《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料
第一章
一、术语
1 制成品manufactured goods
2 资本货物capital goods
3 国际收支balance of payments
4 经常项目current account
5 有形贸易项目visible trade account
6 无形贸易项目invisible trade account
7 贸易顺差trade surplus
8 贸易逆差trade deficit
9 易货贸易barter
10 补偿贸易compensation trade
11 反向贸易counter-trade
12 组装生产assembly manufacturing
13 工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax
14 合资企业joint venture
15 延期付款deferred payment
16 买方信贷buyer credit
17 卖方信贷supplier credit
18 软贷款（低息贷款）soft loan
19 最惠国待遇MFN treatment （Most Favored nation treatment）
20 永久性正常贸易关系PNTR（Permanent Normal Trading Relations）
21 国民收入NI（National Income）
22 国民生产总值GNP（Gross National Product）
23 国内生产总值GDP（Gross Domestic Product）
24 国际复兴和开发银行IBRD（International Bank for Reconstruction and Development）国际开发协会IDA（International Development Association）
25 国际金融公司IFC（International Finance Comporation）
26 经济合作和发展组织OECD（Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development）
27 国际清算银行BIS（Bank for International Settlement）
28 欧洲经济共同体EEC（European Economic Community）
29 欧洲联盟EU（European Union）
30 外商直接投资FDI（Foreign Direct Investment）
二、词语释义：
1 substantially ：dramatically，significantly，considerably
2 subsequently：afterwards
3 exacerbate：deteriorate，worsen；aggravate；make worse
4 withdraw：cancellation
5 theme：principle
6 in return for：in exchange for
7 disrupt：interrupt
8 destined：designed
9 pronounced：marked
10 in the wake of：following；after with
11 undue：too much；unbearable
12 reverse：change to the opposite
13 buoyant：brisk
14 outcome：result
15 boost：stimulate；promote；develop
16 recover：rebound
17 facilitate：make easy
18 run-down：reduction
19 mount exhibitions：hold exhibitions
20 insofar as：to the extent
21 bottlenecks：obstacles
三、句子翻译
1. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country…s industrialization programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.
20世纪50年代，中国向前苏联和东欧各国出口农产品以换取制成品和国家的工业化计划所要求的资本设备，而国家的工业化计划则强调重工业的发展。
2. The growth of foreign trade was distrupted again during the Cultural Revolution when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.
在文化大革命期间，外贸的增长又一次被打断了。当时农业和工业生产急剧下降，运输管制变的更严重。
3. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the stro ng emphasis placed on exporting by China…s economic planners，but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese economy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978，placing undue strain on the national economy.
在这个时期，出口增长要快于进口增长不仅是由于中国经济计划者着重强调出口，也是因为大多工业项目在1979年被推迟了。官方承认外国技术能够在中国经济的现代化化中起重大作用，这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上，从而给国民经济带来了重压。
4. Chinese official stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry，but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication，not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.
中国官员强调为国内工业引进先进技术的重要性，但是需要的是各种程度不同的精尖技术，而不是像西方国家理解的先进技术。
5. There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments，but the size of the visible trade surplus during
1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years.
没有官方的统计资料涉及无形贸易收支，但在1981-1983年期间的有形贸易顺差的大小和旅游赢利的显著增长表明了经常项目在过去几年里有盈余。
6. Goods are produced according to a sample provided by the customer，while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade whereby a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods，produced by the equipment provided，in
return .Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product. Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign trade are eligible for exemption from customs duties and taxation.
根据顾客提供的样品来生产产品，同时强烈鼓励补偿贸易。由此国外的供应商提供原材料和设备并收到由其提供的设备生产出来的制成品作为回报。补偿贸易在某种程度上不同于易货贸易和反向贸易，在国外提供的设备和制成品中有直接的联系。来件组装始于1978年，特殊的对外贸易形式有资格免除关税和其他税收。
7. The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China…s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets. The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external
debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy，such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints，have been tackled. 许多发展中国家面对的债务问题使中国在引进外国技术时下了这样的决心：采用直接投资和优惠付款方式融资，而不是在国际资本市场筹集大额的资金。在经济中的许多实际瓶颈，如运输网络的不足和能源缺乏被克服以前，官方认为招来大笔外债的做法是不妥当的。
第二章
一、术语：
1.The special Economic Zone 经济特区
2.a well-placed source 一位高层消息灵通人士
3.infrastructure 基础设施
4.capital stock 实际资本
5.consumer goods 消费品
6.preferential tax rate 优惠税率
7.cooperative enterprise 合作（经营）企业
8.ETDZ （Economic &Technical Development Zone ）经济技术开发区
9.entrepreneurship 企业家精神
10.means of production 生产资料
11.stock-taking 评估
12.Allocation of resources 资源配置
13.macroregulation and control 宏观调控
14.fiscal policies 财政政策
15.tight monetary policy 紧缩的货币政策
16.working capital 运营资本
17.basic policy 基本国策
18.technical transformation 技术革新
二、词语释义：
1.in piecemeal form：piece by piece；gradually 逐渐的
2.showpiece： a prime or outstanding example 典范
3.pipedream：fantasy；daydream；dream that cannot be realized 白日梦
4.from scratch：from the very beginning 从零开始，从最初开始
5.grassroots：basic level 基层
6.the dust settles：the confusion ends 尘埃落定
7.in the driver…s seat：in the dominant position
三、句子翻译：
1.A clearly confident China has rolled up a large section of its bamboo curtain，declared itself “open to the outside world” and hung signs on nearly
all its cities inviting foreign investors to come and do serious business.
明显地，满怀信心的中国卷起了大部分的竹幕，并宣布向外部世界开放，打出邀请外国投资者来它所有的城市投资项目的招牌。
2.The literally，this does not make more sense as the parts of the coast which have not been “opened” are simply not ready for the demands of
foreign businessman.
从字面上来理解，这没有太大的意义，由于部分沿海城市还没有为外商的需求做好准备。
3.In the SEZs，which are being built almost from scratch，foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country，be it，
for example，production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.
在一切几乎从零开始的经济特区，只要中国政府认为对国家有益，外国人可对任何项目进行投资，例如出口货物的生产或私人住宅的房地产开发。
4.So，while comprehensive framework for the country“s modernization has been provided by the central committee”s 21 October 1984 de cision to
reform the economic structure，it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in
a systematic way.
因此，虽然中央委员会1984年10月21日的改革经济结构的决定为该国的现代化提供了一个综合的框架，但要等尘埃落定、要等地方政府与外国投资者能有条不紊的打交道却还需要一段时间。https://www.doczj.com/doc/426369851.html,/
5.Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when the National People…s Congress discusses the seventh five-year plan，which will
run to the end of the decade.
评估开放政策将在这年迟一些到来，在全国人民代表大会讨论第七个五年计划，到10年末将进行。
第三章
一、术语：
1.economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国
https://www.doczj.com/doc/426369851.html,mercial hub 商业活动中心
3.Per capita 人均
4.Gross National Product 国民生产总值
5.punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税
6.securities 有价证券
7.real estate market 房地产市场
8.“ Greater China”trade bloc “大中华”贸易集团
9.conglomerate 跨行业公司
10.consortium 国际财团
11.GATT：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定
二、词语释义：
1.jockey：move
2.is bustling with：is filled with
3.giddy：dizzy；euphoric
4.farfetched：improbable；incredible
5.clear：earn a net profit
6.deal a hard blow t strike heavily
7.rung：level
8.retaliation：return of ill treatment for ill treatment；revenge；reprisal
9.career out of control：run out of control
三、句子翻译：
1. A farfetched prediction？The new American administration doesn't think so. Bill Clinton has appointed China hands to top Asia posts at the state and Treasury departments. When critics called the appointments a slight to Japan，the leading Pacific economic power，U.S. Deputy Treasury Secretary Roger Altman explained the administration's reasoning：by early in the next century，he said ，China may replace Japan in importance to the U.S. as an economic partner. Japan recognizes the rise of China. As a warning shot in an intensifying rivalry，Tokyo last week put punitive import tariffs on Chinese steel.
一个牵强的预测吗？新美国行政机构不这样俯为，克林顿已被委任中国国务院和财政部在亚洲的要职，评论家称这个委任冷落了日本。最大的太平经济力量，美国的代表-财政部长罗格·奥得曼解释行政机构的理由：他说：“在下个世纪初，中国可以会取代日本作为美国经济伙伴的重要地位。”日本承认中国的崛起，上周日本作为在日益激烈竞争中的一次鸣枪警示给中国的钢以惩罚性的进口关税。
2.With the U.S. Congress due to consider the renewal of China's most-favored nation trade status in June，officials in Beijing fear the trade imbalance could surpass human rights as a source of U.S. opposition to preferred status for China. "The trade surplus itself will be the NO.1 problem this year." Says one Chinese official. "After Japan，we'll be first in line for relation."
