

C r e a t i n i n e (m g /d L )

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

T o t a l p r o t e i n (m g /d L )

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

C d (m g /k g t i s s u e )

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

B U N (g /d L )

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

G l u c o s e (m g /d L )

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

L D H (I U /L )

FIGURE 4.Urinary parameters in rats after CdCl 2exposure.Levels of BUN (A),creatinine (B),glucose (C),(D),and total protein (E)were measured in urine of rats treated with CdCl 2(1,5,or 25mg /kg)for 6wk.(F)Total cadmium concentration in the kidney was measured using an atomic spectrophotometer.Data are expressed as means ±SEM of 6rats /group.

the proximal tubule (Figure 3B ).Urinalysis revealed no signi?cant differences in BUN,Cr,glucose,LDH activity,and total protein levels between control and treatment groups (Figure 4).

Cadmium Concentration in Kidney The Cd content was measured both in serum and kidney of rats.CdCl 2produced sig-ni?cant accumulation of metal in kidney in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 4F ).The renal

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1390Y.K.LEE ET AL.

Cd concentrations in controls were below the limit of detection.

Changes in Urinary Biomarkers Associated With Kidney Injury

Urinary excretion of protein-based biomarkers was measured by Western blot analysis.As shown in Figure 5,CdCl 2treatment induced a signi?cant elevation in urinary protein-based biomarkers including osteo-pontin (OPN),MCP-1,Kim-1,clusterin,and SBP1in a dose-dependent manner.In par-ticular,increases in excretion levels of OPN,MCP-1,Kim-1,clusterin,and SBP1were signi?cant after 25mg /kg CdCl 2treatment.However,calbindin levels were reduced dose-dependently (Figure 5).Kidney sections were immunohistochemically stained to detect tissue-speci?c expression of SBP1.In nor-mal kidney tissue,SBP1was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cells at low levels.Interestingly,SBP1expression in damaged renal tissue was markedly increased in the CdCl 2group compared to control,particularly in tubu-lar epithelial cells.Our data indicated an association between SBP1-positive cells and renal tubular cell damage attributed to CdCl 2exposure (Figure 6

).

Con

1

5

25

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

OPN Calbindin

FIGURE 5.Protein levels of new biomarkers in urine of rats after CdCl 2exposure.After administration of CdCl 2,urine sam-ples were subjected to quantitative analysis of protein levels,and proteins were identi?ed by Western blot analysis.Data are representative of three independent experiments.

Metabolite Pro?ling From NMR

spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

[1H]NMR spectra were obtained from rat urine following Cd treatment for 6wk.Metabolites were identi?ed using Chenomx Suite 7.1NMR.A typical [1H]NMR spectrum is presented in Figure 7A .The most signi?cant responses induced by CdCl 2treatment were amino acids such as taurine,tryptophan,serine,betaine,methionine,and glycine,concomitantly with histological kidney dam-age.Multivariate data analysis was performed using SIMCA-P +,a statistics software package.The degree of differences in metabolites was explored by multivariate statistical analysis comparing control and Cd-treated groups using an OPLS-DA model.All [1H]NMR spectra were bucketed into 0.01-ppm spectra in the region from 0.2to 4.5ppm.Principal component analysis (PCA)was performed to distinguish tissue metabolite pro?les of the groups.OPLS-DA models were useful to eliminate variants in the X -axis that were not correlated with the Y -axis .Data showed that control and CdCl 2-treated groups were clearly distinct.The OPLS score plots revealed dissimilar regions in three groups:the control,5-,and 25-mg /kg CdCl 2-treated groups.The OPLS-DA score plot showed division between untreated control and CdCl 2-treated groups.The control and CdCl 2-treated groups were comparatively separated by OPLS-DA score plot for urine metabolites (Figure 7B ).

