第十五套题
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1 06.8
Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.
The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroёs. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroёs maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.［457 words］
1.With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge.
［A］stopped completely［B］slowed down
［C］advanced rapidly［D］awaked gradually
2.Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?
［A］They are simply identical.［B］Revelation guides reason.
［C］They are occasionally contradictory.［D］Reason is used to perfect revelation.
3.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that.
［A］the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
［B］religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
［C］philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
［D］philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice
4.Averroёs held that.
［A］Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
［B］religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
［C］real truth was inaccessible to many common people
［D］imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion
5.Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?
［A］Relations of St. T. Aquinas’ achievements to previous efforts.
［B］How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.
［C］Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.
［D］Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.
Text 2 06.5
There have been rumors. There’s been gossip. All Hollywood is shocked to learn that Calista Flockhart, star of Fox’s hit TV show Ally McBeal, is so thin. And we in the media are falling all over ourselves trying to figure out whether Flockhart has an eating disorder, especially now that she has denied it. Well, I’m not playing the game. If the entertainment industry really cared about sending the wrong message on body image, it wouldn’t need so many slender celebrities in the first place.
But the fact remains that 2 million Americans—most of them women and girls—do suffer from eating disorders. In the most extreme cases they literally starve themselves to death. And those who survive are at greater risk of developing brittle bones, life-threatening infections, kidney damage and heart problems. Fortunately, doctors have learned a lot over the past decade about what causes eating disorders and how to treat them.
The numbers are shocking. Approximately 1 in 150 teenage girls in the U. S. falls victim to anorexia nervosa, broadly defined as the refusal to eat enough to maintain even a minimal body weight. Not so clear is how many more suffer from bulimia, in which they binge on food, eating perhaps two or three days’worth of meals in 30 minutes, then remove the excess by taking medicine to move the bowels or inducing vomiting. Nor does age necessarily protect you. Anorexia has been diagnosed in girls as young as eight. Most deaths from the condition occur in women over 45.
Doctors used to think eating disorders were purely psychological. Now they realize there’s some problematic biology as well. In a study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry recently, researchers found abnormal levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, in women who had been free of bulimia for at least a year. That may help explain why drugs have allowed a lot of people to stop swallowing in large doses of food. Unfortunately, the pills don’t work as well for denial of food. Nor do they offer a simple one-stop cure. Health-care workers must re-educate their patients in how to eat and think about food.
How can you tell if someone you love has an eating disorder? “Bulimics will often leave evidence around as if they want to get caught.”Says Tamara Pryor, director of an eating-disorders clinic at the University of Kansas in Wichita. Anorexics, by contrast, are more likely to go through long periods of denial.［430 words］
6. We can infer from the first paragraph that .
［A］the media has mislead the public’s view of celebrities
［B］there is much misunderstanding about eating disorders
［C］body image concerns are an indication of eating disorders
［D］the entertainment industry is combating eating disorders
7. The victims of eating disorders, more often than not, will.
［A］starve themselves to death ［B］suffer greatly from the complications
［C］puzzle doctors in the years to come ［D］recover completely with no aftereffects 8. The word “binge” (Paragraph 3) most probably means.
［A］eat excessively ［B］refuse to eat
［C］fail to digest ［D］enjoy a good appetite
9. Bulimia is found to be.
［A］related to the level of serotonin
［B］psychological rather than biological
［C］identical with anorexia nervosa in the cure
［D］a leading cause of death among middle-aged women
10. The way to find a person with eating disorders.
［A］focuses on hidden symptoms ［B］varies with type of the condition
［C］is oriented at the victim’s response ［D］remains perplexing despite efforts made Text 3 07.8
Songs can have a powerful effect on people. Play “Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves”to many baby boomers, for example, and chances are they’ll run off, hands over their ears. Songs can have a powerful effect among birds, too. Consider the black-capped chickadee. When it sings its “chick-a-dee”song, its flock mates come running. The song is a warning that a hawk, owl or other predator is perched nearby, and the other chickadees arrive to harass the enemy until it leaves.
Researchers from the University of Montana have discovered that this warning call is a coded signal. By varying the call, a bird communicates to other birds the size of the predator, and thus the scope of the danger. “This is so far the most finely detailed alarm call system that we’ve found,”said the lead researcher, Christopher N. Templeton, who is now a doctoral student at the University of Washington. The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Science.
Mr. Templeton and his colleagues exposed chickadees to 15 different species of predators and recorded and analyzed the calls the birds made. In addition to “chick-a-dee”, the birds make a high-pitched “seet”call when they spy a predator flying in the air. Upon hearing this call, the other birds either dive for cover or remain motionless so as not to be spotted. But it’s the “chick-a-dee”call that the researchers focused on. “They change a number of different features about these calls,”Mr. Templeton said. “But most are not audible to us except the number of …dees? at the end.”
They found that the birds varied the number of “dee”sounds depending on the size of the
predator. More “dees”—as many as 21 in one case—were sounded for smaller predators like the Northern pygmy-owl. Because chickadees are small and fast, smaller, more agile predators are more of a threat than larger ones.
The more “dees”, the more chickadees show up to harass the predator, by dive-bombing it or making noises in its face. “The goal is to drive it out of their territory so that it is no longer a threat,”Mr. Templeton said. This “mobbing”response to the calls is probably learned behavior, he said, a way that birds teach their young about risks. “It’s a means by which adults tell the kids in the flock, ‘These guys are dangerous,’”Mr. Templeton said. ［416 words］
11. It can be inferred from the article that “Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves” is.
［A］Gypsie’s song ［B］an alarm call to hint at danger
［C］ a bad song referring to crimes ［D］ a warning that the police is nearby
12.When a black-capped chickadee sings its song,.
［A］some predator’s habitat must have been nearby
［B］all of its flock mates arrive to drive the enemy out
［C］the song carries exact information about threat of predator
［D］the song warns other species to stay out of the territory
13.Mr. Templeton and his colleagues conduct their research to find.
［A］the responses of birds when they hear the alarming songs
［B］the way birds locate where the predator is
［C］the relationship between birds’ call pitch and predator size
［D］the way adult chickadees teach their young to escape the danger
14.Which of the following is Not true about chickadees?
［A］Their songs not only warn but also communicate.
［B］A smaller type of hawk is more dangerous than a larger one.
［C］They mob the enemy by native instinct.
［D］Their calls mostly cannot be heard by human being.
15.Which of the following is Not an example of “coded signal” (Line 1, Paragraph 2)?
［A］Bees perform dances to convey that the food source is not far away from the hive.
［B］Parrots imitate human speech and whistle when kept in captivity.
［C］Huntsmen use horns to indicate the presence of a fox in a field or to call the hunting party together.
［D］Bats and dolphins use high frequency sounds for communication and navigation.
Text 4 07.8
The rapid house-price inflation of recent years is clearly unsustainable, yet most economists in most countries still cling to the hope that house prices will flatten rather than collapse. It is true that, unlike share prices, house prices tend to be somew hat “sticky” downwards. People have to live somewhere and owners are loth to accept a capital loss. As long as they can afford their mortgage payments, they will stay put until conditions improve. The snag is that eventually some owners have to sell—because of relocation, or job loss—and they will be forced to accept lower prices.