美国议会由于考虑在六月延长中国最惠国待遇，北京的官员担心贸易不平衡可能超越人权问题而作为反对优惠待遇的借口。中国的一位官员说：“贸易顺差将会成为今年首要问题。”继日本之后，我们会成为第一个被报复的国家。
3.However，even as the party promotes growth as a national priority，it worries about going too far. Inflation has recently climbed back into double digits，and the party press is issuing strident warnings，urging restraint on buyers and sellers alike. Rapid development is overwhelming China's antique transport networks.
然而，正当党把促进增长作为一个国家优先的问题时，它又担心增长的太快。通货膨胀已在近期又回到了两位数，党政刊物发出刺耳的警告，力劝买卖方都要克制。
第四章
一、术语：
1.centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济
2.market economy 市场经济
3.disinflationary anti-inflationary）policies 反通货膨胀政策
4.deflation 通货紧缩
5.short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元利率
https://www.doczj.com/doc/426369851.html,modity market 商品市场
7.nominal （dollar）terms 名义（美元）价
8.constant （dollar）terms 不变（美元）价9.business cycle 商业周期
10.weighted average 加权平均数
11.hard currencies 硬通货
12.fiscal adjustment 财政调整
13.portfolio investment 有价证券投资
14.market diversification 市场多元化
15.tight credit policy 紧缩的信贷政策
16.exchange-rate devaluation 汇率贬值
17.accommodative monetary policy 融通性货币政策
18.yield curve 收益曲线
9.per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值
20.GATT：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定
21.EMS：European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系
22.GDP deflator 消除国内生产总值通货膨胀因素指数（GDP 平减指数）
23.CMEA （Comecon）：Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经互会
24.LIBOR：London Inter-Bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业银行优惠利率
22.per capita income 人均收入
23.multilateral trade agreements 多边贸易协定
24.Portfolio investment 证券投资
25.cyclical deceleration in investment spending 生产总值通货膨胀因素指数
26.the population-weighted growth rate 人口加权增长率
二、词语释义：
1.in a row：in succession
2.easing：slowing down；decrease
3.momentum：force of movement
4.underlying：being at the basis of
5.slackening：slowing of speed
https://www.doczj.com/doc/426369851.html,pound：worsen
7.moderate inflation：ease inflation
8.robust：strong and healthy
9.setbacks：frustrations
10.slump：depression
11.edge down：move slowly down
12.depreciation：devaluation
13.spike：abrupt increase
14.pick-up：recovery
15.rein in：control
16.bottoming-out：reaching the lowest point before rising again （止跌回升）
17.stagnat：stop；almost
三、句子翻译：
1.International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The Seven major industrial countries （the G-7）experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth-from
2.8 percent in 1990 to 1.9 percent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada，the United Kingdom，and the United States and growth rates slowed in Continental Europe and Japan. In important respects. The slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies，weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 198
3. In addition，a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending.
1991年，在发展中国家增长恶化的国际情形下，七个主要工业国的国内生产总值经历了一个急剧的下滑，从1990年的2.8%下降到1991年的1.9%，像加拿大、美国、英国陷入了萧条，欧洲大陆和日本增长率减缓。这个减速与发生在20世纪70年代和80年代的不同。并不是反通货膨胀政策的结果，需求的疲软大多与发展势头的丧失紧密相关，这个势头开始于1983年，在长期扩充中已经形成。此外，在许多工业国减速的一个普遍的根本因素是投资开支的周期性。
2.Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in nominal commodity prices and to a slackening，to 3 percent，in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the soviet Union and its successor states，where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of import from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports to earn hard currencies.
尽管美国疲软的需求导致了短期美元利率急剧地下跌，但对于发展中国家的发展是积极的，它也导致了名义产品价格约6%的下跌，世界贸易增长下跌了3%.苏联和它的后继国经济情形的恶化加剧了这一趋势，外汇短缺的增长导致了从东欧进口的压缩，加速了某些产品的出口，获得了硬通货。
3.Financial stress brought on by excessive debt in the household and corporate sectors was an example of another kind of structural problem，in particular for the economies of Japan and the United States. Financial institutions in these two countries adopted more conservative lending policies，curtailing financing of higher-risk projects such as commercial construction and highly leveraged corporate transaction. A number of weaker institutions were also consolicated through bankruptcy，merger and reorganization.
过多债务的财政压力招致了家族和公司部门是另外一种结构问题的例子，尤其是日本和美国的经济。这两个国家在财政制度上采取了比较保守的借贷政策，削减了对商业建筑这类高风险的财政项目和对公司依靠大量借贷进行交易的融资。大多数疲软的机构也通过破产，合并和重组来联合。
4.The major risk facing this highly trade-oriented region is the potential for sluggishness or disruption in world-trade flows. Economic weakness in some of the region's traditional export markets has underlined the importance of market diversification，including a further strengthening of ties within the region. Increasingly buoyant intraregional trade in East Asia may be viewed as evidence of an ongoing process of “market-oriented” regional integration，a development that could partially offset lackluster progress in the area of multilateral trade agreements.
这个高度以贸易为导向的地区面对的风险主要是潜在的世界贸易流中的萧条或混乱。一些地区传统出口市场的经济萎靡已强调了市场多样化的重要性。包括进一步加强地区内的联系。
日益活跃的东亚内贸易可被视为一个“市场导向”地区一体化的见证，这一点可弥补多边贸易协定领域毫无生气的进展局面。
第五章
一、术语：
1 trade representative 贸易谈判代表
2 government procurement 政府采购
3 NAFTA （North America Free Trade Agreements ）北美自由贸易协定
4 trade sanctions 贸易制裁
5 trade hawks 贸易中主张强硬路线的鹰派人物
二、词语释义：
1.tough：uncompromising （不妥协的，强硬的）
2.discrimination：unfair treatment
3.sanctions：penalty
4.escalate：develop；intensify
5.frictions：conflicts
6.procurement：purchase
7.be bullied into doing：be forced to do
8.is awake t is conscious of
9.amenable to responsive to
10.a ragged start：a poor start
11.intolerable：unbearable
12.retaliate：revenge；reprisal
13.impose：exert；influence
14s.drawn-out：prolonged and boring
15.shock：impact
16. prompting：provoking
17. tactical：skillful
18. underpinning：foundation
19. peeved：annoyed
20. embrace：acceptance
三、句子翻译：
1.WASHINGTON-The Clinton administration is drawing the first lines of a tougher U.S. policy on trade，signaling to Europe and Japan that it will demand fairer treatment for American exports and is prepared to see relationships with U.S. trading partners get worse before they get better.
华盛顿消息：克林顿政府正采取更加强硬的美国贸易政策，向欧洲和日本发出信号要求对美国的出口品提供一个更为公正的待遇，并已做好准备迎接将在与贸易伙伴关系改善之前出现的关系恶化。
2.The strongest signal came last week，when Mickey Kanter，the U.S. trade representative，moved quickly to cite the 12-nation European Community for “intolerable” discrimination against U.S. companies seeking government contracts within the community. The administration wil l begin retaliating in six weeks if EC policies remain unchanged.
最强的信号来自于上周，美国贸易代表米奇·凯特引用欧共体的话指出，12国欧共体谋求共同体内部的政府间合同是对美国公司的“令人无法忍受的”
歧视。凯特先生说，如果欧共体一意孤行，美国政府将于六周后开始报复。
3.Administration officials see little risk that this more aggressive policy could escalate into a full-fledged trade war that would shock the world's
fragile economies. Thus，the administration will not be deterred by complaints that it has moved to"protectionism."
对于这种更加大胆的政策会升级为震动世界脆弱经济的全面贸易战争，政府官员认为这种危险的可能性很小，因此虽有人抱怨美国已趋向“贸易保护主义”，政府不会受其阻碍。
4.In some ways，Mr. Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration，which threatened sanctions
against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S. companies.
从某种程度上，克林顿先生和他的顾问们正在走一条人们熟悉的与布什政府相同的路。布什政府去年曾威胁对欧共体实行制裁，并退出了关贸总协定的谈判，没有答署只会给美国公司带来小量收益的协定。
第六章
一、术语：
1 the single market 统一大市场Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约
2 barrier-free market 无壁垒市场free-trade zone 自由贸易区
3 referendum 公民复决投票merger 兼并
4 budget cuts 预算削减political and economic integration 政治经济一体化
5 deregulation 放松管制privatization 私有化
二、词语释义：
1 big bang：strong and powerful effect；impact （不同凡响的效果）
2 sour：worsen backlash：a strong adverse reaction
3 be bursting to：be eager to （迫不及待地… ）skid：slide；fall
4 gush about：talk about with excessive enthusiasm （滔滔不绝地谈论）
5 translate into：transform into hang over：impend over；threaten
三、句子翻译：
1.Yet in its current dour mood，Europe risks almost overlooking the revolutionary step forward it has taken in creating the world's largest and
wealthiest barrier-free market — and on a continent where，for centuries，economic battles have led to some of history's bloodiest wars. But perhaps the major reason is the dark economic clouds now hanging over Europe. One of the central justifications for the single market was its ability to create greater prosperity，but it is making its debut just as Europe traverses one of its roughest economic storms in years.
