Chapter 1 Land and people
教学课时：4H
教学目标和要求：了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候特点以及影响气候的因素，英国的人口结构及其特点
教学方法：通过提问引出所讲内容；先由学生根据课前预习回答问题，然后由教师进行补充、修正和总结；同时，通过地图和其他图片展示，使学生对英国的地理位置、不同的行政区划及名称有直观了解
教学手段：主要通过课件演示
教学重点和难点：1、different names for Britain and its parts;
2、geographical features
3、climate
4、the people
课堂讨论：Typical characteristics of the English people
考核目标：1、different names for Britain and its parts
2、major geographical features of Britain
3、major rivers and the lake district
4、Britain’s climate and major influencing factors
5、national characteristics of the English
6、composition of the British population
7、Eisteddfodau
教学过程及内容：
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
1.What are the names that come to your mind when people refer to 英国?
(1) Britain
(2) Great Britain
(3) England
(4) The British Isles
(5) The United Kingdom or the U.K.
2.What are these names exactly refer to?
Great Britain, the United Kingdom and the British Isles do not mean the same thing.
Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain, and England are geographical names.
G reat B ritain
E ngland is part of an island called Great Britain, the largest island in Europe. Great Britain is the official name given to the the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. It also includes the small adjacent islands except the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Sometimes people use the shorten name
Britain instead of Great Britain.
The term "Great Britain" was used for the first time when England and Scotland became a single kingdom under King James VI of Scotland who became King James I of England in 1603.
U nited K ingdom
T he United Kingdom consists of Great Britain - the main island made up of England, Scotland and Wales - and Northern Ireland.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) was formed in on January 1 1801 and constitutes the greater part of the British Isles. The largest of the islands is Great Britain, which comprises England, Scotland and Wales. The next largest is Ireland, comprising Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK, and, in the
T he B ritish I sles
The British Isles include the UK, Great Britain, and other islands such as Ireland and the Channel Islands.
The British Isles consists of:
?Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales)
?The whole of Ireland
?The Orkney and Shetland Islands
?The Isle of Man
?The Inner and Outer Hebrides
?The Isle of Wight
?Scilly Islands
?Lundy Island
?The Channel Islands
?Plus many other offshore islands
Summery:
England
Great Britain Scotland
Wales U.K.
2 large islands
Northern Ireland
British Isles Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Hundreds of (1949)
small islands
3.What is the official name of Britain?
(1) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island
(2) For short: Britain, the United Kingdom or U.K.
*The Union Jack
--refers to the Union Flag or the National flag of the United Kingdom
--It is called the Union Flag because it represents the emblems of the four countries united under one Sovereign - the kingdoms of England and Wales, of Scotland and of Ireland (although since 1921 only Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom).
--Although the name "Union Jack" is the popular name by which the flag is known to the world, it should strictly, perhaps, only be used for the flag when it is flown as a jack (a small flag flown at the bow of a ship); government documents generally prefer "union flag" as the more universally correct term
4.Why do people often use “England” and “English” to refer to “Britain” and
“British”?
England is the largest, post populous, and the richest.
Largeness Size Pop.
England biggest 60% 85%
Britain Scotland 2nd largest 30% 1/10
Wales smallest 9% 5%
5.British imperial expansion
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
(1) Ruled 1/4 of the world?s population and 1/4 of world?s land
(2) Had colonies in North America, Asia, Africa, Austrialia
6.British Commonwealth (Commonwealth of Nations)
The term …Commonwealth? has been used to replace the word …Empire? to describe collectively the independent countries associated under the British crow
(1) A free association of countries used to be English colonies
(2) 53 member countries at present
(3) Functions: active in a number of areas including development, democracy, debt management and
trade.
II. Geographical features
1.Geographical position
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.
(1) Northwest of Europe
(2) North Atlantic Ocean
(3) Separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel
2.Geographical features
(1) An island country, surrounded by sea
(2) Highlands in the north and west
(3) Lowlands in the east and southeast
A. Part of the great European Plain
B. Level land and fertile soil
C. farming
(4) 3 natural zones in Scotland
A. the highlands in the north
B. the central lowlands
C. the southern uplands
III. Rivers and Lakes
Important role of rivers in the country?s economy
1.Important Rivers
(1)the Severn River
A.the longest in the country
B.only 338 kilos long
(2)the Thames River
A.the 2nd longest
B.the most important river
C.336 kilos long
D.Oxford and London are on the river
(3)River Clyde
A.the most important in Scotland
B.important commercial waterway
2.the Lake District
(1)in northwest England and North Wales
(2)popular tourist attractions
(3)the home of the Lake Poets
A.William Wordsworth
B.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C.Robert Southey
IV. Climate
1.Typical feature of Britain’s climate
“Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.”
