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Organization Behavior 各章练习题

Organization Behavior 各章练习题
Organization Behavior 各章练习题

MULTIPLE CHOICE

CHP1:

4. The four management functions include all of the following except:

a. controlling.

b. planning.

c. staffing.

d. organizing.

(c; Moderate; p. 4)

1. Successful managers and entrepreneurs recognize that:

a. technical knowledge is all that is needed for success.

b. interpersonal skills are not important.

c. technical skills are necessary, but insufficient, for succeeding in management.

d. an understanding of human behavior does not impact effectiveness

(c; Challenging; pp. 2-3)

11. When a manager searches the organization and its environment for opportunities and initiates projects to bring

about change, the manager is acting in which role?

a. negotiator

b. entrepreneur

c. disturbance handler

d. resource allocator

(b; Challenging; Exh. 1-1; p. 6)

13. When managers have the mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations, they possess:

a.technical skills.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/428535686.html,puter skills.

c.human skills.

d.conceptual skills.

(d; Challenging; pp. 6-7 )

14. Which one of the following would not be considered a human skill?

a. completing accounting reports

b. communicating

c. resolving conflicts

d. working as part of a team

(a; Moderate; pp 5-6)

18. A common thread running through the functions, roles, skills, and activities approaches to management recognizes

the importance of:

a.managing technology.

b.managing people.

c.politicking.

d.being efficient.

(b; Moderate; p. 8)

20. ______ is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior

within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/428535686.html,anizational development

b.Management

https://www.doczj.com/doc/428535686.html,anizational behavior

d.People management

(c; Easy; p. 8)

58. Primary dependent variables in OB include:

a. productivity.

b. absenteeism.

c. job satisfaction.

d. all of the above

(d; Easy; p. 23)

63. Individual-level independent variables include:

a. technology.

b. organizational culture.

c. perception.

d. human resource policy.

(c; Moderate; pp. 25-26)

64.________ is the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization.

a.Absenteeism

b.Turnover

c.Downsizing

d.Exit

(b; Easy; p. 24)

CHP2

2. An individual’s personality is determined by:

a. heredity.

b. environment.

c. situational factors.

d. all of the above

(d; Easy; p. 94)

4. Which of the following personality shaping forces is not environmental?

a. parents’ height

b. experience

c. Protestant ethic

d. culture

(a; Moderate; p. 95)

5. Factors that are considered environmental influences on our personality include all the following except:

a. birth order.

b. heredity.

c. culture.

d. family norms.

(b; Moderate; p. 95)

7. ―Bob is easy-going at home, but at work he becomes very tense and anxious.‖ This statement attributes Bob’s

personality more to which of the following?

a. heredity

b. environment

c. situation

d. locus of control

(c; Moderate; p. 95)

13. Which of the following is not included in the Big Five model?

a.agreeableness

b.conscientiousness

c.gregariousness

d.emotional stability

(c; Easy; p. 97)

14. Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others?

a.extraversion

b.agreeableness

c.emotional stability

d.openness to experience

(b; Moderate; p. 97)

17. Individuals who rate high in externality (external locus of control):

a. are less satisfied with their jobs.

b. have lower absenteeism rates.

c. are less alienated from the work setting.

d. are more involved on their jobs.

(a; Challenging; p. 97)

19. People with an internal locus of control tend to:

a. quit their jobs more often than those with an external locus of control.

b. quit their jobs less often than those with an external locus of control.

c. perform better on their jobs.

d. start their own businesses.

(c; Moderate; p. 98)

23. _____ is the degree to which people like or dislike themselves.

a.Self-esteem

b.Authoritarianism

c.Locus of control

d.Machiavellianism

(a; Moderate; p. 100)

24. People high in the trait self-esteem:

a. are less likely to take unpopular stands than low SEs.

b. tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than low SEs.

c. tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than low SEs.

d. tend to be more concerned with pleasing others than low SEs.

(b; Challenging; p. 100)

29. An individual who is aggressively involved in a chronic incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and

less time is a(n):

a. Type A.

b. Type B.

c. Type AB.

d. extrovert.

(a; Easy; p. 101)

30. Which of the following is true of the Type A personality?

a. The Type A is more successful than the Type B.

b. Type A’s can play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit superiority.

c. Type A’s are obsessed with numbers and measure their success in terms of how much of everything they

acquire.

d. Type A’s feel no need to discuss their achievements.