然而在目前抑郁的情绪中，欧洲几乎冒险忽视了那种前进的革命性步伐，它曾以那种步伐创立了世界上最大的、最富有的自由市场——在一个大洲，那里几个世纪以来经济上的争斗已经导致了一些历史上最血腥的战争。另外，一些观察家说，如果无法通过推进欧洲一体化来加强大市场，那将导致破坏内部市场计划已经取得的成就。
2. The single market is central to the community's progress，but it is by no means certain that it could stand alone，says one senior EC official
here，"if the political will to continue moving forward fails，we can anticipate more strains in the marriage contract that ultimately would strike at what we've accomplished."
“大市场是共同体进步的中心，但是决不能肯定它能独立存在”，一位欧共体高级官员在这里说，“如果继续前进的政治意愿没有了，我们能预见到联姻协议中会出现更多的紧张因素，它们最终会打击我们已经取得的成绩。”
第七章
一、术语
1．free trade 自由贸易
2．trade sanctions 贸易制裁
3．fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划managed trade 管理贸易
4．trade balance 贸易差额
5．multilateral rules 多边规则
6．economic cycle 经济周期
7．budget deficit 预算赤字
8．trade reprisals 贸易报复
9. market share市场份额
10.White Paper白皮书
11.vested interests既得利益
12.civil service行政部门
13.wholesaler批发商
14. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)日本通商产业省
15. households save 家庭储蓄
16. economic cycle 经济周期
17. parts and components 零件、部件、零部件
二、词语释义：
1. draw the line: set limits; refuse to go as far as or beyond （划定界限；不肯做到或超越某种程度）
2. die down: disappear gradually
3. foreshadow: is a sign of; represents; indicates
4 capitulate to: yield to
5. thrust: principal concern or objective
6. geared to: adjusted to
7. take sb to task for: reprimand sb for; criticize sb for
8. is at pains to: makes a great effort to; works hard to
9. of its own accord: voluntarily; spontaneously
10. export-driven: export-led; export-oriented
11. in due course: at the right time
12. cave in to: give in to
三、句子翻译
1. The strongest signal came last week，when Mickey Kanter，(the U.S. trade representative), moved quickly to cite the 12-nation European Community for (“intolerable” discrimination against U.S. companies) seeking government contracts within the community. The administrati on will begin retaliating in six weeks if EC policies remain unchanged.
最强的信号来自于上周，美国贸易代表米奇·凯特引用欧共体的话指出，12国欧共体谋求共同体内部的政府间合同是对美国公司的“令人无法忍受的”歧视。凯特先生说，如果欧共体一意孤行，美国政府将于六周后开始报复。
2. Administration officials see little risk that this more aggressive policy could escalate into a full-fledged trade war that would shock the world's fragile economies. Thus，the administration will not be deterred by complaints that it has moved to “protectionism”.
对于这种更加大胆的政策会升级为震动世界脆弱经济的全面贸易战争，政府官员认为这种危险的可能性很小，因此虽有人抱怨美国已趋向“贸易保护主义”，政府不会受其阻碍。
3.In some ways, Mr. Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration，which threatened sanctions against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S. companies. 从某种程度上，克林顿先生和他的顾问们正在走一条人们熟悉的与布什政府相同的路。布什政府去年曾威胁对欧共体实行制裁，并退出了关贸总协定的谈判，没有答署只会给美国公司带来小量收益的协定。
4. Once, when Japan faced pressure from abroad, it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down. No longer, it seems. The Clinton administration strongly believes in exerting such pressure. Its policy is to open some Japanese markets (which it deems to be closed) by setting import targets—an approach to trade policy that supporters call “results-oriented”. This ugly term foreshadows uncertain consequences. Fa r from capitulating to this new thrust of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-pacific confrontation.
从前，日本面对外来压力时，或者勉强屈服，或者保持沉默，并希望这种压力逐渐消失。但现这种情况已经一去不复返了。克林顿政府热衷于拖加这样的压力（依然认为对日施加贸易压力会有效果。）其政策是通过设定进口指标来打开日本某些市场（美国认为日本某些市场是对外封闭的）——这种方法被其支持者称为“以结果为导向”贸易政策。这种牵强的说法预示着不确定的后果。日本非但没有屈服于美国的强硬贸易政策反而采取了一种可能会导致太平洋双岸对抗的矛盾（美日贸易冲突的立场）。
5. In addition to the customary dry analysis, this year?s edition will put Japan?s side of an argument that has, until now, been dominated by American and European critiques. It follows another MITI report, published this week that takes America, the European Community and other large trading partners to task for 指责某人their “unfair trading practices”. Both reports argue for trade governed by multilater al rules and call for the completion of the Uruguay round of trade talks.
今年的白皮书除了常规的直截了当的分析外，还要提出日本的态度，而以前则是美欧的评论占主导地位。此前，在本周通产省曾发布了另一份报告，谴责美国、欧共体和其他主要贸易伙伴采取了“不公平的贸易做法”。两份报告都认为贸易由多边贸易规则管理并呼吁完成乌拉圭回合贸易谈判。
6 It is this persistent surplus, more than anything, that has provoked anger in Washington—and Mr. Clinton?s remark that “the possibility of obtaining
real, even access to the Japanese market is somewhat remote”.
正是也仅仅是由于持续的贸易顺差，而非其他什么东西，激起了华盛顿的愤怒。克林顿说“想要真正获得日本市场甚至是进入日本市场都很遥远”。
7 Having argued that criticism of the trade surplus in Washington is misconceived, MITI?s forthcoming paper goes on to predict that the surplus will, of
its own accord, gradually diminish in size and relevance.
在提出华盛顿对贸易顺差的错误批评以后，通产省即将发布的报告接着预测这种贸易顺差的规模和重要性将会自动地逐渐缩减。
8.Analysis by Mr. Har aoka?s office explains the recent rise in Japan?s trade surplus as follows: because of the recession衰退at home, Japan has seen a
decline in expensive imports of luxuries, which were enormously fashionable during the second half of the 1980s. This effect has been compounded, thanks to slow growth elsewhere, by low prices for the international commodities that Japanese industry depends upon. Exports of Japanese machinery, on the other hand, withstood the downturn quite well because the Asian economies that buy them continued to boom.
叶廊下所在部门的分析解释了近期日本贸易顺差增长的原因：由于日本国内经济衰退，昂贵的奢侈品的进口有所下降，而这些产品在20世纪80年代后期却是十分流行的。另外，由于其他地区经济增长放缓，因此日本工业所依赖的国际商品的价格下落，由此使日本贸易顺差更为明显。另一方面，由于购买日本机械产品的亚洲国家经济的持续高速增长，因此日本机械产品出口仍可经受经济疲软而保持持续增长。
9. On trade and other issues, Japan has caved in to outside pressure countless times before, and may do so again. The White House seems to be
counting on this. It, and Congress, would be better advised to concentrate on reducing America?s budget deficit. That would r educe the trade deficit regardless of Japan?s trade policies. Threats of trade reprisals, even if they force Japan to give way, will not.
在贸易及其他问题上，日本以前已经向外界压力屈服了无数次，而且可能会再次屈服。白宫似乎在指望这一点。但美国政府和国会最好集中精力考虑如何降低美国的预算赤字。这样，无论日本的贸易政策如何，贸易逆差都会降低。用贸易报复来威胁，即使迫使日本屈服，也不会降低贸易逆差。
第八章
一、术语：
1.state-of-the-art technology 最先进的技术
2.Silicon Valley 硅谷
3.insolvent (v.) 无偿付能力 insolvency (n.) 无偿付能力
5. market forces 市场力量
6. licenser 许可证颁发者、转让人
7. antidumping 反倾销
8. surge(-ing) 汹涌、涌出、这里译为迅速崛起*
9. churn out 艰苦（费力）的做出
10. affiliate 联号
11. vulnerable 脆弱的、敏感的*
12. business setback 商业（企业）挫折
13. rein in 控制,放慢, 止住
14. contribution to 贡献
15. step on the toes 触怒
16. tax breaks 税额优惠
17.the lion’s share 最大份额
二、词语释义：
1 delve into: make researches into
2. is poised for: is ready for
3.churn out: produce in large quantities
4. clout: influence; power
5. be lost on: fail to influence or attract the attention
6. of edge: advantage
7. upset one's apple cart:
spoil one's plan
8. house of cards: a structure, plan or situation which is too badly arranged to succeed
9. the lion's share: the largest portion
10. curb money market:
a market for trading in securities not listed on a stock exchange
场外证券交易市场
三、句子翻译：
1.In California?s Silicon Valley Koo?s white-frocked research scientists delve into the mysteries of state-of-the-art semiconductor technology. In Jubail, Saudi Arabia, the company is putting the final touches on a sprawling new petrochemical complex. It is an impressive display of global reach, and a harbinger of things to come. As one of Koo?s lieutenants puts it: “Our future lies in becoming a truly global company.”