The statement is often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country.
A maritime type of climate
(1)rainy---abundant rainfall
The uncertainty about the weather tends to make the Englishmen cautious.
“A foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny
morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in
the day!”
(2)changeable and unpredictable, no clear cut of 4 seasons
“In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may
be really wintry with the temperature down by about eight degrees or more centigrade. And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before
darkness falls, it will be summer.”
(3)Mild: no extremes
In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme.
temperature: 4-6℃in winter, 12-17℃in summer
2.Factors influencing the climate
(1)the surrounding waters
(2)the prevailing south-west winds
(3)the North Atlantic Drift (warm current)
3.Rainfall
(1) a steady reliable rainfall throughout the year
(2)uneven distribution of rain
A. a water surplus in the north and west
B. a water deficit in the south and east
V. The People
1.Population of Britain: characteristics
(1)Densely populated
Very large population for such a small country.
(2)Highly urbanized
90% of the population is urban and only 10% rural
(3)Unevenly distributed
The population is made up mainly of (composition of British population)
A.the English (81.5%)
B.the Scottish (9.6%)
C.the Welsh (1.9%)
D.the Irish (2.4%)
2.Different ancestors
(1)the English----the Anglo-Saxons
(2)the Scots, Welsh, and Irish----the Celts
3.Differences in character and speech between southern and northern England
(1)Southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English
Generally speaking, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English. They do not have a special accent except the Cockneys from the East End of London.
(2)Northerners speak broader English
However, the northerners speak broader English than the southerners, and often leave out the
article “the” and the possessive adjectives“my”, “your”, “their”, etc.
4.The way the Welsh keep their language and culture alive
Through Eisteddfodau (Eisteddfod)
(1)The Eisteddfod (literally 'sitting') is a Welsh festival of literature, music, and song. The tradition
of such a meeting of Welsh artists dates back to at least the 12th century.
The most important eisteddfod is the National Eisteddfod, held annually and usually
alternating between North and South Wales, and taking place entirely in the Welsh language.
(2)The Welsh are music lovers and are proud of their past.
(3)Throughout the year they have festivals of song, dance and poetry called Eisteddfod(au), hold
competitions in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art to keep the Welsh language and culture
alive.
课后讨论、思考题：
1、Answer the following questions:
1) What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the
British Commonwealth?
2) Describe the distribution of Britain?s population.
3) What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?
4) What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England?
5) How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive?
2、Explain the following terms:
1) The United Kingdom
2) the British Commonwealth
3) Eisteddfod(
Lecture 2 I ntroduction to UK II
The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
教学手段：课件演示
教学重点和难点：
1、Norman rule
2、Henry II?s reform
3、the Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament
4、the Hundred Years? War with France
5、the Black Death and the Peasant Uprising
课堂讨论：a comparative study of feudalism in English and Chinese history
教学过程及内容：
I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)
1. William’s Rule (1066-1087)
(1) The beginning of feudalism in England
Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.
(2) What was feudalism like in England under the rule of William the Conqueror?
A. Who owned the land under the feudal system in England?
According to the system, the King owned all the land personally.
B. How did William deal with the land and why?
a. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for promise of military service and a
proportion of the land?s production.
King ---barons---lesser nobles, knights and freemen---serfs
b. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that the barons could not easily
combine to rebel the king or that his authority was not be challenged by any powerful barons.
C. What was the peculiar feature of feudal system in England?
To restrain the growth of power of the barons, all landowners, big of small, took the oath of allegiance for the land the held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.
D. What did William do to the Witan?
He replaced the Witan (the Council of Anglo-Saxon Kings) with the Grand Council.
E. Why did William compile the Domesday Book（土地调查清册）?
The Domesday Book:
a.Nature: a property record, and a general survey of England made in 1085
b.Content: it stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the
land
c.Purpose: to have a reliable record of all the lands, his tenants and their possessions and to
discover how much they could be called upon to pay taxes
d.Why so called: because it seemed to the English like the Book of Doom
F. What was William?s policy toward the church?
His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control.
a.on one hand, he took the English church closer to Rome
b.on the other hand, he managed to maintain his own independence
2. Henry II’s Reforms
(1) background: Henry II was the founder of the Angevin dynasty（安茹王朝），usually known as the
Plantagenet dynasty(金雀花王朝).
His position was rather weak
Many pressing problems had to be solved
Want to keep the barons under control
(2) His reforms
A.Abolished the annual land tax to levied only occasionally to meet emergencies
B.Strengthened the king?s Court
C.Reduced the barons? military strengths by destroying al l the fortresses and disbanding their foreign
soldiers
(3) How did Henry II reform the courts and the law?