(c; Moderate; p. 101)

32. A Type A personality would be most likely to:

a. be easy going.

b. enjoy leisure and quiet time.

c. eat his meals quickly.

d. concentrate on only one task at a tim

e.

(c; Easy; p. 101)

33. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Type B personality?

a.never suffers from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience

b.plays for fun and relaxation

c.strives to think or do two or more things at once

d.can relax without guilt

(c; Moderate; p. 101 )

1. Motivation is:

a. a component of ability.

b. situational.

c. a personal trait.

d. a constant intensity for each individual.

(b; Moderate; p. 155)

2. Motivation is best defined as:

a. high performance.

b. efficient behavior.

c. processes that ac count for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence toward attaining a goal.

d. being told to exert high levels of effort.

(c; Easy; p. 155)

4. The drive to become what one is capable of becoming is which level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

a. social

b. self-actualization

c. physiological

d. esteem

(b; Easy; p. 156)

10. Growth and achieving one’s potential are examples of Maslow’s:

a.self-actualization factors.

b.physiological factors.

c.social factors.

d.esteem factors.

(a; Moderate; p. 156)

14. Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?

a. physiological, safety, social

b. safety, social, esteem

c. esteem, self-actualization

d. social, esteem, self-actualization

(d; Moderate; p. 157)

17. A Theory X manager would view employees as:

a. seeking responsibility.

b. needing to be coerced to achieve goals.

c. viewing work as a normal daily activity.

d. exercising self control.

(b; Easy; p. 157)

23. Who proposed a two-factor theory?

a. Maslow

b. McClelland

c. Herzberg

d. Alderfer

(c; Challenging; p. 159)

24. The two-factor theory is also referred to as:

a.Theories X and Y.

b.Motivator-Hygiene Theory.

c.Hierarchy of Needs Theory.

d.Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction Theory.

(b; Moderate; p. 159)

25. Two-factor theory suggests that extrinsic factors such as _____ cause dissatisfaction.

a. advancement

b. working conditions

c. achievement

d. recognition

(b; Moderate; p. 160)

26. Which of the following is not true about the two-factor theory?

a. Working conditions are characterized as hygiene factors.

b. Intrinsic factors are motivators.

c. A job becomes satisfying when the dissatisfying characteristics are remove

d.

d. Responsibility is a satisfier.

(c; Moderate; pp. 159-160)

28. Which one of the following would be considered a motivator in the two-factor theory?

a. salary

b. supervision

c. working conditions

d. recognition

(d; Moderate; p. 160)

44. According to McClelland, the need for ____ is the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have

behaved otherwise.

a.power

b.achievement

c.affiliation

d.effectiveness

(a; Moderate; p. 162)

45. Individuals who have a desire to excel and to succeed are high in:

a. nPow.

b. nAch.

c. nMot.

d. nAff.

(b; Moderate; p. 162)

50. Individuals with a high need to achieve prefer all of the following except:

a. job situations with personal responsibility.

b. a high degree of risk.

c. overcoming obstacles.

d. feedback.

(b; Moderate; p. 163)

73. Which of the following is not a predictable choice when employees perceive an inequity?

a.change their inputs

b.change their outcomes

c.choose a different referent

d.acquire more tenure

(d; Moderate; p. 171)

74. If a salaried employee is overpaid, equity theory would predict that:

a. quantity will decrease.

b. quality will decrease.

c. quantity and/or quality will increase.

d. there will be no effect.

(c; Challenging; p. 172)

76. Equity theory focused on:

a. interpersonal justice.

b. distributive justice.

c. equity.

d. procedural justic

e.

(b; Challenging; p. 172)

77. There are se veral types of justice. Which one is the term for ―fairness of the process?‖

a. interpersonal justice

b. distributive justice

c. equity

d. procedural justice

(d; Moderate; p. 172)

83. The degree to which an individual believes that performing at a particular level will generate a desired outcome is

defined by expectancy theory as:

a. performance-reward relationship.

b. effort-performance relationship.

c. rewards-personal goals relationship.

d. effort-satisfaction relationship.