在加利福尼亚的硅谷，身着白色工装的研究人员在探索目前最先进的半导体技术的秘密。在沙特阿拉伯的著拜尔，该公司正在进行一个新的宠大石油化学企业的最后试验。这充分显示了其全球的势力范围，也是即发生的许多事情的预兆。正如具滋暻的一名下属所言：“我们的未来就是成为一个真正的全球性公司。”
2. And it faces a gantlet of other obstacles, ranging from an unwieldy bureaucracy and a volatile political climate to a chronic shortage of investment capital and heavy commitments to military spending. Still, the comparisons with Japan, Inc. are more than empty flattery; in fact, they signal Korea?s gathering clout.
而且它还面临着其他重重困难，从难操作的官僚机构和多变的政治气候到长期的投资资本短缺和大量的军备开支。尽管如此，与“日本有限公司”相提并论并不是空洞的恭维话；事实上，这标志着韩国不断扩大的影响力。
3. Park committed Korea to exporting its way out of poverty, and his strategy was as simple as it was effective: shower the coun try?s fledging conglomerates with huge subsidies, government-backed loans and official favors and turn them in to the world?s suppliers of bargain-basement textiles, footwear and light industrial goods.
朴正熙决定要通过出口使韩国摆脱贫困，他的策略既简单又有效：给本国新兴的跨行业公司以大量的补助金、政府担保的贷款和官方的优惠政策，使其成为世界上价格低廉的纺织品、鞋类和轻工业品的供应国。
4.Their often helter—skelter expansion has created monopolies in many industries and resulted in widespread inefficiency; some companies are run by managers whose qualifications are limited to their family ties to the founder. And because most of this expansion has been financed through borrowed money, the chaebol have grown increasingly vulnerable to business setbacks and changes of economic climate. As a Western banker in Seoul bluntly puts it: “It?s a house of cards.”
它们仓促地扩大规模在许多行业产生了垄断，并导致了普遍的低效；某些公司在任命高管时任人唯亲。而且，由于扩大规模的资金大都是借来的，大企业集团越来越容易受到经济衰退和经济气候变化的影响。正如汉城一个西方银行家坦言的：“这种扩展是不可靠的。”
5. Seoul?s born-again faith in market forces shows up in other areas as well. For one thing, the government is trying hard to reform its cumbersome financial system, now so antiquated and inefficient that it could threaten the country?s future prosperity. By far the most pressing problem is a chronic shortage of development funds. After a decade of heavy international borrowing—and increasingly burden-some interest payments—Seoul now hopes to become more self-sufficient in capital. It has allow ed official interest rates to float more freely, largely in an effort to siphon funds out of the country?s illegal but sprawling “curb money” market. And it has already sold off all state-owned banks in the expectation that private managers can make them more efficient and more useful in channeling money to cash-strapped South Korean investors.
汉城对市场机制的再度信任还体现在其他领域。首先，政府正在竭力改革其繁琐的金融体制，现在的金融体制非常陈旧和低效，可能会威胁该国未来的繁荣。而今最迫切的问题是发展基金持续短缺。在连续10年大量向外国借款之后——支付利息的负担也越来越重—汉城现在希望在资金方面能更好地自给自足。已允许官方利率更为自由地浮动，这主要是为了努力把资金从该国蔓延的非法“场外货币”市场上吸收过来。政府还卖掉了全部国有银行，期望私人管理者把资金投向现金短缺的韩国投资者，由此使银行系统更为高效，并发挥更大的作用。
第九章
一、术语：
1. GCC (Gulf Co-operation Council) 海湾合作委员会
2. OPEC （Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）石油输出国组织
3. sovereignty dispute 主权争端
4. Ramadan 斋月
5. carbon tax 双重税
6. tenders 招标
7. reexports 再出口；复出口
8. certificate of origin 原产地证明书
9. loss leader philosophy 亏本招徕方式
10. semi-wrought 半成品
11. crude oil 原油
二、词语释义：
1. add weight to one's voice:add to one's influence
2. head off: prevent
3. be forthright about: be straightforward about
4. is riding high on: is having great success
5. spin-off: derived effect; by-product
6. show teeth: show power; show effective means of enforcement 显示威力；显示效力
7. up for grabs: available for anyone to take or win 群起而争的；待价而沽的
三、句子翻译：
1. Major development plans have resumed in Abu Dhabi?s oil and gas sector and Dubai?s trade figures are soaring as more compa nies adopt the emirate as their regional base. Yet, below the surface calm, defence is still of great concern. The topic dominated discussions at the GCC summit in Abu Dhabi in December, and in February the government announced its biggest-ever investment in defence equipment at IDEX 1993, an exhibition held in Abu Dhabi.
阿布扎比的油气部门又重新恢复了重大的发展计划，同时由于越来越多的公司选择把自己的地区本部设在迪拜，该酋长国的贸易数字也在飞速上升。然而，在表面的平静之下，防御仍然是人们极为关心的事情。12月在阿布扎比召开的海湾合作委员会高峰会议上，该话题成了讨论的核心。随后在1993年2月，在阿布扎比召开的国际国防设施博览会上，该国政府宣布了其在防御设施方面最大的一笔投资计划。
2. The appointment of an experienced UAE diplomat, Shaikh Fahim Bin Sultan al-Qassimi, as GCC secretary-general from 1 April will add weight to the UAE?s voice in the organization. Shaikh Fahim has already shown in recent public statements that he is inclined to be for thright about the threat posed by the UAE?s neighbours across the Gulf.
4月1日，阿联酋资深外交家Shaikh Fahim Bin Sultan al-Qassimi被任命为海湾合作委员会秘书长，这将会增加阿联酋在该组织的发言权。Shaikh Fa-him在最近的公开讲话中表明，他倾向于直面海湾邻国的威胁。
3. In Abu Dhabi, the economy is riding high on the spin-off from government plans to invest $5,000 million—6,000 million to increase oil output by 600,000 barrels a day to 2.6 million barrels a day by the late 1990s. The only sour note has been struck by new energy tax proposals in the US and the EC. Talks on the subject between GCC/OPEC oil ministers and EC officials are due to be held on 11 May. Diplomats say that OPEC is hoping to head off the threatened taxes, which may slow the growth in demand for oil and compromise Gulf capacity expansion plans. “It?s a carbo n tax, and the misunderstanding has arisen largely because the West has not thought it through prop erly,” one diplomat says. “The initial reaction from OPEC was pretty tough but now seems to have softened a bit. Obviously they are reacting against a threat to their main source of livel ihood,” he adds.
在阿布扎比，经济的飞速发展得益于政府50亿到60亿美元的投资计划，这一计划将使石油产量从每天的60万桶增长到90年代末的每天260万桶。这其中惟一的不和谐之音是美国和欧共体提出的新能源税提案。海湾合作委员会（或欧佩克）的石油部长和欧共体的官员们将于5月11日就这一议题进行会谈。外交官们称欧佩克希望能够阻止这一带有威胁性的税种的征收，因为它可能会降低石油需求量的增长，同时危及到海湾地区扩大生产能力的计划。“这是一项双重税，西方国家没有认真思考引起了误解，”一个外交官说，“欧佩克国家的第一反应很强硬，但是现在似乎温和了一些。显然，他们正在反抗对自己生活来源构成威胁的东西。”他补充说。
4. The central bank has begun to show new teeth with the announcement on 5 April of the rules defining capital and the ratio of risk-weighted assets to capital, which come into effect on 1 July. According to the new regulations, the minimum capital to risk-weighted assets ratio is to be 10 per cent—2 per cent higher than the minimum level recommended by the Basle committee on banking supervision.
中央银行开始做出威胁的姿态，4月5日颁布了一些条例，为资本下了定义，并规定了风险加权资产与资本之间的比率，该条例于7月1日开始生效。根据新条例，最低资本与风险加权资本比率为10％—比巴塞尔银行监督委员会建议的最低限额高2％。
5. Interest i n imports from China is high. The Chinese consulate?s commercial section in Dubai reported a continual stream of visitors in the run-up to the exhibition from companies wanting to do business for the first time with China. More than 4,000 Chinese traders visited the emirates on government and private missions last year. As a result of this activity, China?s exports to the UAE have almost doubled from $279.5 million in 1990 to $552.7 million in 1992, according to Chinese government statistics. Dubai?s statis tics show that China was the fifth largest supplier in 1990.
客商们对从中国进口的商品热情很高。中国驻迪拜领事馆商贸部的报告说，在展会的筹备期，来自各公司希望与中国首次合作的商人就络绎不绝。去年，4000多名中国商人因公或因私访问了酋长国。根据中国政府的统计数字，此举使中国对阿联酋的出口额翻了一番，由1990年的2.795亿美元增至1992年的5.227亿美元。迪拜的统计数字显示，1990年中国是其第五大供应商。
6. It is no coincidence than government departments in the various emirates are welcoming bids from consultants that are new to the area. Easily lured away from the recession-hit West by the notion that the streets of Abu Dhabi and Dubai are paved with gold, there companies are tending to submit very low offers to gain a foothold in the area. And, of course, the authorities are delighted to accept.