A. Henry II strengthened the King?s Court and extended its judicial work
a.He divided the country into 6 circuits
b.Appointed itinerant justices (traveling judges) to each of them to see that justice was applied
impartially.
B. Henry II established the Common Law in place of the customs of the manor which had previously
varied.
The Common Law: the unwritten law common to the whole people, and is case-made (based on
precedent judgments and derived from acknowledged custom)
D.The Jury System replaced old English ordeals by fire and water
(at that time a jury was to act as witnesses, not to hear evidences and give verdict)
E.Reform abuses in Church government, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences
should be tried in the king?s courts instead of in the Bishop?s Courts.
(4) What was the quarrel between Henry II and Thomas Becket?
Thomas Becket was Henry?s intimate friend. Henry made Thom as Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping that he would assist him in carrying out legal reforms.
A.Henry planned to reform the old Church Courts, to increase the jurisdiction of the civil courts at
the expense of the church courts, to deprive the privileges enjoyed by the clergy
B.Thomas refused to allow this, and the King became angry
The King said in a fit of anger “Is there no one to avenge me of this miserable churchman?” ---4 knights killed Thomas---Thomas immediately became a saint as a martyr to the course of the church---pilgrims to Canterbury.
II. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament
1. 1.Richard I 理查一世（1189—1199在位）亨利二世次子。因长子出家为修士
而成为继承人。亨利前往英国继承王位后，理查与母亲埃利诺在法国阿基坦相依为命，与父亲关系疏远形同陌路。后受母亲的唆使和法王腓力二世的挑拨，出兵击败父亲夺取了王位。
The Great Charter (1215)
(1)What are the two aspects of the Norman legacy that contributed to great domestic unrest in England
in the 12th and 13th century?
One was England?s possession of territory in France. The other was Norman adherence to Roman Catholicism.
(2) the Great Charter
A.Also known as Magna Carta or the Barons? Charter
B.King John?s reign caused much discontent among the barons and churchmen.
a.Wars against France
b.Quarrel with the Pope
(John became the King---lost all his Continental fief except a tiny spot in France---quarrel
with the Pope---was forced to give in---promised not only to pay a yearly tribute to the Pope,
but handed England to the Pope and received it as a fief. ---John wanted to white-wash
himself with military victories---his tyrannical behavior forced the barons to raise army
against him.)
C.In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Carta.
D.It was a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the King?s power.
E.It has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.
2.The Beginning of Parliament
(1) Henry III?s defy of the Great Council
King John died---his son became Henry III---planned to regain lost territories
---increased taxes---a tense relation between the King and the Great Council
(2) Simon de Montfort raised an army
Simon de Mont fort, the defender of the Great Charter, raised an army against the king?s abuse of power---forced the king to accept the Provision of Oxford---the King denied and was captured by the nobles.
(3) Change in the Great Council
Originally the Great Council was made up of the Nobles and Clergymen
↓
Now Nobles & Clergymen, 2 knights from each county and 2 citizens from each town
↓
The earliest parliament
↙↘
The nobles Knights and citizens
↓↓
The Lords The Commons
(Make decisions) (offer advice)
III. The Hundred Year’s War with France (1337-1453)
1. The Hundred Year’s War
(1)Who were the two parties involved? England and France
(2)Why was it so called? Get its name for the intermittent war between England and France that
lasted for a hundred years from 1337 to 1453.
(3)What were the causes? Partly territorial and partly economic
The territorial cause was related with the possession by English kings of the large duchy in France.
The economic cause was mainly connected with Flanders: the Flemish cloth manufacturing towns were importers of English wool but they owed political allegiance to the French King.
(4)What was the result?
Ended in failure of the English (were driven out of France)
(5) Influence: a blessing for both countries.
2.Joan of Arc
(1)She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Year?s War.
(2)She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.
At an early age she claimed to have direct inspiration from God. When she was about 16, she led the French armies to victory over the English.
(3)She was condemned as a heretic and burned by the English.
IV. The Black Death (1348-1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)
1. The Black Death
(1)It was a deadly bubonic plague, and epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.
(2)It spread through Europe in the 14th century, and swept through England
(3)It killed one half of the English population, and spared no victims.
The population reduced from 4 million to 2 million during the next 15 years.
2. What harm did the Black Death do to the English society?
(1)It reduced the English population from 4 million to 2 million and brought about far-reaching
economic consequences.
(2)As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.
(3)The surviving peasants were in favourable position to demand higher wages and changed their
serfdom into paid labours
3. The Lollards
(1)Who were the Lollards?
A. A group of Oxford reformers. They were poor priests and traveling preachers who were John
Wyclif?s followers in t he 14th century.