Indeed, a drop in nominal prices is today more likely than after previous booms for three reasons: homes are more overvalued; inflation is much lower; and many more people have been buying houses as an investment. If house prices stop rising or start to fall, owner-occupiers will largely
stay put, but over-exposed investors are more likely to sell, especially if rents do not cover their interest payments. House prices will not collapse overnight like stockmarkets. But over the next five years, several countries are likely to experience price falls of 20% or more.
While America’s housing market is still red hot, others—in Britain, Australia and the Netherlands—have already cooled. What lessons might they offer the United States? The first is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, it does not require a trigger, such as a big rise in interest rates or unemployment, for house prices to decline. Since 2002, the Reserve Bank of Australia has raised rates by a modest one and a quarter percentage points and unemployment is at a 30-year low, yet home prices have fallen. The Federal Reserve’s gradual increase in rates by two percentage-points over the past year has done little to scare away buyers, because most still have fixed-rate mortgages and long-term bond yields have remained unusually low.
British and Australian prices have stalled mainly because first-time buyers have been priced out of the market and demand from buy-to-let investors has slumped. British first-timers now account for only 29% of buyers, down from 50% in 1999. And, according to the National Association of Estate Agents, buy-to-let purchases are running 50% lower than a year ago. As prices become more and more heady in America, the same will happen there.
Another worrying lesson from abroad for America is that even a mere levelling-off of house prices can trigger a sharp slowdown in consumer spending. A modest weakening of house prices in America would hurt consumer spending, because homeowners have been cashing out their capital gains at a record pace. Goldman Sachs estimates that total housing-equity withdrawal rose to 7.4% of personal disposable income in 2004. If prices stop rising, this “income”from capital gains will vanish. ［479 words］
16.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that.
［A］economists have realistic expectations for housing market
［B］owner-occupiers will benefit from a housing collapse
［C］investors are vulnerable to house price declines
［D］most countries will experience a quick slide in house prices
17. What can be inferred about the impact of interest rates on house prices?
［A］Rising interest rates will calm house prices sooner or later.
［B］House prices may rise despite the increase in interest rates.
［C］High house prices can coexist with low interest rates.
［D］House prices are sensitive to interest rates.
18. It is true of Britain and Australia that .
［A］their house prices have hit record levels
［B］their supply of houses could not keep up with demand
［C］they have found a decline in first-time home buyers
［D］they have the weakest growth in consumer spending
19. When house prices keep rising in America, .
［A］investment will drop［B］inflation will rise
［C］economic growth will slow［D］customer spending will go up
20. According to the author, the global housing market is .
［A］cooling down ［B］at a turning point［C］enjoying a boom ［D］near to recovery
Part B 07.8
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about a park naturalist. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
［A］Becoming a naturalist
［B］Seeing wonder in the ordinary
［C］A changing role
［D］Disgusting and embarrassing moments
［E］What does a park naturalist do?
［F］What does it take to be a park naturalist?
I have the best job in the Wisconsin State Park System. As a park naturalist at Peninsula State Park, I am busy writing reports, creating brochures about trees or flowers, and sometimes visiting schools. And, of course, I make sure Peninsula’s feathered friends are well fed.
21.
As a park naturalist I am a writer, a teacher, a historian and, if not a social worker, at least a mentor to young people interested in the environment. I love the diversity of my job. Every day is different. Most tasks require creativity. Now that I am an experienced naturalist, I have the freedom to plan my own day and make decisions about the types of programs that we offer at Peninsula.
22.
In my first naturalist job, I spent four out of five days leading school field trips and visiting classrooms. As a state park naturalist I still work with students, but more often lead programs like bird walks, nature crafts, outdoor skills, and trail hikes. I also find myself increasingly involved in management decisions. For example, sometimes the park naturalist is the person who knows where rare orchids grow or where ravens nest. When decisions are made about cutting trees, building trails, or creating more campsites, naturalists are asked to give the “ecological perspective.”
23.
Perhaps the grossest thing I’ve done as a naturalist is to boil animal skulls. Visitors like seeing bones and skins—at least after they have been cleaned up! Once, our nature center needed more skulls. A trapper gave me muskrat, raccoon and fox skulls but I had to clean them. First, I boiled the skin and meat off. Boy, did that stink! Then I used dissecting tools and old toothbrushes to clean out the eyeballs. Finally, I soaked the skulls in a bleach solution. I’ve had some embarrassing experiences, too. On my first hike as Peninsula’s new naturalist, I was so excited that I identified a white pine tree as a red pine tree! That’s quite a mistake since the trees are so easy to tell apart. White pine needles are in bundles of five and red pine needles are in bundles of two.
24.
Not all state parks are as busy or as big as Peninsula. Not all park naturalists spend the seasons as I do. Nevertheless, park naturalists share certain common interests and responsibilities: A park naturalist might notice that branches of a red maple growing in a field reach out to the side while those of a red maple in a thick forest reach up, and wonder why the trees look different. A
naturalist makes things happen. It might be working with workers to clean up part of a river. Park naturalists share knowledge in different ways, but all of them communicate with people. A love of learning—from other people, from plants and animals, from books, and more—is an essential quality. Most naturalists don’t work in places of rare beauty. Many work in city parks or in places that show “wear and tear.” If you can wonder about an inchworm, a juniper bush, or a robin and cause others to wonder, too, then you are ready to become a park naturalist.
25.
If you think you want to become a park naturalist, do the following:
Explore your home landscape. Knowing how people have shaped the land where you live—and how the land has shaped them—will lend a comparison that will serve you well.
Start a field sketch book. Sketch what you see, where and when. The reason is not to practice art skills (though you may discover you have a talent) but, rather, to practice observation skills.
Go to college. You will need a 4-year degree. There are several academic routes that lead to the naturalist’s road. I have found ornithology, plant taxonomy and human growth and development to be among my most helpful courses.
Listen and learn. A college degree is like a ticket. It lets you board the plane but is only the beginning of the journey. Look and listen to those who have already traveled the road for ideas, knowledge and inspiration.［685 words］
Part C 06.8
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
Within economic theory, there are in any case quite different assumptions about individual behaviour. Some neoclassical models assume that individuals’ expectations are rational, that is, they draw economically optimal conclusions from available information. In other models, expectations are more slowly“adaptive”, or there is uncertainty about the future. Yet experimental research shows that most people are remarkably bad at assessing their own economic best interest, even when they are given clear information and time to learn. Faced with a simple economic dilemma, people are quite likely to make the wrong decision because of “bounded rationality”(the effect of misleading preconceptions or emotions) or basic computational mistakes (the inability to calculate probabilities and discount rates). Psychologists have also identified the phenomenon of “myopic discounting”: our tendency to prefer a large reward later to a small reward soon—a preference we then switch as the small reward becomes irresistibly imminent. (26) Prospect theorists have shown that people are risk-averse when choosing between a certain gain and a possible bigger gain—they will choose the certain but smaller gain—but not when offered a choice between a certain loss and a possible bigger loss.
Most economic institutions, if they depend on credit, also depend in some measure on credibility. But credibility can be based on credulity. (27)In late nineteenth-century France, Therese Humbert enjoyed a glittering career on the basis of a chest supposedly containing a hundred million francs in bearer bonds, which it was claimed she had inherited from her natural father, a mysterious Portuguese (later American) millionaire named Crawford. Borrowing against these securities, she and her husband were able to buy a luxurious hotel in the avenue de la Grande Armée, to gain a controlling interest in a Parisian newspaper and to engineer his election as a socialist deputy. Ten
thousand people gathered outside the house when the box was finally opened in May 1902. It was found to contain“nothing but an old newspaper, an Italian coin and a trouser button.”
