LETTER TO A B STUDENT
1.Norm n.
标准,基准（average）；规范（standard）；准则
:A norm is an official standard or level that organizations are expected to reach.
*above/below the ~
*social ~s
(sy.)regulation
Eg：At the moment, marriage is still the norm in china and arranged marriage the norm in india.
现如今，结婚仍是中国的社会准则，包办婚姻则是印度的社会准则。
The company should consider completely health and safety norm.
公司对安全卫生法令的规范应有完整考量。
2.shift V t./vi.
(使）移动；（使）挪动（move）；（使）转移（transfer）:Move or change from one position or direction to another Eg：He shifted from foot to foot.
Will anybody help me to ~ this piano？
（意见、情况、政策）有所变动，稍作改变；使发生些许变化Eg：Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years...
最近几年对精神病的态度已有所改变。
*to ~ for oneself 独自谋生
*to ~ one’s ground 改变立场
3.eligibility n.资格
:the qualifications or abilities required for doing sth. eligible a.有资格的；符合条件的；有能力的
* sb’s ~ to do sth./for sth.
The rules covering eligibility for benefits changed in the 1980s.
20世纪80年代，有关救济金领取资格的规定变了。Foreign students accepted at an american school will receive a document called a certificate of eligibility.
外国学生被美国学校接受后会收到一分文件叫做合格证书.
4.inadequacy n.
:不足；不完备(insufficiency) ofsomething is the fact that there is not enough of it, or that it is not good enough. ...the inadequacy of the water supply...
水供应不足
The inadequacies of the current system have already been recognised.
人们已经认识到现行体制的不足。
?不够格；能力不足；无法胜任If someone has feelings of inadequacy, they feel that they do not have the qualities
and abilities necessary to do something or to cope with life in general.
The feeling of inadequacy was overpowering.
无法胜任的感觉非常强烈。
...his deep-seated sense of inadequacy.
他内心那种根深蒂固的不自信
5.repute n.(reputation)
好名声；名誉；名望A person's or organization's repute is their reputation, especially when this is good.
?He was a writer of repute.
他曾经是一位颇有名望的作者。
Chicago has 6 graduate and professional schools of high repute.
芝加哥有6所颇负盛名的研究生院和专业院校。
Vt.
*to be ~d to be / do sth. 据说是某事物/做某事
6.essence n.
(1)实质；本质；精髓
:the most basic and important idea or quality
in essence 本质上；实质上
...the essence of life...
生活的本质
You should analyze the essence of the problem.
你应该剖析问题的实质。
Communication is the essence of english language teaching.
交际，是英语教学的实质。
National design must derive the essence from national culture.
民族的设计必须汲取民族文化的精髓。
(2)香精, 精油
...a few drops of vanilla essence.
几滴香草精油
7.offset v. vt.抵消；补偿n.胶印，抵消；补偿
:ounterbalance or compensate for
If one thing is offset by another, the effect of the first thing is reduced by the second, so that any advantage or disadvantage is cancelled out.
*to ~ sth. against sth. 用一事抵消另一事*as an ~ to sth. 作为对某事的补偿
To offset the balance of a situation.
相抵一个局势的平衡。
Demand has been partly offset by government stimulus measures.
政府刺激措施弥补了部分需求。
A method of offset printing using photomechanical plates.
使用照片工艺图版的一种胶印法。
8. misleading a.误导性的；迷惑性的；欺骗性的
：likely to make sb. believe sth. that is not true Advertisements for houses for sale often lead buyers on with misleading description.
兜售房屋的广告常常以骗人的说明使买方上当受骗。Some films have a misleading effect on children.
有些电影对儿童起了引入歧途的作用。
9.transcript n.抄本；誊本；打字本；副本
I reviewed the transcript of your berlin operation.
我看了你柏林行动的文字记录。
We aren't going to publish this transcript anyway.
不管怎么说，我们又不会拿这个手抄本去出版。
10.proficiency n.熟练；精通
:skill,ability
Proficiency standards is to achieve answered without thinking.
熟练的标准就是要达到不假思索地脱口而出。
I shall aim in a certificate of proficiency next june.
我打算明年六月获得熟练工的证书。
11.conventional a.
行为、观念等）传统的，符合习俗的
:of the usual type that has been used for a long time
*to be ~ in sth. 在某方面守旧
?...a respectable married woman with conventional opinions.
一位观念传统、受人尊敬的已婚女性
武器、战争等）常规的，非核的
?We must reduce the danger of war by controlling nuclear, chemical and conventional arms.
我们必须通过控制核武器、化学武器和常规武器的数量来减少战争的危险。
conventionally
People still wore their hair short and dressed conventionally.
人们还留着短发、穿着传统服饰。
12.retain v. (sy.)keep up
保留；保持；保存
: keep;continue to have
* To ~ one’s composure 保持镇静
The interior of the shop still retains a nineteenth-century atmosphere.