B.They went about preaching the equality of men before God.
C.The most famous one was John Ball.
(2) What role did the Lollards play in the Peasant uprising of 1381?
They ideas provided mental preparation for the Peasant uprising of 1381.
4. Wat Tyler’s Uprising
(1)As a result of the Black Death, there was a terrible shortage of labors, and the surviving peasants
demanded higher wages.
(2)So the government issued statutes to protect the interests of landowners.
(Establish rules to keep down wages)
(3)The repressive measures and a series of poll taxes caused much hatred and resulted in the Peasant
Uprising in 1381.
Although the Uprising failed, it had great significance in English history. It dealt a deathblow to villeinage (serfdom), and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.
Transition to Modern Age (1455-1688)
教学重点和难点：
1、the War of Roses (1455-1485)
2、The English Reformation
3、Elizabeth I
4、The English Renaissance
5、Britain under James I
6、Charles I and the Parliament
7、the Civil Wars (1642-1651)
8、the Commonwealth
I. Transition to Modern Age (1455-1485)
1. Wars of Roses (1455-1485)
(1) The nature of the war
An attempt to dominate the government at home by the rich and ambitious nobles
A. What was the result of the Hundred Years? War?
In 1453 England was defeated in the Hundred Years? War.
B. Who was in power at that time?
The power was in the hands of a number of rich and ambitious nobles.
C. What would the rich and ambitious nobles do under such circumstances?
They had to seek a new outlet for their ambition by an attempt to dominate the government at
home.
(2) The Wars of Roses
A.What did the wars refer to? (or Who were the participants of the wars?)
They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York which lasted for 30 years between 1455 and 1485.
B. Why was it called the Wars of Roses? (the symbols or the emblems 徽章of them?)
The House of Lancaster was symbolized by red rose, and the House of York by white rose.
(3) The consequences of the war
A.It was destructive to the noble houses, the nobility was much weakened and discredited
B.Feudalism received its deathblow
(It sped up the decline of feudalism in England, give rise to textile industry, pushed the growing
bourgeoisie onto a higher rung of social ladder in England)
C.The king?s power became supreme, prepared soil for centralized government
D. A long peace at home: Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over 200 years.
2. The Tudor Monarchy (Dynasty) 都铎王朝
（1）The result of the Wars of Roses
After some 30 years of intermittent wars, in 1458 the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard III and another claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, Duke of Lancaster.
In the battle Richard III lost his crown and his life. Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York
Thus uniting the House of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.
(2) The end of the Wars of Roses in 1485 marked the beginning of the Tudor Dynasty, whose founder
was Henry VII.
(3) The Tudor monarchy (5 Tudor monarchs) ruled England and Wales for over 200 years.
(4) The Tudor Monarchy served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English
history.
(5) Foreign affairs: neutralized diplomacy, gave peace at home and abroad.
II. The English Reformation
1. What was the nature of the reformation? ------A reform in religion
(1)to get rid of Roman Catholic Church
(2)to set up Church of England
(3) a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal ruling class
and its ideology
2. Why did the Reformation happen in England?
(1)Henry VIII
A.He was a great king and remembered for his religious reform of the church.
B.His reform stressed th e power of the monarch and strengthened the Parliament?s importance.
(2)Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one
after another.
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the Church.
There were 3 main causes for the reformation:
A. A long-cherished desire:
a. One of the major fights in the medieval age was that of the King and the Church.
b.The desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for years
c.Encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come
Martin Luther: German leader of the Protestant Reformation, angered by the sale of
indulgences.
B.Resentment to the church (clergy) privilege and wealth
C.Henry needed money.
3. How did the Reformation happen in England?
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy.
(1)Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine because she could not produce a male heir for him, but the
Pope refused
(2)Henry?s reform was to get rid of the En glish Church?s connection with the Pope, and to make an
independent Church of England.
A.He dissolved all of England?s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the
Pope than to their English Kings.
B.He established the Church of England as the national church of the country (The laws made his
reform possible), and he took the title Supreme Head of the Church of England.
4. What was the effect of the reformation?
(1)Strengthened Henry?s position
(2)The importance of Parliament grew
(3)England was moving away from Catholicism towards Protestantism.
5. Bloody Mary
(1)Henry VIII?s daughter and a devout Catholic.
(2)When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants, so she was given the
nickname “Bloody Mary”.
She was remembered less by her official title Mary I than the nickname.
III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
1. Elizabeth I
(1)One of the greatest monarchs in British history.
(2)She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 year.
(3)Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and
other arts, in exploration and in battle.
2. Elizabeth’s Religious Reform
How did Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen?
(1)Elizabeth?s religious reform was a compromise of views.