All [1H]NMR spectra were normalized from 0.2to 4.5ppm using MNova,and the normalized spectra were overlapped to compare untreated and treated samples.Among the urinary metabolites,AMP ,acetate,benzoate,creatine,glucose,glycine,and tryptophan levels were increased in a dose-dependent manner (Table 1).Conversely,CdCl 2induced a signi?cant reduction of creatinine,cysteine,glutathione,glutamate,homoserine,methionine,phenylacetylglycine,serine,taurine,and tyrosine levels in rat urine.In addition,several metabolites were decreased relative to the control,including

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Cd-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND URINARY METABOLOMICS 1391

Control CdCl 2(5 mg/kg)CdCl 2(25 mg/kg)

C o r t e x t

a

c

b M e d u l l a u

f

Magnification x100

d e

FIGURE 6.Immunohistochemical ?nding of selenium-binding protein 1in the kidney of rats after CdCl 2exposure for 6wk.Kidney tissues were stained by immunohistochemistry using anti-mouse monoclonal SBP1antibody at 1:250dilution.The magni?cation is 100×and the scale bar represents 100μm (A–H).

dimethylamine,homoserine,dimethyl-malonate,ethylmalonate,acetoacetate,and oxylsulfate,whereas hippurate and lactate levels were elevated.In order to understand the complex relationship among various metabolites,metabolic pathways analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA).Based on our analysis,it was concluded that CdCl 2-mediated urinary metabolites,methionine,glutamate,and cysteine levels were associated with a fall in cellular glutathione concentration attributed to oxidative stress (Figure 8).

DISCUSSION

This study was designed to investigate whether changes in urinary metabolites could enhance our understanding of molec-ular mechanisms underlying Cd-induced nephrotoxicity after low-dose exposure in rats.Our data showed an association between urinary metabolites and urinary protein-based biomarkers involved in metal-induced nephrotoxicity.It was of interest to determine which urinary proteins or components were

affected after chronic heavy metal exposure.Data showed that protein-based biomarkers including calbindin,osteopontin,MCP-1,Kim-1,clusterin,and SBP1were increased by CdCl 2.Although signi?cant elevation was noted in osteopontin,MCP-1,Kim-1,clusterin,and SBP1at high-dose 25mg /kg CdCl 2,all renal biomarkers eventually displayed a marked urinary increase (Hoffmann et al.,2010;McDuf?e et al.,2013).Urinary clusterin,SBP1,and Kim-1may therefore be more sensitive indicators of Cd-induced chronic renal injury than other conventional biomarkers measured in our study.Previous studies indicated that urinary concentrations of clusterin,MCP-1,and Kim-1were characterized as early or sensitive protein biomarkers as evidenced by signi?cant elevation in acute kidney injury (Correa-Rotter et al.,1998;Han et al.,2002;Mishra et al.,2004).

Based on [1H]NMR metabolic pro?ling,a signi?cant difference was observed in uri-nary metabolites after CdCl 2exposure.Acetate,glycine,lactate,and benzoate were markedly increased,while cysteine,serine,methionine,glutamate,and taurine levels were decreased in

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FIGURE 7.Metabolite changes in the urine of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with CdCl 2(1,5,or 25mg /kg)for 6wk.(A)Representative [1H]NMR spectra in urine samples from control and CdCl 2-treated animals.(B)Metabolic pro?les (scores plot of PC1vs.PC2,data were normalized)of control and 5-and 25-mg /kg CdCl 2groups.The scores plot is the PLS-DA model of the [1H]NMR spectral data from the control and CdCl 2-treated groups.

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Cd-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND URINARY METABOLOMICS 1393

TABLE 1.Changes of Urinary Metabolites Detected by [1H]NMR in Sprague-Dawley Rats After CdCl 2Administration for 6wk

CdCl 2(mg /kg)

Metabolite (m M )Con

1

5

25

1-Methylnicotinamide 0.686±0.0520.592±0.02510.782±0.1270.255±0.028?2-Hydroxyglutarate 2.288±0.126 2.594±0.129 1.587±0.059 1.824±0.0962-Hydroxyisovalerate 0.632±0.0290.422±0.0200.276±0.021?0.283±0.018?3-Hydroxyisovalerate 0.173±0.0070.152±0.0100.135±0.0090.089±0.001?3-Hydroxyphenylacetate 0.215±0.0110.175±0.0050.160±0.0140.134±0.006?4-Hydroxyphenylacetate 0.303±0.0190.189±0.0090.109±0.0070.168±0.012?4-Hydroxyphenyllactate 0.786±0.0460.120±0.002?0.098±0.008?0.080±0.003?AMP 0.036±0.0020.056±0.0020.059±0.0010.062±0.002Acetate