各酋长国的政府部门都欢迎其还不熟悉的公司进行投标，这绝非巧合。这些公司很容易被阿布扎比和迪拜的街道铺满了黄金这样的念头所吸引，而从受经济衰退打击的西方撤出来，他们倾向于报上很低的叫价，以在该地区获得立足点。当然，当局很高兴接受这些。
7. While there undoubtedly is work about and the outlook for the UAE is bright, the ever increasing competition among consultants and contractors means that margins are being squeezed. In the opinion of one major local consultant, the only way forward is to diversi fy: “Indefinitive projects at lucrative
fees are finding it harder and harder. Diversification into project management in the oil and gas sector is the only way to secure continuity of work and revenues and keep international caliber consultants on the gro und.”
阿联酋无疑有工程可做且前景光明，但投标者和承包商们之间的竞争意味着利润一再被压榨。在当地一个主要投标者看来，惟一出路是多样化：“国际投标者们，即使是地位相当稳固的，也发现以能赢利的价格获得某个工程越来越难。油气部门工程管理的多样化是确保连续工作和收人并使公司在国际级的投标者中立足的惟一途径。”
第十章
一、术语：
1. anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施
2. countervailing duties 反补贴税
3. government procurement 政府采购
4. barriers to trade (trade barriers) 贸易壁垒
5. intellectual property 知识资产
6. trade liberalization 贸易自由化
7. WTO: World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织
8. CAP: Common Agricultural policy 共同农业政策
9. on a conservative estimate 据保守估计
10. trade in services 服务贸易
11. in prospect 期望中的
二、词语释义：
1. carry one's heart in one's boots:
feel afraid and worried 提心吊胆
2. subsidy: money granted by government to an industry to keep prices at a desired level
3. allow for: take into consideration
4. snag: bog down停顿, impede 阻碍
三、句子翻译：
1. In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises. The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a yea r, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world?s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement.
在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。
2. If it is a small matter to France?s t hat the Uruguay round should fail, so long as they keep their subsidies, that is understandable. What is shameful is that their government appears to agree with them, even though most of the French economy (including many of the c ountry?s more efficient farmers) would gain handsomely from a successful round. Jean-Pierre Soisson, the farm minister, has said France may block the EC?s acceptance of a new farm-trade deal, and thereby wreck the round. This position is politically alarming as well as economically indefensible. Other EC governments must see off France, and start hailing a gain for liberal trade.
如果说对于法国农民来讲，只要能保住他们补贴，乌拉圭回合谈判的失败仅是小事一桩的话，那是可以理解的。令人汗颜的是，虽然法国经济的主体（包括该国有竞争力的农场主在内）会从谈判的成功中获得丰厚的利益，法国政府似乎仍赞同他们的意见。法国农业部长琼·皮埃尔·索思森说，法国政府会阻止欧共体接受这一新的农产品贸易协议，从而破坏乌拉圭回合谈判。这一立场，从政治角度讲，是令人担忧的，从经济角度讲，是站不住脚的。其他欧共体国家的政府必须遏制住法国，然后开始为自由贸易取得进展而欢呼。
3. A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat. Unlike cereals and other farm goods, which the Uruguay round aimed to bring within the GATT?s jurisdi ction for the first time, oilseeds (which are used for making cooking oil, margarine and animal feed) already fall within it. Twice America has complained to GATT that Europe is in breach of its undertakings; twice GATT has ruled against the EC. America wants the Community to cut its oilseeds output by nearly half over the next six years. The EC is willing to cut, but not by that much. Here too, the gap between the two sides appears to have narrowed a lot during the past few days.
有关油料作物的一场独立而漫长的争论确实仍构成另一威胁。与谷物和其他农产品不同，这些产品是首次进人乌拉圭回合谈判意在纳人关贸总协议的权限范围，而油料作物（用来制作食用油、人造黄油、动物食品）则早已在其管辖之下。美国曾两次向关贸总协议申诉，欧洲违背了其承诺；而关贸总协议也两次裁决欧共体败诉。美国希望欧共体在未来六年内将油料作物产量削减近一半。欧共体愿意削减，但不打算减那么多。在这一问题上，双方的分歧在过去的几天内看来也缩小了很多。
4. Governments need to reflect on the broader deal that, because of this progress in the farm-trade talks, has once again moved within their grasp. In 1985, just before the round was launched, America?s chief trade negotiator set out the administration?s goals for the talk s. They were suitably ambitious. On nearly every heading, the round as it now stands has delivered.
由于在农产品贸易谈判中取得了进展，因此有关政府可以考虑达成更为广泛的协议——这些协议再次在其掌握之中了。1985年，就在本回合谈判启动之前，美国首席贸易谈判代表宣布了政府为谈判确定的目标。而那些目标既雄心勃勃，又恰到好处。迄今为止，本轮谈判几乎实现了所有这些目标。
第十一章
一、术语：
1.barter易货贸易
2.countertrade对等贸易；反向贸易
3.client state（在经济或政治方面依靠某一大国的）附属国
4.debt service (interest payment)利息付款
5.cartel卡特尔；联合企业
6.take title取得所有权
7.convertible currency可兑换货币
8. debt service 债息支付
9. debtor 债务人
10. creditor 债权人
11. The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference 联合国货币金融会议
12. IMF (International Monetary Fund)国际货币基金组织
13. compensation agreements 补偿贸易协定
14. clearing agreements 清算协定
15. counterpurchase 回购
二、词语释义：
1. proceeds: money gained from the sale of something 收入，收益
2. dip into: spend; use up 动用（存款）
3. break down: collapse
4. pay a premium for: pay a higher price for
5. hammer out: talk about in detail and come to a decision; produce by hard work 经详细讨论得出；经过大量工作而做出决定
三、句子翻译：
https://www.doczj.com/doc/426369851.html,merce among nations a modern era; the constrained trading between imperial powers and their colonies began to break down. World markets opened to all countries, and multilateral trade flourished. Generally a country could sell its goods in the best market it could find, and buy what is needed from the least expensive supplier. Moreover, since currencies were convertible, most transactions could be completed with cash. Barter was as antiquated as the horse-soldier. Or so it seemed.
从此，国家间贸易进入了现代时期；帝国主义列强和其殖民地国家间的强制性贸易开始瓦解崩溃。世界市场向所有国家开放，多边贸易繁荣兴旺起来。通常一个国家可以把自己的商品出售给能够找到的最好的市场，并且从最便宜的供应商处购进自己需要的东西。此外，因为货币可以兑换，大多数的交易可以用现金完成。易货贸易变得像骑兵一样古老。或许，好象如此。
2. During the past few years, however, the international monetary system has begun to strain under a variety of economic changes. One
important cause is the enormous burden of debt carried by Third World countries, today estimated at $ 800 billion. “The plain fact is that many countries are broken,” say David Yoffie, assistant professor at Harvard University?s Graduate School of Business Administrati on.
然而，在过去的几年里，国际货币制度开始在各种经济变革中承受巨大压力。一个重要原因是第三世界国家承担的巨额债务，据估计目前有8千亿美元。哈佛大学工商管理研究生院的副教授大卫·约非说：“显而易见，许多国家都要破产了。”
3. Nations also use countertrade as a camouflaged means of subsidizing exports. For instance, if a Middle Eastern country wanted to increase its oil exports, says Yoffie, it could simply lower its price. Such a move would, however, weaken the cartel. But if a country sells its oil at the OPEC list price,
and in an interconnected deal quietly arranges to pay a premium for imported goods, both parties in the transaction benefit—at the expense, of course,
of other oil producers. Up to a quarter of all OPEC oil transactions today have some kind of countertrade provisions attached.
有些国家还把对等贸易当成补充出口的一种伪装手段。约非说，例如，如果一个中东国家想增加其石油出口，它可以简单地降低油价。然而，这一举动会削弱卡特尔联合企业。但是如果一个国家按欧佩克的挂牌价销售石油，同时在一笔相关交易中，悄悄安排加价购买进口产品，结果交易双方都会从中获益－—当然，是以牺牲其他石油出产国的利益为代价。现在欧佩克的石油交易中有四分之一都带有某种对等贸易的条款。
4. Clearing Agreements tend to be bilateral pacts between governments, an exchange of products to meet an agreed-upon value of trade. Large volumes of Western goods reach Russia through a clearing arrangement between the Soviet Union and India. Because India needs to export more to
the Soviet Union to balance its imports, it has opened the door for some western firms that otherwise might not be able to sell to the U.S.S.R.
清算协定往往是政府间签订的双边条约，是一种为了达到商定的贸易额所做的产品交换。通过前苏联和印度间的清算协议，大量的西方货品流入苏俄。因为印度需要向前苏联增加出口来平衡进口，所以它向一些西方公司敞开大门，否则这些公司不太可能向前苏联销售其产品。
5. U.S. government officials worry that the explosive growth in countertrade will weaken the world trading system. By concealing the real prices and
costs of transactions, says one U.S. trade representative, the various forms of barter may conceal and help perpetuate economic inefficiencies in the marketplace.