(2)She broke Mary?s ties with Rome and restored her father?s independent Church of England.
(3)To be exact, she kept to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control.
(She desired “that there should be outward conformity to the Established religion, but that opinion
should be left free.)
(4)Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to
ardent Catholics.
3. Elizabeth’s foreign policy
(1)Two Catholic Powers threatening Elizabeth---France and Spain
For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflicts. (2)Friendly relations with France
Through her marriage alliances, which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain.
(3)The destruction of the Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada:
(1)The fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of Spain in 1588.
(2)It was attacked by an English fleet and was scattered by storms and shipwrecks.
(3) What did the destruction of Spanish Armada show?
A.The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England?s superiority as a naval power.
B.The English victory meant a decisive check to the formidable (Counter-Reformation)
attempt of Catholicism to recover the northern countries of Europe,
C.and it also enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country in the years
to come.
IV. The English Renaissance
1. Renaissance the name
A. The word is from French, meaning “rebirth”
B. Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history.
C. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century.
2. The modern meaning:
refers to varieties of changes which European underwent politically, economically and culturally between 1450 to 1600.
3. Emphasis (guiding ideology) of Renaissance
A.Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and Modern times
B.People suddenly discovered their creative power and began to believe that man could make
wonders through their own efforts
C.It saw the challenge of the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation, the
rise of Humanism, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual (individualism). 4. The English Renaissance
What do you know about the English Renaissance?
The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics:
(1)English culture was revitalized not directly by the classics (as by contemporary Europeans under the
influence of the classics)
(2)England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great
extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe
(3)The native literature was sufficiently vigorous (and experienced in assimilating foreign influences
without being subjected by them)
(4)English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly
(5)The Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.
5. Achievements of English Renaissance
The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved it finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama.
(1)Drama: Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.
(2)Poetry: Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakespeare, and John Donne.
(3)Prose: Francis Bacon
V. James I and the Parliament
1. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605
James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I and became James I of England. His succession brought a temporary union of the two countries but his reign was troubled by religious controversy.
Harsh measures to Catholics: James I was an uncompromising defender of the Church of England and was less tolerant towards Catholic.
(1)The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the famous of the Catholic conspiracies.
(2)On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up
in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted 36 barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.
(3)The plot was betrayed and the conspirators were surppressed.
(4)The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a
guy and a firework display is arranged.
2. The Puritans
(1)Who were the Puritans?
Members of a Protestant movement in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.
(2)What did they want?
They wanted the Church of England to be entirely free of Catholic elements.
(3)What did they do?
From 1590 to 1640, some of them left England for Holland and America.
(4)What happened during the 17th century?
During the 17th century Puritanism became a political movement: the parliamentarians who fought Charles I and took power under Cromwell were Puritans, and the struggle between the king and parliament is also known as the Puritan Revolution.
(5)What else were the Puritans called?
After the Restoration of 1660 the Puritans left the Church, and from then on were known as Dissenters or Nonconformists.
3. Pilgrim Fathers
(1)Puritans? reform: The Puritans became very powerful in the Parliament, believing that the
Reformation had not gone far enough and calling for a purer form of worship.
(2)James I?s refusal: James I declared that he would “make them conform or harry them from the land”.
(3)Mayflower: Many Puritans had left England for Holland. In 1620 some 201 Puritans, called Pilgrim
Fathers, f led in Mayflower and founded New Plymouth in America, Britain?s first settlement in the New World.
4. Divine Right of Kings
(1) A belief held by most European rulers in the 16th century that a king rules with the authority of God,
or the king ruled by divine right.
(2)The purpose was to get rid of the Parliament interference in state affairs (preferred no Parliament at
all).
VI. Charles I and the Parliament
1. Charles I’s relation with the Parliament----intended to override the Parliament
Charles I?s relations wit h the Parliament were from the start disastrous. He, like his father, thought of his right to rule as God-given---“the Divine Right of Kings”.
2. The Short Parliament
(1)The Scottish revolt (1638)
(2)Charles I called a meeting of Parliament in April, 1640 to raise money for the war
(3)Instead of voting for money, the Parliament criticized the king?s policy.
(4)Full of anger, the King dissolved the Parliament, which existed for only 2 weeks.
3. The Long Parliament
(1)the King raise money for a truce with the Scots
In 1640, the Scots started another attack to England, the king managed to collect army to fight
against the Scottish rebels. Seeing that he had no hope to win the war, Charles I made truce with the Scots. The Scottish agreed on the basis of a large sum of indemnity.
(2)recall of the Parliament
having no way to raise money, in November, 1640, the King called another meeting of Parliament (3)this Parliament existed more than 10 years until Cromwell dissolved it.