(28)Even when we are not miscalculating—as the Humberts’creditors plainly did—our economic calculations are often subordinated to our biological impulses: the desire to reproduce, rooted(according to neo-Darwinian theories) in our“selfish genes”, the capacity for violence against rivals for mates and sustenance—to say nothing of the erotic or morbid forms of behaviour analysed by Freud, which cannot always be explained by evolutionary biology. Man is a social animal whose motivations are inseparable from his cultural milieu. (29)As Max Weber argued, even the profit motive has its roots in a not wholly rational asceticism, a desire to work for its own sake which is as much religious as economic. Under different cultural conditions, human beings may prefer leisure to toil. Or they may win the esteem of their fellows by economically irrational behaviour; for social status is seldom the same as mere purchasing power.
And man is also a political animal. The groups into which human beings divide themselves—kinship groups, tribes, faiths, nations, classes and parties (not forgetting firms)—satisfy two fundamental needs: the desire for security (safety, both physical and psychological, in numbers) and what Nietzsche called the will to power: the satisfaction that comes from dominating other weaker groups. No theory has adequately described this phenomenon, not least because individuals are plainly capable of sustaining multiple, overlapping identities; and of tolerating the proximity of quite different groups, and indeed co-operating with them. (30)Only occasionally, and for reasons which seem historically specific, are people willing to accept an exclusive group identity. Only sometimes—but often enough—does the competition between groups descend into violence.［611 words］
答案
1.A
2.B
3.D
4.C
5.C
6.C
7.B
8.A
9.A10.B
11.C12.C13.A14.A15.B16.C17.B18.C19.D20.A
21.E22.C23.D24.F25.A
26 研究未来的理论家们证明，人们在既定收益和可能的更大收益之间取舍时往往规避风险，总会选择确定性大但数量较小的收益，但在面对既定损失和可能更大的损失时，却不会如此选择。
27 在19世纪末的法国，特莉莎·亨伯尔靠着一个小匣子而拥有风光的事业。据说这个匣子里有一亿法郎持票人债券，人们都说这是她从生父，一个叫克罗福的神秘的葡萄牙百万富翁（后来是美国公民）那里继承的。
28 即使我们没有像亨伯尔的债主们一样打错算盘，我们的经济盘算也往往受制于我们的生理冲动。
29 正如马克思.韦伯所论证的那样，甚至追求利润的动机也来源于并非完全理性的禁欲主义，即一种为工作而工作的欲望，这种欲望既是宗教上的，也是经济上的。
30 人们只是偶尔因为一些似乎历史特有的原因，才愿意接受一种排外的群体身份。
本单元试题详解
第一篇总体分析
本文主要论述了哲学和神学或理智和启示之间的关系。文中给出了经院哲学家和神学人员对于二者之间关系的不同看法。考生应着重把握各种院派人士所持的不同观点。
第一段：指出造成经院哲学运动统一性的原因是经院哲学人士共同的目标、态度和方法。他
们主要关心的是将理性与启示的知识进行整合。
第二段：主要论述了经院派学者看待理智和启示之间关系的观点。
第三段：论述了与经院派学者的观点成鲜明对比的哲学家阿威罗伊的观点。
第四段：总结指出，因为相信信仰和理智之间的和谐统一关系，经院派哲学家一直试图确定它们各自的范围和能力及二者间确切的关系。
试题精解
1.对于经院哲学家来说，对新知识的追求。
［A］完全停滞［B］速度趋缓［C］进展迅速［D］逐渐苏醒
［精解］答案A本题考查事实细节。文章第一段第三句话指出了经院哲学家对新知识的态度，即经院哲学家主要关注的不是发现新知识而是把希腊理学和基督教启示分别已经获得的知识整合起来。由此可见，对于经院哲学家来说，对于新知识的追求是停滞不前的。［A］项为正确答案。
2.下述选项中哪一个最能阐明理智和启示之间的关系？
［A］它们只是简单的相似。［B］启示引导理智。
［C］二者偶尔互相矛盾。［D］理智使启示变得完美。
［精解］答案B本题考查考生对事实细节的概括能力。文章第二段就理智和启示二者的关系作了详细的论述。该段第一句明确指出，决定经院哲学家持有共同观点最重要的一点是他们确信理智和启示二者间基本的和谐关系。接下来第三句作者提到，二者表面上的对立可以追溯到对理智的错误运用和对启示的误解中，所以［C］项错误。该段后半部分内容中作者对二者的关系进一步展开具体论述：经院哲学家坚信启示能掌握更高层次的真理和确定性；在宗教信仰和哲学推理表面上的冲突中，信仰总是更高层次的裁决者，神学者的决定支配着哲学家的决定。可见［B］项是两者关系的恰当诠释。［A］项和［D］项文中未提及。
3.根据文章的第二段可以推断出。
［A］哲学作为谦卑的仆人的地位被接受了［B］宗教已经成了哲学运行的障碍
［C］哲学家经常引用启示来支持自己［D］宗教实践中有时也会涉及到哲学家