美国政府官员担心，对等贸易的爆炸性增长会削弱世界贸易体系。美国的贸易代表说，通过隐瞒交易的实际价格和成本，各式各样的易货贸易可能会掩盖市场中的经济低效并助其长期存在。
第十二章
一、术语：
1. market share 市场份额
2. test market试销市场
test marketing试销
3. coupons 赠券
4. price promotion 价格促销
5. hard sell 强行推销手段
6. franchise 特许经营权
7.soft drink软饮料，即不含酒精，一般经过碳酸化
合的饮料
8.bottler装瓶商，经销商
9.baby boomer生育高峰期出生的人
10.sleeper出人意料的成功者
11.exclusive contract独家经销合同
二、词语释义：
1. be spoiling for (a fight): be very eager (to fight) 一心想；切望
2. pick on: single out, esp. for sth. unpleasant
3. live up to: keep to the high standards of
4.make way for: allow room for 让位
5. Flagship brand: leading brand; chief brand
6. work off: dispose of
7. niche: a suitable place
8. let much to chance: let chance to 9.decide; let luck to decide
三、句子翻译：
1. In the U.S. soft drink industry, where
1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don?t wag e mere market share battles. They fight holy wars. These days the fighting is on
two fronts. One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive. The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market. Until now these have been dominated by other companies. As growth
of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading
new territory.
在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额
就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐
公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重
新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和
百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。
2. It?s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, since many bottlers are still working off old inventories. But the company isn?t leaving much to
chance. Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this year, vs. the $ 50 million or so PepsiCo will spend on its flagship brand. Over the long term, however, many industry analysts believe the Coke reformulation will do little to dramatically change either Coke?s or Pepsi?s market share.
现在判断新可口可乐产品的销售情况还为时过早，因为许多经销商还在销售存货，但是公司不会听任其命运。今年可口可乐公司会用7千多万美元的广告费来支持新可乐，而百事可乐公司也将花大约5千万美元为自己的旗舰商标作广告。然而，从长远来看，许多行业分析家认为，可口可乐的重新配方几乎不会给可口可乐或百事可乐的市场份额带来巨大的变化。
3. The company?s new formula was designed partly to keep Coke?s sales growing overseas. Compared with Americans, who guzzle more soda than water,
the rest of the world is still in the sipping stage. Coca-Cola?s goal is to kick up its slowing growth rate outside the U.S. from about 3% a year to 10%. Company executives think a less filling, more “guzzleable” new Coke will help.
可口可乐设计新配方的部分原因是为了保持可口可乐在海外销售的增长。和喝汽水比水还多的美国人相比，世界其他地区的人们简直仍处在“小口顺饮”阶段。可口可乐的目标是把美国之外减慢的增长率从一年3%提高到10％。该公司的经管人员认为，一种不太“灌人”、更易“狂饮”的新型可乐将会起到预期作用。
4. Even if consumers swill the new sodas by the liter in test markets, however Coca-Cola and PepsiCo still face a struggle in persuading bottlers
across the nation to take the products. One of the biggest battles in the soda wars, in fact, may not be for drinkers but for bottlers. Bottlers have a symbiotic but occasionally fractious relationship with the syrup makers.
即使在试销市场上消费者成升地畅饮这些新型汽水，可口可乐和百事可乐仍面临一场斗争来劝说全国的经销商接受这些产品。事实上，汽水战争中最大的斗争也许不是争夺饮用者而是争夺经销商。经销商和浆汁制造商之间有一种共生的但有时又
很难驾驭的关系。
5. The bottlers may no to along. Much of the expense of introducing a new product—blitzing consumers with coupons and offering deep discounts to
retailers to get the product on the shelves—is borne by the bottler. He is reluctant to walk away from his investment in an existing brand to pony up for something new. That may be especially so in the case of the fruit juice sodas. Because syrups made
经销商也许不会同意。因为引进一种新产品的大部分费用——包括对消费者发起赠券攻势、给零售商大打折扣以使产品摆上货架——都是由经销商承担的。他不愿放弃对现有品牌的投资，而去为某种新品掏钱。这对果汁汽水尤其如此
6. The battle to unseat smaller brands, dominate niches, and shove competing products out of distribution will be costly and exhausting, and could go on
for years. But the large companies will surely squeeze into every market they can, hoping it will be worth the pinch.
挤垮小品牌，占据合适地位以及把竞争产品挤出分销渠道的斗争将既费钱又费力，而且会持续数年。但是大公司肯定会挤进它能争取到的每一寸市场，希望它值得一拼。
第十三章
一、术语：
1.luck draw幸运抽奖
2.fast food shops快餐店
https://www.doczj.com/doc/426369851.html,DA美国农业部
4.the wet market出售未经加工的肉、鱼、禽蛋的市场
5. shipment 交运的货物量
6. wholesaler 批发商
7. retailer 零售商
二、词语解释：
1. outlets: a store or dealer through which a product is marketed
2. monopolize: have complete control of
3. wholesaler: a middleman who sells goods in large quantities chiefly to retailers for retail to the public
三、句子翻译：
1. Chinese consumers prefer the deeper color of brown egg yolks—often considered essential to the color of many Chinese dishes. Chinese-style restaurants a find that brown eggs are morepopular with customers.
中国消费者更喜欢棕色蛋的蛋黄，因为它颜色较深，因而被认为是许多中国菜不可缺少的颜色。中国餐馆还发现棕色蛋更受顾客欢迎。
2. However, U.S. white eggs now face growing competition from European eggs. The U.S. market share of the hotel and restaurant market dropped
from 92 per cent in 1981 to 58 per cent in 1985, while the EC market share increased from zero to 28 per cent in the same period. Because of this loss of market share due to subsidized competition. USDA recently announced an Export Enhancement Program to facilitate the sale of 44
million eggs to Hong Kong.
然而，现在美国白色蛋正面临着欧洲蛋不断增长的竞争。美国对宾馆饭店的市场占有率从1981年的92％跌至1985年的58％。而同期欧共体的市场份额却从零增至28由于补贴性竞争导致了市场份额的损失，美国农业部最近宣布了一项《出口加强计划》以促进对香港4千4百万个鸡蛋的销售。
3. Hong Kong has about 15 egg importers. The largest is the Hong Kong eggs and Products Company, which monopolizes the import of Chinese eggs, both fre and preserved. Others import from different sources.
香港大约有15个蛋类进口商。最大的是香港蛋类产品公司，它垄断着中国鲜蛋和腌蛋的进口。其他公司从不同渠道进口。
4. At the retail level, eggs are sold through the wet markets, hawkers, grocery stores and supermarkets. About 70 per cent of eggs are consumed in the home a the remaining 30 per cent goes to hotels, restaurants, fast food outlets and bakeries.
在零售方面，鸡蛋通过生肉鱼禽蛋市场、小贩、杂货店和超市售出。大约70%的蛋类用于家庭消费，．而剩余的30％则销往宾馆、饭店、快餐店和面包房。
5. Major suppliers to the Hong Kongegg market are making greater efforts to increase the competitiveness of their products in order to maintain or expand mar shares.
香港蛋类市场的主要供应商们正更加努力地增强自己产品的竞争力，以维持或扩展现有的市场份额。
5. Although brown eggs continue to dominate the market, the rapid expansion of fast food outlets in the territory could help boost the demand for white eggs, mak the prospects for shell egg imports brighter.
虽然棕色蛋继续统治市场，香港地区快餐店的迅速扩展很可能会促进对白色蛋的需求，使蛋类进口的前景更为光明。
第十四章
一、术语：
1.protectionism保护（贸易）主义
2.financial futures以期货方法进行交易的有价证券
3.money market货币市场
capital market资本市场
4.the service sector服务部门
5.export quota system出口配额制
6.the equity market /equity /common stock ordinary share 一般股票市场/以出售普通股票方法所筹集的公司资金/普通股票
7.UNCTAD联合国贸易和发展会议
( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)
8. temperate 适中的, 非极端的
9. to cope with 妥善处理成功应付
10. dollar-denominated 以美元标价的
11. take its toll 造成损失
12.protectionism 保护（贸易）主义
二、词语解释：
1. yield：amount produced; a result of profit
2. rally: prices stopped dropping and became firm
3. asset: something that has value
三、句子翻译：
1. Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce. And—with most
soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure.
许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。
2. Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial
futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets.
从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。
第十五章
一、术语：
1.discount rate贴现率
2.futures（商）期货（交易）
3.shipments交运的货物
4.spot market现货市场
仓库交货
6.closing price收盘价
7.terminal prices期货价格
8.futures market期货市场
9.place of origin原产地
二、词语解释：
1. bearish: showing or expecting a fall in the prices of shares
2. cargo: goods carried in a ship, aircraft or other vehicle
3. fluctuate: rise and fall; change irregularly
4. quotation: statement of the current price
5. prevail: be widespread; gain victory
三、句子翻译：
1. Conditions prevailed on the physical market reflecting increased offers and a low level of enquiry. What little business was concluded was done at very competitive levels, in line with lower east asian advices, according to trade sources. Futures activity remained at a virtual standstill.