VII. The Civil Wars (or the Puritan Revolution)
1. The nature of the wars
Fights between the King and Parliament
It has been seen as a conflict between Parliament and the King, and also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle class and the traditional economic interests of the Crown.
2. The supporters of the two parties
The King The Parliament
the north and west of the country and Wales. southeast England and London
Many nobles and gentry farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans
The kin g?s men were called Cavaliers（骑士派）Supporters were called Roundheads（圆颅派）
3．The consequences of the Civil Wars
(1)the English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation
of feudal rule in Europe.
(2)It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
(3) The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, as the King?s opponents were mainly
Puritan.
VIII. The Commonwealth (1649—1660) (共和国)
(1) During the Civil Wars, Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the New Model Army, and
destroyed the Royalist army.
(2) Cromwell declared England a Commonwealth.
(3) He became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. (护国公)
IX. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688
1. The Restoration斯图亚特王朝复辟
How did the Restoration take place?
(1)Cromwell was tyrannical, and when he died his son, Richard, succeeded. The regime began
immediately to collapse.
(2)Again there was struggle for power by the Stuart.
(3)Charles II mounted the throne; the republic came to an end.
2. The Glorious Revolution of 1688
(1)How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out?
A.James II?s revival of Catholicism in England
a.When Charles II died, his brother succeeded, becoming James II.
b.James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholi
c.
c.He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views.
B.Intolerance of Catholic and dethrone of the King
a.But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic as king in 1688 than 40 years ago.
b.So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king.
C.co-monarchs
a.William of Orange, James?s Dutch nephew and husband of Mary, James?s daughter, was
invited to invade and take the English throne.
b.William and Mary were invited for joint rule, and they jointly accepted the Bill of Rights.
D.the takeover with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, therefore became known as the
Glorious Revolution.
(2) Significance of the Glorious Revolution
the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.
3. The Bill of Rights 《权力法案》
In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly.
(1)The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession,
(2)confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy
(3)and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses.
(4)Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.
Rise and Fall of the British Empire
(1688—1990)
教学课时：4H
目的和要求：
教学重点和难点：1、Whigs and Tories
2、Agricultural changes in the late 18th century
3、the Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)
4、the Chartist Movement (1836-1848)
5、Trade Union and the Labor Party
6、Colonial Expansion
7、the Twentieth Century
课堂讨论:Agricultural changes in the late 18th century;
The far reaching effects of the Industrial Revolution
your comment on land enclosures in England
考核目标：
1、the Whigs and the Tories
2、Agricultural changes in the late 18th century
3、The English Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of Britain
4、The Chartist Movement and its significance
5、The origin of the Labor Party
6、The building of the British Empire
7、Britain and WWI and WWII
8、Postwar Britain
9、Thatcherism
教学过程及内容：
I. Whigs and Tories （辉格党和托利党）
1. Parliamentary politics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
(1)The Constitutional Monarchy
The Glorious Revolution in 1688 resulted in the constitutional monarchy, in which parliament played an important role in the British politics.
(2)Parliamentary politics
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, two political parties, the Whigs and the Tories, controlled Parliament.
2. The Whigs and the Tories
(1) The Whigs and the Tories
They refer to the two parties originated with the Glorious Revolution.
(2) the evolution of the Whigs and Tories
The Wigs
A. Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle
drivers
B. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident
Tories in the mid-19th century
C. Become the Liberal Party that disintegrated
and disappeared after WWI.
The Tories
A. Tories an Irish word meaning thugs.
B. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party
C. The Conservative Party still bears the
nickname today.
(3) Different ideas
The Whigs
A.o pposed absolute monarchy
B.s ympathy towards Nonconformists
C.d emanded greater freedom (religious) and less government control
The Tories
A.s upport hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings
B.w anted to preserve the Church of England
C.i n favor of maintaining social order
II. Agricultural changes in the late 18th century
1. Importance of farming in England in the 18th century
(1) What kind of society was England in the 18th century?
Agricultural society.
(2) What was the most important occupation in an agricultural society?
Farming was an important occupation in England then.
(3) What was considered the backbone of the nation in the 18th century?
Farm village and agriculture were the backbone of the nation.
(4) What did changes in farming methods imply?
Changes in farming methods would affect lives of millions.
2. Agricultural Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
Why were the agricultural changes in the late 18the and early 19th centuries termed “revolution”?
(1) What were the features of the traditional farming in England?
A. Traditional farming involved the open field village
a. Villages were surrounded by hedgeless fields which centered all the arable land.
b.These fields were divided into strips shared out among the villagers.
c.Much was done on a community basis.