这家商店的内部装修仍然保留着19世纪的风格。
预聘，付定金聘请（律师）
He decided to retain him for the trial.
他决定聘请他为出庭律师。
13.assumption n.
:what’s thought to be true or will happen,without any real proof
假定；假设;假想；臆断
They have taken a wrong turning in their assumption that all men and women think alike...
他们错误地设想所有男女均见解一致。
权力的）取得；（责任的）承担
The government have retained the support which greeted their assumption of power last March.
自从在刚过去的三月掌权以来，政府的支持率依旧未减。
14.indicate v.
:show that sth. Exists
(1)指示（direction，object）
To ~ to sb. that ... 向某人指示...;
The temperature gauge indicated that it was boiling.
温度计显示它在沸腾。
(2)暗示（suggest）
To ~ the presence/approach of sth. 暗示某事物的存在、临近
U.S. authorities have not yet indicated their monetary policy plans.
美国当局尚未透露他们的货币政策计划。
（3）表明（make known）
To ~ （to sb.) that one is going to do sth.
A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life...
对退休人员的调查表明，大部分人都自食其力，享受生活。
15.fuzzy a.
:not clear
（1）（毛发）柔软卷曲的
He had fuzzy black hair and bright black eyes.
他一头柔软卷曲的黑发，眼睛又黑又亮。
（2）（图片、声音等）不清楚的，模糊的
A couple of fuzzy pictures have been published.
有几张模糊的照片刊登了出来。
（3）（人或头脑）稀里糊涂的，迷迷糊糊的
He had little patience for fuzzy ideas.
他没什么耐心听那些糊里糊涂的想法。
16.character n.
特点；特征；特色（人的）性格，个性；（地方的）特点
:the qualities that make up sb’s personality
Perhaps there is a negative side to his character that you haven't seen yet...
或许，他性格中不好的一面你还没有看见。
The character of this country has been formed by immigration.
这个国家的国民性是由移民形成的。
Individuality is a valued and inherent part of the British character.
个性鲜明是英国人固有的、也是他们看重的特点。
17.humor n.幽默，心情，诙谐
vt.迎合，牵就，顺应
: disposition,temperament
He conducted these instructional sessions with animation and humor.
他在这些会议上讲话诙谐生动。
My english teacher's humor was such as to make every student burst into laughter.
我的英语教师很诙谐，他老是让全班学生捧腹大笑。18.characteristics n./a.特色；特点；特征。品质、特点、明显的，显著的，典型的
：a quality or feature that sb. Or sth. typically has
Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing.
基因决定每个生物的特征。
Nehru responded with characteristic generosity.
尼赫鲁以他一贯的大度之风作了回答。
Characteristically ad.
He replied in characteristically robust style...
像以往一样，他的回答铿锵有力。
19.species n.物种；种类；类型；[逻辑] 个体
:a particular class of a larger group
As a species, we are really quite unpleasant.
作为一个物种,我们是不受欢迎的.
Unsurprisingly, perhaps, our sentient species is obsessed with the idea of staying alive.
毫不奇怪，人类总是痴迷于长寿。
20.curriculum n.
n.全部课程，课程
There should be a broader curriculum in schools for post-16-year-old pupils.
学校对16岁以上的学生开设的课程，范围应该更广一些。Russian is the one compulsory foreign language on the school curriculum.
俄语在学校课程设置中是一门必修的外语课。
21.garment n. n.衣服；服装
v.给…穿衣服
:a piece of clothing
England develops a new liquid bulletproof garment.
英国研制出新型液体防弹衣。
Many of the garments have the customers' name tags sewn into the linings.
这些衣服有很多内衬上缝有顾客的姓名签。
22.underneath prep. 在…之下；在下面；在…下面；在…领导或控制下adj.较低的；下面的
:directly under sth.
PREP. The device exploded underneath a van.
该装置在一辆货车底下发生了爆炸。
Underneath is also a noun.
Now I know what the underneath of a car looks like.
现在我知道汽车的底部是什么样子了。
Underneath is also an adverb.
He has on a denim shirt with a T-shirt underneath.
他穿了一件牛仔衬衫，里面套了件T恤。
23.ritual n.
:Fixed ways of doing things
n.（宗教等的）仪式；例行公事，老规矩；典礼
adj.作为仪式的一部分的；礼节性的；例行公事
(1)典礼；（宗教）仪式
This is the most ancient, and holiest of the Shinto rituals.
这是最古老、最神圣的神道教仪式。
(2)仪式性的；传统的
fastings and ritual dancing.
斋戒和传统舞蹈
an act of ritual suicide.
仪式性的自杀行为
Ritually ad.
The statue was ritually bathed and purified.
作为仪式对这座雕塑进行冲洗和净化。
(3)风俗；习惯
The whole Italian culture revolves around the ritual of eating.
整个意大利的文化都以饮食习惯为中心。