橡胶:成交清淡。实物市场上存在的一个普遍现象是报价的增加了而询价的却很少。根据《贸易信息》，少数完成的交易也是在很低的价格水平上完成
的，这一点和东亚的情况一致，而期货行为实际上处于停滞状态。
2. Values rose initially on poor weather but lost ground on expectations that the British potato marketing board would announce disappointing consumption figures. In the event, there was no publication, and values recovered before meeting resistance at higher levels.
土豆：涨落不定。一开始由于恶劣天气．价格攀升，但后来因为预测英国土豆营销委员会将要宣布令人失望的消费数字而价格回落。结果，该委员会
并没有发表任何消息，这样价格在更高水平上遇到阻碍之前得以恢复。
3. Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investm support as the dollar regained ground.
动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。
致各位有志成为研究生的朋友们，先祝福你们在未来的考研中取得好成绩，英语复习分为3个部分，分别是词汇的学习、外刊的学习和作文的学习。语法学习穿插在这3个部分，特别是在外刊中（长难句）。选择的外刊（如The Economist，The New York Times，Newsweek，Financial Times，Science，ISIS，The Guardian，CNN等）长度均与考研真题文章长度相当或稍长，难度与考研文章难度一致，适合锻炼提升英语综合能力；每篇文章附有（一）核心词汇、（二）难句解析（语法）、（三）全文翻译、 The Meaning of Bill Gates（Part 1）As his reign at Microsoft comes to an end, so does the era he dominated①. WHEN Bill Gates helped to found Microsoft 33 years ago there was a company rule that no employees should work for a boss who wrote worse computer code than they did. Just five years later, with Microsoft choking on its own growth, Mr. Gates hired a business manager, Steve Ballmer, (who had cut his teeth at Procter & Gamble, which sells soap②.) The founder had chucked his coding rule out of the window③. In becoming the world’s richest man, Mr. Gate’s unswerving self-belief has repeatedly been punctuated by that sort of pragmatism. (But those qualities have never been on such public display as they were this week, when the outstanding businessman of his age stepped back from a life’s work④.) As Microsoft’s non-executive chairman, Mr. Gates will devoted most of his efforts to his charitable foundation, where he will pit himself against malaria and poverty, rather than Google and the Department of Justice⑤. But it is also pragmatic—and a little poignant. Mr. Gates has reveled in the day-to-day details of running his firm. (To let it all go is to acknowledge that his best work at Microsoft is behind him. It is to accept that the innovator’s curse is to be transitory⑥.) …… 1．As his reign at Microsoft comes to an end, so does the era he dominated. As的用法：【结合词汇】 as. conj [时间] 当…时，随着……之际I met the chief as I was coming here.
AI in society — the unexamined mind 人工智能走向社会—无法检验的思维 AI = artificial intelligence 人工智能 from The Economist February 17, 2018 第一段： Science fiction is littered with examples of intelligent computers, from HAL 9000 in "2001: A Space Odyssey" to Eddie in "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". One thing such fictional machines have in common is a tendency to go wrong, to the detriment of the characters in the story. HAL murders most of the crew of a mission to Jupiter. Eddie obsesses about trivia, and thus puts the spacecraft he is in charge of in danger of destruction. In both cases, an attempt to build something useful and helpful has created a monster. 从《2001太空漫游》中的哈儿到《银河系漫游指南》中的艾迪，科幻小说中一直不乏智能计算机的戏份。这类虚构机器的一个共同特点是容易出问题，给故事中的人物造成损害。在一次飞往木星的任务中，哈儿杀害了大部分宇航员。艾迪则执着于细枝末节，险些导致它控制的太空船解体。这两个故事中，人们试图打造得力的机器助手，不料却创造出了怪物。
新高考高中英语学习—读外刊17学知识,积累英语作文写作素材：新青年工作不仅仅是为了薪水 （含生词、难句、语法等知识点拓展） 说明：这些都是精选的美文和分析（主要选自voa, bbc, cnn经典语篇）。 当然，我不仅仅是提供单纯的语篇，一般列出所有的生词、难句并配上相关拓展。 读者：高中或以上（基本上都是经典名篇，我努力选取易懂的）（孙三五编辑） 导语 这篇文字改变了我的一些看法。 虽然说我一直和十七八岁的中学生相处，但是没有考虑过新一代大学生在就业时的想法。是不是奔着薪水去？ 大西洋月刊这篇报道颇有含金量，说：现在年轻人追求的职业带来的社会责任感，不仅仅是薪水了。 这篇文字算不上新闻，但是蛮有启发的。之前白岩松说：如果说80后是为了改变命运去生存，那么90后就是为了理想去折腾，所有我们更看后90后。 Mullen-Mechtly’s efforts caught the attention of those technologists, and he was offered a full-time job at JPMorgan Chase, where programs including Code for Good have been integral to the corporate culture for at least a half-dozen years. Today, Mullen-Mechtly is a software engineer with the firm, and that early experience as a participant in Code for Good continues to inform the way he thinks about himself as an employee. It’s also changed his perception of the impact his technical skills can have on the world: Now he knows that he can use them in a corporate environment where giving back is as integral to the culture as earning profits.
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
外刊阅读十一选十语篇精选 (1) Distinctly different orcas found in seas near Chile For decades, there were tales from fishermen and tourists, even lots of photos, of a mysterious killer whale that just did not look like all the others, but scientists had never seen one. Now they have. An international team of researchers says they found a couple dozen of these distinctly different orcas roaming in the oceans off southern Chile in January. Scientists are waiting for DNA tests from a tissue ___1___ but think it may be a distinct species. Officials at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration felt confident enough to (大肆宣扬) the discovery of the long ___2___ killer whale last week. Some outside experts were more cautious,___3___the whales are different, but saying they would wait for the test results to answer the species question. This is the most different looking killer whale I have never seen”, said Robert Pitman, a NOAA marine ecologist in San Diego. He was part of the team that ___4___ the orcas off Cape Horn at the tip of South America. How different? The whale’s signature large white eye pat ch is tiny on these new guys, ___5___ noticeable. Their heads are a bit more rounded and less sleek than normal killer whales and their dorsal fins are narrower and pointed. They probably eat mostly fish, not marine mammals such as seals, as other killer whales do, Pitman said. Fishermen have ___6___ about how good these whales are at (偷捕) off fishing lines. Pitman said they are so different they probably can not breed with other killer whales and are likely a new species. At 20 to 25 feet long, they are slightly smaller than most killer whales. In the Southern Hemisphere, killer whales are considered all one species, ___7___ in types A through C. This one is called type D or (亚南极的) killer whales. Michael McGowen, marine mammal curator at the Smithsonian Institution, said calling it a new species without genetic data may be___8___. Still, he said, “I think it’s pretty remarkable that there are still many things out there in the ocean like a huge killer whale that we don’t know about.” Scientists have heard about these distinctive whales ever since a mass stranding in New Zealand in 1955. Scientists ___9___ thought it could be one family of killer whales that had a specific mutation, but the January discovery and all the photos in between point to a different type, Pitman said. He said they are hard to find because they live far south and
备战 2023年高考外刊精读与练习专题8（教案）Talking to strangers 与陌生人聊天 语篇导读 我们中的许多人每天都有一部分时间被陌生人包围着，无论是在上下班的路上，还是坐在公园或咖啡馆里……但他们和我们只保持着陌生人的关系。然而，新的研究证据表明，与新认识的人开始一段对话可能对健康大有益处。本文讨论与陌生人交谈的好处。 Step 1 Vocabulary词汇表 converse 交谈，对话 pluck up the courage 鼓起勇气 strike up 开始（交谈） solitude 独处 interact 交往，交流 social connections 社会关系uncomfortable 不舒服的，难受的intimidated 发怵的，害怕的underestimate 低估 negative voice （头脑里）负面的声音，消极的思想chat 聊天 connect with 与……建立良好的关系wellbeing 健康 mood 心情 introvert 性格内向的人 anxious 焦虑的 extroverts 性格外向的人 come out of your shell 变得不再自闭，融入外部世界 (make) small talk 闲聊，寒暄
Step 2 原汁原味享受阅读 ‘It’s good to talk’, so some people say. When I commute into London, there are certainly plenty of people conversing on their mobile phones – sometimes too loudly – discussing and sharing personal details with a friend. For me, it’s strange that they talk as though the person is sitting next to them, when they don’t even acknowledge the person who is actually sitting beside them. Many of us spend part of each day surrounded by strangers, whether on our daily commute, or sitting in a park or a cafe. But most of them remain just that – strangers. However, new evidence has shown that plucking up the courage to strike up a conversation might be good for our health. Nicholas Epley from the University of Chicago and Juliana Schroeder from the University of California are behavioural scientists. They looked at this silent relationship and whether solitude is a more positive experience than interacting with strangers, or if people misunderstand the consequences of distant social connections. They found that many people feel uncomfortable and intimidated talking to others and their research suggested that when we make an initial conversation “we consistently underestimate how much a new person likes us.” It seems we carry a negative voice in our head telling us all the things that could go wrong and why someone wouldn’t want to converse with us. Their research involved an experiment with a group of Chicago commuters and found that “every participant in our experiment who actually tried to talk to a stranger found the person sitting next to them was happy to chat.” From this and other research, the conclusion is that connecting with strangers is surprisingly pleasant and it has a positive impact on our wellbeing. Gillian Sandstrom, a social psychologist from Essex University in the UK, told the BBC that “people are in a better mood after they reach out and have a conversation, however minimal.” It’s true that talking can make you feel happier and happiness can lead to better mental health. However, if you’re an introvert, the thought of speaking to someone new might make you anxious. But the American research found “both extroverts and introverts are happier when they are asked to behave in an extroverted ma nner.” So maybe, if you’re a loner, it’s time to come out of your shell and make some small talk with a stranger – it could be the beginning of a new friendship. Step 3 测验与练习 Task 1 Answer the following questions according to the passage. 1. According to the article, how can talking to a stranger be better for our health? Talking to strangers can put you in a good mood and make you feel happier, and happiness can lead to better mental health. 2. Why might we not want to speak to a stranger? We carry a negative voice in our head telling us all the things that could go wrong and why a stranger wouldn’t want to converse with us. 3. True or false? Commuters in Chicago involved in a social experiment found that people they sat next to were willing to talk to them. True. An experiment with a group of Chicago commuters found that “every participant in our experiment who actually tried to talk to a stranger found the person sitting next to them was happy to chat.” 4. In another experiment, in what way did introverts behave that made them happier?