B. Large pieces of field left …fallow?each year (unused/unsown) so that the soil would
recovered its richness after 2 years? cultivation.
This meant only 2/3 of the land was cultivated.
C. Simple community life of the countryside
Besides the fields there were commons and wastelands used by all villagers to graze
livestock.
This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and subsistence farming before the modern industrial age.
(2) What were the Drawbacks of such a system?
A.it was wasteful for labor and time
B.fallow fields caused shortage of food
C.the open field system was a barrier to experiments
(3) Agricultural revolution
A. Causes of the revolution
a. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapid, and most of this
increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food.
b. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so the small farms on the “open-field”
system were replaced by larger and more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.
B. The revolution
a.The “open-field” system was replaced by enclosed fields
The “open-field” system ended with the Enclosure Acts, and wea lthier
landowners seized the land and divided it into enclosed fields.
b. A system of crop rotation was introduced
c.Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery were invented and used
3. The result of land enclosures in England
The enclosures had good as well as bad results:
(1)Farms became bigger and bigger as the great bought up the small, and farming became
more efficient.
(2)The living standard was improved. More vegetables, milk, and dairy produce were
consumed, and diet became more varied.
(3)Enclosure was a disaster for tenants who made a living on the land.
(4)Urbanization was increased as more and more people migrated to towns and became wage
laborers.
III. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)
1. What was the industrial revolution?
It refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Or it means the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes that transformed Britain from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and manufacturing one.
2. Why was Britain the first country to initiate industrial revolution?
(1) Political conditions
A. Parliament became dominant in political life after the 1688 Palace coup (Glorious
Revolution)
The limited monarchy resulted from the Glorious Revolution ensured that the powerful economic interests could exert their influence over government policy.
B. It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and its demand for development and
expansion.
(2) External conditions
A.The British-Spanish War enabled Britain to be a sea power
B.English capitalists could expand foreign markets and plant overseas colonies.
(3) Primitive Capital
The capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation
Plunder: church property; Africa and America by triangle trade
Exploitation: the peasants
(4) Cheap labor
The enclosures drove peasants off their land and they had to seek employment
(5)Mentality changes
Making money and profit was no longer a sin; interests became moral
(6)Theoretical basis
Free competition and free trade
(7)Scientific basis
Scientist like Newton
For the contributing factors of Britain as the first country to witness Industrial Revolution, also refer to pp. 66-67 in the book.
3. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?
(1) Which industry did the Industrial Revolution begin with?
The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry.
(2) What was the characteristic of it?
It was characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as
John Ray?s flying shuttle (飞梭),
James Hargreaves? spinning Jenny（詹妮纺纱机），
Richard Arkwright?s waterframe（水力纺纱机），
and Samuel Crompton?s mule（走锭纺纱机）.
The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery.
（3）What was the most important element in speeding industrialization?
The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke（焦炭）instead of charcoal（木炭）in 1709.
Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry（铁的锻造领域）which enabled iron to replace wood and stone in many sectors of the economy.
(4) How about transportation?
Improved transportation (road and canal construction) ran parallel with production.
(5) What was the result of the Industrial Revolution?
As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”. No other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. IV. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) 宪章运动
The Chartist Movement is also called The People?s Charter.
1. Background of the Chartist Movement
Appalling living and working conditions
(The working men worked and lived in appalling condition, e.g. workers in factories were treated badly, working 15 hours a day in poor light and deafening noise. They began to destroy the hated machines.) ↓
The working class, the Proletariat came into being.
↓
Organized as trade unions, as an independent class
↓
Fight for higher wages and better living conditions
↓
Defend their interests, reform of Parliament
(Representative in Parliament)
2. Parliament Reform
What do you know about parliament reform?
(1)Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform.
(2)Reasons for the reform
A. Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.
a. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Lords had far more influence than it has today and
the Commons were also really “gentry” on edge of aristocracy.
b. The Commons were elected only by a very small proportion of the population.
d.The vote was a privilege for a small number of male citizens. No females were
allowed to vote.
B. Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.
Today the country is split into equal sized units for voting, but in the 19th century it
was not.
C. There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.（衰败选区和口袋选区）
Rotten boroughs: had been busy market towns, and were deserted, but they could still elect Members of Parliament.
Pocket boroughs: elections were not won by political views but by influence or money（英国旧时由个人或家族操纵的选区）. At that time, there was no secret
ballot. V oters were recorded in poll-books for all to see. Candidates could buy
off or bully voters. So voters were already so intimidated by the great local
landowner that even before the election the seat was already “in his pocket”.
(3) Result of the reform
A.Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.
B.The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Great Charter of 1832”) abolished “rotten
boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing
towns.
C.It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their
property.