［精解］答案D本题考查考生在理解细节的基础上推理引申的能力。文章的第二段主要论述了理智和启示二者之间的关系。该段倒数第二句提到，经院哲学思想在13世纪早期越来越强调哲学的独立性，但在整个经院哲学阶段，哲学一直被称作神学的仆人。可见，哲学的仆人地位并没有被接受。［A］项错误。该段虽然提到神学是最后的仲裁者，乃至哲学被称为神学的奴隶，但并没有确凿的证据说明宗教成了哲学运行的障碍，［B］项属于过度引申。该段的最后一句话提到，神学家用哲学来理解和解释启示，这与［D］项相符，该段只提到神学家利用哲学，而［C］项则未涉及。
4.阿威罗伊认为。
［A］伊斯兰神学经常屈从于哲学
［B］宗教真理不过是白日梦
［C］对于多数普通人来说，真正的真理是很难理解的
［D］不完美的表达是宗教的缺陷造成的
［精解］答案C本题考查文中人物的观点。专有人名Averroёs出现在文章的第三段。该段一开始作者就提到，经院哲学家的态度与哲学家阿威罗伊（Averroёs）所谓的双重真理理论形成了鲜明的对比。接着该段论述了阿威罗伊的理论，即哲学和伊斯兰神学都可以接近真相，但是只有哲学能够完美地得到它。因此，所谓的神学真理对于普通人来讲不过是对事实的不完美的想象的表达。真正的真理只有哲学才可以接近。他还认为，哲学上的真理，至少在口头上，与伊斯兰神学是矛盾的。［C］项是该段第三句的改写。［A］项将原文中的
contradict偷换成subordinate to。［B］项属于断章取义，Averroёs 只认为对于普通人来说，神学真理是想象的，但哲学是可以理解它的。［D］论述了文章中没有的因果关系。
5.在下述选项中，那一项最有可能是文章接下来要叙述的？
［A］圣·托马斯·阿奎纳的成就和先前的努力的关系。
［B］圣·托马斯·阿奎纳如何在讨论中掌握平衡。
［C］在理智和启示之间的关系上的其他努力。
［D］经院哲学成熟时期的突出特点。
［精解］答案C本题考查考生对文章论证结构的把握。文章最后一段首句为段落主旨句，指出：因为相信信仰和理智之间和谐统一的关系，经院派哲学家总是试图确定它们各自精确的范围和能力。该段接下来以时间为线索，先谈到早期经院哲学家不能清楚地对两者进行区分，总是过于自信地认为哲学推理可以为启示提供准则；接着谈到了经院哲学成熟时期的代表人物圣·托马斯·阿奎纳，指出他努力在二者之间找到一种平衡。可见，整个段落的内容都是围绕理智和启示关系上的努力而展开论述。因此可推测下文应继续叙述就此进行的其他努力，因此［C］项为正确答案。圣·托马斯·阿奎纳只是作为经院哲学人物的一个代表被提到，不可能对他的个人成就做过于详尽的论述，排除［A］项。［B］、［D］项都与段落主旨不一致，即不属于论证主旨的论据。
核心词汇或超纲词汇
(4)arbiter(2)doctrine(6)faculty(3)revelation(1)scholastic (5)theologian
全文翻译
在宗教研究中，关于哲学和神学，经院派学者们持有广泛的各种各样的学说。在欧洲从9世纪到17世纪的学术实践中，赋予整个经院运动统一性的是其所有成员共同的目标、态度以及共同接受的方法。经院学者首要关注的并不是发现新的事实而是将希腊理性和基督启示各自获得的知识综合成一体。这一关注是经院哲学和自文艺复兴以来的现代思想之间最显著的不同特征之一。
经院派学者的基本目标决定了他们某些共同的观点态度，其中最重要的是他们坚信理性和启示之间存在着基本的和谐。经院学者认为上帝是这两种知识的源泉，真理是他的主要属性，因此他不可能在两种表达方式上自相矛盾。任何关于启示和理性表面上的对抗都可以追根到对理智的错误运用或对启示词语的不精确解释上。因为经院派学者相信启示是上帝的直接教诲，因此比自然的理性具有更高的真理性和确定性。因此在宗教信仰和哲学理性之间的表面冲突中，信仰一直是终极的裁决者，神学家的决断支配着哲学家的决断。13世纪早期之后，经院思想更加强调哲学在自己领域内的独立性。尽管如此，在整个经院哲学阶段，哲学一直被称作神学的仆人，这不仅是因为哲学的真理性居于神学真理性之下，还因为神学家将哲学运用到了对启示的理解和解释之中。
这种经院哲学观点与阿拉伯裔西班牙哲学家阿威罗伊所谓的双重真理理论形成了鲜明的对比。阿威罗伊的理论认为对于哲学和伊斯兰神学来说，真理都是可以接近的，但是只有哲学可以完全获得它。因此，所谓的神学真理作为一种不完美的想象的表达方式为普通人服务，去获得只有哲学才能接近的可靠的真理。阿威罗伊认为哲学真理可以与伊斯兰神学的教诲相矛盾，至少在口头上如此。
因为相信信仰和理性间的和谐关系，经院派学者试图裁决它们各自精确的能力和范围。诸如意大利的传教士和哲学家圣·安瑟莫这样的早期经院哲学家并没有清楚地区分二者，并且过于深信理性能够证明某些启示的教条学说。后来，在经院哲学的成熟阶段，意大利神职人员及哲学家圣·托马斯·阿奎纳在理性和启示之间找到了一种平衡。
第二篇总体分析
本文主要介绍了两种饮食性疾患。
第一段：以一位明星的事例引出全文讨论的话题——饮食性疾患。
第二段至五段：介绍两种饮食性疾患（厌食症和暴食症）的危害、表现、治疗及判断方法。
试题精解
6.从第一段我们可以推知。
［A］媒体误导了公众对名人的看法
［B］有很多关于饮食性疾患的误解
［C］对身体形象的关注是饮食性疾患的标志
［D］娱乐业正在对抗饮食性疾患
［精解］答案C本题考查推理引申。第一段举了一位明星的例子，指出由于她过分消瘦，引起公众怀疑她患有饮食性疾患。由此可推出公众的怀疑是因为该明星对身体形象的过分关注，［C］项正确。该段末句用虚拟语气指出，“如果娱乐业真地担心在身体形象上传达错误的信息……”。言外之意是娱乐业在一定程度上误导了人们有关身体形象的看法。排除［D］项，［A］项错在celebrity。［B］项无从推知，文章开始出现的rumors和gossip指的是公众对明星是否患病的猜测。
7.饮食性疾患的受害者经常会。
［A］把自己饿死［B］因并发症而备受痛苦
［C］在将来使医生感到迷惑［D］完全康复不留后遗症
［精解］答案B本题考查事实细节。第二段主要论述了饮食性疾患的危害及治疗情况。由第三句可知，饮食性疾患的幸存者，患各种其他疾病的危险更大。［B］项正确，排除［D］项。由第二句中in the most extreme cases排除［A］项；由末句可知，医生已经掌握了大量关于饮食性疾患的信息，排除［C］项。
8.第三段第三行的单词“binge”可能的含义是。
［A］过量地吃［B］拒绝吃［C］消化不良［D］胃口很好
［精解］答案A本题考查词义。该词语上文suffer from bulimia暗示它是一种疾病，下文对该词作出了进一步解释：三十分钟内吃掉两三天的饭量。因此［A］项正确。
9.暴食症被发现。
［A］和复合胺水平有关［B］是心理而非生理问题
［C］在治疗方法上和厌食症一样［D］是中年妇女死亡的主要原因
［精解］答案A本题考查事实细节。由第四段第三句和第四句可知，研究发现复合胺有助于让许多人停止吞食大量的食物，即摆脱暴食症。因此［A］项正确。第三段首句指出，饮食性疾患（包括暴食症）也是生理问题，排除［B］项。第四段第五句指出，（治疗暴食症的）药物对于治疗厌食不起作用。排除［C］项。［D］项文中未涉及，第三段末句提到，厌食症造成的死亡大多发生在45岁以上的妇女身上。
10.发现饮食性疾病患者的方式。
［A］集中在不明显的症状上［B］因患病类型而不同
［C］是针对病人的反应的［D］尽管作出了努力还是令人困惑［精解］答案B本题考查事实细节。第五段指出，暴食症常常会留下证据，而厌食症则更可能会长期地否认。因此［B］项正确。
