新托福阅读强化阶段课程大纲（7次课）
一．强化阶段（总共7次课）
（一）第一次课
（1）新托福阅读的介绍性内容
●IBT介绍
●阅读部分考试介绍
●阅读课程安排介绍
（2）面临的挑战
●挑战——词汇；长从句；文章结构
●解决方法
（3）阅读部分考查的能力
●细节理解和推断
●主旨把握
●作者写作意图
（4）阅读考中的十类题型介绍
●事实信息题
●否定事实信息
●推断题
●修辞题
●词汇题
●指代题
●句子简化题
●句子插入题
●摘要题
●表格题
（5）基本阅读技能训练——Skimming跳读
●Skimming: read fast to get the main idea of the paragraph and passage获取段落或者文
章的主旨
●判断段落的中心句——首句；特殊连接词句子等
●长从句划记主干
●辅以题型介绍之——Prose summary questions摘要题
●考查能力——识别文章的主要观点和次要观点
●解法——1. 阅读文章每段TS，比对选项进行选择。2. 排除明显的细节信息选项，
然后剩下的就是正确选项。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的主旨专项训练题和tpo上的文章中的prose
summary题型
（6）基本阅读技能训练——scanning扫读
●Scanning:locate information quicky快速定位细节信息
●确定关键词——显性和隐性关键词
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的专项训练题
（二）第二次课
（1）题型介绍之——事实信息题
●题型介绍——考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。
读者的任务是在题中某意译的短语选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关
系。
●解法：提取题干中关键词(key words)定位原文段落中所在关键词的所有句子。然
后阅读定位句理解。对照四个选项，正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同
义改写。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的细节专项训练题和tpo上的文章中的细节题型
（2）题型介绍之——否定事实信息题
●题型介绍——考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息，判断题中的短语哪些是正确的，
哪些是错误的或文章没有提到的信息。
●解法：看题干找关键词，阅读四个选项，排除与原文相符的选项
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的否定实时信息专项练习和tpo真题
（三）第三次课
题型介绍之——词汇题
●题型介绍：考查读者根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力。这种题型虽难度不大，
但占每篇文章后所有题目的三分之一。
●解法：词汇题没有固定解法，词汇题的主旨就是考察应试者的词汇量。对于这类题
只能通过背单词提升自己的正确率。但是需要强调的是，词汇题近来考察熟词辟意的趋势明显加大。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的词汇专项训练题和tpo上的文章中的词汇题型
题型介绍之——指代题
●题型介绍之：考查读者认定代词与其它首语重复机制以及先行词/后置词的关系的能
力
●解法：1. 把四个选项代入原文阅读翻译，翻译不同的就是错误答案。2. 代词的传递
规则——同一个事物可以在后面的数句话中用不同代词或同一个进行同一个概念上的表达。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的词汇和指代信息专项练习和tpo真题，从本次课开始
开始进行整篇文章的练习
（四）第四次课
题型介绍之——句子简化题
题型介绍：考查读者认定文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力
●解法：首先看原文标出的句子逻辑结构，并列，因果，让步转折，条件状语等等。
正确选项必须符合这种逻辑结果所表达信息的完整性和逻辑性。如果有多个句子同时符合，则将这些选项中的主从句结构分别和原文标出的句子进行比较，不符合的排除。如果此时还有选项不能排除，则再通过阅读理解句子意思进行最后的选择。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的句子简化专项练习和tpo真题；从本次课开始开始进
行整篇文章的练习
（五）第五次课
题型介绍之——句子插入题
题型介绍：考查读者将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。这个题型是国内考试常见的Cloze Test的进一步发展，可谓技高一筹。要完成任务，读者必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。
●解法：首先观察插入句的结构和句前有无指示代词。如有指示代词，则上一句话必
须有这个代词所指代的正确对象出现。其次看插入句的结构。能不能承接下文。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的句子插入专项练习和tpo真题；进行整篇文章的练习
题型介绍之——推断题
●题型介绍：文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，结果
引出了，推论题就可能问造成结果的起因。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问及比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。
●解法：提取题干中的关键词回文定位所有出现关键词的句子。然后综合各句提取结
论性的信息。而该类信息通常不会被原文直接以字面意思表达出来，通常是言外之意(Connotation)
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的推断题专项练习和tpo真题；进行整篇文章的练习
（六）第六次课
题型介绍之——表格和摘要
●题型介绍：考查考生从文章中归纳和组织主要但分散的观点和其他相关重要信息的
能力。这种题型是听力部分填表题的在阅读部分的深化和发展。它同样是考查读者对分散信息点的进行简单的归类整理。
●考查考生从文章中归纳和组织主要但分散的观点和其他相关重要信息的能力。这种
题型是听力部分填表题的在阅读部分的深化和发展。它同样是考查读者对分散信息点的进行简单的归类整理。
●解法：分别把选项中的信息定位回原文然后按照原文顺序进行分类入选。
●练习——结合新托福IBT阅读的表格和摘要专项练习和tpo真题；进行整篇文章的练
习
（七）第七次课
●课堂模考，随堂讲解。材料来自于tpo
●备考建议和复习安排
整体备考策略：
前期：词汇——听力——阅读——语法——写作
后期：写作——语法——听力——阅读——词汇
复习时间：以三个月为准
每天安排：保证平时6——8小时复习
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 19 The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century. In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance. This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway. When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries,
0308 托福试题 阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习 PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷九） 托福阅读文本： The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but
0308 托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that
第29套：The Extinction of the Dinosaurs Paragraph1:Geologists define the boundary between sediment layers of the Cretaceous period(144-65million years ago)and the Paleocene period (65-55million years ago)in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack.Before the limit of65million years ago，marine strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor.Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate,and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments,dinosaur fossils,though frequent before65 million years ago,are totally absent.By contrast,new families of mammals appear,including large mammals for the first time. 1..According to paragraph1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments ○They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. ○They contain fossils of dinosaurs. ○They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. ○They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments.
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
The Evolutionary Origin of Plants The evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of today’s different groups of algae, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic (natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red and brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different. Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats. If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms. █The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats, unlike those of ocean habitats, are highly variable. █Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily and changing level of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemical in the water or even to period in which the aquatic habitat dries up. █Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness. █These adaptations served their descendant well as they invaded land. selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants prospered and diversified. When plants pioneered the land, they faced a range of challenges posed by terrestrial environments. On land, the supportive buoyancy of water is missing, the plant is no longer bathed in a nutrient solution, and air tends to dry things out. These conditions favored the evolution of the structures that support the body, vessels that transport water and nutrients to all parts of plant, and structures that conserve water. The resulting adaptations to dry land include some structural features that arose early in plant evolution; now these features are common to virtually all land plant. They include roots or root like structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. Other adaptations occurred later in the transition to terrestrial life and now wide spread but not universal among plants. These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. These adaptations allowed an increasing diversity of plant forms to exploit dry land. Life on land, however, also required new methods of transporting sperm to eggs. Unlike aquatic and marine forms, land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carrytheir sex cells and disperse their fertilized eggs. So the most successful groups of land plants are those that evolved methods of fertilized sex cell dispersal that are independent of water and structures that protest developing embryos from drying out. Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plans and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and later, flowers and fruits. Paragraph 1: 1.The word “presumably” in the passage is closest in meaning to