3.443±0.076 3.483±0.1437.434±0.048?8.728±0.726?Acetoacetate 0.505±0.0270.608±0.0320.630±0.0510.278±0.024?Benzoate 0.433±0.0210.962±0.064? 1.157±0.037? 1.959±0.193?Betaine 1.206±0.062 1.192±0.0590.485±0.048?0.376±0.03?Citrate 8.503±0.595

4.846±0.27212.418±1.251 6.613±0.538Creatine 0.676±0.0540.803±0.073 1.184±0.104? 1.966±0.084?Creatinine 1

5.521±0.6371

6.638±0.23712.58±0.8489.255±0.344?Cysteine

1.175±0.012 1.054±0.0110.810±0.0050.530±0.002?Ethylmalonate 0.571±0.0420.321±0.0270.201±0.024?0.129±0.006?Glucose 0.604±0.0250.720±0.0790.865±0.0510.905±0.031?Glutamate 1.512±0.030 1.532±0.079 1.005±0.0540.821±0.043?Glutamine 1.504±0.134 1.637±0.105 1.261±0.075 1.328±0.067?Glutathione 0.632±0.0140.551±0.0350.339±0.010?0.209±0.017?Glycine 1.632±0.099 1.787±0.170

2.189±0.107

3.360±0.241?Hippurate 0.262±0.003 3.717±0.115? 1.665±0.099? 1.624±0.315?Histidine 0.188±0.0070.181±0.0190.095±0.0040.136±0.004Homoserine 1.329±0.130 1.461±0.084 1.176±0.0540.623±0.092?Hypoxanthine 0.081±0.0030.092±0.0070.064±0.0040.091±0.005Imidazole 2.837±0.238

4.421±0.332 1.078±0.092?0.942±0.114?Lactate 0.731±0.0610.615±0.0100.896±0.046 1.056±0.092?Lysine

0.333±0.0290.536±0.0190.526±0.0140.605±0.024?Methionine 0.160±0.0050.159±0.0110.126±0.0090.095±0.004?Methylmalonate 1.125±0.0310.814±0.0230.672±0.024?0.602±0.023?Oxypurinol

0.953±0.111 1.549±0.047 1.079±0.0520.446±0.048?Phenylacetylglycine 1.118±0.0440.866±0.0290.658±0.049?0.655±0.023?Phenylalanine 1.922±0.109 2.163±0.077 1.048±0.052 1.000±0.060Proline

1.212±0.047 1.169±0.0530.720±0.0520.677±0.028?Pyroglutamate 1.618±0.035 1.638±0.073 1.053±0.0550.782±0.045?Pyruvate 0.266±0.0190.217±0.0220.115±0.011?0.106±0.022?Serine 1.634±0.067 1.210±0.036 1.092±0.0780.893±0.060?Taurine 27.414±0.74527.535±0.74213.758±1.422?11.311±1.037?Trigonelline

0.237±0.0050.267±0.0120.289±0.0210.339±0.005Trimethylamine N -oxide 0.747±0.0430.845±0.2000.932±0.1110.952±0.120Tryptophan 0.574±0.0180.792±0.0630.913±0.034 1.214±0.051??Tyrosine

1.355±0.071

0.688±0.042

0.589±0.029?

0.520±0.027?

Note .Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with saline (control)or CdCl 2(1,5,25mg /kg)and urine samples were collected for 24h after the last treatment.The results represent the mean ±SEM of 5–6replicate samples for each treatment group.Analysis of metabolites in urine samples was carried out on a Varian (Varian,Inc.,Palo Alto,CA)with working frequency of 600.167MHz at a temperature of 299.1K.Metabolite concentrations are compared between control and CdCl 2-treated groups.Signi?cant difference among groups was tested by one-way analysis of variance (?p <.05).

a dose-dependent manner.These metabolites are involved in amino acids metabolism,oxidation /reduction pathways,and mitochon-drial energy metabolism.Zhong et al.(2003)previously demonstrated that glycine is an effective anti-in?ammatory agent and scaveng-ing reactive oxygen species (ROS)in renal ischemia /reperfusion injury in rats.Inn addi-tion,exposure to CdCl 2increased ROS gen-eration,resulting in kidney injury attributed

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1394Y.K.LEE ET AL.