核心词汇或超纲词汇
(4)binge(5)bowel(9)denial(1)fall all over oneself (3)fall victim（to sth.）(6)induce(2)literally(8)problematic (7)vomit
全文翻译
一直有谣言。一直有闲言碎语。得知福克斯热门电视剧《甜心俏佳人》中的明星卡莉斯塔·弗洛克哈特如此瘦弱，整个好莱坞都很震惊。而我们在媒体中尽力弄清楚弗洛克哈特是否有饮食性疾患，特别是现在她自己对此予以否认。好吧，我不是在兜圈子。如果娱乐业真地担心在身体形象上传达错误的信息，那么首先就不需要这么多身材纤细的名人。
但是事实仍然是，两百万美国人，尤其是妇女和女孩确实有饮食性疾患。在最极端的情形下，她们真地把自己饿死。而那些幸存者出现骨质疏松、威胁生命的传染病、肾损伤和心脏问题的危险更大。幸运的是，过去十年中医生就造成饮食性疾患的原因和治疗方法已经获悉了大量信息。
数字是惊人的。几乎150个青春期的女孩中就有一个成为厌食症的受害者。厌食症广义上被定义为有意节食以维持最小的体重。不清楚还有多少人患有暴食症，这些人狂吃，三十分钟内可能要吃掉两三天的饭量，然后通过吃药帮助大便通畅或者催吐的方式来去处多余的食物。年龄也不一定可以保护你。连八岁的小女孩也被诊断患有厌食症。这种疾病造成的死亡大多发生在45岁以上的妇女身上。
医生过去认为饮食性疾患只是心理上的问题，但现在他们意识到也有一些生理上的问题。最近在《普通精神病学纪要》发表的研究中，研究者在摆脱暴食症至少一年的妇女中发现非正常水平的复合胺（一种大脑中的神经传递素）。这也许有助于解释为什么药物让许多人停止吞食大量的食物。不幸的是，这些药物对于治疗厌食不起作用。而且它们也不提供简单的一次性治疗。医护工作者必须在如何饮食及如何看待食物方面重新教育他们的病人。
怎样判断你所爱的人患有饮食性疾患呢？威奇塔州堪萨斯大学饮食性疾患门诊部主任塔玛拉·派亚说，“暴食症常常会留下证据就好像他们想被抓获一样”。相反，厌食症则更可能会长期地予以否认。
第三篇总体分析
本文是一篇介绍鸟的暗号的科普性说明文。
第一段:由歌曲对人的影响引入到叫声对鸟儿的影响的分析。以黑顶山雀为例，指出其“chick-a-dee”之歌是预示敌人就在附近的警告。
第二段:指出研究发现鸟的报警呼叫系统非常发达，可以通过叫声精确地传达信息。
第三至五段:具体介绍了坦普尔顿及其同事对山雀的研究过程及发现。
试题精解
11.从文中可以推断出“吉卜赛人、流浪者和盗贼”是。
［A］吉卜赛人的歌［B］暗示危险的警报
［C］关于犯罪的不良歌曲［D］警察就在附近的警告
［精解］答案C本题考查考生根据上下文推理引申的能力。第一段开始部分讲述歌曲对人的影响只是一个引子，目的是引出后面部分的内容，即鸣叫对鸟儿的影响。鸣叫对鸟是警报，但对人并不是。因此首先排除［B］和［D］项。然后从关于人们对这首歌曲的反应的描述（捂着耳朵跑开）可知，这首歌曲让他们反感，所以［C］项正确。
12.当一只黑顶山雀鸣叫时，。
［A］某只捕食动物的巢穴一定就在附近［B］它所有的伙伴都会赶来把敌人赶走
［C］叫声传达关于捕食者的威胁的确切信息［D］歌曲警告异类动物离开它的领地
［精解］答案C本题考查多处细节。由第二段的前三句话可知：山雀的歌声是个暗号，根据捕食动物的大小、危险程度的不同而变化，是目前发现的最精确的报警呼叫系统，因此［C］项正确。
由第一段末句可知，［A］项错在habitat，捕食动物在附近并不意味者它的巢穴也在附近。由第三段第三句可知，当听到呼叫，其他的鸟要么冲上来掩护，要么保持不动以免被发现。因此［B］项不正确。鸟儿的歌曲只对同类有警示作用，因此［D］项不正确。
13.坦普尔顿先生和同事进行研究发现了。
［A］当鸟儿听到警报叫声时的反应［B］鸟儿确定捕食动物所在位置的方法
［C］鸟儿呼叫的音调与捕食动物大小之间的关系［D］成年山雀教幼雀摆脱危险的方法［精解］答案A本题考查最后三段中的事实细节。［A］项在第三段第三句提到，为正确选项。［B］项在文中没有提到。由第四段首句可知，鸟发出“dee”音的数量而非音调，随着捕食动物的大小而变化，所以［C］项错误。由第五段后半部分可知，研究发现成年山雀教幼雀应对危险，但文章没有说明具体是怎么教授的，所以［D］项也不正确。
14.下列关于山雀的说法哪项不正确？
［A］它们的歌不仅能警报，而且有交流作用。［B］小型鹰比大型鹰更危险。
［C］它们共同对付敌人是与生俱来的本能。［D］它们的叫声多数是人类听不到的。
［精解］答案A本题考查事实细节。由第五段后半部分可知，它们共同对付敌人的反应是“后天学习”（learned behavior）的，所以［C］项与事实不符。第一段提到，鸟的歌声能警告捕食动物就在附近，第二段第二句又提到鸟的呼叫也可以传达关于捕食动物大小等的具体信息，因此［A］项内容正确。［B］项内容在第四段最后一句提到。［D］项内容在第三段的最后一句提到。
15.下面哪项不是（第二段第一行的）“coded signal”的例子？
［A］蜜蜂跳舞以传达食物来源离蜂房不远的信息。
［B］被关在笼子里的鹦鹉模仿人说话和吹口哨。
［C］猎人用猎号暗示田野里狐狸的出现或者召集猎队。
［D］蝙蝠和海豚发出高频声音进行交流和导航。
［精解］答案B本题考查考生对文中内容的理解和演绎推理的能力。coded signal出现在第二段首句，根据上下文鸟儿的例子可知，它指的是一种用来交流或预警的信号，信号内容应是隐藏的，信号方式一般是约定俗成的，不易被其他种类的动物听懂。依次类推，只有［B］项说明的是动物的模仿能力，不属于暗号。
核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)gypsy(2)tramp(3)baby
boomer(4)predator(5)perch(6)harass(7)pygmy(8)agile(9)dive-bomb(10)mob
全文翻译
歌曲能给人们带来重大影响。例如，给很多婴儿潮一代的人演奏《吉卜赛人、流浪者和盗贼》，他们很可能会捂着耳朵跑开。鸟叫对鸟儿也有很大的影响。想想黑顶山雀吧。当它唱“chick-a-dee”时，它的伙伴们就会跑来。这种叫声是个警告，它表明鹰、猫头鹰或其他捕食动物就停留在附近，而其他山雀会反复攻击敌人直到它离开为止。
蒙大拿大学的研究者们发现这种警告叫声是个暗号。一只鸟通过改变它的叫声与其他鸟交流，告知捕食动物的大小，从而说明危险程度。现在就读于华盛顿大学的博士、主要研究人员克里斯多弗·坦普尔顿说：“这是目前发现的最精确的预警系统。”这个发现刊登在《科学》杂志的时事部分。
坦普尔顿和同事们让山雀与15种不同的捕食动物接触，记录并分析了鸟儿发出的叫声。除了“chick-a-dee”外，当它们发现有捕食动物飞在空中时，还发出高频的“seet”的叫声。听到这种叫声，其他鸟要么冲下来找隐蔽处、要么保持不动以免被发现。但研究者们集中研究的是“chick-a-dee”这一叫声。坦普尔顿先生说：“它们的这些叫声会变换不同特点，但除了一些结尾的‘dees’音外，多数我们都是听不到的。”
他们发现鸟儿发出“dee”音的数量随着捕食动物的大小而变化。捕食动物越小，例如北方鹰鸮，鸟儿发出的“dee”音就越多（有一次达到了21个）。由于山雀小且飞行速度快，所以小而敏捷的捕食动物比大的更加危险。