外刊选读business terms 合资企业joint venture 企业家精神entrepreneurship 增长boom 衰退recession/ slump 中国经济迅速发展boom 崛起emerge as an important growth pole 通货紧缩deflation 亚洲开发银行Asian Development Bank 猛增jump 贸易顺差trade deficit 移动电话mobile phone 个人电脑personal computer 破产的bankrupt 购买力平价purchasing power parity 跨国公司multinational 供应链supply chain 贸易环境trade environment 全球化globalization 自由浮动float freely 提高购买力boost purchasing power 货币升值revaluation 提高生产率lift productivity 增值appreciation 利润margin 电子产品electronics 消除erase 利润幅度profit margin 竞争力competitiveness 双边经济关系bilateral economic ties 部门sector 品种更多的商品 a wider range of goods 定价能力pricing power 支配地位dominance 电讯telecommunication 贸易顺差trade surplus 钉住peg with 冲击impact/buffet 企业business Lesson 2 现场on the spot 样品间showroom 创新的商品innovation good 增长的销售额boost sales 研究和开发research and development 智囊团think tank 劳动密集型的labour-intensive 品牌brand 倾销dump 猛增soar 便携式电脑laptop 出口才干export prowess 管理和经营的专门知识技能 Managerial and operational expertise 生产能力production capacity 亚洲金融危机the Asian financial crisis 规模效益economies of scales 逐步停止[生产] phase out 王牌the ace in the hole 调查survey 相当多的利润 a decent profit 放松贸易限制loosen trade restrictions 最高管理层top management 达到设计和质量的标准 to be up to current standards in industrial design and quality Lesson 3 黑洞black hole 世界工厂world’s workshop 扩大生产expand production 增加产量boost output 给与享用……的权利[机会] To be given full access to 专利patent 收购acquisition 合并consolidation 使……并入…… Merge ....into .... [大宗的]收入revenue 咨询公司consultancy 向海外转移生产shift production overseas 高端产品high-end product 加入[世贸组织]
Lack of ‘black box’ could hinder Kobe Bryant crash investigation National Transportation Safety Board investigator Carol Hogan examines wreckage Monday from the California helicopter crash that killed former NBA basketball player Kobe Bryant and eight others. (James Anderson/National Transportation Safety Board/AP) By Ian Duncan and Luz Lazo Jan. 29, 2020 at 12:36 p.m. GMT+8 As investigators try to determine the cause of the helicopter crash that killed Kobe Bryant and eight others Sunday, they could be hindered by the aircraft’s lack of “black box” recorders —key safety technology the National Transportation Safety Board has been urging federal aviation authorities to require for more than a decade.
AlphaGo (1) (strike) again, defeating Ke Jie, the world’s number one Go(围棋) player, 3-0. After his defeat, the young Chinese prodigy said AlphaGo sees the universe of Go (2) he could only see a small area around him. This win, coupled with last year’s victory over Lee Se-dol(李世石), shines a light on the awe-inspiring advancements of technology and places AlphaGo among the greatest Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems (3) (create) to date.The AI industry is certainly making great advancements, constantly surprising the public with new and interesting tools and making life easier. Twenty years ago, just connecting to the Internet was a headache. Now, we can do just about anything on our phones, (4) online banking to live video-streaming. The shifting sands of technology have placed so many paths in front of humanity (5) it is hard to predict even the immediate future. We may talk about how AI can make our lives better, but we must also consider the risks. Many stories and films revolve around the theme of AI vs. humans. One that comes to my mind now is The Terminator(终结者). The film is about an AI system called Skynet, (6) was developed to protect humans. What the programmers did not expect was that Skynet began to think. It came to the conclusion that humans were a danger to its existence, so it started a global nuclear war and tried to “terminate(使终结)” humanity. AlphaGo’s recent achievements highlight the possibilities (7) technology and AI can bring about. They also serve to remind us of the questions and risks we (8) not have had time to think about. Some of us used to doubt the possibility of creating an actual “thinking” AI system, or (9) (assume) that humans will always be able to outsmart an AI system, but certain facts have now been placed in front of us. (10) that’s left to be done is adapt the actual “thinking” part of advanced AI systems like AlphaGo for more fields. Once that happens, human beings will be pretty much obsolete(被淘汰的). If we do not fully understand the risks of AI systems, we might be flying too close to the “sun,” and like Icarus in Greek mythology, we will fall. A Special Menu for Kids Japan is a food heaven which has a unique food culture. You can find food from different countries worldwide in this island nation, and it is also very good at (1) (combine) foreign food with its own traditional food. You may even find some food which (2) only be found in Japan. One of them (3) (call) “Okosama Lunch,” or “Kids’ Lunch.”In major
外刊时文选读 Text 1 Weekly Address: Ensuring Hardworking Americans Retire with Dignity WASHINGTON, DC —In this week’s address, the President reiterated his commitment to middle-class economics, and to ensuring that all hard-working Americans get the secure and dignified retirement they deserve. While most financial advisers prioritize their clients’ futur es, there are some who direct their clients towards bad investments in return for backdoor payments and hidden fees. That’s why earlier this week the President announced that he is calling on the Department of Labor to update rules to protect families from conflicts of interest by requiring financial advisers to put their clients’ best interest before their own profits.The President emphasized his promise to keep fighting for this policy and for others that benefit millions of working and middle class Americans. Hi everybody. In America, we believe that a lifetime of hard work and responsibility should be rewarded with a shot at a secure, dignified retirement. It’s one of the critical components of middle-class life – and this week, I took new steps to protect it. Six years after the crisis that shook a lot of people’s faith in a secure retirement, our economy is steadily growing. Last year was the best year for job growth since the 1990s. All told, over the past five years, the private sector has added nearly 12 million new jobs. And since I took office, the stock market has more than doubled, replenishing the 401(k)s of millions of families. But while we’ve come a long way, we’ve got more work to do to make sure that our recovery reaches more Americans, not just those at the top. That’s what middle-class economics is all about—the idea that this country does best when everyone gets their fair shot, everybody does their fair share, and everyone plays by the same set of rules. That last part—making sure everyone plays by the same set of rules—is why we passed historic Wall Street Reform and a Credit Card Bill of Rights. It’s why we created a new consumer watchdog agency. And it’s why we’re taking new action to protect hardworking families’ retireme nt security. If you’re working hard and putting away money, you should have the peace of mind that the financial advice you’re getting is sound and that your investments are protected. But right now, there are no rules of the road. Many financial advisers put their clients’ interest first – but some financial advisers get backdoor payments and hidden fees in exchange for steering people into bad investments. All told, bad advice that results from these conflicts of interest costs middle-class and working families about $17 billion every year. This week, I called on the Department of Labor to change that – to update the rules and require that retirement advisers put the best interests of their clients above their own financial interests. Middle-class families cannot afford to lose their hard earned savings after a lifetime of work. They deserve to be treated with fairness and respect. And that’s what this rule would do. While many financial advisers support these basic safeguards to prevent abuse, I know some special interests will fight this with everything they’ve got.But while we welcome different perspectives and ideas on how to move forward, what I won’t accept is the notion that there’s nothing we can do to make sure that hard-working, responsible Americans who scrimp and save