Methionine

SAMe

Homocysteine

Cysteine

r-Glutamyl cysteine

Glutathione

Glycine

Pryoglutamate Glutamate

SAH

Taurine

Serine

G l u t a m a t e (m M )

CdCl 2 (mg/kg)

M )1.01.2Cystathione - synthase

Cystathionine

1.4FIGURE 8.Perturbed metabolic pathways in response to CdCl 2-induced nephrotoxicity.Observed metabolite changes in urine of rats with CdCl 2exposure mapped onto the pathways involved in glutathione synthesis.Arrows represent signi?cant increases or decreases metabolites in urine samples,and asterisk indicates p values that represent signi?cant changes in the urine compared with control.The histograms indicated the means ±SEM of separate experiments.The asterisk indicates a signi?cant difference from the control and 25-mg /kg CdCl 2-treated groups.

to oxidative stress.It was thus postulated that the rise in urinary glycine might result from a defense mechanism against oxidative stress induced by CdCl 2.Oxidative stress may induce mitochondrial dysfunction and impair-ment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)cycle,resulting in a fall in citrate levels.The observed increase in urinary lactate supports the hypoth-esis of an alteration of energy metabolism (Verwaest et al.,2011).The elevation in uri-nary lactate was postulated to be related to mitochondrial toxicity,and may be a conse-quence of either impaired pyruvate oxidation as noted in a rat model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity (Lenz et al.,2005;Sieber et al.,2009)or altered energy metabolism in prox-imal tubular cells (Klawitter et al.,2009).Our ?ndings are in agreement with those of previous reports using cisplatin and other nephrotoxicants (Holmes et al.,2000;Park et al.,2009;Sieber et al.,2009).Another altered metabolite induced by CdCl 2treat-ment was hippurate.However,changes in urinary hippurate appear to be nonspeci?c responses and are not reliable biomarkers of renal disease.In addition,serine was exam-ined because of its important role in pyruvate metabolism,and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate as well as 4-hydroxyphenyllactate was included because these urinary levels decrease when

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Cd-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND URINARY METABOLOMICS 1395

β-oxidation is enhanced (Teran-Garcia et al.,1998).

The metabolism of methionine into S -adenosylmethionine (SAM)results in the gen-eration of cysteine.In the present study,CdCl 2treatment signi?cantly decreased urinary glutathione (GSH)levels in a dose-dependent manner.Cysteine may be associated with alter-ations in the SAM cycle as a result of reduction in the pathway for glutathione synthesis.Sun et al.(2009)postulated that the fall in cysteine levels may be related to a decrease in GSH lev-els in the liver of acetaminophen-treated rats.Similarly,the CdCl 2-induced reduction in uri-nary methionine,glutamate,and cysteine levels was associated with a decrease in GSH levels to protect against oxidative stress.Glutathione act also as a cofactor for conjugation reactions,which represent a major route for detoxi?ca-tion of heavy metals (Delalande et al.,2010).Due to its role in GSH production,cysteine,a principal factor in combating metal toxicity,becomes reduced in the target organ.In partic-ular,Cd interacts with selenium (Se)and thiols of proteins,leading to oxidative stress in the kidney (Whanger,1985;Gong &Hart,1997;Ikediobi et al.,2004).This study offers a pos-sible correlation to extend the functional role of Se-containing proteins against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.SBP1was one of the candidate target proteins induced by CdCl 2.Based on our results,data therefore suggest SBP1may serve as a candidate biomarker of oxidative stress-induced nephrotoxicity.There has been no reported relationship between SBP1and nephrotoxicity.SBP1is generally a cytosolic protein,but found in both cytoplasm and nucleus.SBP1expression is reduced in tumor tissues such as lung adenocarcinoma (Chen et al.,2004),breast cancer (Zhang et al.,2013),and gastric carcinoma (Zhang et al.,2011)compared to normal tissues.SBP1is postu-lated to play a role in regulation of cellular oxidative stress (Huang et al.,2012;Tsujimoto et al.,2013).With Western blot analysis it was found that protein levels of SBP1in urine were signi?cantly increased in rats after chronic exposure to CdCl 2.Immunohistochemical anal-ysis revealed cellular expression of SBP1in

the kidney.Further results demonstrated that SBP1expression was higher in the renal tubular plasma membrane suggesting diffu-sion into tubules,followed by excretion into urine occurred before severe kidney damage.