(a; Moderate; p. 173)

14. Which of the following is not a reason people join groups?

a. security

b. status

c. equity

d. power

(c; Moderate; Exh. 8-1, p. 221)

39. A _____ is a set of expected behavior patterns associated with a particular position in a social unit.

a. role

b. norm

c. stereotype

d. status hierarchy

(a; Easy; p. 226)

43. The _____ defines mutual expectations along with behavioral expectations that go with every role.

a. group norm

b. role expectation

c. role stereotype

d. psychological contract

(d; Moderate; p. 227)

71. Which of the following is an example of negative synergy?

a. research teams working together, making use of diverse member skills

b. social loafing

c. process gain

d. 2 + 2 = 5

(b; Moderate; p. 238)

72. _____ refers to the tendency for performance to improve or decline in response to the presence of others.

a. Social loafing effect

b. Synergy

c. Social facilitation effect

d. Negative synergy

(c; Moderate; pp. 238-239)

78. _____ is a phenomenon in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual,

minority, or unpopular views.

a. Group conformity

b. Groupshift

c. Groupthink

d. Compromise

(c; Easy; p. 242)

47. Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory differs from ot her leadership theories most clearly

because it:

a. identifies specific leadership styles.

b. focuses on the followers.

c. makes leadership contingent on the situation.

d. uses the leadership dimensions of task and relationship behaviors.

(b; Challenging; p. 323)

TRUE/FALSE

CHP1

65. The single biggest reason for the failure of managers is poor interpersonal skills.

(True; Easy; p. 3)

66. While managers must be technically competent, technical knowledge is not enough for success.

(True; Moderate; p. 3)

What Managers Do

67. Managers get things done through other people.

(True; Easy; p. 4)

85. Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have

on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.

(True; Moderate; p. 8)

86. Organizational behavior is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how that behavior affects the performance of the organization.

(True; Moderate; p. 8)

87. Behavior is generally predictable, and the systematic study of behavior is a means to making reasonably accurate

predictions.

(True; Moderate; p. 10)

88. Many people’s views on human behavior are based on intuitio n.

(True; Easy; pp. 9-10)

89. It is the consistencies in behavior that make prediction possible.

(True; Moderate; p. 9)

CHP2

62. All our behavior is somewhat shaped by our personalities.

(True; Easy; p. 94)

63. Personality is the sum total of the way in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

(True; Easy; p. 94)

65. An adult’s personality is now generally considered to be made up of both hereditary and environmental factors,

moderated by situational conditions.

(True; Moderate; pp. 94-95)

68. A trait can be described as a characteristic or behavior that is consistently exhibited in a large number of situations. (True; Moderate; p. 96)

77. An impressive body of research supports that five basic personality dimensions underlie all others.

(True; Moderate; p. 97)

78. The Big Five Model factor termed ―extroversion‖ is probably a good predictor of job performance in most

professions.

(False; Challenging; p. 97)

79. Conscientiousness refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to oth ers.

(False; Moderate; p. 97)

80. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they are masters of their own fate.

(True; Easy; p. 98)

81. Individuals who rate high in external locus of control are more satisfied with their jobs and have lower absenteeism

rates.

82. Individuals who have an internal locus of control tend to have lower absence rates.

(True; Challenging; p. 99)

83. Overall evidence is that employees with an internal locus of control tend to perform better on their jobs. (True; Challenging; p. 99)

84. Externals should do well in jobs that are well structured and routine and in which success depends heavily on

complying with the direction of others.

(True; Challenging; p. 99)

96. Individuals with Type A personalities exhibit those characteristics highly prized by the North American culture. (True; Moderate; p. 101)

97. Zack is always moving and is impatient. He prefers work to leisure and seems obsessed with numbers. Zack is

probably a Type B.

(False; Easy; p. 101)

98. Type A personalities are never concerned with time.

(False; Easy; p. 101)

99. Type B personalities feel no need to display or discuss their achievements unless such exposure is demanded by the

situation.

(True; Moderate; p. 101)

100. Type B’s tend to operate under more stress than Type A’s.

(False; Easy; p. 101)

101 Type As tend to be creative.

(False; Challenging; p. 102)

102. The five personality factors identified in the Big Five Model appear in almost all cross-cultural studies.

(True; Challenging; p. 102)

103. Each country has a common personality type.

(False; Moderate; p. 102)

104. It is estimated that about 50 percent of the North American population is Type A.

(True, Moderate, p. 102)

CHP6

93. Motivation is a personality trait.

(False; Moderate; p. 156)

94. Motivation is the result of the interaction of the individual and the situation.

(True; Easy; p. 156)

95. Leadership is the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence o f effort toward

attaining a goal.