3. The Chartist Movement
(1) What do you know about the Chartist Movement?
A. Nature: It was an industrial working class political movement.
B. Duration: It happened in England from 1836 to 1848.
C. Participants: In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the
London Working Men?s Association.
(2) What do you know about the People?s Charter?
They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the Peop le?s Charter) in 1838, which had 6 points:
A.Vote for all adult males;
B.Voting by secret ballot;
C.Equal electoral districts;
D.Abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament;
E.Payment of members of Parliament, and
F.Annual Parliament, with a General Election every June.
(3) What about the result of the Chartist Movement?
A.Support for these 6 demands was loudly voiced all over the country.
B.Other workingmen formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press
Parliament to accept the 6 points.
C.But Parliament rejected them three times.
D.In the end, the Chartist Movement failed.
(4) Two groups of the Chartists
The Chartists could be roughly divided into 2 groups:
A. The Moral Force Chartists: wanted to realize their aims by peaceful means (political
persuasion)
B. The Physical Force Chartists: wanted to achieve their purpose by violence.
(5) What is your comment on the failure of the Chartists? (Reasons for the failure and
significance)
A.Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership
B.Its lack of coordination with the trade-unionism.
C.The working class was still immature, without the leadership of a political party
armed with correct revolutionary theory.
D.However, it was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to
serious problems.
E.As Lenin put it the Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, politically formed,
proletarian revolutionary movement.”
V. Trade Unions and the Labor Party
How did the Labor Party come into being?
1. Unity is strength. The new working class was established in the industrial town in the late
18th century, and they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted
together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed
which brought about the formation of a political party, the Labor Party.
2. Origin. The Labor Party had its origins in the Independent Labor Party (ILP), which was
formed in 1893.
3. Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The foundation of an effective party for labor
depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a
number of small societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC)
4. The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party in time for the general election which
was called for 1906.
5. The Labor Party remains one of the 2 major parties in Britain until today.
VI. Colonial Expansion
What was the colonial expansion like during the 19th century?
1. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of New-foundland in 1583.
2. the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19th
century.
3. the colonial expansion included the following aspects:
(1) The growth of dominions.（自治领的发展）
In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, underpopulated territories: Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand.
(2) the conquest of India.
The establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic
penetration. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete.
(3) The scramble for Africa.
At the beginning of the century British possessions were confined to forts and slave
trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was
gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart
from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in
Egypt and the Sudan.
(4) Aggression against China.
4. By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast
number of protectorates, Crown Colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions; and it included 25% of the world?s population and area.
VII. Twentieth Century
1. Britain and the First World War
(1) Competition of the imperialist powers
At the beginning of the 20th century, France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets. Germany was emerging as the biggest threat to Britain.
(2) The First World War
A.Duration: 1914-1918
B.Two Parties: The war was primarily fought between 2 European power blocs:
a.the “Central Powers” （同盟国）: Germany and Austria-Hungary
b.the “Allies” （协约国）: Britain, France and Russia.
C. Why Britain involved?
Britain was afraid that Germany would overrun Europe and gain control of parts of the
British Empire.
C.The result: The war lasted 4 years. Finally the Central Powers sued for peace, and an
armistice came into effect on November 11, 1918. The Treaty of Versailles imposed on
Germany formalized the Allied victory.
D.Influence:
a.During the WWI, Britain lost over a million people.
b.Apart from this, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and
society.
c.Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nations(国际联
盟).
2. Britain between the two World Wars
The First World War had great effects on British society.
(1) Great unemployment: by 1921 there were over 2 million unemployed.
(2) Political unrest: Political unrest led to 4 general elections in just over 5 years. In 1926 a
general strike paralyzed the country.
(3) The Great Depression: the effects of the New York Stock Market crash of 1929 soon
spread throughout Europe and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great Depression.
3. Britain and the Second World War
(1) Background
The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles after WWI had left Germany embittered（怨愤已极）and unstable. With the coming to power of Adolf Hitler and Nazism in Germany, the Versailles arrangements began to crumble.
(2) WWII
The German troops invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The British, who found that the policy of appeasement（绥靖政策）of German aggression was no longer tenable, was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3.
It was not until 1945 that Britain won final victory.
(3) Social influence in Britain
A.Britain suffered far fewer military casualties in WWII than in WWI. Some 250,000
were killed, with a further 110,000 dead from Empire and Commonwealth forces.
B.Britain, having devoted her entire strength to the war, was left gravely impoverished.
She lost 1/4 of her national wealth and entered upon a period of economic and
financial difficulties.
German bombing raids destroyed many cities. The Blitz (air attack, lightning war) radically changed the face of London. Many London families spent their nights in the