In summary,potential urinary metabolites indicating chronic renal injury produced by Cd treatment were identi?ed,and their usefulness as biomarkers for detection of renal injury compared with traditional nephrotoxicity biomarkers.Following CdCl 2treatment,some protein-based urinary kidney biomarkers increased,indicating that these biomarkers might also be used as sensitive biomarkers for chronic renal injury.The most discriminatory metabolites were identi?ed as those involved in GSH synthesis pathway.Thus,speci?c urinary metabolites may provide sensitive and predictive information for the detection of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All the authors declare that there are no con?icts of interest.

FUNDING

This work was supported by grants of the 2013Samsung Research Fund from Sungkyunkwan University and the National Institute of Food &Drug Safety Evaluation from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.

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普通员工辞职申请书范文【三篇】

普通员工辞职申请书范文【三篇】 尊敬的xx人力资源部: 您好! 因为个人职业规划和一些现实因素,经过慎重考虑之后,特此提出离职申请,敬请批准。 在xx工作一年多的时间里,我有幸得到了各位领导及同事们的倾心指导及热情协助,在本职工作和音乐专业技能上,我得到了很大水准的提升,在此感谢xx提供给我这个良好的平台,这个年多的工作经验将是我今后职业生涯中的一笔宝贵财富。 在这里,特别感谢各位领导在过去的工作、生活中给予的大力支持与协助;尤其感谢xx,xx等,一年来对我的信任和关照,感谢所有给予过我协助的同事们。 望批准我的申请,并请协助办理相关离职手续,在正式离开之前我将认真继续做好当前的每一项工作。 祝公司事业蓬勃发展,前景灿烂。 申请人:### 20xx年xx月xx日 【篇二】 尊敬的韩总: 作为一名在酒店工作了大半年的员工,我对酒店有着一种格外亲切的感觉。每一个人在他年轻的时候,都有很多第一次,我当然也不例外。

我的第一份工作是在酒店,我最青春的三年也是在酒店度过的。 在这里,我学会了很多东西,能够跟同事们在一起工作,我觉得很开心,这里的每一位都是我的大哥大姐,我的叔叔阿姨,是他们教给了 我在学校里面学不到的知识,如何为人、如何处事、如何工作……在 酒店里,领导们也对我十分的关心,从刚进入酒店开始,我就感受到 从上至下的温暖。因为我是酒店里年龄还一般,还不算小,也从来没 有在这么大的集体里生活过,自不过然的,心里面就会产生一种被呵 护的感觉。这是一种以前在集体里未曾有过的感觉,很温馨,很自豪,而且它一直陪伴着我,直到我离开…… 但这种感觉不会随着我的离开而走远,我想我永远也不会忘记, 毕竟我以前生活在一个温暖而又温馨的集体里。韩总,还记得第一次 跟您近距离接触和理解是在20xx.3.16号。随着时间的流逝,斗转星移,您多年积累的工作经验与个人才华也得到充分的施展。您是我们 酒店的经理。在我上班之前,制定了一系列的政策与方针,重新定位 了酒店的经营策略,持续地尝试新的机制与奖励、分配办法,力争让 酒店的经济效益持续迈上新高,也让酒店员工的福利待遇如芝麻开花 一般节节高樊。,这才是为员工谋利益的举动,这才是一位被员工在 心里面所认可的经理。 而我,作为这个集体的一份子,更加感觉到您对员工的关心与培养。您肯定想到,酒店要想在竞争激烈的社会中立于不败之地,人才 的培养与发展是不可忽视的环节之一。因为我自身水平的不足,近期 的工作让我觉得力不从心,所以想公司提出了辞呈,忘领导批准。 申请人:### 20xx年xx月xx日 【篇三】 尊敬的公司领导:

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辞职报告文本辞职报告范文大全 辞职报告 (篇一) 尊敬的领导: 我很遗憾自己在这个时候向公司正式提出辞职申请。 来到公司也已经快两年了,在这近两年里,得到了公司各位同事的多方帮助,我非常感谢公司各位同事。正是在这里我有过欢笑,也有过泪水,更有过收获。公司平等的人际关系和开明的工作作风,一度让我有着找到了依靠的感觉,在这里我能开心的工作,开心的学习。或许这真是对的,由此我开始了思索,认真的思考。 但是最近我感觉到自己不适合做这份工作,同时也想换一下环境。我也很清楚这时候向公司辞职于公司于自己都是一个考验,公司正值用人之际,公司新的项目的启动,所有的后续工作在公司上下极力重视下一步步推进。也正是考虑到公司今后在这个项目安排的合理性,本着对公司负责的态度,为了不让公司因我而造成的决策失误,我郑重向公司提出辞职。 我考虑在此辞呈递交之后的2—4周内离开公司,这样您将有时间去寻找适合人选,来填补因我离职而造成的空缺,同时我也能够协助您对新人进行入职培训,使他尽快熟悉工作。 能为公司效力的日子不多了,我一定会把好自己最后一班岗,做好工作的交接工作,尽力让项目做到平衡过渡。离开这个公司,离开