97. The early theories of motivation are widely used by practitioners to explain employee motivation.

(True; Moderate; p. 156)

98. According to Maslow, a need that is essentially satisfied no longer motivates.

(True; Moderate; p. 156)

99. Esteem is considered a lower order need.

(False; Moderate; p. 157)

100. Higher-order needs are satisfied internally, whereas lower-order needs are predominantly satisfied externally. (True; Challenging; p. 157)

105. Maslow proposed a two-factor theory, suggesting that intrinsic job factors motivate, whereas extrinsic factors only maintain and placate employees.

(False; Moderate; p. 159)

106. According to Herzberg, the opposite of ―satisfaction‖ is ―dissatisfaction.‖

(False; Moderate; p. 160)

107. According to Herzberg, some factors lead to satisfaction, but if you remove the factors you create dissatisfaction. (False; Moderate; p. 160)

108. According to Herzberg, pay is a motivation factor.

(False; Moderate; p. 160)

109. Hygiene factors usually lead to job satisfaction when present in a job.

(False; Moderate; p. 160)

112. The core needs in ERG theory are reconcilable with Maslow’s five need categories.

(True; Moderate; p. 161)

118. The needs for affiliation and power tend to be closely related to managerial success.

(True; Moderate; p. 163)

132. The statement that ―behavior is a function of its consequences‖ is consistent with reinforcement theory.

(True; Moderate; p. 168)

133. According to reinforcement theory, behavior is environmentally determined.

(True; Moderate; p. 168)

137. Equity theory proposed that equity tension is the negative tension state which provides the motivation to do something to correct it.

(True; Moderate; p. 171)

138. In equity theory, if perceived outcomes and inputs are not balanced, an individual will make certain adjustments to correct imbalance.

140. If you pay an individual an hourly rate, according to the equity theory, overpaying this individual will result in more output.

(True; Moderate; p. 172)

141. Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar reactions to correct the inequities.

(False; Moderate; p. 172)

Chp11

100. Hersey and Blanchard argue that leadership success is contingent on the age of the leader.

(False; Easy; p. 323)

101. Readiness was defined by Hersey and Blanchard as the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task.

(True; Moderate; p. 324)

SHORT ESSAY

137. Discuss the ―Big Five‖ model of personality.

(Page 97)

The five-factor model of personality is typically called the ―Big Five.‖ In addition to providing a unifying personality framework, research on the Big Five also has found important relationships between these personality dimensions and job performance. The five key traits in the Big Five personality model are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Extroversion captures one’s comfort level with relationships. Agreeableness refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability. Emotional stability taps a person’s ability to withstand stress. Openness to experience addresses one’s ran ge of interests and fascination with novelty.

142. Discuss Holland’s personality-job fit theory and its importance.

(Pages 103-105)

John Holland’s personality-job fit theory is based on the notion of fit between an individual’s personality characteristics and his or her occupational environment. Holland presents six personality types and proposes that satisfaction and the propensity to leave a job depend on the degree to which individuals successfully match their personalities to an occupational environment. Each one of the six personality types has a congruent occupational environment. The theory argues that satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when personality and occupation are in agreement.

CHP6

173. Discuss McClelland’s Theory of Needs.

(Pages 162-163)

McClelland’s theory of needs focuses on three needs: achievement, power, and affiliation. The need for achievement is the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards and to strive to succeed. The need for

power is the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. The need for affiliation is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

177. Discuss distributive justice and procedural justice. Discuss how managers can use this information.

(Page 172)

Historically, equity theory focused on distributive justice or the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals. But equity should also consider procedural justice –the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards. The evidence indicates that distributive justice has a greater influence on employee satisfaction than procedural justice, while procedural justice tends to affect an employee’s organizational commitment, trust in his or her boss, and intention to quit. As a result, managers should consider openly sharing information on how allocation decisions are made, following consistent and unbiased procedures, and engaging in similar practices to increase the perception of procedural justice. By increasing the perception of procedural fairness, employees are likely to view their bosses and the organization as positive even if they’re dissatisfied with pay, promotions, and other personal outcomes.

178. Wh at are the three relationships in Vroom’s expectancy theory?

(Page 173)

Expectancy theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. The theory focuses on three relationships. The effort-performance relationship is the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. The performance-reward relationship is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. The rewards-personal goals relationship is the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy a n individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual.