“dees”音越多，出现的山雀就会越多，它们通过俯冲或发出噪音攻击敌人。坦普尔顿先生说：“目的是把敌人赶出它们的领地，消除威胁。”他说，这种对叫声的“群起”反应应该是后天学习的行为，这是鸟儿教“幼鸟”防御危险的一种方法。“成鸟通过这种方法告诉巢里的幼鸟，‘这些家伙是危险的’。”坦普尔顿先生说。
第四篇总体分析
本文主要围绕全球房价下降呈必然趋势展开论述。
第一段：指出房价不可能持续上涨；即使是房主也会因为客观因素而卖掉房子。
第二段：指出目前房价很可能下跌的三个原因。
第三段：指出美国应从其他国家吸取的教训之一，即利率和失业率的大幅升高不是房价下降的必要条件；
第四段：指出房价停止增长的原因是首度购买者和投资者都在减少。
第五段：指出美国应吸取的教训之二，即房价停止上涨将导致消费者支出急剧放缓。
试题精解
16.从前两段我们可知。
［A］经济学家对住房市场的预期很现实［B］业主居住者将从房产市场的崩溃中受益［C］投资者容易受到房价下跌的伤害［D］大多数国家的房价会迅速下滑
［精解］答案C本题考查具体细节题。第一段第一句指出，虽然房价迅速上涨不能持久是显而易见的事实，但是大部分经济学家仍然希望房价不会下跌，因此他们抱有的是不现实的期待，排除［A］。第一段后三句提到，当房价下跌时，房主可能因不愿意遭受损失而按兵不动，但一些客观原因也会促使他们低价出售房子。可见，业主居住者也会受害而不是受益。排除［B］。第二段第二句提到虽然住在自家私房的人很大程度上不会有所行动，但受影响过大的（over-exposed）投资者可能会出售房屋，所以［C］正确。由第一段第二句和第二段倒数第二句都可看出，房价的下滑速度不会像股票那么快，所以［D］错在quick。
17.我们可以推知利率对房价有怎样的影响？
［A］利率上涨迟早会使房价稳定。［B］虽然利率上涨，但房价也可能上涨。
［C］高房价与低利率并存。［D］房价对利率很敏感。
［精解］答案B本题考查推理引申题。第三段第四句用澳大利亚的例子说明房价下跌不需要利率大幅升高。末句以美联储的例子说明即使提高利率也不能使房价下跌，所以［B］正确。［A］、［D］选项与原文内容相悖，所以排除。高房价与低利率的关系文中没有涉及，［C］无从推知。
18.关于英国和澳大利亚的事实是。
［A］它们的房价创了新高［B］它们的房子供不应求
［C］它们的首度购房者数量减少［D］它们的消费者支出增长缓慢
［精解］答案C本题考查具体细节题。第三段首句提到，尽管美国的住房市场依然红火，
但其它国家（英国、澳大利亚和荷兰）已经开始降温。由此排除［A］。由第四段首句可知，英国和澳大利亚的房价停止增长的主要原因在于房价过高使首度购房者望而却步，所以［C］正确。［B］、［D］项文中未涉及。
19.美国的房价持续增长的时候，。
［A］投资会减少［B］通货膨胀会上升
［C］经济增长会放缓［D］消费者支出会增加
［精解］答案D本题考查推理引申题。第五段首句指出，即使房价稳而不升，也可能导致消费者支出急剧放缓。第二句分析其原因是房价上涨大大刺激了其他方面的消费，一旦房价下降或者稳而不升，这种消费将会消失。［D］正确。其他选项无从推知。
20.根据作者所说，全球住房市场。
［A］正在降温［B］正处于转折点
［C］很繁荣［D］即将复苏
［精解］答案A本题考查文章主旨题。综观全文可知，作者主要以英、澳、美等国为例谈论全球的房价走势。首段指出房价不可能持续上涨是显而易见的事实。第二段指出房价可能下跌的三个原因。第三、四段以英、澳等国房价下降的前车之鉴说明美国房价也会下跌的必然趋势。第五段提出房价不变或下降的不利影响。可见，作者认为全球房价正在回落，所以［A］正确。
核心词汇或超纲词汇
(1)cling to(5)conventional wisdom(7)level off (6)price out of (4)expose(3)stay put(2)sticky
全文翻译
房价近年来的迅速上涨显然是不可能持久的，然而，大多数国家的大多数经济学家仍然固执地希望房价将保持平衡而不是一跌到底。的确，与股票价格不同，房价在下跌的过程中往往比较“迟滞”。人们必须有个住的地方，而房主不愿遭受财产损失。只要他们有能力支付抵押贷款，他们就会按兵不动直到情况有所改善为止。问题是最后一些房主也不得不卖掉房子——因为搬迁或失去工作——而且被迫以较低价格出售。
的确，目前比以往任何一次房地产热之后更有可能出现名义价格的下降，其原因有三个：住房价格的虚高更为严重；通货膨胀率要低得多；为投资而购房的人大幅度增加。如果房价停止上涨或开始下降，业主居住者在很大程度上会按兵不动，但受影响过大的投资者可能会出售房屋，如果租金不足以支付利息，则情况更是如此。房价不会像股市那样在转瞬间崩溃。不过，在今后5年里，有几个国家的房价可能将下跌20%或者更多。
尽管美国的住房市场依然红火，但其它国家（英国、澳大利亚和荷兰）已经开始降温。美国应该从中汲取哪些教训？首先，与人们普遍的看法相反，房价下跌并不需要导火索（比如利率或失业率的大幅度提高）。自2002年以来，澳大利亚储备银行只将利率提高了1.25个百分点，而失业率处于30年以来的最低点，房价却出现了下降。美联储去年逐步提高2个百分点的利率的做法根本没有吓跑购房者，因为大多数购房者仍然通过固定利率的抵押贷款买房，而且长期的公债利息保持了不寻常的低水平。
英国和澳大利亚的房价之所以停止增长，主要是因为过高的房价吓退了首度购房者，而且以出租为目的的投资者的需求急剧减少。目前，英国的首度购房者只占总购房者的29%，比1999年的50%有所减少。全国房地产代理商协会的统计数字显示，以出租为目的的购买行为比一年前减少了50%。随着美国的房价不断飙升，也会出现同样的局面。
美国应该从其它国家汲取的另一个惨痛教训是：哪怕房价只是变得稳而不升，也可能会导致消费者支出的急剧放缓。美国的房价只是略有下降，也会影响消费者支出，因为房屋所有者
一直在以前所未有的速度兑出现金（卖掉住房，把资本收益变成现金）。高盛公司估计，在2004年，住房资产支取（也叫住房再抵押或住房转按揭）的总金额已经占到了个人可支配收入的7.4%。如果房价不再上涨，来自资本收益的这份“收入”就将消失。
第五篇总体分析
本文是一篇说明文，文章先介绍了一名公园博物学家的工作内容和工作经历，接着扩展到所有公园博物学家应具备的品质以及所需要做的准备工作。
第一至四段：论述了“我”作为一名公园博物学家的日常工作内容，前后工作内容的变化，以及遇到过的恶心、尴尬的事情。
第五、六段：列举一名公园博物学家所需要具备的品质和具体需要做的准备工作。
试题精解
（一）迅速浏览阅读选项和文章的第一段，了解文章主旨及结构。
无论在选项中还是在文章第一段都出现了全文的关键词a park naturalist（公园博物学家），因此可以推知，本文围绕该话题展开论述。此外，从选项还可预测文章涉及的内容可能包括公园博物学家的工作内容、经历、品质。
（二）概括段落大意，寻找与之相匹配的选项。
第一段简单说明我是一名公园博物学家以及我的日常工作内容。
21．［精解］答案E第二段，即第41题所在段落衔接第一段，进一步解释说明“我”所从事的工作的性质和特点。［A］强调成为公园博物学家的过程，没有涉及具体的工作内容；［F］强调成为公园博物学家所应具备的特点，着眼点是公园博物学家本身，而不是其工作；［E］强调工作的内容、特点，最能概括这一段内容。