这些曾经同甘共苦的同事,很舍不得,舍不得领导们的尊尊教诲,舍不得同事之间的那片真诚和友善。 在短短的两年时间我们公司已经发生了巨大可喜的变化,我很遗 憾不能为公司辉煌的明天贡献自己的力量。我只有衷心祝愿公司的业绩一路飙升!公司领导及各位同事工作顺利! (篇二) 尊敬的办公室人力资源管理领导: 我向公司正式提出辞职。 我自**日进入公司,到现在已经一年有余了,正是在这里我开始 踏上了社会,完成了自己从一个学生到社会人的转变。在过去的一 年多里,公司给予了我许多学习和锻炼的机会,开阔眼界、增长见识。我对公司给予的照顾表示忠心的感谢!但是,经过近段时间的思考, 我越来越迷惘!我越来越觉得现在的工作、生活离自己想要的越来越远。所以,我必须离开,去过我思想深处另一种有别于目前的生活。我想,生活应该是在选择到适合自己的道路以后,再持之以恒地坚持! 公司目前已经过了一年最忙的时间,是充电、整顿、储备人才的 时刻。相信,我的离开会很快有新生力量补充。因为这不是我想要的工作、生活状态,所以,我现在对工作没有激情、对生活也极其懒散。本着对公司负责的态度,为了不让公司其他同事受到我消极情绪 * ,也为了不让公司因为我出现业务上的纰漏等,我郑重向公司提出辞职,望公司给予批准! 祝公司稳步发展,祝公司的领导和同事们前程似锦、鹏程万里!

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辞职申请书范文大全500字 辞职申请书500字 辞职一般是提前30天向上级或公司递交辞职,无需公司批准,30天之后您就能顺利辞职了,以下是为大家搜集的范文,欢迎阅读! 尊敬的公司领导: 由于工作调动,现正式向公司提出调离原工作岗位。 舍不得,舍不得这里的人,舍不得自己曾经的付出。每一次出差、每一次报价、每一次谈判、每一次争吵,在飞机上、在吉普车上、在会议室里、在工地上,所有这一切,都充斥着我的记忆,那么清晰,就像是在昨天。但时间的指针总是忠诚地一步一步往前走,昨天终究会结束。 在公司四年半的时间里,我收获了很多,除了朋友和知识,更 重要的是,我到了成长的快乐。感谢命运,让我在最青春的年华里遇到了装备公司;感谢公司领导,你们的关注和欣赏让我一直充满自信,你们的指点和教诲让我在成长的路上少走了很多弯路;感谢公司的同事,和你们的沟通,轻松愉悦;感谢我自己,能够一直保持着一份纯净,真诚地付出,真诚地享受每一次收获。

鉴于目前的身体及生活状态,自认为不能够为公司创造更大的价值,现向公司提出辞职。 虽然我不能在这里继续“战斗”下去,但真心的希望,xx公司能够梦想成真,在世界的舞台上舞出属于自己的精彩。 此致 敬礼! 辞职人: 20xx年xx月xx日 尊敬的x总: 您好! 转眼间,我到公司已有X年了,这X年的工作时间里,虽然我的工作并不是尽善尽美,但在公司同事们的帮助,尤其是您的信任与教导下,我也努力的去完成每一项您布置给我的工作,都用了自己的