180. According to Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, how might a manager promote job satisfaction among employees? (Pages 159-160)

According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, managers who seek to eliminate factors that can create job dissatisfaction may bring about peace but not necessarily result in motivation, conditions surrounding the job such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relations with others, and job security were characterized by Herzberg as hygiene factors. When they are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied; neither will they be satisfied. If we want to motivate people on their jobs, Herzberg suggested emphasizing factors associated with the work itself or to outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, opportunities for personal growth, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. These are the characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding.

184. Discuss equity theory. Include the concepts of equity tension, referent comparisons, and how employees might reduce perceived inequity.

(Pages 171-172)

According to equity theory, employees make comparisons of their job inputs and outcomes relative to those of others. We perceive what we get from a job situation in relation to what we put into it, and then we compare out outcome-input ratio with the outcome-input ratio of relevant others. If we perceive our ratio to be equal to that of the relevant others with whom we compare ourselves, a state of equity is said to exist. We perceive our situation

as fair –that justice prevails. When we see ourselves as under-rewarded, the tension creates anger; when over-rewarded, the tension creates guilt. This negative state provides the motivation to do something to correct it.

The referent that an employee selects adds to the complexity of equity theory. The four referent comparisons that an employee can use are the self-inside, the self-outside, the other-inside, and the other-outside. When employees perceive an inequity, they can be predicted to make one of six choices. They may change their inputs. They may change their outcomes. They may distort perceptions of self. They may distort perceptions of others.

They may choose a different referent, or they may leave the field.

Chp8

179. Explain the psychological contract.

(Page 237)

The psychological contract is the unwritten agreement that exists between employees and their employer. This sets out mutual expectations – what management expects from workers, and vice versa. Management is expected to treat emp loyees justly, provide acceptable working conditions, clearly communicate what is a fair day’s work, and give feedback on how well the employee is doing. Employees are expected to respond by demonstrating a good attitude, following directions, and showing loyalty to the organization.

184. Explain groupthink and groupshift.

(Pages 241-243)

Groupthink is related to norms. It describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. Groupthink is a disease that attacks many groups and can dramatically hinder their performance. Groupshift indicates that in discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions that they hold. In some situations, caution dominates, and there is a conservative shift. More often, however, the evidence indicates that groups tend toward a risky shift.

MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

185. Differentiate between formal and informal groups.

(Page 219)

Formal groups are those defined by the organization’s structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks. In formal groups, the behaviors that one should engage in are stipulated by and directed toward organizational goals. Informal groups are alliances that are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined. These groups are natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to the need for social contact.

138. Discuss the difference between a work group and a work team.

(Page 258)

A work group is a group that interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions to help each member performs within his or her area of responsibility. There is no positive synergy that would create an overall level of performance that is greater than the sum of the inputs. A work team generates positive synergy through coordinated effort. Their individual efforts result in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of those individual inputs.

Ch11

127. Discuss Hersey and Blanchard’s situation leadership theory.

(Pages 323-324)

Situation leadership is a contingency theory that focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on the level of the followers’ readiness. The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leaders. The term readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. SLT says if a follower is unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to give clear and specific directions; if followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for the followers’ lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get the follower to ―buy into‖ the leader’s desires; if followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style; and if the employee is both able and willing, the leader doesn’t need to do much.

133. Explain Fiedler’s contingency model. Include the LPC (least preferred coworker) questionnaire and the key situational factors that determine leadership effectiveness in your discussion.

(Pages 320-322)

Fred Fiedler developed the first comprehensive contingency model for leadership. This model proposes that effective group performance depends upon the proper match between the leader’s style and th e degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. The least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire is used to determine what the leader’s basic style is. Sixteen contrasting adjectives are used to ask respondents to describe their least-preferred co-worker. If the least preferred co-worker is described in relatively positive terms (a high LPC score), then the respondent is primarily interested in good personal relations with this co-worker. This person is considered relationship oriented. If the least preferred co-worker is primarily interested in productivity, they would be labeled task oriented. Fiedler assumes that an individual’s leadership style is fixed.

Fiedler identified three contingency dimensions that define the key situational factors that determine leadership effectiveness. Leader-member relations are the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader. Task structure is the degree to which the job assignments are procedurized. Position power is the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. The better the leader-member relations, the more highly structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has.