22．［精解］答案C第三段仍然在介绍“我”作为公园博物学家的工作内容，但是关键词In my first naturalist job和As a state park naturalist暗示了“我”的角色的变化。根据段落内容可知，“我”的工作重心产生了变化，包括开始涉及制定管理方面的决策。所以本题应该选［C］。
23．［精解］答案D第四段的内容分两个层次。第一个层次的主题在首句中出现，即“the grossest thing”，gross做形容词时，意为“令人恶心的”，从下文的描述，特别是段中的感叹句“Boy, did that stink”也可以猜测出该词的含义。第二个层次的主题是该段后半部分出现的embarrassing experiences，接着文章以“我”把白松和红松弄混的例子予以说明。因此全段论述了“令人恶心和令人尴尬的事”，［D］项正好是该段内容的概括，其中disgusting和gross，moments和experiences是两组同义词。
24．［精解］答案F第五段的主题句是第三句，即“公园博物学家有一些共同的兴趣和责任”。下文围绕这个主题分别列举了几点兴趣和责任，如：善于观察、富有好奇心；身体厉行来保护环境；与人交流；热爱学习；等等。所以全段都是在讲述做一名公园博物学家所需具备的素质或能力，［F］项是对本段的概括。［B］项“从平凡中看出奇迹”只是该段最后部分涉及的内容，是公园博物学家需要具有的众多品质之一，不足以概括全段内容，因此不能入选。
25．［精解］答案A第六段中又包含了几个小标题，显然每个小标题也是对应段落主题的概括。四个小标题段是并列关系，共同说明当一名公园博物学家需要做的具体准备。［E］强调的是成为公园博物学家后做的事情，与段落内容不符，排除。［F］具有干扰性，但和［A］比较起来，显然应该排在［A］前面。标题中从［F］的“to be”到［A］的“becoming”，而文章内容则从第五段的“成为公园博物学家的先天条件”到第六段的“具体的准备工作”。
全文翻译
我谋求了一份威斯康星州立公园系统里最好的工作。作为半岛州立公园的一名公园博物学家，我忙着写报告，编写关于树木或花朵的小册子，有时候参观学校。当然，我还要确保半岛上长着羽毛的朋友（鸟儿）都吃饱肚子。
公园博物学家都做什么？（［E］）
作为一名公园博物学家，我同时也是作家、教师和历史学家，即使不是社会工作者，至少也是对环境感兴趣的年轻人的导师。我喜欢我工作的多样性，每天的工作内容都不相同。大多数工作任务需要有创造性。因为我现在是一名有经验的公园博物学家，所以我可以自由支配每一天，而且有权利决定我们在半岛州立公园做什么类型的项目。
变化的角色（［C］）
在我刚开始成为公园博物学家时，我一周五天工作日中的四天都是带领学生做实地考察旅行并参观教室。现在成为了一名州立公园博物学家的我仍然与学生打交道，但更多的时候是组织诸如步行观察鸟类、自然手工制作、户外技能培训、小径远足这样的活动。我还发现自己越来越多地参与做出管理方面的决策。比如，有时候，公园博物学家知道稀有的兰花长在哪里或者大乌鸦在哪里筑巢。当要做出砍树、修建小路或建立更多的露营区这些方面的决定时，就会要求公园博物学家从生态学的角度给出自己的看法。
令人恶心、尴尬的经历（［D］）
可能作为公园博物学家的我所做过的最恶心的事情是煮动物的头骨。参观者喜欢看动物的骨头和皮毛——至少是被清理干净以后的样子！有一次，我们的自然中心需要更多的头骨。一位设阱捕兽者把麝鼠、浣熊和狐狸的头骨送给了我，但我必须把它们清理干净。首先，我把头骨上的皮和肉煮掉。那味道难闻极了！然后我使用解剖工具和旧牙刷把眼球清除干净。最后，我把那些头骨浸泡在漂白液中。我也有一些尴尬的经历。在我作为半岛州立公园新来的公园博物学家第一次去远足的时候，我是如此兴奋以致于把一棵白松当作了红松！这是个明显的错误，因为这两种树很容易分辨。白松针叶是五个针叶为一簇生长的，而红松针叶是两个针叶为一簇生长的。
你具备当一名公园博物学家所需要的品质吗？（［F］）
并不是所有的州立公园都像半岛公园那样大、那样忙碌。并不是所有的公园博物学家都像我这样度过四季。然而，公园博物学家有一些共同的兴趣和责任。公园博物学家可能会注意到长在田野里的红枫的枝条伸向路边而长在浓密森林里的红枫的枝条向上生长，并想知道为什么会有如此不同。公园博物学家促成事情的发生。他可能和工人一起清理部分河道。公园博物学家分享知识的方法虽然不一样，但是他们都与人交流。对于学习的热爱——从别人身上、从动植物那里、从书籍里，从其他地方学习——是公园博物学家的一个基本素质。大多数公园博物学家不是在极其美丽的地方工作，他们许多人在城市公园里或已经受到破坏的地方工作。如果你对尺蠖、刺柏属丛木、或知更鸟也能感到好奇，并引起别人对这些动植物产生同样的好奇心，那么你就具备当一名公园博物学家的资格了。
成为一名公园博物学家（［A］）
如果你想当一名公园博物学家，做以下几件事情：
考察你家乡的地形。了解人们怎样改变了你生活的这片土地以及这片土地怎样塑造了这里的人们，这种对比对你很有用处。
开始制作一本实地素描书。把你何时何地看到了什么简单地画出来。这样做的理由不是为了练习绘画技能（虽然你有可能发现自己有绘画天赋），而是为了锻炼观察技能。
上大学。你需要有一个四年的学位证书。有几个学术途径可以使你走上公园博物学家的道路。我发现对我来说最有用的课程是鸟类学、植物分类学、人类生长发育学。
倾听并学习。大学学位证书就像一张机票。它让你登上飞机但这只是旅程的开始。观察并倾
听那些有经验的公园博物学家以使自己获得想法、知识和灵感。
多余选项翻译：
［B］从平凡中看出奇迹
第六篇总体分析
这是一篇讲述经济理论的文章，主要内容是阐释人类有很多利润最大化之外的动机，人类并不是纯粹的经济人，也是政治动物。
第一段：指出不同的经济理论及实验性研究结果表明，大多数人评估自己最大经济利益的能力都极差。
第二段：首段为主题句，即大部分经济结构若是依赖信贷，那么在一定程度上也依靠信誉，但是信誉可能是轻信。接着作者通过例证法加以说明。
第三段：主要论述我们的经济账往往受制于我们的生理冲动，而这些并不总是可以用进化生物学来解释的，人还是社会动物，他的动机与其文化环境不可分割。
第四段：指出人是政治动物。
本文是一篇介绍理论知识的文章，体裁上隶属正式文体，因此长句复合句较多。从词汇上讲，正式词汇、书面词汇较多。考生在翻译时一方面要弄清句子结构，另一方面要注意词汇的选择。
本文考核知识点：（一）复合句。（二）定语，包括现在分词作定语、过去分词作定语和定语从句。（三）状语从句。（四）主语从句。（五）破折号。（六）倒装结构。
试题精解
26.［精解］本题考核知识点：多重复合句、并列结构以及破折号的译法。
该句是一个多重复合句，其结构可以分为两层。第一层是Prospect theorists have shown that...，shown后接的是that引导的宾语从句。第二层结构为宾语从句，其主干部分是people are risk-averse...but not...，when和not when引导两个并列时间状语从句，翻译时按照汉语习惯状语前置。破折号起到的是解释说明的作用，为加强对本句的整体印象，理解时可以忽略，破折号是否翻译依其前后内容的关系紧密程度而定，本句they... gain是对risk-averse的补充说明，二者关系紧密，可以省略破折号的翻译。此外，考生要注意not一词是省略用法，它替代的完整结构是people aren’t risk-averse或they won’t choose the certain but smaller gain.