热情努力去对待。凭心而论,我开始对基础工程毫无了解,但在您这里我基本了解了基础工程,使我学到了很多东西,特别是一些做人的道理和对生活的理解。在这里,我真诚的对袁总说一声:谢谢您了! 但犹豫再三,经过了长时间的考虑,我还是写了这封辞职申请书。 加入公司以来,您对我的信任、教导与严格要求,令我非常感动,也成为激励我努力工作的动力。在您及同事们的热心指导与悉心帮助下,我在工程技术和管理能力方面都有了一定的提高。我常想,自己应该用一颗感恩的心,去回报您及公司对我的栽培,真的想用自己的努力去做好您交给的每一份工作任务,但自己的能力真的很有限,有很多地方没有做得能让您满意,所以对过去工作中失误与不足的地方,我真诚的对您说声抱歉,请您原谅! 经过这段时间的思考,我觉得我可能技术能力方面有所不足, 也缺少工作的积极性和脚踏实地的工作精神,没能很好的适应这个工作,所以一直没有把工作做到令您满意的程度。这是我在以后的人生中需要注意的地方,也是袁总经常教导我的地方,我一定会铭记于心! 再一次真诚地感谢您及公司全体同事对我的关爱与帮助!

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简短辞职申请书范文大全 想必每一位在职场混迹多年的职场人士都应曾经写过辞职信之类的。在现在这个发展速度如此之快的社会,跳槽也就成了常见现象。而离职前的辞职信是必写的。下面就是小编给大家带来的简短辞职申请书范文大全,希望大家喜欢! 尊敬的xx: 我自xx年来到公司,工作中得到公司和您的培养,个人得到了很大的成长,公司的文化和环境也令我工作得非常开心。 现由于个人原因,我不得不提出辞职,希望能于x年x月x日正式离职,请公司批准我的这份辞职书。并请公司在x月x日前安排好人员接替我的工作,我将尽心交接。 再次对您x年来的培养和指导表示衷心的感谢。 最后祝您及公司的所有同事一切顺利! 此致 敬礼 辞职人:xxx 20xx年x月x日 尊敬的X经理: 您好! 感谢公司在我入职以来的培养关心和照顾,从X年X月份来到[公司]至今,我学到了很多东西,今后无论走向哪里,从事什么,这段经历都是一笔宝贵的财富,我为在彩卡的这段工作经历而自豪。 而今,由于个人原因提出辞职,望领导批准。 辞职人: 20xx年x月x日

公司人事部: 我因为要去美国留学,故需辞去现在的工作,请上级领导批准。 公司的企业文化感化了我,我对公司是深有感情的。我留学归来之后,仍愿意回公司就职。 感谢公司领导和同事在工作中对我的关心和支持,并祝公司兴隆。 辞职人:xxx 20xx年x月x日 尊敬的公司领导: 在递交这份辞呈时,我的心情十分沉重。现在由于我的一些个人原因的影响,无法为公司做出相应的贡献。因此请求允许离开。 当前公司正处于快速发展的阶段,同事都是斗志昂扬,壮志满怀,而我在这时候却因个人原因无法为公司分忧,实在是深感歉意。 我希望公司领导在百忙之中抽出时间受理我的离职事项。 感谢诸位在我在公司期间给予我的信任和支持,并祝所有同事和朋友们在工作和活动中取得更大的成绩。 辞职人: 20xx年x月x日 尊敬的xx: 自xx年入职以来,我一直很喜欢这份工作,但因某些个人原因,我要重新确定自己未来的方向,最终选择了开始新的工作。 希望公司能早日找到合适人手开接替我的工作并希望能于今年5月底前正式辞职。如能给予我支配更多的时间来找工作我将感激不尽,希望公司理解!在我提交这份辞呈时,在未离开岗位之前,我一定会尽自己的职责,做好应该做的事。 最后,衷心的说:“对不起”与“谢谢”! 祝愿公司开创更美好的未来!

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离职申请书怎么写范文5篇 工作当中几乎每个人都会有经历辞职,那么大家知道离职申请书怎么写吗?下面就是给大家带来的离职申请书怎么写范文5篇,希望大家喜欢! 辞职报告怎么写模板 辞职理由 辞职之前必须想好理由,不管是世界那么大,我想去看看。还是老子就是不想干了。 书面格式 标题:标题一般有辞职报告、辞职书、辞职函、辞职申请等不同的写法,书面一般多用辞职书 称谓:在工作中称呼一般都是“尊敬的XXX”格式,你想谁递交辞职书就写TA的尊称。 正文: ①空格2字符,问好。如:您好。