With knowledge of an individual’s LPC and an assessment of the three contingency variables, Fiedler proposes matching them up to achieve maximum leadership effectiveness. Task-oriented leaders tend to perform better in situations that were very favorable to them and in situations that were very unfavorable.

Relationship oriented leaders perform better in moderately favorable situations. Fiedler has suggested recently that task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations.

There are two ways to improve leader effectiveness. You can change the leader to fit the situation. The second alternative would be to change the situation to fit the leader. This could be done by restructuring tasks or increasing or decreasing the power that the leader has to control factors such as salary increases, promotions, and disciplinary actions.

130. What are the predictions of the path-goal theory?

(Page 326)

Path-goal theory made several predictions:

?Directive leadership leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than when they are highly structured and well laid out.

?Supportive leadership results in high employee performance and satisfaction when employees are performing structured tasks.

?Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with high perceived ability or with considerable experience.

?Employees with an internal locus of control will be more satisfied with a participative style.

?Achievement-oriented leadership will increase employees’ expectancies that effort will lead to high performance when tasks are ambiguously structured.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

131. From the perspective of composition, what makes an effective team?

1. Abilities of members:

?Teams require three different types of skills:

a. Technical expertise

b. Problem-solving and decision-making skills

c. Good listening, feedback, conflict resolution, and other interpersonal skills

?The right mix is crucial. It is not uncommon for one or more members to take responsibility to learn the skills in which the group is deficient, thereby allowing the team to reach its full potential.

2.Personality:

?Many of the dimensions identified in the Big Five personality model have shown to be relevant to team effectiveness.

?Teams that rate higher in mean levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability tend to receive higher managerial ratings for team performance.

The variance in personality characteristics may be more important than the mean. A single team member who lacks a minimal level of, say, agreeableness can negatively affect the whole team’s performance.

3. Allocating roles and diversity:

?Teams have different needs, and people should be selected for a team to ensure that there is diversity and that all various roles are filled.

?Managers need to understand the individual strengths that each person can bring to a team, select members with their strengths in mind, and allocate work assignments accordingly.

4. Size of teams:

?The most effective teams are neither very small (under four or five) nor very large (over a dozen). Effective teams—managers should keep them in the range of 5–12 people.

a.Very small teams are likely to lack for diversity of views.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/428535686.html,rge teams have difficulty getting much done.

5. Member flexibility:

?This is an obvious plus because it greatly improves its adaptability and makes it less reliant on any single member.

6. Member preferences:

a. Not every employee is a team player.

b. Given the option, many employees will select themselves out of team participation.

B.High performing teams are likely to be composed of people who prefer working as part of a group.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Cohesiveness

1. Groups differ in their cohesiveness, ―the degree to which members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.‖

2. Cohesiveness is im portant because it has been found to be related to the group’s productivity.

3. The relationship of cohesiveness and productivity depends on the performance-related norms established by the group:

If performance-related norms are high, a cohesive group will be more productive.

If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be low.

4. How to encourage group cohesiveness:

Make the group smaller.

Encourage agreement with group goals.

Increase the time members spend together.

Increase the status of the group and the perceived difficulty of attaining membership in the group.

Stimulate competition with other groups.

Give rewards to the group rather than to individual members.

Physically isolate the group.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

9. Contrast the pros and cons of having diverse teams.

Answer –Managing diversity on teams is a balancing act. See Exhibit 9-6. Diversity typically provides fresh perspectives on issues but it makes it more difficult to unify the team and reach agreements. The strongest case for diversity on work teams is when these teams are engaged in problem-solving and decision-making tasks.

Heterogeneous teams bring multiple perspectives to the discussion, thus increasing the likelihood that the team will identify creative or unique solutions.

Cohesiveness is likely to be lower on diverse teams. Diversity is detrimental to group cohesiveness. We suggest that if the norms of the team are supportive of diversity, then a team can maximize the value of heterogeneity while, at the same time, achieving the benefits of high cohesiveness. This makes a strong case for team members to participate in diversity training.

3. “High cohesiveness in a group leads to higher group productivity.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

Answer–Groups differ in their cohesiveness—the degree to which members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. Cohesiveness is important because it has been found to be related to the group’s productivity. The relationship of cohesiveness and productivity depends on the performance-related norms established by the group. If performance-related norms are high, a cohesive group will be more productive, but if cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be low.

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