词汇：risk-averse“风险回避”。Gain“收益”，loss“损失”。
27.［精解］本题考核知识点：现在分词作定语、过去分词作定语、定语从句、主语从句的译法。
该句的句子主干是：Therese Humbert enjoyed a glittering career。on the basis of...为介词短语作条件状语，在状语中包含一个现在分词containing... 作后置定语修饰chest，因为这个定语中包含定语从句，结构比较复杂，为达到结构清晰语意明了的目的，翻译时采用拆译法，定语独立成句。Which引导定语从句修饰a hundred million francs，该定语从句中包含了一个主语从句it was claimed...，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是she had inherited...。考生在翻译主语从句时，可以采用增补法，填充泛指性的词语，即“人们，大家”等等。另外该主语从句中的named Crawford是过去分词作定语的结构，应该按照汉语习惯译为“叫做克罗福的……”。
词汇：glittering“灿烂的，闪闪发光的”，这里可以译成“风光的事业”。Supposedly“想象上，按照推测的”，文中可以译成“据说”。inherited from“从……继承得到”。natural father “生父”，step father“继父”，adopted father“养父”。
28.［精解］本题考核知识点：复合句、固定词组的译法。
该句有两层结构，第一层的句子主干是our economic calculations are often subordinated to our biological impulses，even when...引导时间状语从句；第二层结构的句子主干是we are not miscalculating，as...引导方式状语从句，这类从句一般可以译成“像……一样，按照……的方式”。
词汇：miscalculate一词的词根是caculate“计算”，mis-是动词前缀，译为“错误的”，所以miscalculate解释为“误算”，这里翻译成“打错算盘”。Be subordinated to“屈服于，服从于”。
29.［精解］本题考核知识点：同位语、状语从句、定语从句的译法。
该句的句子主干是：The profit motive has its roots in ... ，句首As...引导状语从句，可译成“像……认为的那样”。A desire to work...部分是a not wholly rational asceticism的同位语，对前面部分进行补充说明，与先行词处于同等地位，翻译时可以顺译，加上“即”等词。Which 引导定语从句修饰desire，因为从句结构复杂，应该采用拆译法。定语从句中的as...as 结构字面意思是“和……一样”，在这里为了强调religious和economic两者同等重要的地位，可以译成“既是……也是”。
词汇：has one’s root in“植根于”，也可译成“根源是”。not wholly“不完全，并非完全”。for its own sake“为了……自身的缘故”，根据上下文译成“为工作而工作”，类似的表达还有for art’s own sake（为艺术而艺术）。
30.［精解］本题考核知识点：定语从句、倒装结构的译法。
该句的句子主干是倒装句：Are people willing to accept an exclusive group identity。翻译倒装结构的关键是做好句子结构分析，理清并且恢复句子顺序。该句的正常语序是：people are willing to ...。Only occasionally, and for reasons为主干部分的条件状语，在第二个状语for reasons中包含了一个which 引导的定语从句，修饰reasons，翻译时按照汉语习惯采用前置法，译成“……的原因”。Only“仅仅，只是”。这类倒装结构可以译成“只有在……的情况下”或“只有……的原因才……”。
词汇：occasionally“偶尔的”；Be willing to“情愿”；Exclusive“排外的”。
全文翻译
在经济理论中，不管怎样，关于个人行为总是有相当不同的假设。有些新古典主义模式认为个人预期是合理的，也就是说，他们从现有的信息中得出从经济角度看最优的结论。在其他模式中，预期“适应”得更慢，或者说有对未来的不确定性。然而实验性研究表明，即使有明确的信息和了解时间，大多数人评估自己最大经济利益的能力都极差。面对一个简单的经济困境，因为“有限理性”（误导性的先入之见或情感的结果）或犯了基本的计算错误（不会计算概率和贴现率），人们很可能会做出错误决定。心理学家也发现了“短视贴现”现象：即人们倾向于选择日后的高回报，而不是眼前的低回报——但当低回报唾手可得时，人们就会反其道而行。研究未来的理论家们证明，人们在既定收益和可能的更大收益之间取舍时往往规避风险，总会选择确定性大但数量较小的收益，但在面对既定损失和可能的更大损失时，却不会如此选择。
大部分经济机构若是依靠信贷，那么它们在一定程度上也依靠信誉。但信誉可能建立在轻信的基础上。在19世纪末的法国，特莉莎·亨伯尔靠着一个小匣子而拥有风光的事业。据说这个匣子里有一亿法郎持票人债券，人们说这是她从生父，一个叫克罗福的神秘的葡萄牙百万富翁（后来是美国公民）那里继承的。她和丈夫以这笔债券做抵押借款在大军街上买下一家豪华旅馆，又买了一家巴黎报纸的控股权，并设法让她丈夫当选为社会党议员。1902年5月，当这个匣子最终被打开时，有一万人聚集在她家外。人们发现匣子里“除了一张旧报纸，一枚意大利硬币和一个裤子纽扣，什么也没有”。
即使我们没有像亨伯尔的债主们一样打错算盘，我们的经济盘算也往往受制于我们的生理冲动：（根据新达尔文理论）扎根于我们“自私的基因”中的繁衍的欲望、为争夺配偶和食物而使用暴力与对手竞争的能力——更别提弗洛伊德所分析的种种色欲或病态的行为了，这些并不总是可以用进化生物学来解释。人是社会动物，他的动机与其文化环境是不可分割的。正如马克斯·韦伯所论证的那样，甚至是追求利润的动机也来源于并非完全理性的禁欲主义，即一种为工作而工作的欲望，这种欲望既是宗教上的，也是经济上的。在不同文化处境下，人类也许会选择休闲而不是劳作。或者他们会通过经济上非理性的行为赢得同伴的敬意；因为社会地位很少简单地等同于纯粹的购买力。
人也是政治动物。人类把自己分为不同的群体——血缘群体、部落、宗教、民族、阶级和政党（别忘了还有公司）——以满足两个基本需要：安全需要（即人越多越安全，包括生理和心理安全）和尼采所谓的权力意志：主宰弱小群体的满足感。没有哪种理论充分地描述了这种现象，部分原因是，个人显然能够保持多个彼此重叠的身份；也能容忍全然不同群体的接近，而且还能与之合作。人们只是偶尔因为一些似乎历史特有的原因，才愿意接受一种排外的群体身份。只在有些时候群体间竞争才堕落为暴力冲突——但也够频繁的。