②辞职理由,短到几个字,长到几百字,个人自由发挥。例如:世界那么大,我想去看看。 ③尾段可以写写对公司的祝福等等。如:祝公司业绩蒸蒸日上。 结语:结尾要求写上表示敬意的话。如“此致——敬礼”等。 署名:写上自己的名字,辞职人:XXX 。署名的格式,为*末尾换行后起,然后署名下面加上日期. 日期:辞职报告写的当天日期,当然公司的规定不同,可以灵活的变动。 注意事项 不要说上司坏话。如果你认为有必要向管理层反映一下上司的问题,要尽量以委婉的言辞口头提出。 不要满纸抱怨,抨击公司制度。 不要指责同事,尤其忌讳把同事的“罪行”白纸黑字写在辞职书上。 离职申请书范文【一】 尊敬的罗总: 您好!

首先感谢您在我工作期间对我照顾与支持,感谢公司给我这个平台,让我锻炼让我成长。 很遗憾在这个时候向xx正式写出辞职报告,或许我还不是正式职工,不需要写这封辞职信。当您看到这封信时我大概也不在这里上班了。 来到这里也快两个月了,开始感觉这里的气氛就和一个大家庭一样,大家相处得融洽和睦。在这里有过欢笑,有过收获,当然也有过痛苦。虽然多少有些不快,不过在这里至少还是学了一些东西。在这一个多月的工作中,我确实学习到了不少东西。然而工作上的毫无成就感总让自己彷徨。我开始了思索,认真地思考。思考的结果连自己都感到惊讶——或许自己并不适合xx 这项工作。而且到这里来工作的目的也只是让自己这一段时间有些事可以做,可以赚一些钱,也没有想过要在这里发展。因为当初连应聘我都不知道,还是一个朋友给我投的资料,也就稀里糊涂地来到了这里。一些日子下来,我发现现在处境和自己的目的并不相同。而且我一直以为没有价值的事情还不如不做,现在看来,这份工作可以归为这一类了。n多的时间白白浪费掉了。我想,应该换一份工作去尝试了。 离开这里,离开这些曾经同甘共苦的同事,确实很舍不得,舍不得同事之间的那片真诚和友善。但是我还是要决定离开了,我恳请xx和领导们原谅我的离开。

申请离职书范文6篇

申请离职书范文6篇 Sample application for resignation 编订:JinTai College

申请离职书范文6篇 小泰温馨提示:辞职报告是个人离开原来的工作岗位时向单位领导或上级组织提请批准的一种申请书,是解除劳动合同关系的实用文体。本文档根据辞职报告内容要求展开说明,具有实践指导意义,便于学习和使用,本文下载后内容可随意修改调整及打印。 本文简要目录如下:【下载该文档后使用Word打开,按住键盘Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】 1、篇章1:申请离职书范文 2、篇章2:申请离职书范文 3、篇章3:申请离职书范文 4、篇章4:酒店离职申请范文 5、篇章5:酒店离职申请范文 6、篇章6:酒店离职申请范文 为离职写一份离职申请书,本文是小泰为大家整理的申请离职书范文,仅供参考。 篇章1:申请离职书范文

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假如这给您增添了任何的麻烦,请接受我深深的歉意。在公司的2年 多的时间里,也许我的能力有限,也许我的潜力并没有得到充分发挥,我没有为公司做出更多的贡献,对此我深感愧疚。 在此我非常感谢公司给予本人学习的机会,并取得宝贵的工作经验。希望本人的离职不会为您带来很大的不便。离职申请书范文。本 人希望在离职之前,能够取得离职通知书。 回想在以往的岁月里,在工作、生活各方面,我都得到了您周到 的关心和关心,说心里话您是一位难得的好主管,我很幸运一毕业就 遇上了您。当我做错事的时候您总是能够原谅我,并能一次又一次的 给我机会改正。对此,我将一辈子感激不尽。以后您有什么用得着我 的地方,尽管开口,只要条件允许,有可能做得到的,我一定乐意尽力。我也希望我们能再有共事的机会。 在未离开岗位之前,是我的工作请您尽管分配,我一定会尽自己 的职责,做好应该做的事。离职申请书范文。最后我再一次感谢给予 我关心和关心的公司所有同事,我衷心感谢您们。祝您和公司好运相伴,将来更加兴旺发达. 此致 敬礼 申请人:### 20xx年xx月xx日

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